Tchagang Alain B Tchagang, Alain B. aut ICT TIC Famili Abolfazl Famili, Fazel aut ICT TIC Pan Youlian aut ICT TIC text article eng 2014-07 IGI Global Identification of biological significant subspace clusters (biclusters and triclusters) of genes from microarray experimental data is a very daunting task that emerged, especially with the development of high throughput technologies. Several methods and applications of subspace clustering (biclustering and triclustering) in DNA microarray data analysis have been developed in recent years. Various computational and evaluation methods based on diverse principles were introduced to identify new similarities among genes. This review discusses and compares these methods, highlights their mathematical principles, and provides insight into the applications to solve biological problems. yes yes 1947-3133 1947-3141 4 2 1 52 10.4018/IJCMAM.2014070101 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Information and Communication Technologies Technologies de l'information et des communications National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 230020836c6034d3-9b03-4ee9-a06d-f72ea72391fc Cheben P. aut Janz S. aut Sabourin N. aut Xu D.-X. aut Ding H. aut Wang S. aut Schmid J. H. aut Delage A. aut Lapointe J. aut Sinclair W. aut Ma P. aut Logan Susan Logan, S. aut HHT TSH MacKenzie R. aut Liu Q. Y. aut Gilmour M. aut Halir R. aut Ramos C. Alonso aut Wanguemert-Perez G. aut Ortega-Monux A. aut Fernandez I. Molina aut Le Roux X. aut Laurent L. aut Velasco A. Vilafranca aut Calvo M. L. aut 2014 16th International Conference on Transparent Optical Networks (ICTON), 6-10 July 2014, Graz, Austria text article eng 2014-08-14 IEEE The silicon photonic wire evanescent field (PWEF) sensor platform offers the advantages of small sensor size, high levels of function integration, and low cost manufacturing that comes with the use of established semiconductor fabrication processes. The technology should be fully compatible with existing infrastructure in molecular analysis and research and the manufactured sensor array chip cost should be low enough that the chips can be considered disposable. Furthermore, since many applications require simultaneous monitoring of many different simultaneous binding reactions, the possibility of integrating tens or even hundreds of independent molecular sensors on a single disposable sensor chip is very compelling. We present an overview of our multiplexed photonic wire sensor chip and a reader instrument that allows up to 128 independent binding reactions to be monitored simultaneously. A complete photonic wire molecular biosensor microarray chip architecture and supporting instrumentation is discussed. This microarray system is used to demonstrate a multiplexed assay for serotyping E. coli bacteria based on polyclonal antibody probe molecules. A coherent detection scheme that enables direct read-out of the optical phase and an order of magnitude enhancement of sensitivity compared to conventional detection is also discussed. Finally, we present advances in Fourier-transform interferometer arrays for spectroscopic sensing. A planar waveguide Fourier-transform spectrometer with densely arrayed Mach-Zehnder interferometers is presented. Subwavelength gratings are used to produce an optical path difference without waveguide bends. The fabricated device comprises of an array of 32 Mach-Zehnder interferometers, which produce a spatial interferogram without any moving parts, yielding a spectral resolution of 50 pm and a free-spectral range of 0.78 nm. As a result of similar propagation losses in subwavelength grating waveguides and conventional strip waveguides, loss imbalance is minimized and high interferometric extinction ratio of -25 to -30 dB is obtained. Furthermore, phase and amplitude errors arising from normal fabrication variation are compensated by the spectral retrieval process using calibration measurements. yes yes 978-1-4799-5601-2 Mo.C5.2 10.1109/ICTON.2014.6876292 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Human Health Therapeutics Thérapeutiques en santé humaine National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 23002067e3549a63-1a28-4584-b714-ea8c34690ad8 Faulds-Pain Alexandra aut Twine Susan Twine, Susan M. aut HHT TSH Vinogradov Evguenii Vinogradov, Evgeny aut HHT TSH Strong Philippa Carey Rose Strong, Philippa C. R. aut HHT TSH Dell Anne aut Buckley Anthony M. aut Douce Gillian R. aut Valiente Esmeralda aut Logan Susan Logan, Susan M. aut HHT TSH Wren Brendan W. aut text article eng 2014-09-15 Wiley Clostridium difficile is a prominent nosocomial pathogen, proliferating and causing enteric disease in individuals with a compromised gut microflora. We characterized the post-translational modification of flagellin in C. difficile 630. The structure of the modification was solved by nuclear magnetic resonance and shown to contain an N-acetylglucosamine substituted with a phosphorylated N-methyl-l-threonine. A reverse genetics approach investigated the function of the putative four-gene modification locus. All mutants were found to have truncated glycan structures by LC-MS/MS, taking into account bioinformatic analysis, we propose that the open reading frame CD0241 encodes a kinase involved in the transfer of the phosphate to the threonine, the CD0242 protein catalyses the addition of the phosphothreonine to the N-acetylglucosamine moiety and CD0243 transfers the methyl group to the threonine. Some mutations affected motility and caused cells to aggregate to each other and abiotic surfaces. Altering the structure of the flagellin modification impacted on colonization and disease recurrence in a murine model of infection, showing that alterations in the surface architecture of C. difficile vegetative cells can play a significant role in disease. We show that motility is not a requirement for colonization, but that colonization was compromised when the glycan structure was incomplete. yes yes gold access 0950-382X 1365-2958 94 2 272 289 10.1111/mmi.12755 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Human Health Therapeutics Thérapeutiques en santé humaine National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 2300206683936343-5bee-40a0-86f7-b5824cc155ba Meija Juris aut MSS SME text article eng 2014-03-12 Springer yes yes 1618-2642 1618-2650 406 2739 2740 10.1007/s00216-014-7662-06 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Measurement Science and Standards Science des mesures et étalons National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 23002049671b0165-7416-4c43-b253-31ebe4c31b4c Meija Juris aut MSS SME text article eng 2014 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry yes yes 0193-6484 1365-2192 https://doi.org/10.1515/ci-2014-0528 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Measurement Science and Standards Science des mesures et étalons National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 23002048e230a832-9006-4346-b60f-b8e6c289f120 Beach Daniel aut MSS SME Walsh Callee M. aut McCarron Pearse aut MSS SME 30th Montreaux LC/MS Symposium, 3–7 November 2014, Charleston, USA text presentation eng 2014-11 We investigated the use of Laser Ablation Electrospray Ionization (LAESI) with MS/MS detection for Domoic Acid (DA) analysis directly from mussel tissue homogenates without sample extraction, cleanup or chromatographic separation. DA could be selectively detected directly from mussel tissue homogenates using LAESI-MS/MS in selected reaction monitoring scan mode. A matrix matched calibration curve was used to quantify mussel tissue reference materials and results were in good agreement with two established methods, LC-UV and LC-MS/MS, within the linear range. Most notable is the decrease in run time from about 20 minutes for a typical chromatographic method to about 10 seconds per sample for LAESI-MS/MS. yes yes National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Measurement Science and Standards Science des mesures et étalons National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 230020228a18e683-ac07-4502-a1f5-e6d97c095119 Kilcoyne Jane aut Nulty Ciara aut McCarron Pearse aut MSS SME Jauffrais Thierry aut Twiner M. aut Quilliam Michael A Quilliam, Michael Arthur aut MSS SME Hess Philip Hess, Philipp aut Miles Christopher Owen aut MSS SME 21st Meeting of the French Society of Toxinology (SFET), Freshwater and Marine Toxins, December 9-10, 2013, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France text article eng 2014-12 Elsevier Special issue of 21st Meeting of the French-Society-of-Toxicology (SFET) Azaspiracids (AZAs) were discovered following a poisoning event in the Netherlands in 1995 after people consumed contaminated shellfish harvested in Ireland. The symptoms included nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and stomach cramps. AZA1, -2 and -3 were identified as the source of the illnesses. LC MS/MS is the EU reference method for detection of AZAs, with the regulatory limit set at 160 μg/kg AZA1 equivalents. Extensive research has revealed that more than 20 additional AZA analogues exist. The phytoplankton Azadinium spinosum produces AZA1 and -2 while AZA3 and many of the other analogues are metabolic products formed in the shellfish. To date AZA1-6 have been isolated, chemically characterized and assessed for their toxicological impact using both in vitro and in vivo assays. Cytotoxicity studies indicate that AZA1, -2, and -3 elicit a lethal response that is both concentration- and time- dependent, with EC50 values in the sub- to low nanomolar range. The availability of as many AZA analogues as possible, in sufficient quantity and purity, is imperative to highlight the analogues which are relevant for public health protection. Here we describe efforts made to identify hitherto unknown analogues of the AZA group in phytoplankton and shellfish as well as attempts to isolate some of the known minor AZA analogues using a series of partitioning and column chromatography steps. Samples were purified in sufficient quantities to enable full structural elucidation by LC-MS/MS and NMR and toxicological assessment using the Jurkat T lymphocyte cell assay. Some the purified compounds had significant differences in their structure from the main AZA analogues which enabled examination of structure-activity relationships. yes yes 0041-0101 1879-3150 91 172 172 10.1016/j.toxicon.2014.08.027 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Measurement Science and Standards Science des mesures et étalons National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 23002021c8abd765-6120-4df8-b0e5-22dbc3981731 Zhu Xiaodan aut ICT TIC Kiritchenko Svetlana aut ICT TIC Mohammad Saif M Mohammad, Saif aut ICT TIC 8th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation (SemEval 2014), August 23-24 2014, Dublin, Ireland text article eng This paper describes state-of-the-art statistical systems for automatic sentiment analysis of tweets. In a Semeval-2014 shared task (Task 9), our submissions obtained highest scores in the term-level sentiment classification subtask on both the 2013 and 2014 tweets test sets. In the message-level sentiment classification task, our submissions obtained highest scores on the Live- Journal blog posts test set, sarcastic tweets test set, and the 2013 SMS test set. These systems build on our SemEval-2013 sentiment analysis systems (Mohammad et al., 2013) which ranked first in both the term- and message-level subtasks in 2013. Key improvements over the 2013 systems are in the handling of negation. We create separate tweet-specific sentiment lexicons for terms in affirmative contexts and in negated contexts. yes yes 2014 Association for Computational Linguistics 443 447 10.3115/v1/S14-2077 Information and Communication Technologies Technologies de l'information et des communications National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 23001916f1fa7815-4795-41ab-aabd-c4d5c9c0f8ca Kiritchenko Svetlana aut ICT TIC Zhu Xiaodan aut ICT TIC Cherry Colin Andrew Cherry, Colin aut ICT TIC Mohammad Saif M Mohammad, Saif aut ICT TIC 8th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation (SemEval 2014), August 23-24 2014, Dublin, Ireland text article eng Reviews depict sentiments of customers towards various aspects of a product or service. Some of these aspects can be grouped into coarser aspect categories. SemEval-2014 had a shared task (Task 4) on aspect-level sentiment analysis, with over 30 teams participated. In this pa- per, we describe our submissions, which stood first in detecting aspect categories, first in detecting sentiment towards aspect categories, third in detecting aspect terms, and first and second in detecting sentiment towards aspect terms in the laptop and restaurant domains, respectively. yes yes 2014 Association for Computational Linguistics 437 442 10.3115/v1/S14-2076 Information and Communication Technologies Technologies de l'information et des communications National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 230019153ae5fef5-d8a6-4ab2-a738-dcaab78a1a93 Jakubinek Michael Jakubinek, Michael B. aut SDT TSR text chapter eng Individual carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been reported to have the highest thermal conductivities of any known material. However, significant variability exists both for the reported thermal conductivities of individual CNTs and the thermal conductivities measured for macroscopic CNT assemblies (e.g. CNT films, buckypapers, arrays, and fibers), which range from comparable to metals to aerogel-like. This chapter reviews the current status of the field, summarizing a wide selection of experimental results and drawing conclusions regarding present limitations of the thermal conductivity of CNT assemblies and opportunities for improvement of the performance of nanotube superfiber materials. yes yes 2014-09-25 William Andrew / Elsevier 9781455778638 425 456 10.1016/B978-1-4557-7863-8.00016-5 Security and Disruptive Technologies Technologies de sécurité et de rupture National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 230018521e67bd7f-aa08-405a-9be9-d54b601bbac3 Mottram J. C. aut Kristensen L. E. aut Van Dishoeck E. F. aut Bruderer S. aut San José-García I. aut Karska A. aut Visser R. aut Santangelo G. aut Benz A. O. aut Bergin E. A. aut Caselli P. aut Herpin F. aut Hogerheijde M. R. aut Johnstone Douglas Johnstone, D. aut HAA HAA Van Kempen T. A. aut Liseau R. aut Nisini B. aut Tafalla M. aut Van der Tak F. F. S. aut Wyrowski F. aut text article eng Context. Outflows are an important part of the star formation process as both the result of ongoing active accretion and one of the main sources of mechanical feedback on small scales. Water is the ideal tracer of these effects because it is present in high abundance for the conditions expected in various parts of the protostar, particularly the outflow. Aims. We constrain and quantify the physical conditions probed by water in the outflow-jet system for Class 0 and I sources. Methods. We present velocity-resolved Herschel HIFI spectra of multiple water-transitions observed towards 29 nearby Class 0/I protostars as part of the WISH guaranteed time key programme. The lines are decomposed into different Gaussian components, with each component related to one of three parts of the protostellar system; quiescent envelope, cavity shock and spot shocks in the jet and at the base of the outflow. We then use non-LTE radex models to constrain the excitation conditions present in the two outflow-related components. Results. Water emission at the source position is optically thick but effectively thin, with line ratios that do not vary with velocity, in contrast to CO. The physical conditions of the cavity and spot shocks are similar, with post-shock H2 densities of order 105 − 108 cm-3 and H2O column densities of order 1016 − 1018 cm-2. H2O emission originates in compact emitting regions: for the spot shocks these correspond to point sources with radii of order 10−200 AU, while for the cavity shocks these come from a thin layer along the outflow cavity wall with thickness of order 1−30 AU. Conclusions. Water emission at the source position traces two distinct kinematic components in the outflow; J shocks at the base of the outflow or in the jet, and C shocks in a thin layer in the cavity wall. The similarity of the physical conditions is in contrast to off-source determinations which show similar densities but lower column densities and larger filling factors. We propose that this is due to the differences in shock properties and geometry between these positions. Class I sources have similar excitation conditions to Class 0 sources, but generally smaller line-widths and emitting region sizes. We suggest that it is the velocity of the wind driving the outflow, rather than the decrease in envelope density or mass, that is the cause of the decrease in H2O intensity between Class 0 and I sources. yes yes gold access stars: formation; ISM: jets and outflows; ISM: molecules; stars: protostars 2014-09-19 EDP Sciences 0004-6361 1432-0746 572 A21 10.1051/0004-6361/201424267 NRC Herzberg Astronomy and Astrophysics Herzberg, astronomie et astrophysique du CNRC National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 2300171360f8ec8e-ea25-4032-8e86-ee16c685fae3 Safaei Nikouei Nikouei, Nazila Safaei nikouei, Nazila aut NINT INNT Vakili Mohammad Reza aut Bahniuk Markian Stephan Bahniuk, Markian S. aut NINT INNT Unsworth Larry David Unsworth, Larry aut NINT INNT Akbari Ali aut Wu Jing Wu, Jianping aut NINT INNT Lavasanifar Afsaneh aut text article eng In this study we report on the development, characterization and plasma protein interaction of novel thermoresponsive in situ hydrogels based on triblock copolymers of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and poly(α-carboxyl-co-benzyl carboxylate)-ε-caprolactone (PCBCL) having two different degrees of carboxyl group substitution on the PCBCL block. Block copolymers were synthesized through ring-opening polymerization of α-benzyl carboxylate-ε-caprolactone by dihydroxy PEG, leading to the production of poly(α-benzyl carboxylate-ε-caprolactone)–PEG–poly(α-benzyl carboxylate-ε-caprolactone) (PBCL–PEG–PBCL). This was followed by partial debenzylation of PBCL blocks under controlled conditions, leading to the preparation of PCBCL–PEG–PCBCL triblock copolymers with 30 and 54 mol.% carboxyl group substitution. Prepared PCBCL–PEG–PCBCL block copolymers have been shown to have a concentration-dependent sol to gel transition as a result of an increase in temperature above ∼29 °C, as evidenced by the inverse flow method, differential scanning calorimetry and dynamic mechanical analysis. The sol–gel transition temperature/concentration and dynamic mechanical properties of the gel were found to be dependent on the level of carboxyl group substitution. Both hydrogels (30 and 54 mol.% carboxyl group substitution) showed similar amounts of protein adsorption but striking differences in the profiles of the adsorbed proteome. Additionally, the two systems showed similarities in their clot formation kinetics but substantial differences in clot endpoints. The results show great promise for the above-mentioned thermoreversible in situ hydrogels as biocompatible materials for biomedical applications. yes yes in situ hydrogel; thermoresponsive; protein adsorption; biodegradable gel; biocompatibility 2014-10-16 Elsevier 1742-7061 12 81 92 10.1016/j.actbio.2014.10.001 National Institute for Nanotechnology Institut national de nanotechnologie National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 2300169708952627-1c6c-4884-977e-5413bbbeab91 Kashikawa Nobunari aut Ishizaki Yoshifumi aut Willott Christopher Willott, Chris J. aut HAA HAA Onoue Masafusa aut Im Myungshin aut Furusawa Hisanori aut Toshikawa Jun aut Ishikawa Shogo aut Niino Yuu aut Shimasaku Kazuhiro aut Ouchi Masami aut Hibon Pascale aut text article eng We present the discovery of one or two extremely faint z ~ 6 quasars in 6.5 deg2 utilizing a unique capability of the wide-field imaging of the Subaru/Suprime-Cam. The quasar selection was made in (i'-zB ) and (zB -zR ) colors, where zB and zR are bandpasses with central wavelengths of 8842 Å and 9841 Å, respectively. The color selection can effectively isolate quasars at z ~ 6 from M/L/T dwarfs without the J-band photometry down to zR < 24.0, which is 3.5 mag deeper than the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS). We have selected 17 promising quasar candidates. The follow-up spectroscopy for seven targets identified one apparent quasar at z = 6.156 with M 1450 = –23.10. We also identified one possible quasar at z = 6.041 with a faint continuum of M 1450 = –22.58 and a narrow Lyα emission with HWHM =427 km s–1, which cannot be distinguished from Lyman α emitters. We derive the quasar luminosity function at z ~ 6 by combining our faint quasar sample with the bright quasar samples by SDSS and CFHQS. Including our data points invokes a higher number density in the faintest bin of the quasar luminosity function than the previous estimate employed. This suggests a steeper faint-end slope than lower z, though it is yet uncertain based on a small number of spectroscopically identified faint quasars, and several quasar candidates still remain to be diagnosed. The steepening of the quasar luminosity function at the faint end does increase the expected emission rate of the ionizing photon; however, it only changes by a factor of approximately two to six. This was found to still be insufficient for the required photon budget of reionization at z ~ 6. yes yes gold access 2014-12-16 American Astronomical Society 1538-4357 798 1 28-1 28-10 10.1088/0004-637X/798/1/28 NRC Herzberg Astronomy and Astrophysics Herzberg, astronomie et astrophysique du CNRC National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 23001695f49ae01c-74b7-4b68-b63f-1987099d531c Meija Juris aut MSS SME text article eng Four systems of notation have become so universal that they now surpass most linguistic barriers. These are mathematical signs and symbols, the International System of Units, the traditional musical notation, and the symbols for chemical elements.1 Imagine the world with different symbols for the plus sign in various lan- guages, or different symbols for hydrogen. Although chemists worldwide now enjoy the peace of univer-sally accepted symbols for all elements which are not subject to translation, it took a long time for such convention to root. yes yes 2014-01 1365-2192 36 1 10.1515/ci.2014.36.1.20 Measurement Science and Standards Science des mesures et étalons National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 23001658d3abe9a0-dc2e-4e51-86df-cfdf628e0db5 Molyneaux Heather Ann Molyneaux, Heather aut ICT TIC O'Donnell Susan O'donnell, Susan aut ICT TIC Kakekaspan Crystal aut Walmark Brian aut Budka Philipp aut Gibson Kerri Lynne Gibson, Kerri aut text article eng Community resilience in First Nations includes ties to people both inside and outside the community, intergenerational communication, the sharing of stories, and family and community connectedness. This study, based on a survey of Internet users in the Sioux Lookout region of Northwestern Ontario, explores the link between social networking sites and community resilience. The region is home to some of the most isolated First Nation (indigenous)communities in Canada. Cultural and familial links between these communities are strong, yet until recent use of the Internet, maintaining regular communications to strengthen cultural ties was challenging. This study examines the links between travel and communication online, the ways in which social media are used to preserve culture and maintain communication, and the implications of social networking for community resilience. La résilience communautaire chez les Premières Nations se base sur les rapports à autrui tant au sein de la communauté qu’au-delà de celle-ci, la communication intergénérationnelle, le partage d’histoires et la solidarité familiale et communautaire. Cet article se fonde sur un sondage d’utilisateurs d’Internet dans la région Sioux Lookout du Nord-ouest de l’Ontario pour explorer les rapports entre les sites de réseautage social et la résilience communautaire. La région Sioux Lookout compte certaines des communautés autochtones les plus isolées au Canada. Les affinités culturelles et familiales entre ces communautés sont fortes, et pourtant, avant l’utilisation récente d’Internet, le maintien de communications régulières pour resserrer les liens culturels n’était pas facile. Cette étude examine les rapports entre voyages et communication en ligne, les manières dont on utilise les médias sociaux pour préserver la culture et assurer les communications, et l’impact du réseautage social sur la résilience communautaire. yes yes first nations; indigenous; social media; social networking; remote communities; rural; community resilience; internet 2014-06-26 Canadian Journal of Communication 1499-6642 0705-3657 39 2 10.22230/cjc.2014v39n2a2619 Information and Communication Technologies Technologies de l'information et des communications National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 230016534c1c57f7-41d0-40da-aab3-139d0989e4e1 Wishart David Wishart, D. aut NINT INNT Arndt D. aut Pon A. aut Sajed T. aut Guo A. C. aut Djoumbou Y. aut Knox C. aut Wilson M. aut Liang Y. aut Grant J. aut Liu Y. aut Goldansaz S. A. aut Rappaport S. M. aut text article eng The exposome is defined as the totality of all human environmental exposures from conception to death. It is often regarded as the complement to the genome, with the interaction between the exposome and the genome ultimately determining one's phenotype. The ‘toxic exposome’ is the complete collection of chronically or acutely toxic compounds to which humans can be exposed. Considerable interest in defining the toxic exposome has been spurred on by the realization that most human injuries, deaths and diseases are directly or indirectly caused by toxic substances found in the air, water, food, home or workplace. The Toxin-Toxin-Target Database (T3DB - www.t3db.ca) is a resource that was specifically designed to capture information about the toxic exposome. Originally released in 2010, the first version of T3DB contained data on nearly 2900 common toxic substances along with detailed information on their chemical properties, descriptions, targets, toxic effects, toxicity thresholds, sequences (for both targets and toxins), mechanisms and references. To more closely align itself with the needs of epidemiologists, toxicologists and exposome scientists, the latest release of T3DB has been substantially upgraded to include many more compounds (>3600), targets (>2000) and gene expression datasets (>15 000 genes). It now includes extensive data on ‘normal’ toxic compound concentrations in human biofluids as well as detailed chemical taxonomies, informative chemical ontologies and a large number of referential NMR, MS/MS and GC-MS spectra. This manuscript describes the most recent update to the T3DB, which was previously featured in the 2010 NAR Database Issue. yes yes gold access 2014-11-05 Oxford University Press 0305-1048 1362-4962 43 D1 D928 D934 10.1093/nar/gku1004 National Institute for Nanotechnology Institut national de nanotechnologie National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 230016383735b736-b3b3-4a14-8eac-d80ce8238737 Silveira Rodrigo Leandro Silveira, Rodrigo L. aut NINT INNT Stoyanov Stanislav Stoyanov, Stanislav R. aut NINT INNT Gusarov Sergey aut NINT INNT Skaf Munir S. aut Kovalenko Andriy aut NINT INNT text article eng 2014-12-23 ACS Publications Plant biomass recalcitrance, a major obstacle to achieving sustainable production of second generation biofuels, arises mainly from the amorphous cell-wall matrix containing lignin and hemicellulose assembled into a complex supramolecular network that coats the cellulose fibrils. We employed the statistical-mechanical, 3D reference interaction site model with the Kovalenko–Hirata closure approximation (or 3D-RISM-KH molecular theory of solvation) to reveal the supramolecular interactions in this network and provide molecular-level insight into the effective lignin–lignin and lignin–hemicellulose thermodynamic interactions. We found that such interactions are hydrophobic and entropy-driven, and arise from the expelling of water from the mutual interaction surfaces. The molecular origin of these interactions is carbohydrate−π and π–π stacking forces, whose strengths are dependent on the lignin chemical composition. Methoxy substituents in the phenyl groups of lignin promote substantial entropic stabilization of the ligno-hemicellulosic matrix. Our results provide a detailed molecular view of the fundamental interactions within the secondary plant cell walls that lead to recalcitrance. yes yes 3D-RISM-KH molecular theory of solvation; biofuel; hemicellulose; hydrophobic interactions; plant biomass recalcitrance; solvation free energy 1948-7185 6 1 206 211 10.1021/jz502298q National Institute for Nanotechnology Institut national de nanotechnologie National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 23001633363f410d-68c9-4003-a98e-4f57ea53c267 Paraguay-Delgado Francisco Paraguay-delgado, Francisco aut Malac Marek aut NINT INNT Alonso-nuñez Gabriel aut text article eng Individual Pt-Ru nanoparticles (NPs) supported on multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) synthesized by microemulsion method were characterized by nano beam diffraction (NBD) and high resolution imaging in transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Comparing the TEM images and NBD to simulations provided insight into particle composition, structure and morphology in three dimensions. In particular, the NBD allowed us to detect various components of the individual NPs that would be difficult to observe otherwise. We find that the NPs contain four different components: Pt–RuO2, Pt–Ru, RuO2 and metallic Pt. Often an individual NP is composed of more than one component. The most frequently encountered external morphology is close to a spherical shape and ~3.7 nm in diameter. The collective properties of NPs' assemblies were studied by thermogravimetry, differential thermal analysis and x-ray diffraction. The results allowed us to gain some insight into the relation of the NPs' structure and composition with their catalytic performance, and revealed the presence of components not detectable by bulk methods. The electrocatalytic properties were evaluated by CO stripping, methanol oxidation and oxygen reduction. Bulk characterization methods miss many properties and structures present in the sample due to low volume fraction and due to overlap of reflections. Single NPs should be analyzed to obtain reliable indication of sample composition. single Pt-Ru nanoparticle structure; electrocatalyst; nano-beam electron diffraction; microemulsion yes yes 2014-12-01 IOP Publishing 2053-1591 1 4 045026 045026-1 045026-23 10.1088/2053-1591/1/4/045026 National Institute for Nanotechnology Institut national de nanotechnologie National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 230016148bde6349-64b3-47cd-bc0c-7b3730d689fc Natarajan Kanmani aut Tian Chantal aut Xiang Bo aut MD DM Chi Chao aut MD DM Deng Jixian aut MD DM Zhang Rundi aut Freed Darren H Freed, Darren H. aut Arora Rakesh Arora, Rakesh C. aut MD DM Tian Ganghong aut MD DM Lin Francis aut text article eng Stem cells hold great promise for treating various degenerative diseases and conditions. However, the outcomes of preclinical and clinical cell therapy studies are still not close to our expectation. We believe that the unsatisfactory outcomes of cell therapy are at least partially due to insufficient homing of implanted stem cells into target organs and the use of heterogeneous cell populations for cell therapy. Therefore, there is a need to develop an effective guiding technique for stem cells to migrate to the target organs and to isolate effective stem cell populations. Toward this direction, we have previously demonstrated chemotaxis of rat adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) to a well-defined gradient of epidermal growth factor (EGF) using a microfluidic device. In the current study, we further developed a microfluidics-based method for selecting chemotactic ASCs to EGF. This method integrates cell patterning, chemotaxis and cell extraction on a single microfluidic gradient-generating device. Post-extraction analysis confirmed the higher chemotactic migration of the extracted cells to EGF. Consistently, the extracted chemotactic ASCs shows up-regulated surface expression of the EGF receptor and its downstream signaling event upon EGF stimulation. The results suggest that our method provides a new effective approach for the selection of specific stem cell populations. It is also expected that the use of the selectively extracted stem cells could enhance stem cell homing to target organs and consequently improve the outcome of cell therapy. yes yes gold access 2014-12-22 Royal Society of Chemistry 2046-2069 5 9 6332 6339 10.1039/C4RA12863J Medical Devices Dispositifs médicaux National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 230016043039e115-086c-46b1-89a1-b836cdb08b31 Bastin Tony aut Zubayer Abir aut Veitch Brian aut Akinturk Ayhan aut OCRE GOCF Wang Jungyong John Wang, Jungyong aut OCRE GOCF Billard Randy aut OCEANS 2014, September 14-19, 2014, St. John's, NL, Canada text article eng Propeller wake wash has been used effectively for ice management operations for years. The main uses of propeller wake wash include clearing pack ice and broken ice from protected installations and shipping channels. A numerical model of a propeller wake has been developed to simulate the effects of the wake, or jet, on ice pieces floating on the water surface. The propeller wake is modeled using the theory of horizontal round jets as well as empirical equations derived from previous experiments. The modification of the propeller jet due to the free surface is modeled using experimental results for round jets. A dynamic model of ice piece motion is used to simulate the action of the jet on ice pieces. Model predictions are compared to experimental results of pack ice subjected to propeller wake wash. The analysis shows that the model can be used to simulate the clearing of pack ice. The model was subsequently incorporated in a real time simulator to assess its performance in 3D rendered virtual environments. yes yes numerical simulation; ice management; propeller wake wash 2014-09 IEEE 978-1-4799-4918-2 978-1-4799-4920-5 978-1-4799-4919-9 5 10.1109/OCEANS.2014.7003216 Ocean, Coastal and River Engineering Génie océanique, côtier et fluvial National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 2300158934a0951f-b832-4423-b8bf-176337d183b9 Chen Jihua aut AERO AERO Chen-keat Teresa aut Hojjati Mehdi aut AERO AERO Vallee A. J. aut Octeau Marc-André Octeau, Marc-andre aut AERO AERO Yousefpour Ali aut AERO AERO text article eng Developing reliable processes is one of the key elements in producing high-quality composite components using an automated fiber placement (AFP) process. In this study, both simulation and experimental studies were carried out to investigate fiber steering and cut/restart under different processing parameters, such as layup rate and compaction pressure, during the AFP process. First, fiber paths were designed using curved fiber axes with different radii. Fiber placement trials were then conducted to investigate the quality of the steered fiber paths. Furthermore, a series of sinusoidal fiber paths were fiber placed and investigated. Moreover, a six-ply laminate with cut-outs in it was manufactured in the cut/restart trials. The accuracy of the fiber cut/restart was compared at different layup rates for both one- and bi-directional layups. Experimental results show that it was possible to layup steered fiber paths with small radii of curvature (minimum 114 mm) designed for this study when the proper process condition was used. It was observed from the cut/restart trials that the quality of tow cut was independent of layup speed; however, the accuracy of tow restart was related to the layup speed. The faster the layup speed, the less accurate was the tow restart. yes yes automated fiber placement; cut/restart; fiber steering 2014-05-18 De Gruyter 2191-0359 0792-1233 22 2 10.1515/secm-2013-0257 Aerospace Aérospatiale National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 23001505a2a34b93-57f0-4973-b6fa-1cb34551efac Drouin Marc-Antoine aut ICT TIC Blais François Blais, Francois aut ICT TIC Godin Guy D Godin, Guy aut ICT TIC 2014 2nd International Conference on 3D Vision (3DV), December 8-11, 2014, Tokyo, Japan text article eng This paper proposes a hybrid software-hardware high-resolution projection system for 3D imaging based on fringe projection. The proposed solution combines the advantages of a digital projection with those of an analogue one. It is programmable and allows a high projection rate by avoiding mechanical displacements in the projection system. Moreover, it does not suffer from the limitations of digital systems such as the presence of inter-pixel gaps and limited resolution. The proposed projection system is relatively inexpensive to build since it is composed of a simple arrangement off-the-shelf components. The system is a combination of a low-resolution digital device such as a DMD, LCoS or LCD, some optical components and software to generate the fringe patterns. A prototype of a 3D scanner based on the proposed projection system is used to asses the fitness of the proposed technology. yes yes structure light; 3D imaging; fringe projection 2014-12 IEEE 978-1-4799-7000-1 337 344 10.1109/3DV.2014.86 Information and Communication Technologies Technologies de l'information et des communications National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 230014876c5855a4-e8b8-4412-a6db-fec48b2259f4 Hess Philip Hess, Philipp aut IMB IBM McCarron Pearse aut IMB IBM Krock Bernd aut Kilcoyne Jane aut IMB IBM Miles Christopher Owen Miles, Christopher O. aut IMB IBM chapter eng 2014 3rd ed. Boca Raton Taylor and Francis This chapter describes the chemical characteristics of azaspiracids (AZAs) to complete the view on this toxin group, with two other chapters in this book dedicated to toxicological1 and ecological aspects.2 AZAs are a group of polyether toxins first reported to cause food poisoning in 1995.3,4 Since then, a small number of food poisoning incidents have occurred, and it is now accepted that this group of compounds requires regulation to protect public health.5–8 At least six risk assessments have been carried out over the last decade to determine appropriate levels for regulatory limits in order to protect public health,1 yet all these assessments are based on a single poisoning incident in 1997 and attempt to set levels based on the presence of just three analogues: AZA1, AZA2, and AZA3. Over the last 5 years, more than 30 additional analogues have been described, with both biotransformation in shellfish and chemical interconversion shown to contribute to the chemical diversity of this toxin group. In the following sections, we review AZAs to distinguish those analogues that are formed by the microalgae themselves from those that are formed by biotransformation or by chemical modification during extraction or sample treatment. Subsequently, chemical characteristics such as solubility and pH and thermal stability are reviewed. Methods for discovery of AZA analogues are discussed, including bioassays and chemical techniques. Finally, methodology for detection and quantitation is reviewed with consideration of quality control in routine analytical settings. yes yes Luis M. Botana edt 9781466505155 146650515X 27 799 821 https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Philipp_Hess/publication/289857259_Azaspiracids/links/56a2549308aeef24c585cbcc.pdf?origin=publication_list NRC Institute for Marine Biosciences Institut des biosciences marines du CNRC National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 23001466a1009d3b-0cd8-4076-b8e1-321af15e0d66 Wright Beatty Heather E. Wright-Beatty, Heather E. aut AERO AERO Keillor Jocelyn Mary Keillor, Jocelyn M. aut AERO AERO Alexander Marc David Alexander, Marc D. aut AERO AERO Craig Gregory Craig, Gregory L. aut AERO AERO Berezny Nicholas aut AERO AERO Wickramasinghe Viresh K Wickramasinghe, Viresh aut AERO AERO 52nd Annual SAFE Symposium, Nov. 3rd-5th, 2014, Orlando, Florida presentation eng 2014-11-05 Curran Associates yes yes Published Abstract or perhaps article 978-1-63439-927-2 336 346 Aerospace Aérospatiale National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 23001453cc603f74-fc0f-44e6-ba69-f7941897f30e Darlene Stewart aut ICT TIC Roland Kuhn aut ICT TIC Eric Joanis aut ICT TIC George Forster aut ICT TIC 11th Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the Americas (AMTA), October 22-26, 2014, Vancouver, BC, Canada text article eng 2014-10 Association for Machine Translation in the Americas Recently, there has been interest in automatically generated word classes for improving sta- tistical machine translation (SMT) quality: e.g, (Wuebker et al, 2013). We create new mod- els by replacing words with word classes in features applied during decoding; we call these “coarse models”. We find that coarse versions of the bilingual language models (biLMs) of (Niehues et al, 2011) yield larger BLEU gains than the original biLMs. BiLMs provide phrase-based systems with rich contextual information from the source sentence; because they have a large number of types, they suffer from data sparsity. Niehues et al (2011) miti- gated this problem by replacing source or target words with parts of speech (POSs). We vary their approach in two ways: by clustering words on the source or target side over a range of granularities (word clustering), and by clustering the bilingual units that make up biLMs (bitoken clustering). We find that loglinear combinations of the resulting coarse biLMs with each other and with coarse LMs (LMs based on word classes) yield even higher scores than single coarse models. When we add an appealing “generic” coarse configuration chosen on English > French devtest data to four language pairs (keeping the structure fixed, but providing language-pair-specific models for each pair), BLEU gains on blind test data against strong baselines averaged over 5 runs are +0.80 for English > French, +0.35 for French > English, +1.0 for Arabic > English, and +0.6 for Chinese > English. Aluminum; Computational linguistics; Computer aided language translation; Speech transmission; Syntactics Automatically generated; Bilingual language model; Coarse models; Contextual information; Language pairs; Parts of speech; Statistical machine translation; Word clustering yes yes 978-000000000-2 1 28 41 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Information and Communication Technologies Technologies de l'information et des communications 23001442b9054aec-0086-41ab-b1b8-11dddc2cca51 Larose Joanie aut Boulay Pierre aut Wright Beatty Heather E. Wright-Beatty, Heather E. aut AERO AERO Sigal Ronald J. aut Hardcastle Stephen aut Kenny Glen P. aut ACSM Annual Meeting, May 27-31, 2014, Orlando, Florida presentation eng 2014-05-28 American College of Sports Medicine Recent reports show reductions in evaporative heat loss during exercise in hot dry conditions in adults as young as 40, with differences being more pronounced with advanced age. It remains unclear how changes in ambient humidity, which can alter the evaporative efficiency of sweating, may influence the extent to which impairments in heat dissipation occur.PURPOSE: To compare evaporative heat loss in 60 healthy, unacclimated males, 20 to 70 years old, during intermittent exercise in a hot-dry (35°C, 20% relative humidity [RH]) and hot-humid (35°C, 60% RH) environment.METHODS: Participants performed four 15-min bouts of cycling at a rate of heat production equal to 400 W, interspersed with 15-min recovery periods in both environments. Direct calorimetry measured evaporative heat loss (HE) and dry heat exchange while indirect calorimetry measured metabolic heat production. The cumulative change in body heat content was measured as the temporal summation of heat production and total heat loss.RESULTS: HE was reduced by 17, 18, 21, 25 and 20% in males 20-30 (n=12), 40-44 (n=12), 45-49 (n=12), 50-54 (n=12) and 55-70 (n=12) years old (all P<0.001), respectively, during exercise in the hot-humid versus hot-dry environment. HE was also reduced between the hot-humid and hot-dry conditions in males 50-54 (-14%, P<0.001) and 55-70 years old (-11%, P=0.016) during recovery. During exercise in the humid heat stress condition, HE was greater in males 20-30 years old compared to males 45-49 (P=0.012), 50-54 (P=0.002) and 55-70 (P=0.002) years old. HE was also greater in males 40-44 years old compared to males 50-54 (P=0.029) and 55-70 years old (P=0.024) in the hot-humid condition. Body heat storage in the hot-humid condition was greater than in the hot-dry condition across age groups (P<0.001). Young males stored less heat in the hot-dry environment than males 40-70 years old (all P<0.005), and in the hot-humid condition compared to males 45-70 years old (all P<0.010).CONCLUSION: We show that middle-aged and older males have reduced evaporative cooling capacity, and therefore store more heat, than young males during exercise in both hot-dry and hot-humid environmental conditions. This Project was funded by research grants provided by the Workplace Safety and Insurance Board (Ontario) and the Canadian Institutes of Health Research. yes yes Published Abstract 0195-9131 46 5S 181 181 10.1249/01.mss.0000451134.10288.74 Aerospace Aérospatiale National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 2300134682bda13a-9841-4b16-aa33-b896b35fd7ad Kenny Glen P. aut Hardcastle Stephen G. aut Larose Joanie aut Boulay Pierre aut Wright Beatty Heather Wright-Beatty, Heather aut AERO AERO ACSM Annual Meeting, May 27-31, 2014, Orlando, Florida presentation eng 2014-05-28 American College of Sports Medicine During exercise in dry heat, older adults have a lower evaporative heat loss capacity than younger adults when full evaporation is permitted, potentially putting older workers at greater risk for heat related injuries. However, it is unknown how increased air velocity alters the thermoregulatory responses when evaporative heat loss is restricted (i.e., high humidity, clothing insulation), and whether age-related differences in thermoregulation remain evident under such conditions.PURPOSE: To examine the heat stress responses of young and older males during intermittent exercise in humid heat under two levels of air velocity which modify the level of evaporative cooling.METHODS: Under 0.5 (Low) and 3.0 m/s (High) air velocity, 10 young (Mean±SE; Y: 24±1 yrs) and 10 older (O: 59±1 yrs) active males, matched for body surface area, cycled 4 x 15 min (15 min rest, 30 min final rest) at a fixed rate of heat production (400 W) wearing coveralls in humid heat (35°C, 60% relative humidity). Rectal (Tre) and visceral (Tvisc) temperatures, heart rate (HR), and local sweat rate (LSR) on the forearm were measured continuously.RESULTS: At the end of the 4th exercise bout, no age-related differences were observed between the low and high air velocity conditions for Tre (Low: Y = 38.28±0.11, O = 38.31±0.08; High: Y = 37.94±0.08, O = 37.87±0.08°C), Tvisc (Low: Y = 38.36±0.13, O = 38.26±0.07; High: Y = 37.93±0.10, O = 37.87±0.11°C), % of max HR (Low: Y = 79.9±2.8, O = 77.3±1.2; High: Y = 67.6±2.6, O = 72.4±2.2%), or LSR (Low: Y = 1.20±0.10, O = 1.17±0.10; High: Y = 1.15±0.11, O = 1.10±0.11 mg·min-1·cm-2). For both Young and Older males, Tre, Tvisc, HR, and LSR were reduced during the High compared to Low air velocity condition.CONCLUSION: Following moderate intensity intermittent exercise in humid heat wearing work coveralls, young and older males showed similar levels of thermal and cardiovascular strain under Low and High air velocity levels. Increased air velocity reduced the thermal and cardiovascular strain to a similar extent in both young and older males. This Project was funded by research grants provided by the Workplace Safety and Insurance Board (Ontario), Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, Canada Foundation for Innovation (all G.P. Kenny), MITACS Accelerate (H.E. Wright). yes yes Published Abstract 0195-9131 46 5S 181 181 10.1249/01.mss.0000451134.10288.74 Aerospace Aérospatiale National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 23001345e9bfaa9a-963f-4472-92b5-35316013d75a Wright Beatty Heather E. Wright-Beatty, Heather E. aut AERO AERO Hardcastle Stephen G. aut Keillor Jocelyn Mary Keillor, Jocelyn M. aut AERO AERO Larose Joanie aut Boulay Pierre aut Kenny Glen P. aut ACSM Annual Meeting, May 27-31, 2014, Orlando, Florida presentation eng 2014-05-31 American College of Sports Medicine Older adults may be at greater risk for occupational injuries given their reduced evaporative heat loss when full sweat evaporation is permitted, leading to greater thermal strain and potentially cognitive decrements. However, age-related differences in heat loss capacity may not be as evident under conditions which restrict evaporative heat loss (i.e., humidity, clothing), subsequently increasing the risk in all workers. Although industries increase air circulation in attempts to reduce thermal strain, the effectiveness in reducing physiological strain and cognitive function impairments are unknown.PURPOSE: To examine the effects of increased air velocity during exercise in humid heat on the capacity and rate of information processing and attention of young versus older adults.METHODS: Nine young (Mean±SE; Y: 24±1 yrs) and 9 older (O: 59±1 yrs) males, matched for body surface area and wearing coveralls, cycled 4 x 15 min (15 min rest) at a fixed rate of heat production (400 W) in humid heat (35°C, 60% relative humidity) under 0.5 (Low) and 3.0 m/s (High) air velocity. Rectal temperature (Tre) and heart rate (HR) were measured continuously. At baseline (PRE), immediately following exercise (POST), and the end of the 30 min final recovery (END), participants performed a Paced Auditory Serial Addition Task (PASAT, 2s).RESULTS: Tre and HR were similar between age groups in Low and High, however were greater in Low (Tre POST: Y = 38.30±0.12, O = 38.31±0.08°C) than High (Tre POST: Y = 37.96±0.09, O = 37.84±0.09°C) for both groups. PASAT # of correct responses was similar between Y (POST: Low = 49±3, High = 51±3) and O (POST: Low = 46±5, High = 47±4) and conditions. When scored relative to age norms, no differences were observed between groups or conditions for z-scores or percentile (Low: Y = 69.0±7.5, O = 69.8±9.7; High: Y = 72.7±6.3, O = 73.0±8.3%).CONCLUSION: Preliminary data indicate that while cognitive decrements in attention and working memory were not observed following intermittent exercise in humid heat or altered air velocity, increased air velocity reduced thermal strain equally in young and older males. This Project was funded by research grants provided by the Workplace Safety and Insurance Board (Ontario), Canada Foundation for Innovation-Leaders Opportunity Fund (G.P. Kenny), MITACS Accelerate (H.E. Wright). yes yes Poster Presentation 0195-9131 46 5S 879 879 10.1249/01.mss.0000451286.84120.6c Aerospace Aérospatiale National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 2300134499883e67-918f-4b43-a89c-e02987d447cb Keillor Jocelyn Mary Keillor, J. aut AERO AERO Atluri Sravya Atluri, S. aut AERO AERO Petley Lauren Petley, L. aut AERO AERO Kissmann Herbert Kissmann, P. aut AERO AERO Craig Gregory Craig, G. aut AERO AERO Araujo Joao Araujo, J. aut AERO AERO Wright Beatty Heather Wright-Beatty, Heather aut AERO AERO Wolde Mengistu Wolde, M. aut AERO AERO 2014 Annual Scientific Meeting of the Aerospace Medical Association, May 10-15, 2014, San Diego, CA presentation eng 2014-05-15 Aerospace Medical Association INTRODUCTION: A physiological monitoring capability was integrated into a National Research Council Canada Convair 580 research aircraft in order to investigate pilot workload and fatigue. The goal of the project was to develop an objective means of evaluating pilot workload and alertness that does not interfere with a pilot’s fl ight task. To this end, an electroencephalography (EEG) system was interfaced with the aircraft communication system to present auditory stimuli to the pilot’s headset so that the resultant event-related potentials (ERPs) could be analyzed. The result was a precisely-timed technique for evaluating the cognitive processing of an ignored auditory information stream in a fl ying pilot. METHODS: An auditory oddball task was used such that 100 ms standard (1000Hz) and deviant (1500Hz) tones were presented at a rate of one per second. Deviant tones represented 10% of the tone sequence, and were delivered at random, unpredictable times. RESULTS: Across a series of 15-minute fl ight segments, characteristic ERP sensory components (P1, N1, and P2) were observed in response to the standard tones. More importantly, when the event-related potentials to standard and deviant tones were compared, a signifi cant mismatch negativity (MMN) with a classic frontocentral distribution was observed. A statistically signifi cant reorienting negativity (RON) was also observed, suggesting a reorienting to the primary fl ight task following distraction by the deviant tones. DISCUSSION: Mismatch and reorienting negativity are small ERP components that can be diffi cult to detect in environments that are high in electromagnetic noise. The demonstration of reliable MMN and RON effects during actual fl ight represents an important step in the development of pilot alertness monitoring techniques. yes yes Published Abstract 0095-6562 85 3 333 333 http://www.ingentaconnect.com/contentone/asma/asem/2014/00000085/00000003/art00013 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Aerospace Aérospatiale 23001342 2a0def4e-3720-452d-9c16-9675b0b4bfc1 Liu Qing Yan aut HHT TSH Chang Marilyn N Vera aut Lei Joy Lei, Joy X. aut HHT TSH Koukiekolo Roger aut HHT TSH Smith Brandon aut HHT TSH Zhang Dongling aut HHT TSH Ghribi Othman aut text article eng 2014 e-Century Publishing In a collaboration involving 11 groups with research interests in cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA), we used a two-stage process to develop and in turn validate a new consensus protocol and scoring scheme for the assessment of CAA and associated vasculopathic abnormalities in post-mortem brain tissue. Stage one used an iterative Delphi-style survey to develop the consensus protocol. The resultant scoring scheme was tested on a series of digital images and paraffin sections that were circulated blind to a number of scorers. The scoring scheme and choice of staining methods were refined by open-forum discussion. The agreed protocol scored parenchymal and meningeal CAA on a 0-3 scale, capillary CAA as present/absent and vasculopathy on 0-2 scale, in the 4 cortical lobes that were scored separately. A further assessment involving three centres was then undertaken. Neuropathologists in three centres (Bristol, Oxford and Sheffield) independently scored sections from 75 cases (25 from each centre) and high inter-rater reliability was demonstrated. Stage two used the results of the three-centre assessment to validate the protocol by investigating previously described associations between APOE genotype (previously determined), and both CAA and vasculopathy. Association of capillary CAA with or without arteriolar CAA with APOE ε4 was confirmed. However APOE ε2 was also found to be a strong risk factor for the development of CAA, not only in AD but also in elderly non-demented controls. Further validation of this protocol and scoring scheme is encouraged, to aid its wider adoption to facilitate collaborative and replication studies of CAA. angiopathy; amyloid; dementia; Delphi; validation; APOE; CAA; consensus; parenchymal; meningeal yes yes gold access 2165-591X 3 1 33 44 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Human Health Therapeutics Thérapeutiques en santé humaine 2300133942b12f5c-ac1d-4844-ba1b-7fa9811a23c6 Gilchrist I. aut Wright Beatty Beatty, Heather Wright-Beatty, H. aut AERO AERO Keillor Jocelyn Mary Keillor, J. aut AERO AERO Pelland L. aut 5th Annual Military and Veteran Health Research Forum (MVHR Forum), Nov. 24-26, 2014, Toronto, Ontario presentation eng 2014-11-26 Canadian Institute for Military and Veteran Health Research Introduction: The capacity of the human neck to generate static moments of force is key in maintaining the stability of the cervical spine (c-spine) under various conditions of dynamic external load application. Compared to the lower cspine (T ₁), the upper c-spine (C ₀-C ₁) has a decreased capacity to generate moments, and is therefore more susceptible to injury, as forces that exceed this maximal capacity will be borne by passive tissues (ligaments and vertebrae). Deviations in head posture from neutral will modify the balance of muscle moments, increasing the risk of upper cspine injury. The aim of this study was to quantify the effects of seven postures, typically held by helicopter aircrew during in-flight, on the static strength capacity of the upper and lower cspine of Canadian Armed Forces (CAF) helicopter aircrew. Methods: Seven postures were identified by measuring head-neck-torso angles, relative to self-selected neutral, of a CAF helicopter pilot seated in a Bell-412 helicopter: 1) Left 20˚ rotation, 20˚ flexion, 2) 0˚ rotation, 0˚ flexion; 3 and 4) left and right 45˚ rotation, respectively, 0˚ flexion; 5) left 45˚ rotation, 20˚ flexion; 6) 0˚ rotation, 10˚ extension; 7) right 45˚ rotation, 10˚ extension. Two male CAF CH-146 helicopter pilots (36 and 49 years old) performed one maximal voluntary isometric muscle effort (MVIE) in the seven head-on-neck postures. MVIEs were measured using a custom-modified Multi-Cervical Unit (2048Hz; BTE Technologies). Absolute peak external force (N) was measured using a thin-beam strain gauge load cell. Anatomical landmarks were digitized to establish reference points at C ₀-C ₁ and T ₁; (30Hz; Optotrak). Resultant peak moments (Mpeak, Nm) were calculated as the cross product of the external force and the distance from the load cell to the anatomical reference points. Results: Normalized T ₁ Mpeak relative to neutral (posture 2) was 0.85, 1.00, 0.87, 0.92, 0.53, 0.63, and 0.40 (postures 1-7, respectively). Magnitude of Mpeak generated at C ₀-C ₁ was 41% compared to T ₁. Head postures 3 and 5 elicited differential C ₀-C ₁ vs. T ₁ Mpeak ratios of 47% vs. 34% and 44% vs. 26% (pilot 1 vs. 2, respectively). Conclusions: Head postures that combine sagittal head flexion or extension with axial rotation decrease the moment generating capacity and increase the vulnerability of the upper c-spine to injury. Static neck strength assessment in representative in-flight postures may help to identify pilots who may be at risk of developing flight-related neck pain, and identify postures that may increase the risk of injury yes yes https://www.cimvhr.ca/documents/MVHR-Forum-Abstracts-2014.pdf Aerospace Aérospatiale National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 2300133817675444-3eba-455d-b409-aa37163441af Harper Marina aut John Marietta aut Turnic Conny aut Edmundsa Mark aut St Michael Michael, Frank St. Michael, Frank aut HHT TSH Adler Ben aut Blackall P. J. aut Cox Andrew Cox, Andrew D. aut HHT TSH Boyce John D. aut text article eng 2014-11-26 Pasteurella multocida is a Gram-negative bacterial pathogen that is the causative agent of a wide range of diseases in many animal species, including humans. A widely used method for differentiation of P. multocida strains involves the Heddleston serotyping scheme. This scheme was developed in the early 1970s and classifies P. multocida strains into 16 somatic or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) serovars using an agar gel diffusion precipitin test. However, this gel diffusion assay is problematic, with difficulties reported in accuracy, reproducibility, and the sourcing of quality serovar-specific antisera. Using our knowledge of the genetics of LPS biosynthesis in P. multocida, we have developed a multiplex PCR (mPCR) that is able to differentiate strains based on the genetic organization of the LPS outer core biosynthesis loci. The accuracy of the LPS-mPCR was compared with classical Heddleston serotyping using LPS compositional data as the “gold standard.” The LPS-mPCR correctly typed 57 of 58 isolates; Heddleston serotyping was able to correctly and unambiguously type only 20 of the 58 isolates. We conclude that our LPS-mPCR is a highly accurate LPS genotyping method that should replace the Heddleston serotyping scheme for the classification of P. multocida strains. yes yes gold access American Society for Microbiology 0095-1137 1098-660X 53 2 477 485 10.1128/JCM.02824-14 Automotive and Surface Transportation Automobile et transport de surface National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Human Health Therapeutics Thérapeutiques en santé humaine 2300082712e0e9ba-b0d6-4739-9c04-1d41780309a1 Wang Meijing aut Petersen Nils Overgaard Petersen, Nils O. aut NINT INNT text article eng The data presented in this work aim to provide a comprehensive characterization of lipid-coated gold nanoparticles. We show that it is possible to envelop gold nanoparticles with a coating of lipids during the formation of the gold nanoparticles, that the gold in these lipid-coated gold nanoparticles is crystalline and the size and shape can be controlled by the reaction conditions (within limits), that the lipid coating corresponds to a thickness consistent with the formation of a bilayer, that the bilayer can include fluorescent probes that, while quenched, can be used to trace the fate of the gold nanoparticles in cellular systems, that their surface charge, and hence their overall stability in solution, is influenced by the lipid coating, and that while some lipid dyes may exchange among the particles, they are sufficiently stable to exchange to permit their use as tracers in cell studies. We believe this is the most comprehensive characterization of these systems to date. Les données présentées dans le cadre des présents travaux ont pour but de fournir une caractérisation approfondie des nanoparticules d’or enrobées de lipides. Nous montrons qu’il est possible d’envelopper les nanoparticules d’or dans un enrobage de lipides au cours de la formation de ces nanoparticules, que l’or existe sous forme cristalline dans ces nanoparticules enrobées de lipides et que la taille et la forme de ces nanoparticules peuvent être modulées (dans une certaine mesure) en fonction des conditions de réaction, que l’épaisseur de l’enrobage lipidique correspond à la formation d’une bicouche, que l’on peut intégrer à la bicouche des sondes fluorescentes qui, grâce à l’extinction de fluorescence, peuvent être utilisées pour suivre l’évolution des nanoparticules d’or dans des systèmes cellulaires, que leur charge superficielle, et par conséquent leur stabilité globale en solution, est influencée par l’enrobage lipidique et que, bien que certains pigments puissent s’échanger entre les particules, elles sont suffisamment stables à l’échange pour pouvoir être utilisées comme traceurs dans des études sur des cellules. Nous croyons que la présente caractérisation de ces systèmes est la plus approfondie à ce jour. [Traduit par la Rédaction] yes yes gold nanoparticles, phospholipid, drug delivery 2014-09-08 0008-4042 1480-3291 93 2 265 271 10.1139/cjc-2014-0280 National Institute for Nanotechnology Institut national de nanotechnologie National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 23000722f44beb1b-4e2d-4b65-b9cf-e42da4203206 Hemraz Usha Devi Hemraz, Usha D. aut ACRD DCRA Campbell Kendra A. aut Burdick James S. aut Ckless Karina aut Boluk Mehmet Yaman Boluk, Yaman aut NINT INNT Sunasee Rajesh aut text article eng Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) continue to gain increasing attention in the materials community as sustainable nanoparticles with unique chemical and mechanical properties. Their nanoscale dimensions, biocompatibility, biodegradability, large surface area, and low toxicity make them promising materials for biomedical applications. Here, we disclose a facile synthesis of poly(2-aminoethylmethacrylate) (poly(AEM)) and poly(N-(2-aminoethylmethacrylamide) (poly(AEMA)) CNC brushes via the surface-initiated single-electron-transfer living radical polymerization technique. The resulting modified CNCs were characterized for their chemical and morphological features using a combination of analytical, spectroscopic, and microscopic techniques. Zeta potential measurements indicated a positive surface charge, and further proof of the cationic nature was confirmed by gold deposition as evidenced by electron microscopy. The cytotoxicity of these cationic modified CNCs was evaluated utilizing a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay in two different cell lines, J774A1 (mouse monocyte cells) and MCF-7 (human breast adenocarcinoma cells). The results indicated that none of the cationic modified CNCs decreased cell viability at low concentrations, which could be suitable for biomedical applications. yes yes 2014-12-01 2015-12-01 1525-7797 1526-4602 16 1 319 325 10.1021/bm501516r Aquatic and Crop Resource Development Développement des cultures et des ressources aquatiques National Institute for Nanotechnology Institut national de nanotechnologie National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 23000720307fd0bf-1b8e-4f0a-8efa-ecb9e43abb64 Toubal Lofti aut Bocher Philippe aut Moreau Andre Moreau, André aut EME EME text article eng This study addresses cumulative damage and its evolution during the cold dwell fatigue of a near-α titanium alloy. An experimental study was undertaken to examine the evolution of life, strain, strength and damage of 13 titanium IMI 834 samples cut from a single disk forging. The samples were tested in the same dwell-fatigue loading conditions. In the dwell phase, the load is maintained at 80% of ultimate tensile strength (824 MPa, 90% of yield strength) for 30 s. The secant Young’s modulus and inelastic strain at minimum load were measured in order to document the evolution of the irreversible damage against the number of cycles for all specimens. Experimental observations show significant differences in dwell-fatigue life and damage behavior. This mechanical analysis and an analysis of the cumulative Weibull reliability distribution suggest a bimodal dwell-fatigue failure process. Some features of the mechanical behavior can be used to sort the samples according to each of the two failure modes and improve the reliability of the fatigue test campaign. yes yes 2014-06-30 1056-7895 1530-7921 24 5 629 645 10.1177/1056789514541823 Energy, Mining and Environment Énergie, mines et environnement National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 2300067728376429-9290-4d3a-9e06-27b7977a9aef Boisvert Jonathan aut ICT TIC text chapter eng 2014-12-18 The spine is a complex assembly of rigid vertebrae surrounded by various soft tissues (ligaments, spinal cord, intervertebral discs, etc.). Its motion for a given individual and its shape variations across a population are greatly influenced by this fact. We show in this chapter how statistical shape models can be constructed, used, and analyzed while taking into account the articulated nature of the spine. We begin by defining what articulated models are and how they can be extracted from existing 3D reconstructions or segmented models. As an example, we use data from scoliotic patients that have been reconstructed in 3D using bi-planar radiographs. Articulated models naturally belong to a manifold where conventional statistical tools are not applicable. In this context, a few key concepts allowing the computation of statistical models on Riemannian manifolds are presented. When properly visualized, the resulting statistical models can be quite useful to analyze and compare the shape variations in different groups of patients. Two different approaches to visualization are demonstrated graphically. Finally, another important use of statistical models in medical imaging is to constrain the solution of inverse problems. Articulated models can readily be used in this context, we illustrate this in the context of 3D model reconstruction using partial data. More precisely, we will show the benefits of integrating a simple regularization term based on articulated statistical models to well known algorithms. yes yes Biomedical Engineering; Image Processing and Computer Vision; Imaging / Radiology 978-3-319-12507-7 978-3-319-12508-4 II 10 323 348 2212-9391 2212-9413 18 10.1007/978-3-319-12508-4_10 Information and Communication Technologies Technologies de l'information et des communications National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 23000673b5e17233-6d6c-4619-8c64-412ceb36f733 Bolkart Timo aut Bose Prosenjit aut Shu Chang aut ICT TIC Wuhrer Stefanie aut 2014 2nd International Conference on 3D Vision (3DV), December 8-11, 2014, Tokyo text article eng For the design of mass-produced wearable objects for a population it is important to find a small number of sizes, called a sizing system, that will fit well on a wide range of individuals in the population. To obtain a sizing system that incorporates the shape of an identity along with its motion, we introduce a general framework to generate a sizing system for dynamic 3D motion data. Based on a registered 3D motion database a sizing system is computed for task-specific anthropometric measurements and tolerances, specified by designers. We generate the sizing system by transforming the problem into a box stabbing problem, which aims to find the lowest number of points stabbing a set of boxes. We use a standard computational geometry technique to solve this, it recursively computes the stabbing of lower-dimensional boxes. We apply our framework to a database of facial motion data for anthropometric measurements related to the design of face masks. We show the generalization capabilities of this sizing system on unseen data, and compute, for each size, a representative 3D shape that can be used by designers to produce a prototype model. yes yes 2014-12 IEEE 978-1-4799-7000-1 1 425 431 10.1109/3DV.2014.43 Information and Communication Technologies Technologies de l'information et des communications National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 23000654e189052c-203c-420b-8994-1810dd172026 Mihai Mihaela aut AST ATS Stoeffler Karen aut AST ATS Bravo Victor aut Legros Nathalie aut AST ATS AutoEpcon 2014 Conference, May 6, 2014, Trov., Detroit, USA presentation eng 2014-05-06 13 p. yes yes submitted by portfolio submission administrator Gisèle Larin, Automotive and Surface Transportation 10.4224/23000635 Automotive and Surface Transportation Automobile et transport de surface National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 230006356a9632f8-cba1-441e-9084-1e8f7ca82534 Bozzetto L. M. aut Filipovi  M. D. aut Urosevic D. aut Kothes Roland Kothes, R. aut NSI ISN Crawford E. J. aut text article 2014-04-17 Blackwell Publishing Ltd eng We present a detailed study of Australia Telescope Compact Array observations (λ = 20, 13, 6 and 3 cm) of supernova remnant (SNR) J0509−6731 in the Large Magellanic Cloud. The remnant has a ring morphology with brightened regions towards the south-western limb. We also find a second brightened inner ring which is only seen in the radio continuum. The SNR is almost circular, with a diameter ranging from 7 to 8 pc, and a steep radio spectral index between 36 and 3 cm of α = −0.73 ± 0.02, which is characteristic of younger SNRs. We also report detection of radially orientated polarization across the remnant at 6 cm, with a mean fractional polarization level of P ≅ (26 ± 13) per cent. We find the magnetic field (∼168 μG) and Σ–D (Σ = 1.1 × 10⁻¹⁹ W m⁻² Hz⁻¹ sr⁻¹, D = 7.35 pc) to be consistent with other young remnants. yes yes Polarization Supernova remnants Magellanic Clouds Radio continuum 0035-8711 1365-2966 440 4 3220 3225 10.1093/mnras/stu499 National Science Infrastructure Infrastructure scientifique nationale National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 230005927aa38d3f-0f08-4795-a575-ca41eb30ee6a Paxman D. aut Trottier S. aut Nikoo M. aut Secanell M. aut Ordorica-Garcia Jesus Guillermo Ordorica-Garcia, G. aut EME EME text article 2014-06-01 Elsevier eng Previous work assessed the fundamental technical and market risks associated with the development and deployment of solar fuels technology in Alberta. It identified methane cracking in solar-molten media as the hydrogen production technology featuring the best combination of technical risk, market acceptance, and breakthrough potential of all the techniques covered in the study. Alberta Innovates – Technology Futures (AITF) plans to advance the technology from a conceptual stage to a proof-of concept over a span of 4 years. The ultimate goal is to design, build and test a prototype solar receiver/reactor in a suitable solar simulator. The paper outlines the activities to date concerning the initial bench-scale testing of methane cracking in molten media at temperatures ranging from 1023 to 1373 K. The design and construction of an experimental apparatus used to establish the fundamental thermo-chemical performance of the process is presented, along with preliminary results and lessons from the first testing campaign. A transient, non-isothermal, preliminary mathematical model of a reacting bubble within the molten metal has been developed using MATLAB. The model accounts for the chemical reactions, diffusion of the gases in the bubble and heat transfer from the molten metal to the reacting gases. The model can be used to predict the minimum bubble residence time needed to achieve a given hydrogen yield. The simulation tool will be used to numerically estimate methane conversions in the reactor at various conditions. yes yes gold access Methane cracking Hydrogen production Direct contact pyrolysis Methane decomposition Molten media Liquid metals 1876-6102 49 2027 2036 S1876610214006699 10.1016/j.egypro.2014.03.215 Energy, Mining and Environment Énergie, mines et environnement National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 2300054977a35388-2a4c-4585-9d70-29c761a6b5d9 Carter David H Carter, Dave aut ICT TIC Martin Joel David Martin, Joel D. aut ICT TIC 2013 ISDS Conference: International Society for Disease Surveillance, December 12-13, 2013, New Orleans, LA, USA text abstract eng 2014 We introduce our new DADAR (Data Analysis, Detection, And Response) syndromic surveillance platform. surveillance; situational awareness; data fusion; outbreak detection; informatics yes yes gold access University of Illinois at Chicago Library 1947-2579 1947-2579 6 1 e126 10.5210/ojphi.v6i1.5065 Information and Communication Technologies Technologies de l'information et des communications National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 2300052098c9f380-ca41-47f5-b63d-1687df52e72b Rezaei Aida aut Dadouche Azzedine aut AERO AERO 5th World Tribology Congress, September 8-13 2013, Torino, Italy text article 2014-12 Politecnico di Torino (DIMEAS) eng yes yes 9781634393522 2 1236 1239 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Aerospace Aérospatiale National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 230005096b28e57e-520c-44d0-a006-3bf3fabc69de Verly Pierre G Verly, P. G. aut ICT TIC text chapter 2014-03-24 Elsevier eng Thin film design is loosely subdivided in two categories: refinement and synthesis, where synthesis refers to different ways of generating potentially complex solutions virtually from scratch, without the need for special starting designs. This chapter first reviews several successful thin film synthesis approaches. It then discusses the desensitization of the solutions to manufacturing errors and gives several examples of hybrid situations outside the classical framework, where the interference in the coating is not the only concern or where the geometry of the problem significantly complicates the modeling. yes yes Thin film design Thin film synthesis Error desensitization Waveguide facet coating Resonant grating coating Solar cell design 9780857095947 26 61 10.1533/9780857097316.1.26 Information and Communication Technologies Technologies de l'information et des communications National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 23000498127876c2-6706-4dc4-a40e-c2010d29b606 Lombardi Anthony aut Sediako Dimitry G Sediako, Dimitry aut SDT TSR Ravindran Comondore (Ravi) aut Mackay Robert aut Materials Science and Technology Conference and Exhibition 2013, October 27-31 2013, Montreal, QC, Canada text article 2014-01 Materials Science and Technology eng Aluminum alloy engine blocks have successfully replaced ferrous materials in order to maximize weight savings and improve vehicle fuel efficiency. However, the development of an optimal heat treatment process is required to improve engine block casting integrity and prevent potential problems such as in-service cylinder distortion. Optimization of heat treatment parameters requires an in-depth study to determine how residual stresses are relieved with time during solution heat treatment. In order to perform this analysis, however, in-situ neutron diffraction must first be carried out on stress-free samples of the same composition and processing history as the engine blocks to account for factors such as thermal expansion and changes in lattice parameter due to dissolution of secondary phases. The results from this study suggest that thermal expansion caused the largest change in d0 spacing, while prolonged exposure to solution temperatures of 470 and 500 °C did not cause significant changes in d0. yes yes Engine blocks Heat treatment parameters In-situ neutron diffraction Interplanar spacings Vehicle fuel efficiencies Engine cylinders 9781629933092 1 980 988 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Security and Disruptive Technologies Technologies de sécurité et de rupture National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 23000458c861d3c9-80a4-4f3e-b00f-f445096dcfa0 J. A. Green aut M. D. Gray aut T. Robishaw aut J. L. Caswell aut N. M. McClure-Griffiths aut text article 2014-04-17 Oxford University Press eng Recent comparisons of magnetic field directions derived from maser Zeeman splitting with those derived from continuum source rotation measures have prompted new analysis of the propagation of the Zeeman split components, and the inferred field orientation. In order to do this, we first review differing electric field polarization conventions used in past studies. With these clearly and consistently defined, we then show that for a given Zeeman splitting spectrum, the magnetic field direction is fully determined and predictable on theoretical grounds: when a magnetic field is oriented away from the observer, the left-hand circular polarization is observed at higher frequency and the right-hand polarization at lower frequency. This is consistent with classical Lorentzian derivations. The consequent interpretation of recent measurements then raises the possibility of a reversal between the large-scale field (traced by rotation measures) and the small-scale field (traced by maser Zeeman splitting). yes yes Magnetic fields Masers Polarization Radiative transfer 0035-8711 1365-2966 440 4 2988 2996 10.1093/mnras/stu429 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 2300044055fdd7bb-1d60-4814-9cac-14a7c1f15f34 Ebert Maximilian C. C. J. C. aut Morley Krista Morley, Krista L. aut ACRD DCRA Volpato Jordan P. aut Schmitzer Andreea R. aut Pelletier Joelle N. aut text article eng 2014-12-26 Wiley Type II R67 dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) is a bacterial plasmid-encoded enzyme that is intrinsically resistant to the widely-administered antibiotic trimethoprim. R67 DHFR is genetically and structurally unrelated to E. coli chromosomal DHFR and has an unusual architecture, in that four identical protomers form a single symmetrical active site tunnel that allows only one substrate binding/catalytic event at any given time. As a result, substitution of an active-site residue has as many as four distinct consequences on catalysis, constituting an atypical model of enzyme evolution. Although we previously demonstrated that no single residue of the native active site is indispensable for function, library selection here revealed a strong bias toward maintenance of two native protomers per mutated tetramer. A variety of such “half-native” tetramers were shown to procure native-like catalytic activity, with similar KM values but kcat values 5- to 33-fold lower, illustrating a high tolerance for active-site substitutions. The selected variants showed a reduced thermal stability (Tm ∼12°C lower), which appears to result from looser association of the protomers, but generally showed a marked increase in resilience to heat denaturation, recovering activity to a significantly greater extent than the variant with no active-site substitutions. Our results suggest that the presence of two native protomers in the R67 DHFR tetramer is sufficient to provide native-like catalytic rate and thus ensure cellular proliferation. yes yes Trimethoprim resistance Combinatorial mutations Thermostability Active site engineering Homotetramer 0961-8368 24 4 495 507 10.1002/pro.2602 Aquatic and Crop Resource Development Développement des cultures et des ressources aquatiques National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 230002507a9f0354-55fa-47d8-bdf9-e0b9897505dc Mahn Jeffrey Mahn, J. aut CONST CONST 7th Forum Acusticum 2014, September 7-12 2014, Krakow, Poland text article 2014 European Acoustics Association eng The city of Christchurch, New Zealand currently lacks performance studios where performers can practice due to the widespread damage caused by the 2011 earthquake. However, there are large areas of vacant lots in the city center where buildings have been removed, but redevelopment work has yet to begin. To solve the problem of the lack of available studio spaces and to take advantage of the available open spaces, a mobile building known as project BeatBox was proposed to be built in one of the available, vacant lots. The mobile building includes three studio spaces as well as office spaces. A stipulation for the building design was that it needed to be possible to disassemble the entire building so that it can be transported to a new site and reconstructed when the original building site is ready to be redeveloped. Additional stipulations included stringent sound insulation requirements between the studios, between the studios and the offices and between the studios and the outside. A novel design for the space was proposed to meet the airborne and impact sound insulation requirements based on prediction models. The final design was a compromise between the acoustic, earthquake, fire and structural requirements. The building design is presented and the measured sound insulation values of the studios are compared versus the original, predicted values. yes yes 9788361402282 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Construction Construction National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 23000184abce7aac-8876-4fd5-a344-3fc7668e6a46 Schoenwald Stefan aut Zeitler Berndt William Zeitler, Berndt aut CONST CONST Sabourin Ivan aut CONST CONST 7th Forum Acusticum 2014, September 7-12 2014, Krakow, Poland text article 2014 European Acoustics Association eng Structure-borne sound transmission across a cross-junction of double solid timber walls with a solid timber floor was analyzed in a recent research project. Both, the double walls as well as floor slab, were of so-called Cross Laminated Timber (CLT). The floor slab was continuous across the junction for structural reasons and thus, formed a sound bridge between the elements of the double wall. To gain a better understanding of the contributions of sound transmission between the wall and floor elements from the different possible paths, a thorough analysis was conducted. Hereby, direct sound transmission through, and radiation efficiencies of, the CLT elements were measured in a direct sound transmission facility; as well as, structure-borne sound transmission between CLT elements was measured on a junction mock-up. The experimental data was used as in-put data and for validation of the engineering model of EN 12354/ISO 15712 for the prediction of flanking sound insulation in buildings. The test procedures, analysis and results of this research project are presented here. yes yes 9788361402282 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Construction Construction National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 23000182db389fe1-0151-4159-b21d-c1dcaff43d43 Li Junyi Jessy aut Carpuat Marine aut ICT TIC Nenkova Ani aut 25th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, August 23-29 2014, Dublin, Ireland text article 2014-10 Association for Computational Linguistics eng We present a cross-lingual discourse relation analysis based on a parallel corpus with discourse information available only for one language. First, we conduct a corpus study to explore differences in discourse organization between Chinese and English, including differences in information packaging, implicit/explicit discourse expression divergence, and discourse connective ambiguities. Second, we introduce a novel approach to learning to recognize discourse relations, using the parallel corpus instead of discourse annotation in the language of interest. Our resulting semi-supervised system reaches state-of-art performance on the task of discourse relation detection, and outperforms a supervised system on discourse relation classification. yes yes 978-1-63439-195-5 1 577 586 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Information and Communication Technologies Technologies de l'information et des communications National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 230001810d21da88-d16f-46e9-8f54-faea7be00c89 Leblanc D. aut Levy A. aut Hubert P. aut Roy Steven Roy, S. aut AERO AERO Yousefpour Ali Yousefpour, A. aut AERO AERO CAMX, The Composites and Advanced Materials Expo, October 13-16, 2014, Orlando, Florida, USA text article 2014 Society of the Advancement of Material and Process Engineering eng Randomly-oriented strands (ROS) composites offer the possibility to mould complex parts with fast processing cycles. This material is ideal for small complex parts such as brackets and hinges where varying wall thickness, tight radii and rib features are common. In this paper, the manufacturing of a ROS composite bracket with a rib feature is presented. The bracket was designed to have similar stiffness to that of an aluminum angle bracket. A four-point bending test method (ASTM D6415) was used to quantify the stiffness of the ROS and aluminum parts. Per weight basis, the ROS composite part was 19% stiffer than the aluminum bracket. The main findings show the use of ROS as a good material candidate to mould complex parts which could inherently replace typical metallic brackets that are commonly used in aircrafts. yes yes 9781680154344 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Aerospace Aérospatiale National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 2300018074b16762-f3cb-414d-b7df-c44b7ad6c085 Downes Devon Darshan Downes, D. aut AERO AERO Bouamoul A. aut Ensan M. N. aut NRC CNRC 28th International Symposium on Ballistics, September 24-26, 2014, Atlanta, Georgia, USA text article 2014 DEStech Publications eng This paper describes recent progress on numerical simulation of shaped charges (SC) using an Arbitrary-Lagrangian-Eluerian (ALE) framework. The framework consists of simulating the formation, elongation and possible fragmentation of the liner. The aforementioned stages of SC development were modeled using the ALE element formulation in the LS-DYNA Finite Element Analysis software. The simulation incorporates features such as Arbitrary-Lagrangian-Eulerian-Multi-Material-Group, the High Explosive Burn, the Johnson-Cook constitutive material model, and the Jones Wilkins-Lee and Mei-Gruneisen Equations-of-State. The model provides a robust means of handling the large amount of deformation present in SC jet formation and elongation. Results for a shaped charge with a 80-mm cone diameter are resented. yes yes 978-1-60595-149-2 1 179 186 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Aerospace Aérospatiale National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 230001707cb026c5-c823-4182-80e4-8da770fa19a3 Paris Vincent aut St-Laurent Sylvain aut Thomas Yannig aut AST ATS 2014 World Congress on Powder Metallurgy and Particulate Materials, May 18-22 2014, Orlando, Florida, USA text article 2014 Metal Powder Industries Federation eng In powder metallurgy, the usage of an admixed lubricant to aid the compaction and to ease the ejection of the green parts is most of the time unavoidable. Over the past years, many lubricant formulations which were either developed by metal powder producers or independent lubricant manufacturers were introduced to the market. All the while, some common powder metallurgy lubricants are still widely used in the industry, mostly due to the fact that their behaviour is well known and are also cost competitive. Nevertheless, the actual offering of high performance lubricants offers many advantages over the traditional lubricants. This paper offers a review of the major advantages of high performance lubricants over traditional formulations. The lubricants were evaluated in FC-0208 and FD-0208 steel powder compositions. Apparent density, flow rate, compressibility, ejection behaviour, surface finish and sintered properties were evaluated. It is demonstrated that high performance lubricants, despite their slightly higher cost compared to conventional lubricants, can offer net benefits to parts manufacturers. The lubricants were tested at equal concentrations (0.7% w/w) in order to offer a fair comparison and ease the process of selecting a given lubricant when designing new parts. Although great care was taken to insure all lubricants were tested equally, it is understood that some lubricants may perform better than described herein in other compaction conditions or with different powder formulations. yes yes 9780985339760 334 348 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Automotive and Surface Transportation Automobile et transport de surface National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 23000163a46f9333-ee5a-40ff-9804-db2276e0376c Badagliacca Pietro aut Masson Luke aut HHT TSH Tonelli Alfreda aut Migliorati Giacomo aut Harel Josée aut text chapter 2014 Nova Science Publishers eng A customized DNA microarray was designed to detect Escherichia coli virulence genes in addition to Gram-negative genes conferring resistance to antimicrobials belonging to the aminoglycoside, β-lactam, tetracycline, sulfonamide, phenicol, and quinolone families as well as to rifampin, erythromycin, trimethoprim, olaquindox, quaternary ammonium compound resistant determinant genes, and mobile genetic elements such as class 1, 2, 3 integrons and transposon Tn21. This microarray was applied in the genotyping of two collection strains coming from colibacillosis outbreaks in rabbit and cattle facilities located in Italy and Iran, respectively. For each collection, the positive gene distribution and frequency per encoded enzyme or protein involved in antimicrobial resistance was first determined. Thereafter, strains positive for integrons were matched with the presence of transposon Tn21 (tnpM gene) in order to highlight the genetic potential of resistance (multi-resistance) transferability in the examined strains. Fourteen of 26 strains in our rabbit E. coli collection were positive for a class 1 integron, six of which were associated with the tnpM gene and multidrug resistance-related genes to the aminoglycoside, tetracycline, and sulfonamide-trimethoprim antimicrobial families, prevalently. Class 1 and/or class 2 and 3 integrons were also detected in 23 out of 51 strains in our cattle E. coli collection, 13 of which were also positive for tnpM gene. The presence of multiple drug resistance involving the aminoglycoside, tetracycline, and sulfonamide antimicrobial families are positively associated with this tnpM gene group. Moreover, strains having positive genes for integrons and transposons were also carriers, to a lesser extent, of class A and/or class C β-lactamase (11 strains) and quinolone (9 strains) resistant genes. The DNA microarray used in this chapter has proven to be a powerful tool in determining the genetic profile of antimicrobial resistance in E. coli field strains. The DNA microarray technology may be an appropriate technology for inclusion in antimicrobial resistance monitoring programs because of its adaptability to and ease of data collection for any particular monitoring program. Furthermore, this technology could be used to assess the effectiveness of antimicrobial use-reduction plans or in comparative studies between traditional and antibiotic-free animal production systems. yes yes 978-1-62948-669-7 10 187 210 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Human Health Therapeutics Thérapeutiques en santé humaine National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 230001613af56b64-1a79-4ad0-8daf-ce8c5e608fae Zaman Hasanat aut OCRE GOCF Mak Lawrence M Mak, Lawrence aut OCRE GOCF Millan James P Millan, Jim aut OCRE GOCF McKay Shane A McKay, Shane aut OCRE GOCF technical report eng 2014-03 National Research Council Canada 146 p. During the generation of any wave in the tank we get relevant primary wave component along with bounded wave components if the incident primary wave has more than one frequency. Inevitably we also get interacted wave components, natural frequency components of the tank and other free waves. In this report the natural frequency energy components in the OEB were investigated using several cases of mono- and bi-chromatic waves in the tank. These natural frequency components were compared with the total energy and bounded wave energy measured in the tank. The reason of this investigation is to understand the extent of the natural frequency energy components of the tank of different modes in the measured wave data and also the damping rate of the residual surface undulation components in the tank with time. Results are shown for both monoand bi-chromatic waves. It is found that the primary frequency components are interacting with each other in different forms and wave energies are transferred to the interacted frequency bands. Also from the data, we observed that the natural frequency components for both longitudinal and transverse directions of the tank were too small compare to the primary wave components at least in the cases that we considered here. Wave damping in OEB; natural frequency; shallow water yes yes 10.4224/23000158 OCRE-TR-2014-013 Ocean, Coastal and River Engineering Génie océanique, côtier et fluvial National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 230001586121872b-7b53-4cd3-8407-b9f10d679f08 Magel Eric Magel, E. aut AST ATS Kalousek Joseph Kalousek, J. aut Sroba P. aut Sroba Rail Services Pty Ltd Second International Conference on Railway Technology: Research, Development and Maintenance, 8-11 April 2014, Ajaccio, Corsica, France text article eng 2014 The magic wear rate (MWR) is the rate of wear at which any rolling contact fatigue cracks that are in initial stages of development are removed either by natural or a combination of natural and artificial wear. It is a simple concept which recognizes that when there is little or no wear, the rail will usually fail as a result of contact fatigue, but when there is excessive wear, the life is unnecessarily wasted. The concept has direct application to rail maintenance practices, in particular rail grinding. This paper details the basic theory of the magic wear rate and includes a discussion about the impact of various influencing factors including wheel load, friction, track curvature and metallurgy. Application is made chiefly to rail grinding, although it is acknowledged that the principle also extends to wheel wear. Examples of current practices are given and a new approach to rail grinding is presented that would better target the magic wear rate. magic wear rate; rolling contact fatigue; rail grinding yes yes 116 104 Computational and Technology Resources 1759-3433 10.4203/ccp.104.116 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Automotive and Surface Transportation Automobile et transport de surface 23000156 af279b2d-0658-4767-b4ad-de8d98b9b6ca Xiong Yule aut ICT TIC Xu Dan-Xia aut ICT TIC Schmid Jens Holger Schmid, Jens H. aut ICT TIC Cheben Pavel aut ICT TIC Janz Siegfried aut ICT TIC Ye Winnie N. aut text article 2014-02-15 IEEE eng We propose a robust polarization rotator based on the mode-evolution mechanism. The polarization rotation in a silicon wire waveguide is achieved by forming an amorphous silicon (a-Si) overlayer and an SiO₂ spacer on top of the waveguide. A strip pattern of a constant width is designed to be etched through the overlayer at a specific angle with respect to the Si waveguide. The asymmetry in the a-Si overlayer affects the waveguide mode by rotating the modal axis. This polarization rotator design is amenable to comparatively simple fabrication compatible with standard silicon photonic processing for integration. The length of the rotation section is 17 μm, and the broadband operation is achieved with a rotation efficiency higher than 90% for a wavelength range exceeding 135 nm. A maximum polarization rotation efficiency of 99.5% is predicted by calculation. yes yes gold access Silicon waveguide Polarization rotation Amorphous silicon 1943-0655 6 2 1 9 10.1109/JPHOT.2014.2306827 Information and Communication Technologies Technologies de l'information et des communications National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 23000127074e2b6a-a806-4ef9-bedd-b4de6211f546 Chaban Bonnie aut Links Matthew G. aut Jayaprakash Teenus Paramel aut Wagner Emily C. aut Bourque Danielle K. aut Lohn Zoe aut Albert Arianne Y. K. aut van Schalkwyk Julie aut Reid Gregor aut Hemmingsen Sean M Hemmingsen, Sean M. aut ACRD DCRA Hill Janet E. aut Money Deborah M. aut text article 2014-07-04 BioMed Central eng BACKGROUND: The vaginal microbial community plays a vital role in maintaining women’s health. Understanding the precise bacterial composition is challenging because of the diverse and difficult-to-culture nature of many bacterial constituents, necessitating culture-independent methodology. During a natural menstrual cycle, physiological changes could have an impact on bacterial growth, colonization, and community structure. The objective of this study was to assess the stability of the vaginal microbiome of healthy Canadian women throughout a menstrual cycle by using cpn60-based microbiota analysis. Vaginal swabs from 27 naturally cycling reproductive-age women were collected weekly through a single menstrual cycle. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed to amplify the universal target region of the cpn60 gene and generate amplicons representative of the microbial community. Amplicons were pyrosequenced, assembled into operational taxonomic units, and analyzed. Samples were also assayed for total 16S rRNA gene content and Gardnerella vaginalis by quantitative PCR and screened for the presence of Mollicutes by using family and genus-specific PCR. RESULTS: Overall, the vaginal microbiome of most women remained relatively stable throughout the menstrual cycle, with little variation in diversity and only modest fluctuations in species richness. Microbiomes between women were more different than were those collected consecutively from individual women. Clustering of microbial profiles revealed the expected groupings dominated by Lactobacillus crispatus, Lactobacillus iners, and Lactobacillus jensenii. Interestingly, two additional clusters were dominated by either Bifidobacterium breve or a heterogeneous mixture of nonlactobacilli. Direct G. vaginalis quantification correlated strongly with its pyrosequencing-read abundance, and Mollicutes, including Mycoplasma hominis, Ureaplasma parvum, and Ureaplasma urealyticum, were detected in most samples. CONCLUSIONS: Our cpn60-based investigation of the vaginal microbiome demonstrated that in healthy women most vaginal microbiomes remained stable through their menstrual cycle. Of interest in these findings was the presence of Bifidobacteriales beyond just Gardnerella species. Bifidobacteriales are frequently underrepresented in 16S rRNA gene-based studies, and their detection by cpn60-based investigation suggests that their significance in the vaginal community may be underappreciated. yes yes gold access Vaginal microbiome cpn60 Menstrual cycle Bifidobacteriales Bifidobacterium Lactobacillus Mollicutes Mycoplasma Yreaplasma Gardnerella Vaginal bacteria 2049-2618 2 23 1 12 2049-2618-2-23 10.1186/2049-2618-2-23 Aquatic and Crop Resource Development Développement des cultures et des ressources aquatiques National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 2300012672752aaf-7160-4227-8fe3-399ea55a4fdc Salem Nuha Salem, Nuhu aut EME EME Abu-Lebdeh Yaser aut EME EME text article 2014-07-10 The Electrochemical Society eng Three ionic liquids based on ringed ammonium cations with different ring sizes [seven: azepanium; six: piperidinium; five: pyrrolidinium] and imide anion mixed with ethylene carbonate, EC, have been evaluated as electrolytes in high voltage lithium-ion batteries. It is found that mixing the ionic liquids with ethylene carbonate gives electrolyte mixtures with lower viscosities, increased conductivities and improved electrochemical cathodic stability than the neat ionic liquids. The flammability and thermal stability of the electrolytes have been studied by open-cup flash point measurements and thermogravimetric analysis combined with Infrared and Mass Spectroscopy. It is found that the neat ionic liquids have good thermal stability above 300°C and no flammability compared to carbonate-based electrolyte but upon mixing with EC the mixture decomposes at temperature below 130°C but stays non-flammable. The electrolyte mixtures have been evaluated in Li/LiMn₁.₅Ni₀.₅O₄ (LMNO) and graphite/Li half cells and in the presence of fluoroethylene carbonate additive. Discharge capacities reaching 112–117 mAh.g⁻¹ and 280–293 mAh.g⁻¹ with coulombic efficiencies of 95% and 99% were obtained for graphite and LMNO, respectively, over 100 cycles at C/12. yes yes 0013-4651 1945-7111 161 10 A1593 A1601 10.1149/2.0361410jes Energy, Mining and Environment Énergie, mines et environnement National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 23000102e2ea9425-f653-4fe9-a66d-fd533f61b922 Yergeau Etienne aut NRC CNRC text chapter 2014-03-08 Springer International Publishing eng Only 0.33 % of the Antarctic land surface area is free of ice, with much of this area representing fell-field environments. Antarctic fell-fields are a type of tundra ecosystem that are generally nutrient-limited (especially N) and have a sparse cover of vegetation that is dominated by lichen or bryophytes, although dense vegetative cover and even vascular plants can be present in moister fell-field habitats. Environmental conditions are generally unfavourable in fell-field Antarctic environments, but these soils are spectacular in terms of the diversity of conditions that they offer for microbial life. This is reflected in the variety of microbial taxa and functions that can be found in these environments. Several factors were identified as having strong influences on the microbial communities inhabiting Antarctic fell-field soils, including water, temperature, plants, birds and pH. This chapter reviews microbiological studies that have been carried out in Antarctic fell-field soils. yes yes Microbial ecology Bacteriology Microbial genetics Microbial genomics Geology 978-3-642-45212-3 978-3-642-45213-0 7 115 129 10.1007/978-3-642-45213-0_7 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 230000990546015c-b9d8-4cb8-9649-f896494c724f Bustard Philip Bustard, Philip J. aut SDT TSR England Duncan England, Duncan G. aut SDT TSR Lausten Rune aut SDT TSR Sussman Benjamin Sussman, Benjamin J. aut SDT TSR Frontiers in Optics, October 19-23, 2014, Tucson, Arizona, USA text article 2014 The Optical Society eng We demonstrate a memory for light based on storing photons in the vibrations of hydrogen molecules. The THz-bandwidth memory is used to store 100-fs pulses for durations up to ∼1ns, enabling ∼10⁴ operational time bins. yes yes 1-55752-286-3 10.1364/LS.2014.LTh1I.2 Security and Disruptive Technologies Technologies de sécurité et de rupture National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 23000095bc38a341-db35-4983-8fed-f6bfd4cd5e3e Benouared Ouahiba aut Mamou Mahmoud aut AERO AERO Messaoudene Noureddine Ait aut text article 2014-07-31 AIP Publishing eng Non-Newtonian subcritical convection in a Rayleigh-Bénard configuration was investigated numerically, using rigid boundary conditions. The flow configuration consisted of a finite aspect ratio enclosure subject to a vertical temperature gradient, which was established by heating and cooling the lower and the upper walls by either a constant heat flux or by applying constant temperatures. The non-Newtonian fluid viscosity was modeled using the Carreau-Yasuda model. The convective flow was governed by the conservation equations, which were solved numerically using a finite difference method with a time-accurate scheme. For a shallow enclosure, when the walls were subject to constant heat fluxes, an asymptotic solution was derived assuming a parallel flow behavior. A comparison between the numerical and asymptotic solutions was performed. The effects of the controlling parameters, namely, the Rayleigh and the Prandtl numbers, and the fluid rheological parameters on the onset of subcritical convective flow were investigated. The threshold for the onset of subcritical convection was found to be well below the threshold of stationary convection and decreased considerably (with the fluid rheological parameters variation) as the fluid became more and more shear thinning. Depending on the governing parameters, steady and unsteady-periodic flow solutions were possible. Within a square enclosure with slip or no-slip vertical walls, maintaining the active walls at a constant heat flux or at constant temperature, the rheological subcritical flow behavior remained qualitatively the same, but led to different subcritical convection thresholds. yes yes Thermal convection Shear thinning Viscosity Shear rate dependent viscosity Boundary value problems 1070-6631 1089-7666 26 7 073101 10.1063/1.4890829 Aerospace Aérospatiale National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 230000930c45cfc1-df29-40f8-a801-852303e976c5 Kim Daejin aut Shin Inhwan aut Koo Jaemean aut Kim Sangyoung aut Seo Dongyi aut AERO AERO Kim Jeongmin aut Seok Changsung aut text article 2014-02-14 Springer International Publishing eng In this study, a disk-shaped thermal barrier coating system for a gas turbine blade was isothermally aged at 1100°C for various times up to 800 h. The microstructures of the bond coat were observed by using an optical microscope for each aging condition. Diffusion of primary elements consisting of the bond coat was characterized by using electron probe microanalyzer mapping. Semi-quantitative analysis by using scanning electron microscopy energy-dispersive X-ray was insufficient to sense variations in the Al content within the bond coat according to exposure time. An area fraction of β-NiAl phases within the bond coat was calculated by image analysis, and a reasonable approach to estimate time for complete depletion of the Al-rich β-NiAl phase within the bond coat was suggested. yes yes β-NiAl depletion Image analysis Isothermal aging TBC(thermal barrier coating) TGO(thermally grown oxide) 1738-494X 1976-3824 28 2 513 519 1118 10.1007/s12206-013-1118-3 Aerospace Aérospatiale National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 23000091f3a3f4e6-6951-43db-9821-b9f8a7aaf6dd Liu Jianhui aut Yin Fei aut Guo Lixia aut Zhang Junzeng aut ACRD DCRA Zidichouski Jeffrey aut text chapter 2014-11-29 Elsevier eng Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is characterized clinically by a progressive and gradual decline in cognitive function and neuropathologically by the presence of neuropil threads and specific neuronal and synapse losses in addition to postmortem confirmation of the presence of significantly elevated levels of neurofibrillary tangles and senile plaques. Accumulating evidence suggests that β-amyloid (Aβ) plays a crucial role and is purported to be a key factor involved in triggering a complex pathological cascade of events involved in the development and progression of AD. However, there is also accumulating evidence that other factors may be important in AD, such as oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress, loss of cholinergic neurons, neuroinflammation, genetic factors, and yet to be discovered factors that play important roles in the development and likely the rate of progression of AD. Geniposide and its aglycone genipin are the main bioactive constitutes of traditional Chinese medicine Gardenia jasminoides Ellis, and increasing evidence links geniposide and genipin to improvements in learning and memory in studies performed on animal models of AD. Moreover, both compounds appear to exert an array of neuroprotective-related effects that may be in turn linked to functional improvements that were observed. This review will focus upon and probe into the biological actions of geniposide and genipin, concentrating particularly on molecular mechanisms as related to their neuroprotective effects and actions. yes yes Alzheimer’s disease β-amyloid (Aβ) Geniposide Molecular mechanisms Neuroprotection 9780124114623 221 227 10.1016/B978-0-12-411462-3.00024-2 Aquatic and Crop Resource Development Développement des cultures et des ressources aquatiques National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 23000088b94414ce-575a-4bdb-bdea-dcda59fc76c7 Yergeau Etienne aut NRC CNRC text chapter 2014-03-08 Springer International Publishing eng By 2100, the mean air temperature at the Earth’s surface is predicted to increase by 1.4 °C to 5.8 °C, with a disproportionate effect at high altitudes and latitudes. This chapter reviews the currently available information regarding the responses of key microbial parameters, including diversity, community composition, abundance and functions, to climate change in Antarctic soils. For microorganisms inhabiting Antarctic soils, some insight has been gained by comparing microbial communities across latitudinal gradients, or through short-term laboratory incubations and field studies. Rapid responses of mosses, nematodes, soil algae, cyanobacteria, fungi, and bacteria have been observed in some Antarctic soils. Despite these interesting findings, it is difficult to specifically predict the effects of warming on Antarctic soil microorganisms. One reason is the extreme heterogeneity of soil habitats in this region, as they vary from moist eutrophic ornithogenic soils to nutrient- and water-limited Dry Valley soils. Climate change might have rapid and direct effects on soil microbes that are not otherwise limited, but the release of other limitations (e.g., water, nutrients) could be more important in several environments. yes yes Microbial ecology Bacteriology Microbial genetic Microbial genomics Geology 978-3-642-45212-3 978-3-642-45213-0 13 249 261 10.1007/978-3-642-45213-0_13 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 23000087f3260c2e-e309-4ada-916c-c66658abdf0f Chaucheyras-Durand Frédérique aut Ossa Faisury aut NRC CNRC text article 2014-02 Elsevier eng Ruminants are able to degrade and use fibrous feed as a source of energy and nutrients because of the presence of complex anaerobic microbiota in the rumen, composed mainly of bacteria, fungi, and ciliate protozoa. Ruminal microorganisms play different roles in feed digestion and act synergistically to ferment plant structural and nonstructural carbohydrates and proteins. This review reports the latest assessment of microbiota diversity in the rumen ecosystem and summarizes the molecular techniques and the newly available “omic” technologies, based on DNA and RNA sequence analysis, which allow for new insights into the structure and functions of these complex microbial communities. yes yes Rumen Microbiota Ruminant digestion Diversity DNA-based technique RNA-based technique 1080-7446 30 1 1 12 S1080744615300760 10.15232/S1080-7446(15)30076-0 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 23000072f0f0a41f-7246-4c03-be01-f106f03b7a61 Kubat Ivana aut OCRE GOCF Fowler David aut Sayed Mohamed aut OCRE GOCF text chapter 2014-11-07 Elsevier eng The presence of floating ice in northern regions bears significant economic, environmental, and social implications. Navigation is one of the areas where the influence of floating ice is particularly evident. The history of ice threats to navigation and hardships experienced by early mariners are well known. At present, even with all the new technologies, ice can pose serious challenges. A major threat arises when ice around a ship starts to converge. The compression or ice pressure builds up if wind and water currents drive the ice cover against a land boundary. The ice cover compresses and ice accumulates to form ridges. If a ship is caught in such a situation, pressures on the hull will be high. Additionally, the ridges can introduce serious impediments to ship progress. Consequently, ice resistance would dramatically increase, and the ship can become beset. In extreme cases, ships can be damaged, and smaller vessels can be completely lifted onto the ice. To understand how ice interacts with ships, we must start with ice properties and characteristics of ice covers. Ice ridges, for example, may represent formidable obstacles to ships. The way those ridges form and their properties determine the level of resistance that ships may encounter. Although the effects of ice pressure are important over all Arctic and northern waters, the focus of this discussion is on the Canadian experience. The particular conditions that lead to ice pressure build-up and the impact on shipping at various specific locations in Canada are surveyed. The discussions conclude with a description of a Captain's experience in dealing with ice pressure on the Great Lakes. yes yes Ice pressure Ice compression Ice ridging Shipping in ice Vessel besetting 9780123948496 647 676 10.1016/B978-0-12-394849-6.00018-4 Ocean, Coastal and River Engineering Génie océanique, côtier et fluvial National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 23000054f192baa6-f504-4aa0-b569-000c7df6e342 Gorski Jan aut Chishty Wajid Chishty, Wajid Ali aut AERO AERO Johnson Matthew aut ASME Turbo Expo 2014: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition, June 16-20, 2014, Düsseldorf, Germany text article 2014-06-16 ASME eng The motivation for the work comes from the requirement to assess the feasibility of using alternative fuels in lean-premixed land-based stationary gas turbine combustion systems. Lean-premixed systems are prone to combustion instability issues and the need is to determine how the use of alternative fuels would affect such instabilities. The paper presents the results of an acoustically-forced laminar flat flame study that was conducted to measure the influence of flow velocity oscillations on the response of syngas flames under various operating conditions and in comparison to natural gas flames. The results indicate that syngas concentration in a methane-syngas-air mixture significantly affects the flame response. On the other hand, the ratio of hydrogen-to-carbon monoxide in the syngas was found to have a negligible effect on the flame response for a fuel blend made up of 50% methane and 50% syngas. Flame liftoff distance and flame speed were found to be important parameters that govern the flame transfer function magnitude and resonant frequency for a thermally stabilized flat flame. The paper also presents insights into flame transfer function scaling based on a refined Strouhal definition. yes yes syngas flames 978-0-7918-4568-4 Volume 4A Combustion, Fuels and Emissions V04AT04A026 10.1115/GT2014-25409 Aerospace Aérospatiale National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 23000025124c8242-da7f-412c-ad02-fb51814901c1 Rodrigo A. Estévez aut Christopher B. Anderson aut J. Cristobal Pizarro aut Mark A. Burgman aut text article 2014-08-22 Wiley eng Decision makers and researchers recognize the need to effectively confront the social dimensions and conflicts inherent to invasive species research and management. Yet, despite numerous contentious situations that have arisen, no systematic evaluation of the literature has examined the commonalities in the patterns and types of these emergent social issues. Using social and ecological keywords, we reviewed trends in the social dimensions of invasive species research and management and the sources and potential solutions to problems and conflicts that arise around invasive species. We integrated components of cognitive hierarchy theory and risk perceptions theory to provide a conceptual framework to identify, distinguish, and provide understanding of the driving factors underlying disputes associated with invasive species. In the ISI Web of Science database, we found 15,915 peer-reviewed publications on biological invasions, 124 of which included social dimensions of this phenomenon. Of these 124, 28 studies described specific contentious situations. Social approaches to biological invasions have emerged largely in the last decade and have focused on both environmental social sciences and resource management. Despite being distributed in a range of journals, these 124 articles were concentrated mostly in ecology and conservation-oriented outlets. We found that conflicts surrounding invasive species arose based largely on differences in value systems and to a lesser extent stakeholder and decision maker's risk perceptions. To confront or avoid such situations, we suggest integrating the plurality of environmental values into invasive species research and management via structured decision making techniques, which enhance effective risk communication that promotes trust and confidence between stakeholders and decision makers. yes yes biological invasions cognitive hierarchy theory non-native species publication trends risk analysis science and society social dimensions 0888-8892 29 1 19 30 10.1111/cobi.12359 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 23000014ca504d2d-21ce-4291-bbb0-8c581f29fb89 Jiang Lei-Yong Jiang, Leiyong aut AERO AERO Corber P. Andrew aut NRC CNRC ASME Turbo Expo 2014: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition, June 16-20, 2014, Düsseldorf, Germany text article 2014-06-16 ASME eng The splitting of the airflow that passes through the openings in the combustor liner is vital to its performance. Traditionally, numerical simulations of the gas turbine combustor have limited the computational domain to only the flow field inside the liner, while the airflow distribution over the liner is estimated based on semi-empirical correlations. In addition, the airflow rates are assumed to be the same through the identical open passages at each combustor axial cross-section. In the present study, the internal and external flow fields of a practical gas turbine combustor liner are directly coupled, so the air splitting is determined by comprehensive simulations. The predicted results for the air distribution are closely correlated to the dataset estimated from recently improved semi-empirical correlations for passage discharge-coefficients. The simulations also show that the effects of the combustion process on the air splitting can be neglected. Lastly, the results reveal that the airflow through identical passages at the same axial cross-section are not equal, and can vary by up to ±25% of the mean. In summary, the present study suggests that when performing computational models of gas turbine combustor flows, the simulations should couple the liner’s internal and external air splits whenever possible. yes yes 978-0-7918-4568-4 4A Combustion, Fuels and Emissions V04AT04A025 10.1115/GT2014-25405 Aerospace Aérospatiale National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 2300001239ee2715-6d9f-4bc9-842f-33f3cb71aef5 Yergeau Etienne aut NRC CNRC text chapter 2014-03-08 Springer International Publishing eng By 2100, the mean air temperature at the Earth’s surface is predicted to increase by 1.4 °C to 5.8 °C, with a disproportionate effect at high altitudes and latitudes. This chapter reviews the currently available information regarding the responses of key microbial parameters, including diversity, community composition, abundance and functions, to climate change in Antarctic soils. For microorganisms inhabiting Antarctic soils, some insight has been gained by comparing microbial communities across latitudinal gradients, or through short-term laboratory incubations and field studies. Rapid responses of mosses, nematodes, soil algae, cyanobacteria, fungi, and bacteria have been observed in some Antarctic soils. Despite these interesting findings, it is difficult to specifically predict the effects of warming on Antarctic soil microorganisms. One reason is the extreme heterogeneity of soil habitats in this region, as they vary from moist eutrophic ornithogenic soils to nutrient- and water-limited Dry Valley soils. Climate change might have rapid and direct effects on soil microbes that are not otherwise limited, but the release of other limitations (e.g., water, nutrients) could be more important in several environments. yes yes microbial ecology bacteriology microbial genetic microbial genomics geology 978-3-642-45212-3 978-3-642-45213-0 13 249 261 10.1007/978-3-642-45213-0_13 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 23000010d5a3c322-7804-4b47-b849-3535c45edfb0 Makeneni Spandana aut Ji Ye aut Watson David C Watson, David C. aut HHT TSH Young N. Martin aut Woods Robert J. aut text article 2014-08-22 Frontiers Media eng The ABO blood group system is the most important blood type system in human transfusion medicine. Here, we explore the specificity of antibody recognition toward ABO blood group antigens using computational modeling and biolayer interferometry. Automated docking and molecular dynamics simulations were used to explore the origin of the specificity of an anti-blood group A antibody variable fragment (Fv AC1001). The analysis predicts a number of Fv-antigen interactions that contribute to affinity, including a hydrogen bond between a HisL49 and the carbonyl moiety of the GalNAc in antigen A. This interaction was consistent with the dependence of affinity on pH, as measured experimentally; at lower pH there is an increase in binding affinity. Binding energy calculations provide unique insight into the origin of interaction energies at a per-residue level in both the scFv and the trisaccharide antigen. The calculations indicate that while the antibody can accommodate both blood group A and B antigens in its combining site, the A antigen is preferred by 4 kcal/mol, consistent with the lack of binding observed for the B antigen. yes yes gold access Molecular docking MD simulations Blood group antigens Antibody specificity GLYCAM AMBER 1664-3224 5 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00397 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Human Health Therapeutics Thérapeutiques en santé humaine National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 23000007c8152272-f3dd-4c3e-9365-c84233439b70 Peter R. Boyce aut Jennifer A Veitch Veitch, Jennifer A. aut CONST CONST IES Research Symposium II: Light + Behavior – Light’s Influence on Human Behavior, April 6-8, 2014, Cleveland, OH, USA text article 2014-04-30 Illuminating Engineering Society of North America eng In April 2014 the Illuminating Engineering Society held its second research symposium on the topic of “Light and Behavior”. Behavior is the output produced by people in response to physical and social stimulation. Lighting can certainly change the physical stimulation experienced by people so it is certainly one of the many factors that affect human behavior. Whereas the effects of lighting on visibility are well understood, how lighting changes human behavior is not; however, it is widely believed that different lighting conditions can influence work performance, individual comfort, safety, health and well-being and the overall quality of life. In an innovative format, speakers representing the design and research perspectives discussed their approaches to lighting for education, outdoor environment or healthcare applications. The designers presented examples of the issues they face in designing for the application and the researchers discussed the latest findings relevant to the application. This article is a summary of the symposium based on the authors' expertise, and includes research questions and new directions arising from the discussions over the two days of stimulating presentations and discussion. yes yes 11 27 17 NRC-CONST-56204 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Construction Construction National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 21277614 ed575eee-4568-4278-98f2-3f79a31f28f9 Randy Billard aut Md Samsur Rahman aut Allison Kennedy aut OCRE GOCF Antonio J Simoes Ré Simões Ré, António aut OCRE GOCF Brian Veitch aut OTC Arctic Technology Conference, 10-12 February 2014, Houston, Texas text article eng The paper describes an investigation into the operability of conventional lifeboats in pack ice conditions. The investigation was based on field trials of a small Totally Enclosed Motor Propelled Survival Craft (TEMPSC) lifeboat that was operated in a range of controlled pack ice conditions. The study focused on observing how operators with different levels of experience and backgrounds operated in ice, how their behaviors impacted their ability to maneuver through the ice field and the impact on the vessel and crew. Participants in the trials had different levels of experience operating in ice and in small crafts. The coxswains who participated in the investigation had a range of operational experience with vessels in ice, including operators who have worked aboard icebreaking vessels, but with limited experience operating in small vessels, and operators with experience operating small vessels, but with limited experience operating in ice. During the field trials, coxswains employed different tactics for advancing through ice. The outcomes of the study were used to analyze the impact of different driving techniques on the ability of the coxswain to successfully maneuver through ice and the impact of driving style on vessel integrity and crew comfort. The results of the study assess the tactics which can be employed by coxswains in different ice concentrations and the outcomes can be used to define learning objectives for training programs designed to prepare coxswains for emergency operations in ice covered waters. yes yes 2014 978-1-61399-355-2 1613993552 OTC-24610-MS 10.4043/24610-MS OCRE-PR-2014-010 Ocean, Coastal and River Engineering Génie océanique, côtier et fluvial National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21277604 88a89586-ff42-40df-9af0-31c1c2ab38a3 Allison Kennedy aut OCRE GOCF Antonio J Simoes Ré Simões Ré, António aut OCRE GOCF Brian Veitch aut OTC Arctic Technology Conference, 10-12 February 2014, Houston, Texas text article eng Field testing of a modified Totally Enclosed Motor Propelled Survival Craft (TEMPSC) was conducted in March 2013 in managed level ice conditions. This testing was part of a multi-year trials program, conducted by the National Research Council (NRC), which aims to investigate design considerations for a conventional TEMPSC operating in ice. During the March 2013 testing campaign, the TEMPSC was equipped with a side impact panel and bow visor, both instrumented with load cells to measure local ice impact forces. The resulting local ice load measurements taken during this field trials campaign are presented and the operational performance is discussed. This was the first year during the trials campaign in which local loads on the stem were measured and recorded. The results of this set of field trials could be useful to support the implementation of new TEMPSC design considerations to allow for better performance in harsh, northern conditions. It could also provide operational insight to promote more effective and low stress navigation through ice conditions. yes yes 2014 978-1-61399-355-2 1613993552 OTC-24608-MS 10.4043/24608-MS OCRE-PR-2014-009 Ocean, Coastal and River Engineering Génie océanique, côtier et fluvial National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21277603 cfd64590-8a13-4c36-9598-162436c3c60b Leon Fiander aut Mike Graham aut Harry Murray aut Renee Boileau aut OCRE GOCF OCEANS'14 MTS/IEEE St. John's, 14-19 September, 2014, St. John's, NL text article 2014 eng The collapse of the Atlantic cod fishery in the 1990s devastated the economies of many coastal Newfoundland communities. While many have survived through a combination of a much reduced fishery, government funding, and off shore or out of province employment, none of these are sustainable longterm solutions. Sea-based aquaculture (“fish farming” in pens) has provided stable employment in some areas, but only where there are suitable sites with protected, deep inlets with significant tidal or river current flushing. These geographic characteristics are not usually compatible with prosecuting the inshore fishery. Sites that were close to the open fishing grounds with minimal near shore currents were prized by the small boat fishers, but wind and wave protection were a secondary concern. Thus there are many towns and villages that are significant distances from ideal sea-based aquaculture sites. yes yes aquaculture; wave energy integrated multi-trophic aquaculture; IMTA 978-1-4799-4920-5 978-1-4799-4918-2 0197-7385 10.1109/OCEANS.2014.7003181 OCRE-PR-2014-014 Ocean, Coastal and River Engineering Génie océanique, côtier et fluvial National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21277589 543d494b-95b1-4c30-ab48-7463b14e29ab Louis Poirier aut OCRE GOCF Denise Sudom aut OCRE GOCF Robert M (Bob) Frederking Frederking, Robert aut OCRE GOCF International Conference on Performance of Ships and Structures in Ice (ICETECH), 28-31 July, 2014, Banff, Alberta text article 2014 eng Three ridged ice loading events have been analyzed from the Norströmsgrund lighthouse, off the Swedish coast. Ice load data from 1999 and 2000 were collected as part of the LOLEIF project. The three events described in this paper occurred in March and April 2000. The ridges were relatively small, with maximum keels of less than 5 m depth and sails of less than 0.5 m height. yes yes Consolidated layer; ice load; keel; ridge ICETECH14-138-RF OCRE-PR-2014-030 Ocean, Coastal and River Engineering Génie océanique, côtier et fluvial National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21277588 dff33527-1f8a-40a8-b26e-2c405fda285b Robert M (Bob) Frederking Frederking, Robert aut OCRE GOCF Karl Shkhinek aut Anne C Barker Barker, Anne aut OCRE GOCF 22nd IAHR International Symposium on Ice, August 11 to 15, 2014, Singapore text article eng Ice of many forms grows annually on rivers, lakes and the sea, and as a consequence can interact with hydrotechnical or coastal structures, generating forces on them. These forces must be appropriately assessed and accounted for in the design of structures in water bodies affected by ice. Ice conditions such as thickness, strength, morphology and floe size influence ice forces and must be characterized and suitable extreme values of these features determined. The environmental driving forces of wind, current and temperature must also be understood. Information on ice conditions and environmental factors are combined to provide guidance on calculating the magnitude of ice forces that a structure might be expected to withstand over its lifetime. Various national and international standards and codes that provide guidance on ice forces have been introduced and a high level overview of determining ice loads provided. Areas that would benefit from further research include; investigation of compressive strength of ice for rates greater than 10-3 s-1, the relation between rate effects in laboratory tests and rate in ice loading of structures, and analytical work to implement ice constitutive relations into the nonuniform stress states of ice indentation. yes yes 2014 978-981-09-0750-1 19 27 9 OCRE-PR-2014-027 Ocean, Coastal and River Engineering Génie océanique, côtier et fluvial National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21277587 c85068e5-22eb-43d9-a501-11a7a8edd62a Robert M (Bob) Frederking Frederking, R. aut OCRE GOCF B. Sand aut Denise Sudom Sudom, D. aut OCRE GOCF 22nd IAHR International Symposium on Ice, August 11 to 15, 2014, Singapore text article eng The ability to reliably predict ice forces generated by ridged ice features is very important for the design of offshore structures in many cold regions. Analytical models have been developed for predicting the loads on a structure due to interaction of an ice ridge keel or rubble, but few data exist for validating these models. In the present paper, the ice keel load distribution across the face of a vertical cylindrical structure is assessed. Ice load data collected in 2002 as part of the STRICE project at Norströmsgrund lighthouse were examined. Events for which the instrumented part of the lighthouse was responding only to ice keel loading were analysed to quantify horizontal ice keel pressures. The results have been compared with predictions of a numerical model. Numerical modeling is also used to predict the global ice forces and ice failure behavior for ridges of different size. From both full scale field data and numerical simulations of ridge interaction with the lighthouse, a trend of higher forces with increasing keel depths can be seen. In addition to generating larger global loads, larger ridges appear to create greater local loads around the waterline of the cylindrical structure. The load distribution across the lighthouse is not uniform. For some events, the forces on the load panels show a parabolic-type distribution while for others a different load distribution with two maxima is seen. yes yes 2014 978-981-09-0750-1 535 545 11 OCRE-PR-2014-026 Ocean, Coastal and River Engineering Génie océanique, côtier et fluvial National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21277586 5c9d1ea8-931d-4cbc-8b3b-390e5a2bb680 Robert E (Bob) Gagnon Gagnon, Robert aut OCRE GOCF 22nd IAHR International Symposium on Ice, August 11 to 15, 2014, Singapore text article 2014-08 eng Ice load and pressure data from the 1994 CCGS Louis St-Laurent trip through the Arctic were reanalyzed using a different method than was used for the original report. The impact events that were chosen for re-analysis spanned a variety of ship speeds, ice thicknesses and concentrations. For any given impact event all sub-panel segments (cells) of the strain-gauged hull panel for which a signal registered above the deemed noise level were considered to be subjected to ice load. Consequently all of the ice contact area, and associated ice load, was taken into account regardless of whether the ice contact consisted of a single area or multiple non-contiguous areas on the impacted panel. The data from a total of 51 randomly selected events covering a range of ice contact areas from 1.4 m2 to 16.8 m2 were initially analyzed to yield load and pressure distribution at the time of peak load for each event. Then further analysis was conducted to identify well-behaved events where the loaded areas were more contained on the panel and less concentrated at its edges. The effects of using this selection strategy are shown. For the data from the well-behaved events the pressure-area relationship was essentially flat with an average value 0.49 MPa over the stated range of contact area. Another set of 12 impact events were also analyzed, for which the full time-series of pressure on each of the 30 cells that comprise the panel were available from the original reduction of data. An analysis of load and contact area from these events demonstrated the effect of having oversized cells on ice impact panels, that leads to overestimates of ice contact area and underestimates of average pressure. The analysis suggested that the best estimates of actual ice contact area and average pressure, though still not fully accurate, are obtained when the contact area is the greatest, i.e. usually at peak load. yes yes 978-981-09-0750-1 OCRE-PR-2014-029 Ocean, Coastal and River Engineering Génie océanique, côtier et fluvial National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21277572 13dd7872-fbf5-42b6-b7a3-26ce8516033f Robert E (Bob) Gagnon Gagnon, Robert aut OCRE GOCF 22nd IAHR International Symposium on Ice, August 11 to 15, 2014, Singapore text article 2014-08 eng To test the Blade Runners concept for reducing ice induced vibration and loads on structures a simple configuration consisting of a single stationary blade on a rigid flat metal crushing plate was chosen for ice crushing tests in NRC-OCRE’s Large Cold Room facility. Five wedge-shaped columnar-grained freshwater ice samples were crushed against a thick plate with a low-profile blade on it and the results were compared with those from another five crushing experiments using a plate without a blade. The two crushing plates were made of aluminum and had identical characteristics other than that one of them had a blade on it. The blade had an isosceles right triangular section profile with a height of 1 mm and base of 2 mm. The blade spanned the length of the plate and was centered relative to the wedge-shaped ice samples and parallel with their long axes. Tests were conducted at -10oC and the nominal crushing plate displacement rate was 10 mm/s. High-speed imaging was used to observe the ice contact zone, by viewing through the ice samples, as it evolved and moved around somewhat during the tests. Load records from the tests using the bladeless crushing plate exhibited a high-amplitude sawtooth load pattern, resulting from fairly regular ice spalling events, that is typical of ice crushing in the brittle regime. This type of spalling behaviour, and associated sawtooth load pattern, is responsible for ice induced vibration of structures when ice sheets encroach on them. The average loads were roughly the same during either set of tests. However, for those tests where the plate with the blade on it was used it was observed that when the blade was in the hard zone region of the ice contact area the load pattern was dramatically affected. In those cases the blade effectively smoothed the sawtooth loading pattern by greatly increasing the spalling rate and reducing the spall size. Consequently the amplitudes of the load sawteeth were significantly reduced. yes yes 978-981-09-0750-1 OCRE-PR-2014-028 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Ocean, Coastal and River Engineering Génie océanique, côtier et fluvial National Bioproducts Program Programme national sur les bioproduits 21277571 9a7a97c8-3e74-46a1-bae8-ae5c4b4be52f Juris Meija aut MSS SME text article eng The papal chemistry challenge sought to find a lesser-known connection between pontiffs and chemistry. The papal chemistry challenge has delved into the systematic nomenclature for naming newly discovered or not yet discovered elements. The element of the challenge is said to be Pope, as the symbol of the hypothetical chemical element with the atomic number 5859 is Pope. yes yes Atoms Atomic numbers Chemical elements 1 p. 2014-01-01 Springer International Publishing 1618-2642 406 1 10.1007/s00216-013-7440-x National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Measurement Science and Standards Science des mesures et étalons Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21277440 fa8d9ebb-7baa-4233-9efe-0cfabfb3b1e7 Robert K Boyd Boyd, Robert aut INMS IENM text article eng Robert Boyd pens down his journey and achievements from different stages of his career. In the initial days of his student life, he was attracted towards physical chemistry. He did his Ph.D work with Charles Horrex, and under his direction, managed to acquire some degree of skill in glass-blowing, Electronics, and machine shop, in order to construct his apparatus. His research project involved extension of an earlier student's work on a method of estimating carbon-iodine bond energies through study of pyrolysis of the organic iodides in excess HI. He had his first brush with mass spectrometry during his Ph.D. years. In 1964, he came to Ottawa to take up a job in the research laboratories of the British Electricity Board, then a publicly-owned utility located in Surrey in the south of England. He was involved in the open-cycle magnetohydrodynamics power generation project. His involvement with the journal Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry as an erstwhile Assistant Editor became much more intense in 1997 when he agreed to take over as Editor-in-Chief from John Beynon. yes yes Carbon Chemical bonds Glass manufacture Machine shops Magnetohydrodynamics Mass spectrometry Physical chemistry Research laboratories Spectrometry Analytical applications Carbon-iodine bonds Different stages Glass-blowing Open cycles Power generation projects Rapid communication Tandem mass spectrometry Chemical analysis 2014-06-09 Wiley 0277-7037 35 2 272 310 39 10.1002/mas.21433 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Institute for National Measurement Standards Institut des étalons nationaux de mesure du CNRC Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21277489 f2df79f7-dba8-4bb7-9998-fb4d0be685fb Weixing Yuan aut AERO AERO Dominique Poirel aut Baoyuan Wang aut Azemi Benaissa aut text article eng Numerical simulations are performed to study the effect of freestream turbulence on small-amplitude limit-cycle oscillations of an airfoil at transitionalReynolds numbers.Aone-degree-of-freedomaeroelastic modelwas coupledwith the National Research Council Canada in-house computational-fluid-dynamics code INSflow to perform unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes simulations for flows around a rigid NACA 0012 airfoil in free-to-rotate conditions. Without coupling a transitionmodel, unsteadyReynolds-averagedNavier-Stokes computations basedonthe commonly used shear-stress-transport turbulencemodel could not capture the limit-cycle oscillations. Thiswas expected because it had been previously shown that the limit-cycle oscillations were fed by negative aerodynamic damping due to laminar boundary-layer separation. A correlation-based transition model was then implemented in the code and applied to investigate the turbulence effects. The computed results confirmed qualitatively the experimental observations of the turbulence effects on the limit-cycle oscillations by varying the values of the turbulence intensity and length scale. It was observed that the limit-cycle oscillationsweremore sensitive to the turbulence intensity than to the latter. In general, the freestream turbulence suppressed the limit-cycle oscillations. The pitch amplitude became smaller when the freestream turbulence intensity was increased, which was qualitatively in good agreement with experimental results. The limit-cycle oscillations could not be sustainedwhen the input freestreamturbulence level reached around 1.25%.An examination of the unsteady flowfield revealed that the freestream turbulence affected the location of the separation points and suppressed the laminar-turbulent transition process. yes yes Airfoils Boundary layer flow Boundary layers Computational fluid dynamics Laminar boundary layer Navier Stokes equations Reynolds number Shear stress Turbulence Boundary-layer separation Computational Fluid Dynamics codes Correlation-based transition models Freestream turbulence intensity Laminar turbulent transitions Limit Cycle Oscillation (LCO) National Research Council Unsteady reynolds-averaged navier-stokes Atmospheric thermodynamics 2014-09-10 American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics 0021-8669 52 4 1214 1225 12 10.2514/1.C032807 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Aerospace Aérospatiale Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21277387 14cba407-cdda-4790-8590-eb3ac2296899 A. Rodiles aut M. Herrera aut I. Hachero-Cruzado aut I. Ruiz-Jarabo aut J. M. Mancera aut M. L. Cordero aut Santosh Lall Lall, S. P. aut ACRD DCRA F. J. Alarcón aut text article eng The aim of this study was to determine the impact of diets with different plant protein ingredients on proximate composition, tissue metabolites and tissue fatty acid composition, as well as hepatic and intestinal histological modifications in Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis). Fish (21.5 ± 2.8 g body weight) were fed six isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets during 11 weeks. A control diet containing fish meal as the main protein source was compared with five experimental diets replacing 30% fish meal protein by different plant protein sources: soybean meal (SBM), soybean protein concentrate (SPC), soybean protein isolate (SPI), wheat gluten meal (WGM) or pea protein concentrate (PPC). The inclusion of different plant protein did not significantly affect growth and proximate composition of fish. The hepatosomatic index was not significantly different to the control group; however, utilization of WGM significantly increased hepatocyte size. Plasma protein values and muscle triglycerides were influenced by the inclusion of SBM and WGM in the diets respectively. Feeding fish on SBM, WGM and PPC diets significantly enhanced n-6 fatty acid levels in muscle, particularly linoleic acid. None of the plant protein ingredient used in the diets decreased arachidonic, eicosapentaenoic as well as docosahexaenoic acid values in liver and muscle. Overall, histological studies did not reveal the existence of any intestinal alterations induced by the inclusion of different plant proteins. Despite moderate changes produced by SBM, SPC and WGM, inclusion of dietary plant protein ingredients has no major impact on growth, tissue and blood biochemistry, fatty acid profile and gut integrity of Senegalese sole juveniles. yes yes 2014-11-07 Wiley 1353-5773 21 6 767 779 13 10.1111/anu.12207 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) Aquatic and Crop Resource Development Développement des cultures et des ressources aquatiques Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21277330 b97a4c1d-fd63-44e5-9733-1b4a9da2039e J. C. Stinville aut F. Bridier aut D. Ponsen aut Priti Wanjara Wanjara, P. aut AERO AERO P. Bocher aut text article eng Linear friction welded Ti-6Al-4V was investigated in fatigue at various stress amplitudes ranging from the high cycle fatigue (HCF) to the low cycle fatigue (LCF) regime. The base material was composed of hot-rolled Ti-6Al-4V plate that presented a strong crystallographic texture. The welds were characterized in terms of microstructure using electron backscatter diffraction and hardness measurements. The microstructural gradients across the weld zone and thermomechanically affected zone of the linear friction welds are discussed in terms of the crystallographic texture, grain shape and hardness levels, relative to the parent material. The location of crack nucleation under fatigue loading was analyzed relative to the local microstructural features and hardness gradients. Though crack nucleation was not observed within the weld or thermomechanically affected zones, its occurrence within the base material in LCF appears to be affected by the welding process. In particular, by performing high resolution digital image correlation during LCF, the crack nucleation site was related to the local accumulation of plastic deformation in the vicinity of the linear friction weld. yes yes Digital image correlations Electron back scatter diffraction Fatigue properties High and low cycle fatigue Linear friction Ti alloys Ti-6 Al-4 V Friction welding 2014-10-12 Elsevier 0142-1123 70 278 288 11 10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2014.10.002 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) Aerospace Aérospatiale Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21277360 e64fba34-2b5f-45a7-b58a-dfcb72e25753 Juris Meija aut MSS SME text article eng Typographical symbols of chemical elements were established in the early 19th century and they soon spread throughout the textbooks of chemistry. This spread, however, was not an exemplary adoption of international standards. Rather, a garden variety of individual notations soon emerged. This is a brief story of their eradication. yes yes element 2014-05 0193-6484 1365-2192 36 3 18 20 3 10.1515/ci.2014.36.3.18 Measurement Science and Standards Science des mesures et étalons National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21277298 96f0d358-c7dd-42c9-adc9-c45e3336f05e Juris Meija aut MSS SME text article eng During the 20th century the IUPAC symbols for all known chemical elements gradually became the international standard. With the house all in order, the proposed symbols for all newly discovered elements were now scrutinized more than ever, and the nomenclature was set for elements which have not yet been discovered. This is the story of the 20th century. yes yes element 2014-07 0193-6484 1365-2192 36 4 25 26 2 10.1515/ci.2014.36.4.25 Measurement Science and Standards Science des mesures et étalons National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21277297 0c7d838e-0eee-42dc-9c00-f38657d974d8 Michelle Johnston Johnston, M. aut OCRE GOCF Robert M (Bob) Frederking Frederking, R. aut OCRE GOCF The 11th International Conference and Exhibition on Ships and Structures in Ice, July 28-31, 2014, Banff, Alberta, Canada text article 2014 eng This paper presents updated distributions of the temperatures, salinities and borehole strengths of old ice, as a function of time of year. Thousands of measurements are compiled from old ice floes across the Arctic. Probability of exceedance curves are used to show the more ‘extreme’ values that can occur at various depths in the ice, whereas properties over the full ice thickness are obtained from (i) the means of populations and (ii) by depth-averaging measurements from the same borehole. yes yes old ice; ice temperature; salinity; borehole strength; flexural strength; probability of exceedance ICETECH14-134-RF Ocean, Coastal and River Engineering Génie océanique, côtier et fluvial National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21277251 94a371a7-ff32-4870-8d4e-cec940874a80 Irena Rot aut Snjezana Mardesic-Brakus aut Willard James (Will) Costain Costain, Willard J. aut HHT TSH Mirna Saraga-Babic aut Boris Kablar aut text article eng As a continuation of the previous study on palate development (Rot and Kablar, 2013), here we explore the relationship between the secondary cartilage mandibular condyles (parts of the temporomandibular joint) and the contributions (mechanical and secretory) from the adjacent skeletal musculature. Previous analysis of Myf5-/-:MyoD-/- mouse fetuses lacking skeletal muscle demonstrated the importance of muscle contraction and static loading in mouse skeletogenesis. Among abnormal skeletal features, micrognathia (mandibular hypoplasia) was detected: small, bent and posteriorly displaced mandible. As an example of Waddingtonian epigenetics, we suggest that muscle, in addition to acting via mechanochemical signal transduction pathways, networks and promoters, also exerts secretory stimuli on skeleton. Our goal is to identify candidate molecules at that muscle-mandible interface. By employing Systematic Subtractive Microarray Analysis approach, we compared gene expression between mandibles of amyogenic and wild type mouse fetuses and we identified up- and down-regulated genes. This step was followed by a bioinformatics approach and consultation of web-accessible mouse databases. We searched for individual tissue-specific gene expression and distribution, and for the functional effects of mutations in a particular gene. The database search tools allowed us to generate a set of candidate genes with involvement in mandibular development: Cacna1s, Ckm, Des, Mir300, Myog and Tnnc1. We also performed mouse-to-human translational experiments and found analogies. In the light of our findings we discuss various players in mandibular morphogenesis and make an argument for the need to consider mandibular development as a consequence of reciprocal epigenetic interactions of both skeletal and non-skeletal compartments. yes yes Skeletal muscle; Mandible; Mouse; Development; Epigenetics 2014 0213-3911 29 1377 1394 18 10.14670/HH-29.1377 Human Health Therapeutics Thérapeutiques en santé humaine National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21277174 371d0f96-8bf2-4fba-bc91-91aea9d01b6c Robert H. Nelson aut HIA IHA text article eng yes yes gold access 2014-09 0374-0676 6115 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) NRC Herzberg Institute of Astrophysics Institut Herzberg d'astrophysique du CNRC Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21277085 3e13b927-ed42-42ac-9e85-b1506a7273cd Mark Green aut Kevin Hollingshead aut Noureddine Bénichou aut CONST CONST text article eng This paper considers the fire performance of concrete beams and columns that have been strengthened with fibre reinforced polymers (FRPs). Results from four recent full-scale tests are presented. A newly developed type of insulation was employed and the thickness of the insulation (15 to 20 mm) was approximately half that provided in earlier tests. All of the members survived four hours of the fire exposure. A conceptual model for design to determine when insulation is required is also presented. Further research needed to fully develop the conceptual model to a more practical design tool is outlined. yes yes Fire; Fibre Reinforced Polymers; Concrete; Strengthening; Repair; Rehabilitation 2014-11-18 2040-2317 5 4 353 366 14 10.1260/2040-2317.5.4.353 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Construction Construction National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 21276828 6983ca1d-5607-4ea0-bda4-59397820c1c1 Allan Johnson Johnson, Allan S. aut SDT TSR André Staudte aut SDT TSR David M Villeneuve Villeneuve, D. M. aut SDT TSR text article eng Non-sequential double ionization of an atom in an intense lasereld is a prototypical problem in multi-body strong eld interactions. To examine non-sequential double ionization, an often used approach is the semi-classical method, by which initial conditions are set according to quantum expressions and the ensuing dynamics modelled classically. Here we present a comparative study of quantum and semi-classical methods in the single active electron approximation. We show that semi-classical methods over-estimate the kinetic energy of rescattered electrons by up to 150%. We further show that the return time of the recolliding electrons deviates between quantum and semi-classical methods at low intensities, and that the deviation is attributable to the choice of the initial tunnelling position. yes yes 2014-02 0577-9073 52 1-II 329 339 11 http://www.attoscience.ca/pdf/Johnson_CJP_2014.pdf Security and Disruptive Technologies Technologies de sécurité et de rupture National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21276373 053d0e9e-1db0-452e-9f8b-60e7ff11a3fa B. E. Schmidt aut Andrew Shiner Shiner, A. D. aut NRC CNRC M. Giguère aut C. Trallero-Herrero aut P. Lassonde aut N. Thiré aut David M Villeneuve Villeneuve, D. M. aut NRC CNRC Paul B Corkum Corkum, P. B. aut NRC CNRC F. Légaré aut text article eng To push the generation of isolated attosecond pulses towards shorter XUV wavelengths (0.3 to 1 keV), intense few-cycle driving pulses are required whose center frequency is significantly red shifted compared to established Ti-Sa technology. A simple route for generating these pulses is demonstrated using an optical parametric amplifier (OPA). Its infrared (IR) multi-cycle laser pulses with millijoule of energy are spectrally broadened by nonlinear propagation in a hollow-core fiber (HCF) filled with Argon. For the OPA Signal wavelength (λ = 1.4 micron), chirped mirrors were used for dispersion compensation with a resulting pulse duration of 13.1 fs. For the OPA Idler wavelength at 1.8 micron, a new compression scheme has been developed with which 11.2 fs laser pulses have been characterized (1 cycle= 6 fs). Here, pulse compression is achieved through the combined effects of self-steepening during nonlinear propagation in the HCF followed by anomalous dispersion during linear propagation in fused silica. yes yes 2014-02 52 1-II 537 545 9 10.6122/CJP.52.537 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 21276362 bf845e24-72c1-4bec-ba8d-b5e4f3b17804 Laurent Rene Fabien Mercadier Mercadier, Laurent aut NRC CNRC David M (Dave) Rayner Rayner, David M. aut NRC CNRC Paul B Corkum Corkum, Paul B. aut NRC CNRC text article eng Controlling the interaction of an ultrafast laser pulse with a thin film remains a difficult task, especially when aiming to confine material modifications to subwavelength scales. We introduce a method to achieve reproducible submicron ablation of thin films from a dielectric surface, in a back-irradiation geometry. First, the pulse of 45-fs duration and 800-nm central wavelength nonlinearly interacts with the dielectric and undergoes strong but reproducible modifications of its intensity profile. Then, the pulse ablates a thin polymer film [four bilayers of poly(allylamine hydrochloride) and poly(sodium 4-styrene-sulfonate), 8 nm thick] from the back surface. We measure the hole with atomic force microscopy and study the influence of laser energy and focal plane position. The radius of the resulting hole is determined by a threshold intensity for ablation. Therefore, we also demonstrate how measuring the radius as a function of focal plane position provides a new approach to profiling a tightly focused laser beam under nonlinear propagation conditions. We compare the beam profile with that predicted by a widely used propagation model and show that the latter can semiquantitatively be applied to estimate the size of achievable holes. yes yes 2014-09-02 2331-7019 2 3 034001 10.1103/PhysRevApplied.2.034001 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 21276361 95aaf778-b28d-4e18-8262-ab85c7151172 Szczepan Chelkowski aut André D. Bandrauk aut Paul B Corkum Corkum, Paul B. aut NRC CNRC text article eng We investigate photon-momentum sharing between an electron and an ion following different photoionization regimes. We find very different partitioning of the photon momentum in one-photon ionization (the photoelectric effect) as compared to multiphoton processes. In the photoelectric effect, the electron acquires a momentum that is much greater than the single photon momentum ℏω/c [up to (8/5) ℏω/c] whereas in the strong-field ionization regime, the photoelectron only acquires the momentum corresponding to the photons absorbed above the field-free ionization threshold plus a momentum corresponding to a fraction (3/10) of the ionization potential Ip. In both cases, due to the smallness of the electron-ion mass ratio, the ion takes nearly the entire momentum of all absorbed N photons (via the electron-ion center of mass). Additionally, the ion takes, as a recoil, the photoelectron momentum resulting from mutual electron-ion interaction in the electromagnetic field. Consequently, the momentum partitioning of the photofragments is very different in both regimes. This suggests that there is a rich, unexplored physics to be studied between these two limits which can be generated with current ultrafast laser technology. yes yes 2014-12 0031-9007 1079-7114 113 26 10.1103/PhysRevLett.113.263005 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 21276360 9ff5c8a8-5c38-401f-bbc3-4068c2ffb137 F. Quéré aut H. Vincenti aut A. Borot aut S. Monchocé aut Thomas John (Tj) Hammond Hammond, T.J. aut SDT TSR Kyung Taec (Kyung) Kim Kim, K.T. aut SDT TSR J.A. Wheeler aut Chunmei Zhang Zhang, C. aut SDT TSR T. Ruchon aut T. Auguste aut J.F. Hergott aut David M Villeneuve Villeneuve, D.M. aut SDT TSR Paul B Corkum Corkum, P.B. aut SDT TSR R. Lopez-Martens aut text article eng This paper provides an overview of ultrafast wavefront rotation of femtosecond laser pulses and its various applications in highly nonlinear optics, focusing on processes that lead to the generation of high-order harmonics and attosecond pulses. In this context, wavefront rotation can be exploited in different ways, to obtain new light sources for time-resolved studies, called 'attosecond lighthouses', to perform time-resolved measurements of nonlinear optical processes, using 'photonic streaking', or to track changes in the carrier-envelope relative phase of femtosecond laser pulses. The basic principles are explained qualitatively from different points of view, the experimental evidence obtained so far is summarized, and the perspectives opened by these effects are discussed. © 2014 IOP Publishing Ltd. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes Harmonic generation Light sources Nonlinear optics Ultrafast lasers Wavefronts Attosecond pulse Experimental evidence High harmonic generation Nonlinear optical process Spatio-temporal Time resolved measurement Time resolved studies Ultrafast measurements Ultrashort pulses 2014 0953-4075 47 12 124004 10.1088/0953-4075/47/12/124004 Security and Disruptive Technologies Technologies de sécurité et de rupture National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21276242 209c2c42-d286-4d22-af32-c46d4f8e7a79 Christopher (Chris) Smeenk Smeenk, C.T.L. aut SDT TSR Ladan Arissian Arissian, L. aut A.V. Sokolov aut Michael (Mike) Spanner Spanner, M. aut SDT TSR Kevin Lee Lee, K.F. aut SDT TSR André Staudte Staudte, A. aut SDT TSR David M Villeneuve Villeneuve, D.M. aut SDT TSR Paul B Corkum Corkum, P.B. aut SDT TSR text article eng The multiphoton ionization rate of molecules depends on the alignment of the molecular axis with respect to the ionizing laser polarization. By studying molecular frame photoelectron angular distributions from N2, O2, and benzene, we illustrate how the angle-dependent ionization rate affects the photoelectron cutoff energy. We find alignment can enhance the high energy cutoff of the photoelectron spectrum when probing along a nodal plane or when ionization is otherwise suppressed. This is supported by calculations using a tunneling model with a single ion state. © 2014 American Physical Society. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes Alignment Molecules Photoelectrons Photons Angle-dependent Cutoff energies Ionization rates Laser polarization Multiphoton ionization Photoelectron angular distributions Photoelectron spectrum Tunneling models Photoionization 2014 0031-9007 112 25 253001 10.1103/PhysRevLett.112.253001 Security and Disruptive Technologies Technologies de sécurité et de rupture National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21276246 d91aae88-2da3-4113-9d85-0724d0db3b34 Kyung Taec (Kyung) Kim Kim, K.T. aut SDT TSR David M Villeneuve Villeneuve, D.M. aut SDT TSR Paul B Corkum Corkum, P.B. aut SDT TSR text article eng Sources of attosecond-duration light pulses provide the fastest time resolutions available today for observing ultrafast phenomena in atoms, molecules and condensed matter. The measurement of such pulse durations is challenging because the spectrum lies in the vacuum ultraviolet or soft X-ray range. Two classes of pulse duration measurements now exist; they are classified according to whether the measurement is performed in the generating medium or in a second medium. The first measurement class is called 'in situ' and depends on gently perturbing the electron responsible for attosecond pulse formation. The second measurement class, which we refer to as 'ex situ', takes place in a second medium in which photoelectrons are produced by the attosecond pulses; a synchronized laser field perturbs the photoelectron spectrum. This Review compares and contrasts these two approaches for measuring attosecond pulses. © 2014 Macmillan Publishers Limited. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes Attosecond measurement Attosecond pulse Condensed matter Photoelectron spectrum Soft x-ray range Synchronized laser Time resolution Vacuum ultraviolets Photonics 2014 1749-4885 8 3 187 194 8 10.1038/nphoton.2014.26 Security and Disruptive Technologies Technologies de sécurité et de rupture National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21276215 3c93df10-1806-4a29-aa8e-1ef388ec3510 L. Zhang aut X. Xie aut S. Roither aut Y. Zhou aut P. Lu aut D. Kartashov aut M. Schöffler aut D. Shafir aut Paul B Corkum Corkum, P.B. aut SDT TSR A. Baltuška aut André Staudte Staudte, A. aut SDT TSR M. Kitzler aut text article eng Double ionization of neon with orthogonally polarized two-color (OTC) laser fields is investigated using coincidence momentum imaging. We show that the two-electron emission dynamics in nonsequential double ionization can be controlled by tuning the subcycle shape of the electric field of the OTC pulses. We demonstrate experimentally switching from correlated to anticorrelated two-electron emission, and control over the directionality of the two-electron emission. Simulations based on a semiclassical trajectory model qualitatively explain the experimental results by a subcycle dependence of the electron recollision time on the OTC field shape. © 2014 American Physical Society. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes Computer simulation Electric fields Ionization of gases Coincidence momentum imaging Double ionization Electron recollisions Electron-electron correlation Emission dynamics Laser fields Nonsequential double ionizations Trajectory modeling Electron emission 2014 0031-9007 112 19 193002 10.1103/PhysRevLett.112.193002 Security and Disruptive Technologies Technologies de sécurité et de rupture National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21276218 eb1bc9a5-32d4-4440-ac44-07d624a63a90 Geneviève Gariépy Gariepy, G. aut SDT TSR J. Leach aut Kyung Taec (Kyung) Kim Kim, K.T. aut SDT TSR Thomas John (Tj) Hammond Hammond, T.J. aut SDT TSR Eugene Frumker Frumker, E. aut NRC CNRC R.W. Boyd aut Paul B Corkum Corkum, P.B. aut SDT TSR text article eng A beam with an angular-dependant phase Φ=φ about the beam axis carries an orbital angular momentum of per photon. Such beams are exploited to provide superresolution in microscopy. Creating extreme ultraviolet or soft-x-ray beams with controllable orbital angular momentum is a critical step towards extending superresolution to much higher spatial resolution. We show that orbital angular momentum is conserved during high-harmonic generation. Experimentally, we use a fundamental beam with | =1 and interferometrically determine that the harmonics each have orbital angular momentum equal to their harmonic number. Theoretically, we show how any small value of orbital angular momentum can be coupled to any harmonic in a controlled manner. Our results open a route to microscopy on the molecular, or even submolecular, scale. © 2014 American Physical Society. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes Orbital angular momentum 2014 0031-9007 113 15 153901 10.1103/PhysRevLett.113.153901 Security and Disruptive Technologies Technologies de sécurité et de rupture National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21276161 1b6b2449-d349-4e65-87f2-5b45b4f22f55 Sarah Melissa Golin Golin, S.M. aut NRC CNRC Sean Kirkwood Kirkwood, S.E. aut SDT TSR Dennis D Klug Klug, D.D. aut SDT TSR David M Villeneuve Villeneuve, D.M. aut SDT TSR David M (Dave) Rayner Rayner, D.M. aut SDT TSR C.A.T. Herrero aut NRC CNRC Paul B Corkum Corkum, P.B. aut SDT TSR text article eng We demonstrated experimentally that the multiphoton ionization rate in gallium arsenide depends on the alignment of the laser polarization with respect to the crystal axis. We observed modulation in the ionization rate of a linearly-polarized 1900 nm laser beam directly by measuring its transmission while rotating the crystal, without Fourier analysis. We propose that the modulation in the ionization rate arises from periodic variation in the reduced carrier mass, as predicted by Keldysh theory. We show direct comparison of the experimental transmission modulation depth with Keldyshs non-resonant ionization theory for solids. This opens up a novel method for non-invasive crystallography of semiconductor materials. © 2014 IOP Publishing Ltd. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes Semiconductor materials GaAs Strong field Ultra-fast Ionization 2014 0953-4075 47 20 204025 10.1088/0953-4075/47/20/204025 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Security and Disruptive Technologies Technologies de sécurité et de rupture Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21276153 ee388b42-4349-4e7e-bee8-7a9290f5b33a L. Zhang aut X. Xie aut S. Roither aut D. Kartashov aut Y. Wang aut C. Wang aut M. Schöffler aut D. Shafir aut NRC CNRC Paul B Corkum Corkum, P.B. aut NRC CNRC A. Baltuška aut I. Ivanov aut A. Kheifets aut X. Liu aut André Staudte Staudte, A. aut NRC CNRC M. Kitzler aut text article eng We study laser-sub-cycle control over electron trajectories concomitantly in space and time using orthogonally polarized two-color laser fields. We compare experimental photoelectron spectra of neon recorded by coincidence momentum imaging with photoelectron spectra obtained by semiclassical and numerical solutions of the time-dependent Schrödinger equation. We find that a resolution of a quarter optical cycle in the photoelectron trajectories can be achieved. It is shown that depending on their sub-cycle birth time the trajectories of photoelectrons are affected differently by the ion's Coulomb field. © 2014 American Physical Society. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes Photoelectrons Photons Trajectories Coincidence momentum imaging Dinger equation Electron momentum Electron trajectories Numerical solution Optical cycles Photoelectron spectrum Two-color laser fields Photoelectron spectroscopy 2014 1050-2947 90 6 61401 10.1103/PhysRevA.90.061401 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21276251 bf7defa7-f096-4c82-8a69-9b04792b50ba L. Zhang aut X. Xie aut S. Roither aut D. Kartashov aut M. Schöffler aut D. Shafir aut SDT TSR Paul B Corkum Corkum, P.B. aut SDT TSR A. Baltuka aut André Staudte Staudte, A. aut SDT TSR M. Kitzler aut 28th International Conference on Photonic, Electronic and Atomic Collisions, ICPEAC 2013, 24 July 2013 through 30 July 2013, Lanzhou text article eng Single- and double-ionization of neon with orthogonally polarized two-color (OTC) laser fields is investigated using the COLTRIMS method. We study the influence of the long range Coulomb potential of the parent ion on the final momentum distribution of electrons emitted during single ionization. Furthermore, we investigate nonsequential double ionization in OTC fields and demonstrate that the electron-electron correlation is highly sensitive to the sub-cycle field shape of the OTC pulses, in agreement with recent theoretical predictions. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes Electric fields Impact ionization Ionization of gases Atoms Electric fields Electron correlations Impact ionization Ionization Ionization of gases Coulomb potential Double-ionization dynamics Electron-electron correlation Laser fields Momentum distributions Nonsequential double ionizations Single ionization Two-color laser pulse Double ionization Atoms Ionization potential 2014 1742-6588 488 SECTION 3 32011 10.1088/1742-6596/488/3/032011 Security and Disruptive Technologies Technologies de sécurité et de rupture National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21276256 7cadd761-e635-47b8-84a0-cdcff225f3e2 G. Vampa aut C.R. McDonald aut G. Orlando aut Dennis D Klug Klug, D.D. aut SDT TSR Paul B Corkum Corkum, P.B. aut SDT TSR T. Brabec aut text article eng We investigate theoretically high-harmonic generation (HHG) in bulk crystals exposed to intense midinfrared lasers with photon energies smaller than the band gap. The two main mechanisms, interband and intraband HHG, are explored. Our analysis indicates that the interband current neglected so far is the dominant mechanism for HHG. Saddle point analysis in the Keldysh limit yields an intuitive picture of interband HHG in solids similar to atomic HHG. Interband and intraband HHG exhibit a fundamentally different wavelength dependence. This signature can be used to experimentally distinguish between the two mechanisms in order to verify their importance. © 2014 American Physical Society. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes Atomic physics Physics Bulk crystals Dominant mechanism Exposed to High harmonic generation Midinfrared lasers Photon energy Saddle point Wavelength dependence Harmonic generation 2014 0031-9007 113 7 73901 10.1103/PhysRevLett.113.073901 Security and Disruptive Technologies Technologies de sécurité et de rupture National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21276204 b9d4e5b3-086e-4c46-829a-3f9e3f8900c4 Dominic Leblanc LeBlanc, Dominic aut Benoit Landry aut Arthur Levy aut Steven Roy aut AERO AERO Ali Yousefpour aut AERO AERO Erin Quinlan aut Pascal Hubert aut 70th American Helicopter Society International Annual Forum 2014, May 20-22, 2014, Montreal, Quebec text article 2014-05-22 eng Compression moulding of randomly-oriented strands composites offer the possibility to manufacture complex parts with fast processing cycle. In this paper, effects of pressure, strand size, temperature and material placement in the mould cavity on the quality of a T-shape part were studied experimentally. Low pressure results showed both strand size and temperature effects on the filling of a 25 mm rib deep cavity. Critical filling pressures for three strand sizes were obtained. A pressure of 10 bar was enough to fully consolidate parts with smaller strand (3.17 mm × 6.35 mm) at 400 °C. Parts processed at filling pressure showed a void content no greater than 1.2 %. Increasing pressure to 70 bar resulted in decreased void content between 0.44 % and 0.03 %. The lowest void content was obtained for parts processed at lower temperature. Short-beam shear (ASTM D2344) showed similar strength for ribs processed at filling pressure and high pressure (70 bar). This same trend was observed for component testing of the T-shape. At the component level, initial strand placement greatly affected mechanical performance as merging flow fronts caused a knit line and a reduction of at most 40 % in strength. The main findings show that processing a complex feature at filling pressure Pfill was sufficient to reach nominal mechanical properties. This suggested that moderate porosity was not detrimental to the mechanical performance for the given tests. yes yes Mechanical properties; Component testing; Filling pressures; Lower temperatures; McGill University; Mechanical performance; Montreal , Canada; Processing condition; Thermoplastic composite; Helicopters 978-163266691-8 1062 1070 9 American Helicopter Society 1552-2938 Aerospace Aérospatiale National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21276128 2e726838-49c4-4663-bcca-761e5b2d5396 Junyi Jessy Li aut Marine Carpuat aut ICT TIC Ani Nenkova aut 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, ACL 2014, June 22-27, 2014, Baltimore, Maryland text article 2014-06-27 2015-06-27 eng We present a study of aspects of discourse structure - specifically discourse devices used to organize information in a sentence- that significantly impact the quality of machine translation. Our analysis is based on manual evaluations of translations of news from Chinese and Arabic to English. We find that there is a particularly strong mismatch in the notion of what constitutes a sentence in Chinese and English, which occurs often and is associated with significant degradation in translation quality. Also related to lower translation quality is the need to employ multiple explicit discourse connectives (because, but, etc.), as well as the presence of ambiguous discourse connectives in the English translation. Furthermore, the mismatches between discourse expressions across languages significantly impact translation quality. yes yes Computer aided language translation; Discourse structure; Machine translations; Translation quality; Computational linguistics 978-193728473-2 283 288 6 Information and Communication Technologies Technologies de l'information et des communications National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21276126 9acb3f2a-4cd2-47f7-b3ca-a73aa0efa9df Catherine (Cathy) Cheung Cheung, Catherine aut AERO AERO Bruno Filipe Ferreira Graca Rocha Rocha, Bruno aut AERO AERO Julio Valdés Valdés, Julio J. aut AERO AERO Mark Kotwicz-Herniczek aut AERO AERO Anton Emmanuel Stefani Stefani, Anton aut AERO AERO 70th American Helicopter Society International Annual Forum 2014, May 20-22, 2014, Montreal, Quebec text article 2014-05-22 American Helicopter Society International, Inc. eng Load signal prediction and fatigue damage accumulation estimation results are presented for a wide range of flight conditions from the S-70A-9 Black Hawk flight loads survey performed in 2000. Results from twelve manoeuvres were included in this study, ranging from very specific steady state and transient manoeuvres to more general manoeuvres with varying speed, direction, and aircraft orientations. The load time signal predictions were obtained following a simplified methodology and then the resulting fatigue damage accumulation was calculated for each manoeuvre. These estimates were generated using developed computational models, consisting of a variety of computational intelligence techniques and statistical methods, coupled with online Rainflow counting, the material specific S-N curve, and Palmgren-Miner's linear damage rule yes yes artificial intelligence; military helicopters; signal filtering and prediction; computational intelligence techniques; computational model; estimation results; fatigue damage accumulation; flight conditions; linear damage rule; rainflow counting; steady state and transients; fatigue damage 978-163266691-8 4 2656 2665 10 1552-2938 Aerospace Aérospatiale National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21276113 2e9b0a4f-b0df-4610-b884-5c56880dd506 Edward Lozowski aut Krzysztof Szilder aut AERO AERO Sean Maw aut Alexis Morris aut 24th International Ocean and Polar Engineering Conference, June 15-20, 2014, Busan, Korea text article 2014-06-20 eng A numerical model of ice friction for the runners of a skeleton sled has been devised. The skeleton runner consists of a standard stainless steel rod of approximately 16 mm diameter. Two grooves are machined into the trailing half of the runner. The distance between the grooves is approximately 1mm, giving rise to a spine or blade at the centre of the runner. The skeleton sled has no apparent mechanism for steering. Hence, steering is accomplished by the athlete, using either lateral air drag forces (tilting the helmet), dragging a toe, or by attempting to make the spine of the runner “dig into” the ice more on one side than the other. Until now, the physics of the latter steering mechanism has been poorly understood. It has been assumed that when the spine “digs into” the ice, the ice friction increases. Our numerical model calculates the details of the contact footprint of the runner on the ice. It also considers frictional heating, heat conduction into the ice and lateral squeeze flow in order to calculate the ice friction coefficient, assuming fully lubricated friction conditions. The model suggests that skeleton sliding can occur in two regimes. The first is one where the sides of the spine do not contact the ice. The second occurs when the spine “digs into” the ice and the sides of the spine contact the ice. By exploring the second regime, we have shown that, as the contact area between the sides of the spine and the ice increases, the ploughing force increases, in accordance with the traditional explanation of steering. However, the shear stress force in the lubricating layer also increases, resulting in a significantly higher ice friction coefficient for the runner with the longer spine contact. This result provides scientific evidence to support the athlete’s experience, that by engaging more of the spine by torqueing the frame of the sled, it is possible to steer the sled, using the differential ice friction on the left and right runners. yes yes Friction; Ice; Model; Physics; Skeleton sled; Theory 978-188065391-3 1102 1110 9 International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineers 1098-6189 Aerospace Aérospatiale National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21276110 6a285389-0c06-4c49-9e42-e7b1ba70b574 Dominic Leblanc LeBlanc, Dominic aut Benoit Landry aut Arthur Levy aut Pascal Hubert aut Steven Roy aut AERO AERO Ali Yousefpour aut AERO AERO SAMPE Tech Seattle 2014 Conference, June 2-5, 2014, Seattle, Washington text article 2014-06-05 2015-06-05 eng Randomly-oriented strands composites offer the possibility to mould complex parts with fast processing cycle. In this paper, effects of pressure and strand size on the quality of a T-shape part were studied experimentally. Low pressure results showed strand size effects on the filling of a 25 mm rib cavity. Filling pressures for three strand sizes were obtained. 10 bar of pressure was enough to fully consolidate parts with smaller strands (3.17 mm × 6.35 mm). Analyzing parts processed at minimal filling pressure showed a void content in the rib feature no greater than 1.2 %. Processing at higher pressure reduced void content between 0.22 % and 0.44 %. Mechanical testing (ASTM D2344) showed similar strength for ribs processed at filling pressure and high pressure. This same trend was obtained for component testing of the T-shape. The main findings show that processing a complex feature at filling pressure Pfill was sufficient to reach nominal mechanical properties. This suggested that porosity was not detrimental to the mechanical performance for the given tests. yes yes Complex parts; Component testing; Fast Processing; Filling pressures; High pressure; Mechanical performance; Thermoplastic composite; Void contents 978-193455116-5 1 13 13 Aerospace Aérospatiale National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21276109 dee39d08-59bb-49f5-a730-b71425a1bc12 Simon J Hind Hind, S. aut AERO AERO Drazen Djokic Djokic, D. aut AERO AERO J. Verdino aut Ali Yousefpour Yousefpour, A. aut AERO AERO 70th American Helicopter Society International Annual Forum, May 20-22, 2014, Montreal, Quebec text article 2014-05-22 eng A final stage in the manufacturing of a rotorcraft structural article is presented. A single-part composite skin is stiffened with a series of pre-cured composite frames. Legacy designs feature either mechanically fastened metallic skin and frames, or longitudinally split composite skin bonded and fastened to composite frames. In the new design, all frames are simultaneously bonded using a high-performance, thermally-activated film adhesive. No fasteners are used. This approach improved the load transfer, damage tolerance, and part count. The success of this complex bonding operation is highly dependent on the control of the process parameters, mainly the bondline temperature. Required temperature uniformity across all bondlines was achieved by independently controlled conductive Heat Transfer Tiles (HTT's) dedicated to each frame. The National Research Council's HTT technology delivers nonuniform heat flux based on variable thermal boundary conditions which results in improved temperature uniformity compared to traditional heater blankets. Custom HTTs, control system and fixturing were evaluated and used to manufacture seven test articles. The success of the exercise was confirmed by process data, non-destructive, destructive, and full-scale testing. yes yes Flight control systems; Heat flux; Heat transfer; Helicopter rotors; Helicopters; Manufacture; Structural frames; Conductive heat transfer; Full-scale testing; National Research Council; Non-uniform heat fluxes; Primary structures; Process parameters; Temperature uniformity; Thermal boundary conditions; Rotors 978-163266691-8 1440 1444 5 American Helicopter Society 1552-2938 Aerospace Aérospatiale National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21276105 e1cb0386-0d82-4d0d-aa4b-3fe5875981d6 Charles Greer Greer, Charles W. aut EME EME Joanne Wyglinski aut EME EME Christine Michel aut Nathalie Fortin aut EME EME Sylvie Sanschagrin aut EME EME Andrea Niemi aut Lyle Whyte Whyte, Lyle G. aut Thomas King King, Thomas L. aut Kenneth Lee aut Etienne Yergeau aut 37th Arctic and Marine Oil Spill Program, June 3-5, 2014, Canmore, Alberta text article 2014-06-05 2016-06-05 eng The exploration and exploitation of oil and gas resources in Canada’s Arctic carries with it certain risks that include the potential for oil spills and their effects on this fragile, yet extreme ecosystem. To develop an effective response strategy for an oil spill in an Arctic environment that would consist of a mixture of seawater and sea ice, a survey was conducted in the area of Cornwallis Island to develop baseline data on the natural microbial community structures and to determine whether these indigenous species possess the capacity to degrade petroleum hydrocarbons. Metagenomics and high throughput sequencing are relatively new approaches using modern genomics techniques to directly study communities of microorganisms in their natural environments, avoiding the need for traditional isolation and culturing. This provides more relevant ecological data, since the results directly relate to the population structure of the microorganisms that are present as well as the functional potential of the community, such as, for example, its inherent capacity to degrade petroleum hydrocarbons. Based on high-throughput sequencing of total community 16S rRNA gene amplicons and metagenomic sequencing, the indigenous bacterial populations in sea water were significantly different from those associated with the underside of the sea ice. Both sea water and sea ice were dominated by Bacteroidetes (Flavobacteria) but seawater was also abundant in Proteobacteria, primarily Alpha- and Gammaproteobacteria. The bottom of the sea ice demonstrated selective enrichment for Gammaproteobacteria, which contains numerous genera of obligate hydrocarbon degrading bacteria, such as Alkanivorax and Oleispira. There were both spatial and physicochemical influences on the microbial population structures, indicating that variations in the local environment can shape the structure of the microbial community, findings that are supported by other studies on polar microbial communities. These results demonstrate that seawater and sea ice in the Canadian Arctic possess natural microbial communities with the inherent ability to degrade petroleum hydrocarbons. yes yes Bacteria; Ecosystems; Energy resources; Hydrocarbons; Oil shale; Oil spills; Petroleum chemistry; Petroleum deposits; Population statistics; RNA; Sea ice; Seawater effects; Throughput; Exploration and exploitation; High-throughput sequencing; Hydrocarbon degrading bacteria; Microbial community structures; Microbial populations; Petroleum hydrocarbons; Physicochemical influences; Population structures; Natural attenuation 666 681 16 Energy, Mining and Environment Énergie, mines et environnement National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21276104 1922a5d1-5a72-4f2f-a165-4013a8b54cb4 Suong V. Hoa aut Farjad Shadmehri aut Xiao Cai aut Jeff Simpson aut Pascal Hubert aut Erin Quinlan aut Xavier Brulotte aut Vincent D’Arienzo aut Peter Beaulieu aut Michel Dion aut Mehdi Hojjati aut AERO AERO Jihua Chen aut AERO AERO 70th American Helicopter Society International Annual Forum, May 20-22, 2014, Montreal, Quebec text article 2014-05-22 eng Thermoplastic composites offer many attractive characteristics such as no shelf life, high fracture toughness, high temperature resistance, recyclability etc. The short coming of thermoplastic composites is their high viscosity, even at processing temperature. Due to the high viscosity, techniques for the manufacturing of thermoplastic composite have been limited to molding processes such as compression molding, high temperature stamping, where high temperature, high pressure and long duration are used. The advent of automated fiber placement machine brings forward possibilities to manufacture of large thermoplastic composite components. This is due to the fact that heating and compaction is done on the go directly on the surface of the substrate, and the flexibility of the feeding head to conform to the shape of the mold. It is in the spirit of exploration for new manufacturing possibilities that Bell Helicopter has supported an inter industry- university project for the development of thermoplastic composite cones aimed at helicopter tail boom applications. The cone represents a segment of the helicopter tail boom. It is made using carbon/PEEK material and automated fiber placement. The work consists of the Determination of the lay-up sequence to address the loads, the Development of the manufacturing processes, the Measurement of temperature variation during the making of a ring, the Checking of the quality of the cone, Development of tube bending test set up, Development of theoretical calculations to determine the buckling load of the cone subjected to bending, Testing the cone under bending load, and Comparing the experimental buckling with calculated buckling load. yes yes 978-163266691-8 1689 1698 10 NAmerican Helicopter Society 1552-2938 Aerospace Aérospatiale National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21276102 80063015-5ce4-461a-98ed-8a924d40f823 I. Pra aut A. Chiarini aut R. Pacchiana aut E. Gardenal aut Balu Chakravarthy Chakravarthy, B. aut HHT TSH James F (Jim) Whitfield Whitfield, J. aut HHT TSH U. Armato aut text article eng It is generally assumed that the neuropathology of sporadic (late-onset or nonfamilial) Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is driven by the overproduction and spreading of first Amyloid-βx-42 (Aβ42) and later hyperphosphorylated (hp)-Tau oligomeric “infectious seeds”. Hitherto, only neurons were held to make and spread both oligomer types; astrocytes would just remove debris. However, we have recently shown that exogenous fibrillar or soluble Aβ peptides specifically bind and activate the Ca2+-sensing receptors (CaSRs) of untransformed human cortical adult astrocytes and postnatal neurons cultured in vitro driving them to produce, accrue, and secrete surplus endogenous Aβ42. While the Aβ-exposed neurons start dying, astrocytes survive and keep oversecreting Aβ42, nitric oxide (NO), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A. Thus astrocytes help neurons’ demise. Moreover, we have found that a highly selective allosteric CaSR agonist (“calcimimetic”), NPS R-568, mimics the just mentioned neurotoxic actions triggered by Aβ●CaSR signaling. Contrariwise, and most important, NPS 2143, a highly selective allosteric CaSR antagonist (“calcilytic”), fully suppresses all the Aβ●CaSR signaling-driven noxious actions. Altogether our findings suggest that the progression of AD neuropathology is promoted by unceasingly repeating cycles of accruing exogenous Aβ42 oligomers interacting with the CaSRs of swelling numbers of astrocyte-neuron teams thereby recruiting them to overrelease additional Aβ42 oligomers, VEGF-A, and NO. Calcilytics would beneficially break such Aβ/CaSR-driven vicious cycles and hence halt or at least slow the otherwise unstoppable spreading of AD neuropathology yes yes Alzheimer’s disease; amyloid-beta oligomers; astrocyte-neuron teams; calcium-sensing receptor; calcilytics; calcimimetics. 2014-08-28 1570-159X 12 4 353 364 12 10.2174/1570159X12666140828214701 Human Health Therapeutics Thérapeutiques en santé humaine National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 21276095 b460e522-ece7-4f69-8d98-ea0b460ab7a6 Abolfazl (Fazel) Famili Famili, A. Fazel aut ICT TIC 19th Iberoamerican Congress, CIARP 2014, November 2-5, 2014, Puerto Vallarta, Mexico text chapter eng The prime motivation for pattern discovery and machine learning research has been the collection and warehousing of large amounts of data, in many domains such as life sciences and industrial processes. Examples of unique problems arisen are situations where the data is imbalanced. The class imbalance problem corresponds to situations where majority of cases belong to one class and a small minority belongs to the other, which in many cases is equally or even more important. To deal with this problem a number of approaches have been studied in the past. In this talk we provide an overview of some existing methods and present novel applications that are based on identifying the inherent characteristics of one class vs the other. We present the results of a number of studies focusing on real data from life science applications. yes yes Knowledge discovery; imbalanced data; gene expression data 2014 978-3-319-12567-1 978-3-319-12568-8 Chapter 20 159 166 8 0302-9743 1611-3349 8827 10.1007/978-3-319-12568-8_20 Information and Communication Technologies Technologies de l'information et des communications National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 21276087 8d8af267-d0d1-4463-a8ea-02d4a83e970c Stuart Davidson aut James Berry aut Zaccari Silvestri aut Richard Hogstrom aut Richard Green aut MSS SME IMEKO 22nd TC3, 12th TC5 and 3rd TC22 International Conferences, Feb. 3-5, 2014, Cape Town, Republic of South Africa text article 2014-02-05 2015-05-05 eng The unit of mass, the kilogram, is the last of the seven base units of the International System of Units (SI) to be defined in terms of a material artefact rather than by relation to an invariant of nature. Progress is being made towards a redefinition in terms of the Planck constant (h), realised via the watt balance and Avogadro experiments. This paper describes the results of investigations to develop mass standards compatible with use in vacuum, and methods for the transfer, storage and cleaning of these standards in order to satisfactorily implement and disseminate the kilogram redefinition. yes yes Cleaning; Kilogram; Redefinition; Storage; Transfer; Vacuum 978-163266728-1 161 166 6 Measurement Science and Standards Science des mesures et étalons National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21276055 51a54c4f-4ae1-422a-bb8d-99b5cb03bda5 Xinjin Cao Cao, X.J. aut AERO AERO Priti Wanjara Wanjara, P. aut AERO AERO Antoine Bernard Bernard, A. aut AERO AERO D. Pudo aut C. Munro aut A.E. Nolting aut text article eng High strength low alloy (HSLA) grade 80 (HSLA-80) steel with a thickness of 9.1-mm was successfully welded in a single pass using a 5-kW fiber laser combined with an arc welding process. It was found that the maximum gap size in the Y-groove butt joint configuration should remain below 0.2 mm for a 9.1-mm section thickness. Sound butt joints with no welding cracks but some minor microporosity were successfully obtained. However, an underfill defect was frequently observed on the top surface of the weldments. Underfilling could be mitigated through increasing the filler wire addition so as to exceed the groove volume; however, due to significant evaporation and expulsion of the molten pool at the high laser power density, the underfill defect would be difficult to fully eliminate. At slow cooling rates, slight softening in the heat affected zone (HAZ) was present in the mid-thickness region but its elimination is possible at high welding speeds. yes yes Butt Joint; HSLA-80 Steel; Hybrid Laser-Arc Welding; Weldability 2014-05 0255-5476 783-786 663 668 6 10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.783-786.663 Aerospace Aérospatiale National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21276049 be25bd7f-deb4-4377-ae5c-3ed9d61c4b06 R. W. Nicol aut A. Lamers aut W. D. Lubitz aut Patrick McGinn Mcginn, P. J. aut ACRD DCRA text article eng Several forms of energy, such as hydrogen gas, butanol, biogas, and ethanol can be produced from renewable, biological resources. However, many bioenergy technologies are currently at the lab scale and the list of commercial operations successfully producing bioenergy in Canada is much shorter. Currently, Canada's bioenergy production is dominated by biofuels such as ethanol and biodiesel, biomass for combustion and the use of anaerobic digesters for biogas production. Bioenergy production in Canada is relatively new, especially in comparison to other renewable energy technologies like hydroelectricity, and therefore opportunities exist to improve bioenergy's economic and environmental impact. One route for improvement is through the valorization of co-products, and our efforts to use fungi to convert biodiesel wastewater and biodiesel derived crude glycerol to the value-added product single cell oil is reviewed. Wastewater is generated during biodiesel production through water washing of the unfinished biodiesel, and COD values for biodiesel wastewater are reported to range from approximately 31,000 to 590,000 mg L-1 . Glycerol is generated in biodiesel production during the tranesterification reaction of intact triacylglycerol molecules with an alcohol and a strong base. This glycerol is a crude co-product, and can contain high levels of methanol, residual oils and water. Cultivation of the newly described oleaginous fungus Galactomyces geotrichum in 50 g L-1 crude glycerol, 10 g L-1 casein and 200 mL L-1 biodiesel wastewater yielded fungal biomass with an average single cell oil content of 51.1%. We also review our data on the use of microalga Nannochloropsis granulata as a feedstock for anaerobic digestion. This work was completed in a 2.2 m3 pilot anaerobic digester and is unique as it is much larger in scope than the vast majority of literature sources reporting on the use of algae in anaerobic digestion applications. The use of N. granulata as a co-digestion substrate with swine manure reduced the methane yield as compared to swine manure alone. Algal biomass added at 0.5 kg volatile solids per day, 1.1 kg volatile solids per day and 1.6 kg volatile solids per day reduced methane yield by 48.4%, 55.9% and 64.7% respectively. The observed reductions may have been due to inhibitory metabolites produced during algal digestion or because of recalcitrance of the algal cell wall. The digester inoculum was not pre-adapted to microalgae degradation and this may have also played a role. Use of algal biomass as a feedstock for anaerobic digestion is still in its infancy, and biomass pre-treatments, different algal strains or different digestion techniques could be needed for the successful utilization of algae. Microalgae have other positive attributes including the ability to remediate waste streams and recycle nutrients as well act as a single source for multiple products and more research is needed in order to successfully exploit this versatile feedstock. yes yes Anaerobic Digestion; Biodiesel Wastewater; Bioenergy in Canada; Biogas; Crude Glycerol; Galactomyces geotrichum; Nannochloropsis granulate 2014-08-01 1556-6560 1556-6579 8 4 429 436 8 10.1166/jbmb.2014.1454 NRC-ACRD-56115 Aquatic and Crop Resource Development Développement des cultures et des ressources aquatiques National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 21275992 d6d53205-5503-4826-ae07-ca16c80948dd M. T. C. Chow aut G. Knopf aut Evgueni Bordatchev Bordatchev, E. V. aut AST ATS 2014 International Symposium on Optomechantronic Technologies, November 5-7, 2014, Seattle, WA, USA article eng The quality of a laser micro-polished (LμP) surface is dependent upon the part material, initial surface topography and roughness, and the energy density of the beam used to produce a thin molten layer on the finished part. Prior research has shown that the amount of energy delivered to the work piece can also be controlled by adjusting the “focal offset distance” (FOD) of the laser optics. In this paper, the impact of using multiple overlapping trajectories for laser polishing on the average surface roughness (Ra) is investigated. The analysis is performed on ball-end micromilled H13 tool steel specimens polished using a nanosecond Q-switched Nd:YAG laser. The initial surface roughness is dependent on the height and width of micromilled scallops. The trajectory overlap percentage (TO%) is an advanced machining parameter used to describe the ratio between the size of the polishing step and the molten LμP diameter. The average surface roughness of the “best” experimental specimen was reduced from a Ra of 746 nm to 205 nm (~73% improvement) using a short distance polishing regime (1.3 mm <; FOD <; 1.8 mm) with a TO% = 96.8% (or 2 μm step trajectory). Similar, but less dramatic, reductions in profile Ra were also observed for the longer polishing regime (FOD > 2.2 mm). The experiments also illustrate that the quality of the final surface finish can be further improved by combining continuous wave laser polishing (CW-LP) and LμP. yes yes 2014 978-146736752-3 174 178 5 10.1109/ISOT.2014.49 Automotive and Surface Transportation Automobile et transport de surface National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21275990 74332f59-00ab-43df-8f6b-6e4e911deca7 Lotfi Toubal aut Philippe Bocher aut Andre Moreau Moreau, André aut EME EME text article eng This study addresses cumulative damage and its evolution during the cold dwell fatigue of a near-alpha titanium alloy. An experimental study was undertaken to examine the evolution of life, strain, strength and damage of 13 titanium IMI 834 samples cut from a single disk forging. The samples were tested in the same dwell-fatigue loading conditions. In the dwell phase, the load is maintained at 80% of ultimate tensile strength (824 MPa, 90% of yield strength) for thirty seconds. The secant Young's modulus and inelastic strain at minimum load were measured in order to document the evolution of the irreversible damage against the number of cycles for all specimens. Experimental observations show significant differences in dwell-fatigue life and damage behavior. This mechanical analysis and an analysis of the cumulative Weibull reliability distribution suggest a bimodal dwell-fatigue failure process. Some features of the mechanical behavior can be used to sort the samples according to each of the two failure modes and improve the reliability of the fatigue test campaign. yes yes titanium alloy; dwell-fatigue; bimodal Weibull distribution; damage, strain 2014-06-30 1056-7895 1530-7921 10.1177/1056789514541823 NRC-EME-55664 Energy, Mining and Environment Énergie, mines et environnement National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21275984 9649ccdf-fa27-4b43-834d-31cfe4cca2f7 Patrick Hubert J Mercier Mercier, P. H. J. aut EME EME J. R. Rodgers aut Materials Science and Technology 2013, Montreal, QC Canada text article eng We have embarked upon building a database of the calculated physical, electrical, optical and magnetic properties of known rare earth element (REE) alloys and compounds using computational methods. These methods, in materials research, offer powerful tools to provide fundamental understanding of the behaviors of materials and to support the selection and design of materials that meet application requirements. With advances in computational science and information technology in recent years, materials research and development are shifting from the empirical approaches to the design to achieve optimal functionality based on integrated computational-prediction and experimental-validation methods. REE additions to non-ferrous metal alloys improve their physical and mechanical properties, resulting in lightweight and high strength alloys with special application in the aerospace industry. Physical property results will be presented on (i) a number of binary REE-alloys families and (ii) on the use of rare-earths in improving the mechanical properties of lightweight alloys. yes yes materials informatics; rare earth elements; ab initio calculations; aerospace alloys 2014-01 9781629933092 NRC-EME-53246 Energy, Mining and Environment Énergie, mines et environnement National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21275979 9ddadf9a-6f10-4334-b469-b516ab8aca1e Boxing Chen aut ICT TIC Xiaodan Zhu aut ICT TIC Proceedings of the 14th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, April 26-30 2014, Gothenburg, Sweden text article eng In this paper, we explore bilingual sentiment knowledge for statistical machine translation (SMT). We propose to explicitly model the consistency of sentiment between the source and target side with a lexicon-based approach. The experiments show that the proposed model significantly improves Chinese-to-English NIST translation over a competitive baseline. © 2014 Association for Computational Linguistics. yes yes Lexicon-based; Statistical machine translation; Computational linguistics 2014-04-30 Association for Computer Linguistics 978-163266396-2 607 615 9 Information and Communication Technologies Technologies de l'information et des communications National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21275948 d23168f2-8ee4-4559-8a93-bf5b228c3660 J. Niu aut P. Rasmussen aut Robert J (Bob) Magee Magee, R. aut CONST CONST Gregory Nilsson Nilsson, G. aut CONST CONST Nanotech 2014: Technical Proceedings of the 2014 NSTI Nanotechnology Conference and Expo, June 15-18, 2014, Washington, DC text article 2014-06-18 eng A major challenge in monitoring indoor exposures to nanoparticles is the selection and effective use of suitable instrumentation. Comparability, portability, response time, and reliability are important selection criteria in addition to reasonable cost. Amongst these criteria, instrument comparability is especially critical due to the requirement for multiple instruments in a single exposure assessment and the lack of reference standards for instrument calibration. Testing and verifying instrument comparability, therefore, is essential to ensure the reliability of exposure assessment data. In this study, a variety of portable and non-portable direct-reading instruments, including scanning mobility particle sizers, condensation particle counters, aerodynamic particle sizers, diffusion charger and aerosol mass monitors, were deployed simultaneously. Instrument performance was evaluated in a room-sized environmentally-controlled chamber with the goal of recommending a suite of instruments to provide particle number, surface area, particle size distribution and mass measurements with an acceptable level of uncertainty. The instrumental strategy was then applied to monitoring background aerosols in a typical workplace setting, where laser printers provided a point source for monitoring response time and comparing peak-to-background signals. The study also explored filter-based methods for collecting nanoparticles for subsequent elemental analysis using inductively-coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS). yes yes Background characterization; CPC; ICP-MS; Instrument comparison; Nanoparticle exposures; Sampling; Size distribution; SMPS 978-148225826-4 1 495 496 2 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Construction Construction National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 21275947 539ea30c-be15-4fc8-9343-c19ec248adf8 Fatemeh Mirakhorli aut AERO AERO Xinjin Cao aut AERO AERO Xuan-Tan Pham aut Priti Wanjara aut AERO AERO Jean-Luc Fihey aut MS and T 2014 (Materials Science and Technology Conference and Exhibition 2014), Oct. 12-16, 2014, Pittsburgh, PA text article 2014-10-16 eng Single pass butt welds were successfully manufactured using a 5.2 kW fiber laser in tandem with arc welding to join 10-mm thick plates of CA6NM, a low carbon martensitic stainless steel in cast form that is widely used for hydroelectric turbines. The joint integrity was evaluated in terms of the weld geometry, discontinuities, microstructure and mechanical properties (tensile and Charpy impact) in both the as-welded and post-weld tempered conditions. Though visible cracks were absent, some defects such as porosity and underfill were observed. The as-welded fusion zone consisted mainly of lath martensite and residual delta ferrite; the latter transformed to tempered lath martensite after post-weld tempering. Four distinct heat affected zones were identifiable through characterization of the microstructure and hardness evolution. Evaluation of the mechanical properties indicated acceptable tensile strength in both the as-welded and post-weld tempered conditions, though the latter was critical for attaining acceptable Charpy impact energy values. yes yes CA6NM cast stainless steel; Defects; Hybrid laser-arc welding (HLAW); Mcrostructure; Mechanical properties.; Post-weld heat treatment; Tempering 978-163439723-0 3 1891 1900 10 Aerospace Aérospatiale National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21275946 a0086381-ab8f-4f69-abc3-7cfd430a8ec0 Svetlana Kiritchenko aut ICT TIC Xiaodan Zhu aut ICT TIC Saif M Mohammad Mohammad, Saif M. aut ICT TIC text article 2015-08-01 eng We describe a state-of-the-art sentiment analysis system that detects (a) the sentiment of short informal textual messages such as tweets and SMS (message-level task) and (b) the sentiment of a word or a phrase within a message (term-level task). The system is based on a supervised statistical text classification approach leveraging a variety of surface-form, semantic, and sentiment features. The sentiment features are primarily derived from novel high-coverage tweet-specific sentiment lexicons. These lexicons are automatically generated from tweets with sentiment-word hashtags and from tweets with emoticons. To adequately capture the sentiment of words in negated contexts, a separate sentiment lexicon is generated for negated words. The system ranked first in the SemEval-2013 shared task `Sentiment Analysis in Twitter' (Task 2), obtaining an F-score of 69.02 in the message-level task and 88.93 in the term-level task. Post-competition improvements boost the performance to an F-score of 70.45 (message-level task) and 89.50 (term-level task). The system also obtains state-of-the-art performance on two additional datasets: the SemEval-2013 SMS test set and a corpus of movie review excerpts. The ablation experiments demonstrate that the use of the automatically generated lexicons results in performance gains of up to 6.5 absolute percentage points. yes yes Classification (of information); Semantics; Text processing; Ablation experiments; Automatically generated; Percentage points; Sentiment analysis; Sentiment features; Sentiment lexicons; State-of-the-art 2014-08-01 1076-9757 50 723 762 40 10.1613/jair.4272 Information and Communication Technologies Technologies de l'information et des communications National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21275945 f3c48029-99e0-48c7-9aaf-271e9715465b Sylvain St-Laurent aut Yannig Thomas aut AST ATS Lhoucine Azzi aut AST ATS text article eng The achievement of high density at reasonable cost is without a doubt one of the major ques of the P/M industry. Hish density can be achieved through various processing mutes involving the shaping of the part and/or the sintering. In particular, single pressing methods such as warm compaction and die wall lubrication are known to give green density in the range of 7.2 to 7.5 g·cm-3 depening on the powder formulation. Nevertheless, these pressing techniques normally require tighter control, are costly and may reduce productivity compared to conventional pressing method. More recently, new high performance lubricants were developed to achieve higher green density than conventional lubricant by cold compaction or temperature-controlled die compaction. This paper presents the green and sintered characteristics of these newly developed high performance lubricants in a laboratory and production scale. In particular, the compaction and ejection characteristics of these new lubricants ale compared to that obtained with other conventional lubricants. yes yes Lubicants; PM parts 2014-08-22 1001-3784 32 3 226 234 9 10.3969/j.issn.1001-3784.2014.03.013 Automotive and Surface Transportation Automobile et transport de surface National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21275944 551919db-fd52-4074-9799-4346c49d95a0 Jim James Kratz Kratz, J. aut Marc Genest Genest, M. aut AERO AERO M. Preau aut Pascal Hubert Hubert, P. aut SAMPE Tech Seattle 2014 Conference, June 2-5, 2014, Seattle, Washington text article 2014-06-05 eng An aircraft demonstrator was manufactured using out-of-autoclave prepreg and vacuum-bag-only processing techniques. The demonstrator featured flat, double-curvature, joggles, abrupt geometry changes, and honeycomb inserts. The scientific literature was used to assess and mitigate the processing risks for this demonstrator. Low through-thickness gas permeability and ply-bridging in small radii corners were thought to be the most significant risks. The through-thickness permeability of the target material was undetectable, therefore spiking was used to increase gas evacuation. Unfortunately, the available mould had small radii that could not be increased, as a result ply bridging was observed in these corners. Miniature pressure sensors were successfully embedded in the demonstrator to monitor the honeycomb core pressure throughout the lay-up, including intermittent de-bulking, the pre-cure vacuum hold, and the elevated temperature cure. The sensors identified two insightful process phenomena: 1) gas evacuation increased with additional plies, and 2) non-uniform pressure response was observed in the part during cure. Visible part quality was acceptable, excluding small radii geometrical features. Internal part quality (voidage) was estimated using pulsed infrared thermography non-destructive-evaluation. While void contents are not exact, the thermography revealed local voidage can vary significantly over the part. yes yes Curing; Gas permeability; Risk assessment; Thermography (imaging); Elevated temperature; Geometrical features; Non-uniform pressures; Out of autoclaves; Processing technique; Scientific literature; Through-thickness; Through-thickness permeability 978-193455116-5 Aerospace Aérospatiale National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21275940 9d0c4419-9830-4796-a8d3-fa27526007d5 Yong (Eric) Chen Chen, Yong aut AERO AERO Viresh K Wickramasinghe Wickramasinghe, Viresh aut AERO AERO David G (Dave) Zimcik Zimcik, David G. aut AERO AERO ICAST2014 : 25nd International Conference on Adaptive Structures and Technologies, October 6-8th, 2014, The Hague, The Netherlands text article eng The aeroelastic parameters of helicopter tail rotors are required in the monitoring and evaluation of rotor aeroservoelastic instability incidents such as limit cycle oscillations (LCO). However, in-situ measurement of these parameters on helicopters is generally difficult due to the need to transfer vibration data across a rotating interface. This paper presents a novel center frequency scaling factor relationship of the aeroelastic parameters between the rotating and stationary frames. Together with the stochastic parameter identification technique, this methodology enables real-time estimation and tracking of the critical aeroelastic parameters in the rotating frame during LCO events based on vibration information measured exclusively in the stationary frame. The methodology has been validated using flight vibration data measured from both the rotating and stationary frames of a helicopter tail rotor system during an LCO event. Moreover, this methodology has been applied to the analysis of vibration data measured from the teeter tail rotor system on the Canadian CH-149 Cormorant helicopters to derive the critical aeroelastic parameters during several LCO events. yes yes Aeroelasticity; Aeroservoelasticity; Fighter aircraft; Helicopter rotors; Helicopters; Identification (control systems); Stochastic systems; Vibration analysis; Center frequency; In-situ measurement; Limit Cycle Oscillation 2014-10-08 9781600869372 1 18 18 library.eawag-empa.ch/icast_proceedings_2014_open_access/ICAST2014006.pdf Aerospace Aérospatiale National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21275938 9c5804de-d532-4670-8491-4ab06432314a Jennifer Decker aut John Tennant aut Benjamin (Ben) Sussman Sussman, Ben aut SDT TSR text article eng Stakeholders at the national and local levels are committed to advancing the field of quantum technologies in Canada. Canada is a world leader in photonics research and development, and continues that trend in the emerging field of quantum technologies. Deeply rooted in photonics, quantum technologies utilize unusual quantum features to build technologies and devices radically different than is possible with traditional physics. Canadian photonics “firsts” include the development of the fiber Bragg grating in 1978, high-speed data transport (10 Gbit), as well as the breakthrough invention of the quantum key distribution protocol in 1984. yes yes 2014-10-01 1047-6938 25 10 18 20 3 http://www.osa-opn.org/home/articles/volume_25/october_2014/departments/canadian_photonics_the_foundation_for_a_quantum_le/#.VcoOnBY5vrQ Security and Disruptive Technologies Technologies de sécurité et de rupture National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21275936 ab2019a6-fdd4-424a-8c63-f41a6377c595 Berndt William Zeitler Zeitler, Berndt aut CONST CONST Stefan Schoenwald Schoenwald, Stephan aut Ivan Sabourin aut CONST CONST Inter-Noise 2014: 43rd International Congress on Noise Control Engineering: Improving the World Through Noise Control, Nov. 16-19, 2014, Melbourne, Australia text article 2014-11-19 eng Cross Laminated Timber (CLT), which is well suited for construction of tall buildings, is becoming a more popular construction material in North America. However, to ensure comfortable living conditions, sound insulation measures are necessary. The study presented here compares results of direct impact sound insulation of 5- and 7-ply CLT floors covered with different a concrete toppings on various interlayers. Improvements of up to 21dB in Weighted Normalized Impact Sound Pressure Level (Ln,w) were observed using a newly proposed reference floor for CLTs. Furthermore, the improvements of floor coverings on CLT floors are compared to those achieved on other types of construction, such as the reference concrete floor. The improvements of Ln,w tend to be higher on the concrete floors than on the CLT floors tested. These and other findings will be presented. yes yes Impact Sound; Insulation; CLT; reference curve 9780909882020 1 6 6 http://www.acoustics.asn.au/conference_proceedings/INTERNOISE2014/papers/p884.pdf National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Construction Construction National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 21275935 90cfede6-5413-4e57-921b-1ae79e6d5a66 Marina Selezneva Selezneva, M. aut S. Meldrum aut Steven Roy Roy, S. aut AERO AERO Lynda Lessard Lessard, L. aut Ali Yousefpour Yousefpour, A. aut AERO AERO 16th European Conference on Composite Materials, ECCM 2014, June 22-26, 2014, Seville, Spain text article 2014-06-26 eng Randomly oriented strands (ROS) thermoplastic composites have attractive properties, such as great formability and high modulus, but their properties are highly variable due to heterogeneous macrostructure. This paper proposes a stochastic finite element technique that predicts strength and modulus of ROS composites. It is based on the concept of random strands generation to model variability, and it utilizes Hashin's failure criteria and fracture energies to estimate strength. Overall, the model matches experimental results and shows that failure of ROS composites is matrix-dominated and follows the "weakest-link" principle. yes yes Mechanical properties; Randomly oriented strands; Thermoplastics 978-000000000-2 Aerospace Aérospatiale National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21275934 868f848d-1f08-406a-8ba4-a03d28ae04a6 Mohamed Sayed aut OCRE GOCF Ivana Kubat aut OCRE GOCF Brian Wright aut James P (Jim) Millan Millan, Jim aut OCRE GOCF OTC Arctic Technology Conference, Feb. 10-12, 2014, Houston, Texas text article eng The present work examines the loads on moored/DP-assisted drillships and their responses in managed pack ice. Numerical simulations are used to determine deformations and stresses within the ice cover and the movements of the vessel. The results give ice forces and moments on the vessel, as well as its surge, sway and yaw responses. The drillship assumed in this simulation work has a length of 230 m, a beam of 42 m, and a mass of 100,000 Mt. Simulations examine a case representing a moored vessel in a managed ice field consisting of 50 m floes that are 1 m in thickness, moving at a constant speed of 0.3 m/s. For ice moving along the surge direction, the peak surge force was approximately 2 MN. The corresponding maximum surge was 1.5 m. A parametric study further examines several aspects of ice interaction with the vessel. The results quantify various effects of ice management (the role of floe size), ice thickness and drift speed, the direction of ice movement, and stiffness of the mooring system. A case of combined mooring and thruster-assisted mooring is also examined. The additional contribution of the thrusters (or control of the DP system) is shown to somewhat reduce the offsets of the vessel. The work presents a methodology for evaluating the stationkeeping performance of vessels in managed pack ice and quantifying the role of the mooring/DP system characteristics. yes yes 2014 Offshore Technology Conference 1 14 14 10.4043/24647-MS Ocean, Coastal and River Engineering Génie océanique, côtier et fluvial National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21275933 dc969e74-38aa-41bc-9fc1-79951e003684 Steven Roy aut AERO AERO Ali Yousefpour aut AERO AERO Felix Bednar aut Pete Beaulieu aut 70th American Helicopter Society International Annual Forum, May 20-22, 2014, Montréal, Québec text article 2014-05-22 eng Composite helicopter tailboom frames were manufactured by compression molding using a carbon fiber thermoset bulk molding compound. A mold was designed for compression molding and installed in a hydraulic press. The mold features two shear edges, guide pins and an integrated part ejection system. A material preforming method was developed to improve consistency in material distribution, which improved process robustness. A number of parts were produced and inspected for void content and dimensional stability. No significant porosity or voids were found in the samples examined. Part thickness uniformity was studied and improved, in order to meet the required tolerances. Dimensional inspection before and after a free standing post cure showed no significant part distortion. This work showed that compression molded tailboom frames are a viable alternative to current tailboom frames using continuous pre-impregnated fabric materials and cured by autoclave. This alternate processing method has the potential to reduce touch time and manufacturing costs. yes yes Carbon fibers; Curing; Helicopters; Hydraulic machinery; Molds; Bulk molding compounds; Dimensional inspection; Improved process; Manufacturing cost; Material distribution; Pre-impregnated fabrics; Processing method; Thickness uniformity; Compression molding 2272 2276 5 Aerospace Aérospatiale National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21275930 bef18d0e-87ae-45a0-b63b-a7d323389cbd C. D. Rans aut Jeremy Atkinson Atkinson, J. aut Chun (Lucy) Li Li, C. aut AERO AERO 16th European Conference on Composite Materials, ECCM 2014, June 22-26, 2014, Seville, Spain text article 2014-06-26 eng This study is motivated by the possibility that experimental data sets, particularly those obtained at high R-ratios, may unknowingly contain data points within the asymptotic stable fracture region that influence its perceived log-linear behaviour and the fit of various loglinear delamination growth models. Results from the experimental investigation indicate that the asymptotic stable fracture region can extend to GIImax values as low as 0.7GIIc. yes yes asymptotic behaviour; Delamination growth; Fatigue; Mode II 1 8 8 Aerospace Aérospatiale National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21275929 a199efed-caae-411e-a559-c60950988210 Xiaodan Zhu aut ICT TIC Hongyu (Harry) Guo Guo, Hongyn aut ICT TIC Saif M Mohammad Mohammad, Saif aut ICT TIC Svetlana Kiritchenko aut ICT TIC 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, ACL 2014, June 23-25, 2014, Baltimore, Maryland text article 2014-06-25 eng Negation words, such as no and not, play a fundamental role in modifying sentiment of textual expressions. We will refer to a negation word as the negator and the text span within the scope of the negator as the argument. Commonly used heuristics to estimate the sentiment of negated expressions rely simply on the sentiment of argument (and not on the negator or the argument itself). We use a sentiment treebank to show that these existing heuristics are poor estimators of sentiment. We then modify these heuristics to be dependent on the negators and show that this improves prediction. Next, we evaluate a recently proposed composition model (Socher et al., 2013) that relies on both the negator and the argument. This model learns the syntax and semantics of the negator's argument with a recursive neural network. We show that this approach performs better than those mentioned above. In addition, we explicitly incorporate the prior sentiment of the argument and observe that this information can help reduce fitting errors. yes yes Neural networks; Semantics; Composition model; Empirical studies; Fitting error; Recursive neural networks; Treebanks; Computational linguistics 9781634391917 304 313 10 Information and Communication Technologies Technologies de l'information et des communications National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21275928 7a80d264-7741-470f-9778-da1ff7c33cb3 Tanner J. Heggie aut David A. Naylor aut Brad G. Gom aut Evgueni Bordatchev Bordatchev, Evgueni V. aut AST ATS New Developments in THz, RF, Millimeter-Waves, and Sub-Millimeter Waves III, February 1 2014, San Fransisco, CA article eng A major limitation in terahertz (THz) imaging applications is the relatively poor diffraction limited spatial resolution. A common approach to achieve subwavelength resolution is near-field imaging using a subwavelength aperture, but the low transmission efficiency through the aperture limits the sensitivity of this method. Bullseye structures, consisting of a single subwavelength circular aperture surrounded by concentric periodic corrugations, have been shown to enhance transmission through subwavelength apertures. At optical wavelengths, the fabrication of bullseye structures has been traditionally achieved by lithographic or chemical processes. Since the scale of plasmonic structures depends on the incident wavelength, precision micromilling techniques are well suited for THz applications. In this paper we describe a diamond micromilling process for the fabrication a plasmonic lenses operating at 325 GHz. Theoretical simulations are obtained using an FDTD solver and the performance of the lens is measured using a customized THz test bed. yes yes Plasmonics; bullseye lens; terahertz; micromilling; subwavelength imaging; surface plasmons 2014 89851G-1 89851G-11 Vol. 8985 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engingeers 0277-786X 10.1117/12.2040335 Automotive and Surface Transportation Automobile et transport de surface National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21275919 0fc8d866-f537-4616-8fad-627fa83b2602 Berndt William Zeitler Zeitler, Berndt aut CONST CONST Stefan Schoenwald Schoenwald, Stephan aut David Quirt aut Internoise 2014, Nov. 16-19, 2014, Melbourne Australia text article 2014-11-19 eng A new approach to the control of sound transmission is among the proposed changes in the 2015 edition of the National Building Code of Canada. The design objective is changing from a minimum STC for the wall or floor/ceiling assembly separating adjacent units to a requirement for the Apparent Sound Transmission Class (ASTC) including flanking. The approach to design is based on combining the ASTM data from conventional laboratory measurement of direct transmission through wall or floor/ceiling assemblies with measurements of flanking transmission conforming to ISO 10848 and predictions using ISO 15712-1. To support the design and regulatory approval process, the National Research Council is preparing a series of reports detailing the design procedure for a broad range of heavy monolithic and lightweight framed constructions, and providing the supporting generic data in form of web-based tools and tables from two decades of research studies in flanking test laboratories. yes yes Sound Insulation Transmission Flanking 1 8 8 http://www.acoustics.asn.au/conference_proceedings/INTERNOISE2014/abstracts/session-papers.htm#p878 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Construction Construction National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 21275916 e315929c-5d62-4aa3-b893-d35ad24cc1ee André Christopher Beltempo Beltempo, André aut AERO AERO John E Rogers Rogers, John E. aut AERO AERO Robert (Bob) Rutledge Rutledge, Robert S. aut AERO AERO Alain R. Colle aut Pierre Drouin aut Maxime Lapalme aut AHS 70th Annual Forum, May 20–22, 2014, Montréal, Québec, Canada text article 2014-05-22 eng This paper describes two phases of full scale testing performed on a Bell Helicopter Textron Canada Limited (BHTCL) composite monocoque tailboom manufactured using Automated Fiber Placement (AFP). This technical demonstrator tailboom was designed for use on a Bell 407 model as part of a collaboration program with Bombardier Inc., Composite Atlantic Ltd. and the National Research Council Canada (NRC). The tailboom cone consisted of a skin made from an AFP layup of carbon epoxy fiber tape combined to a hand layup made from fabric. The skin is then bonded to six hand layup frames. The fatigue test objectives were to validate the component to flaw tolerant safe life requirements and establish damage tolerance to light and medium caliber ballistic impacts. The test article, containing embedded flaws, impact damages, and representative repairs, was subjected to a full four lifetime fatigue test at NRC. All testing during this phase was conducted at 250 °F ‘hot-dry’ conditions to simulate operating temperatures seen in service. The test article successfully sustained four lifetimes of fatigue testing, followed by residual strength testing to both limit and ultimate loads. In the second phase of the full scale testing, the article was subjected to six ballistic impacts with deadweights replicating a critical load condition in the field, interspersed with short ‘go-home’ fatigue cycling in the laboratory. Regular inspections and near-real-time data analyses were performed throughout testing. No permanent deformation, new damage or existing damage growth was sustained by the tested composite components during the fatigue tests, subsequent residual strength tests, or fatigue loads following ballistic impact, thereby proving the flaw and damage tolerance capability of the structure. yes yes Aerospace Aérospatiale National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21275915 d18da899-bcbd-4f62-8200-20b9f34598c0 Berndt William Zeitler Zeitler, Berndt aut CONST CONST Stefan Schoenwald aut Frances King aut CONST CONST Internoise 2014: 43rd International Congress on Noise Control Engineering November 16-19, 2014, Melbourne, Australia text article eng There has been a proposal in Canada to increase the maximum allowable height of wood framed construction in the National Building Code of Canada (NBCC) from 4 stories to 6 stories. Design of taller buildings will lead to a change in the details of the walls that have to withstand the higher axial and lateral loads. However, also requirements of other building physics disciplines, one of those being the sound insulation, still have to be met. In the study presented here various assemblies that meet the higher load requirements are compared for direct airborne sound insulation. Parameters that were modified include: sheathing membranes, stud arrangement, stud depth, and resilient channels. Some of the wall design variants that work well structurally have very poor sound insulation properties and most of them require the use of resilient channels to obtain somewhat acceptable sound insulation properties. These and more results will be presented here. yes yes sound, insulation, transmission 2014-11-19 1 8 8 http://www.acoustics.asn.au/conference_proceedings/INTERNOISE2014/papers/p883.pdf National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Construction Construction National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 21275911 babad062-7321-4041-af73-993b9b9f6e64 Jihua Chen aut AERO AERO Marc-André Octeau Octeau, Marc-Andre aut AERO AERO Steven Roy aut AERO AERO Ali Yousefpour aut AERO AERO Richard Gingras aut Pete Beaulieu aut Kevin Morris aut AHS 70th Annual Forum, May 20-22, 2014, Montréal, Québec, Canada text article eng This paper briefly summarizes the manufacturing process of a composites helicopter tailboom prototype, with the focus on improving quality and productivity as well as reducing manufacturing cost. The ultimate goal of the project is to develop a stable and reliable automated fiber placement process for mass production of the composite tailboom. For this purpose, different fiber path generation scenarios were first explored in the early stage of the project. Information such as fiber angle deviations, gaps and overlaps were collected. Feedback was provided to the designers to further improve the tailboom design. Second, since fiber placement process is influenced by different variables, including layup speed, compaction force, heater temperature, humidity level, etc., the interactions of different process parameters were investigated. The optimum layup speed was identified under different conditions. Third, to achieve the quality requirements, methodologies were developed to reduce machine downtime and to track and repair manufacturing defects. As a result of the project, a one-piece, fiber placed composites tailboom was successfully manufactured. yes yes 2014-07-31 1 7 7 Aerospace Aérospatiale National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21275907 810f685c-6565-4282-9d80-0295f0ac3493 Anoop Sindhu aut Larissa Dawne Ramsay Ramsay, Larissa aut ACRD DCRA Lacey-Anne Sanderson aut Robert Stonehouse aut Rong Li aut ACRD DCRA Janet A Condie Condie, Janet aut ACRD DCRA Arun S.K. Shunmugam aut Yong Liu aut Ambuj B. Jha aut Marwan Diapari aut Judith Burstin aut Gregoire Aubert aut Bunyamin Tar'an aut Kirstin E. Bett aut Thomas D. Warkentin aut Andrew (Andy) Sharpe Sharpe, Andrew G. aut ACRD DCRA text article eng Pea (Pisum sativum L.) is one of the world’s oldest domesticated crops and has been a model system in plant biology and genetics since the work of Gregor Mendel. Pea is the second most widely grown pulse crop in the world following common bean. The importance of pea as a food crop is growing due to its combination of moderate protein concentration, slowly digestible starch, high dietary fiber concentration, and its richness in micronutrients; however, pea has lagged behind other major crops in harnessing recent advances in molecular biology, genomics and bioinformatics, partly due to its large genome size with a large proportion of repetitive sequence, and to the relatively limited investment in research in this crop globally. The objective of this research was the development of a genome-wide transcriptome-based pea single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) marker platform using next-generation sequencing technology. A total of 1,536 polymorphic SNP loci selected from over 20,000 non-redundant SNPs identified using deep transcriptome sequencing of eight diverse Pisum accessions were used for genotyping in five RIL populations using an Illumina GoldenGate assay. The first high-density pea SNP map defining all seven linkage groups was generated by integrating with previously published anchor markers. Syntenic relationships of this map with the model legume Medicago truncatula and lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) maps were established. The genic SNP map establishes a foundation for future molecular breeding efforts by enabling both the identification and tracking of introgression of genomic regions harbouring QTLs related to agronomic and seed quality traits. yes yes Pisum sativum L.; genetic mapping 2014-10 1432-2242 127 10 2225 2241 17 10.1007/s00122-014-2375-y 56003 Aquatic and Crop Resource Development Développement des cultures et des ressources aquatiques National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21275906 1549504e-0d6b-48d1-b4d3-bebb8c920874 W. Ye aut X. Zhang aut Doyun Won Won, D. aut CONST CONST 13th International Conference on Indoor Air Quality and Climate, Indoor Air 2014, July 7-12, 2014, Hong Kong text article eng Scenarios involving four standard rooms and different material loadings were analyzed to study adequate ventilation rates for residential buildings and offices. The study followed the IAQ procedure recommended by ASHRAE. The emission source data were from the National Research Council Canada (NRC) database. The building material emissions and VOC concentrations were predicted by using the concept of characteristic emission factor. The ventilation rate was calculated for seven scenarios to meet the thresholds given by six indoor air quality standards. The results show that the ventilation rate depends heavily on the selected standard and material loading ratio. The dominating chemical substance in determining ventilation rate in various cases is not unique. The time to take for the emission to complete was about to 3 to 7 years for all seven cases. The typical ventilation rate was about 1 h-1 for living room, bedroom and private room, and was 3.2 h-1 for open office. yes yes building material; characteristic emission rate; standard room; ventilation rate 2014-07-12 International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate 1070 1077 8 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Construction Construction National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 21275903 7bdaa1ed-9e7c-4625-92c0-d9880d04fae3 Saman Alavi-Shoushtari Alavi, Saman aut SDT TSR Kyuchul Shin aut John A Ripmeester Ripmeester, John A. aut SDT TSR text article eng We performed molecular dynamics simulations of the ammonia and methanol-based clathrate hydrates with the emphasis on characterizing hydrogen-bonding interactions of these guest molecules with the water lattice. Systems studied include structure II (sII) binary clathrate hydrates of tetrahydrofuran (THF) (large cage, L) + NH3 (small cage, S) and THF (L) + CH3OH (S), the structure I (sI) pure NH3 (L), pure CH3OH (L), the binary NH3 (L) + CH4 (S), and binary CH3OH (L) + CH4 (S) clathrate hydrates. We simulated these clathrate hydrates with the transferable intermolecular potential with four point changes (TIP4P) water potential and the TIP4P/ice water potential to determine the effect of the water potential on the predicted hydrogen bonding of the guest molecules. Simulations show that, despite strongly hydrogen bonding with the framework water molecules, clathrate hydrate phases with NH3 and CH3OH can be stable within temperatures ranges up to 240 K. Indeed, a limited number of thermodynamic integration free energy calculations show that both NH3 and CH3OH molecules give more stable guest-host configurations in the large sI clathrate hydrate cages than methane guests. Predictions of hydrogen bonding from simulations with the two different water potentials used can differ substantially. To study the effect of proton transfer from water to the basic NH3 guests, simulations were performed on a binary NH3 + CH4 sI clathrate hydrate where less than 10 % of the ammonia guests in the large cages were converted to NH4 + and a water molecule of the hydrate lattice in the same large cage was converted to OH-. The small percentage of proton transfer to ammonia guests in the large cages did not affect the stability of the resultant hydrate. The structural perturbations in the lattice that result from this proton transfer are characterized. yes yes Ammonia Free energy Gas hydrates Hydration Hydrogen Methane Methanol Molecular dynamics Molecules Organic solvents Proton transfer Binary clathrate hydrates Clathrate hydrate Free-energy calculations Hydrogen bonding interactions Intermolecular potentials Molecular dynamics simulations Structural perturbation Thermodynamic integration Hydrogen bonds 2014-09-18 ACS Publications 0021-9568 60 2 389 397 9 10.1021/je5006517 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Security and Disruptive Technologies Technologies de sécurité et de rupture Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21275843 e521c8d6-1fed-4c24-b9f5-fb4811994437 Donghai Lin aut Thompson Tang aut D Jed (Jed) Harrison Harrison, D. Jed aut NINT INNT William E. Lee aut Abebaw Belay Jemere Jemere, Abebaw B. aut NINT INNT text article eng We report on the development of a regenerable sensitive immunosensor based on electrochemical impedance spectroscopy for the detection of type 5 adenovirus. The multi-layered immunosensor fabrication involved successive modification steps on gold electrodes: (i) modification with self-assembled layer of 1,6-hexanedithiol to which gold nanoparticles were attached via the distal thiol groups, (ii) formation of self-assembled monolayer of 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid onto the gold nanoparticles, (iii) covalent immobilization of monoclonal anti-adenovirus 5 antibody, with EDC/NHS coupling reaction on the nanoparticles, completing the immunosensor. The immunosensor displayed a very good detection limit of 30 virus particles/ml and a wide linear dynamic range of 105. An electrochemical reductive desorption technique was employed to completely desorb the components of the immunosensor surface, then re-assemble the sensing layer and reuse the sensor. On a single electrode, the multi-layered immunosensor could be assembled and disassembled at least 30 times with 87% of the original signal intact. The changes of electrode behavior after each assembly and desorption processes were investigated by cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy techniques. yes yes Cyclic voltammetry Desorption Electrochemical electrodes Fiber optic sensors Gold Metal nanoparticles Nanoparticles Self assembled monolayers Spectroscopy Viruses X ray photoelectron spectroscopy 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid Adenovirus Covalent immobilization Electrochemical impedance Linear dynamic ranges Modified electrodes Reductive desorption Self-assembled layers Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy gold nanoparticle undecanoic acid virus antibody chemical modification chemical reaction concentration (parameters) controlled study cyclic potentiometry electrochemical impedance spectroscopy electrode immobilization immunosensor limit of detection virus detection Human adenovirus type 5 2014-12-16 Elsevier 0956-5663 68 129 134 6 10.1016/j.bios.2014.12.032 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) National Institute for Nanotechnology Institut national de nanotechnologie Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21275836 d4a99124-a009-4e86-b524-02b93676adde Renee Boileau aut OCRE GOCF Wayne Raman-Nair aut OCRE GOCF Michael Graham aut 2014 Oceans - St. John's, OCEANS 2014, 14 September 2014 through 19 September 2014 text article eng National Research Council Canada (NRC) is collaborating with College of the North Atlantic (CNA) to develop an ocean wave-driven pump to supply the CNA shore-based aquaculture centre in Lord's Cove, Newfoundland. NRC provides a combination of physical model testing under controlled laboratory conditions and computer simulation using numerical modelling tools developed at NRC and commercial software. The CNA plans to demonstrate the sustainability of a shore-based aquaculture centre in the context of rural Newfoundland. The efficiency of the centre depends in part on its energy consumption, a major part of which is supplying seawater to a facility some distance from the ocean and above sea level. The development of a seawater supply pump driven by the power of ocean waves would reduce the electrical costs for the centre. The NRC is supporting a staged design program through numerical and physical model testing to select a robust design optimized for the local sea conditions at the Lord's Cove mooring site. The wave pump is inspired by designs for wave energy converters. But since wave energy converters have not converged on a single design, there are major risks and costs in designing a wave pump, from construction and testing of physical models for competing designs to mooring failure and potential loss of the device in the hurricane-force storms typical of southern Newfoundland. Using lessons learned in the energy sector, risks can be mitigated by systematically testing the behaviour and response of proposed concepts through a staged design program, starting from characterizing the hydrodynamic characteristics of a simplified model through progressively larger, more complex physical and numerical models used in functional tests. This approach systematically directs the design process toward a single prototype optimized for performance in specified wave conditions using scaled model tests in advance of the most costly stage of sea trials. The goals of the staged design program for the CNA wave-driven pump are to • evaluate various design concepts • select a design suited to the CNA mooring site • optimize the design for a typical sea state and • specify a mooring robust enough to keep the platform on station during the sometimes extreme sea states at Lord's Cove. The program began with characterization of the chosen mooring site outside Lord's Cove. Processed wave buoy data from this site informed the estimation of mooring line loads using numerical tools developed by NRC and typical sea states on which to focus design optimization. In the second stage, a numerical tool was developed to estimate pump output and validated against test results for a physical pump. In the third stage, various wave pump platform design concepts were evaluated based on estimation of hydrodynamic characteristics. The designs were characterized using a combination of physical model tests in the NRC 200-metre wave tank in St. John's and computer simulations using Ansys Aqwa and Matlab. A sample pump platform design is shown as a scale model and a numerical mesh in Fig. 1. In the fourth stage, which will precede a full-scale prototype deployment at sea, a design has been selected and an operational scale model wave pump platform has been tested in the NRC wave facilities. Numerical modelling is used to choose a mooring for the full-scale deployment. In this staged design program, the use of physical model tests and computer simulation are complementary methods used alternatively to solve potentially costly and time-consuming problems. A selection of the problems encountered in the design of the wave pump platform is presented along with a critique of the solutions applied by NRC to build confidence in a wave-driven pump design tailored for the CNA site. yes yes Aquaculture Energy utilization Fluid dynamics Hydrodynamics MATLAB Mooring Numerical models Ocean currents Oceanography Sea level Seawater Site selection Stages Water waves Wave power Complementary methods Controlled laboratories Hurricane-force storm Hydrodynamic characteristics National Research Council Numerical and physical modeling Physical model testing Wave energy converters Wave energy conversion 2014-09-14 IEEE 9781479949182 978-1-4799-4920-5 7003281 0197-7385 10.1109/OCEANS.2014.7003281 OCRE-PR-2014-013 Ocean, Coastal and River Engineering Génie océanique, côtier et fluvial National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21275832 fd4e711c-6e83-4a00-8c27-781729e89fb8 Julio Valdés Valdes, Julio J. aut ICT TIC Catherine (Cathy) Cheung Cheung, Catherine aut AERO AERO Matthew Tin Chun Li Li, Matthew aut AERO AERO 5th IEEE Symposium on Computational Intelligence and Data Mining, CIDM 2014, 9 December 2014 through 12 December 2014 text article eng Accurately determining component loads on a helicopter is an important goal in the helicopter structural integrity field, with repercussions on safety, component damage, maintenance schedules and other operations. Measuring dynamic component loads directly is possible, but these measurement methods are costly and are difficult to maintain. While the ultimate goal is to estimate the loads from flight state and control system parameters available in most helicopters, a necessary step is understanding the behavior of the loads under different flight conditions. This paper explores the behavior of the main rotor normal bending loads in level flight, steady turn and rolling pullout flight conditions, as well as the potential of computational intelligence methods in understanding the dynamics. Time delay methods, residual variance analysis (gamma test) using genetic algorithms, unsupervised non-linear mapping and recurrence plot and quantification analysis were used. The results from this initial work demonstrate that there are important differences in the load behavior of the main rotor blade under the different flight conditions which must be taken into account when working with machine learning methods for developing prediction models. yes yes Aircraft control Data mining Delay control systems Genetic algorithms Helicopter services Helicopters Mathematical transformations Phase space methods Time delay Computational intelligence methods High dimensional phase space Machine learning methods Maintenance schedules Measurement methods Non-linear transformations Nonlinear mappings Quantification analysis Flight control systems 2014-12-09 IEEE 9781479945191 7008691 365 372 8 10.1109/CIDM.2014.7008691 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Information and Communication Technologies Technologies de l'information et des communications Aerospace Aérospatiale Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21275822 4a05eb86-7321-4b1f-b307-a562f2cde208 Jean-Louis Consalvi aut Fengshan Liu aut MSS SME Jorge Contreras aut Muhammad Kashif aut Guillaume Legros aut Shijin Shuai aut Jianxin Wang aut text article eng Laminar methane diffusion flames doped by vapors of different blends of n-heptane and iso-octane burning in a coflow of air diluted with CO2 were simulated numerically in this study. These laminar coflow diffusion flames have been experimentally investigated recently by Kashif et al. (2014). Numerical simulations were performed using a detailed reaction model containing 175 species and 1189 reactions together with a sectional soot model. The soot model consists of inception as a result of the collision of two pyrene molecules, heterogeneous surface growth and oxidation following the hydrogen abstraction acetylene addition (HACA) mechanism, soot particle coagulation, and PAH surface condensation. The numerical model provides prediction in fairly good quantitative agreement with the experimental data and reproduces successfully the influence of the fuel blend composition and CO2 dilution of air on the flame structure and soot production. The soot production increases and decreases linearly with the molar concentration of iso-octane in the fuel stream and CO2 content of the air stream, respectively. In addition, the efficiency of CO2 dilution to suppress soot is reduced as the concentration of iso-octane increases. This is likely due to the greater contributions of PAH condensation with increasing iso-octane concentration relative to soot surface growth through HACA. The increase in soot production with the molar concentration of iso-octane results primarily from an increase in the concentration of propargyl radical. The self-reaction of propargyl then produces higher concentrations of benzene and pyrene, leading to higher nucleation rates and consequently an increase the soot surface area. The higher surface area then results in higher surface growth and condensation rates. The enhanced pyrene concentration is another factor to prompt soot surface condensation. An analysis of the reaction rates shows that propargyl radicals are mainly produced from propylene. The decomposition and oxidation of iso-octane was found much more efficient to produce propylene than that of n-heptane. yes yes Atmospheric composition Carbon dioxide Condensation Diffusion Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons Polyols Reaction rates Coflow diffusion flames Detailed reaction model Heterogeneous surface Hydrogen abstraction Primary reference fuels Quantitative agreement Surface condensation Dust fuel heptane methane propylene pyrene chemical model controlled study decomposition diffusion coefficient dilution environmental temperature flame flow rate laminar coflow diffusion flame laminar flow oxidation particle size quantitative study reaction analysis refraction index soot soot formation surface property thermal diffusion 2014-11-26 Elsevier 0010-2180 162 4 1153 1163 11 10.1016/j.combustflame.2014.10.008 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) Measurement Science and Standards Science des mesures et étalons Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21275823 cc2d899e-3640-4d44-bad0-27651cc391be Jianjun Niu aut Pat E. Rasmussen aut Robert J (Bob) Magee Magee, Robert aut CONST CONST Gregory Nilsson aut CONST CONST text article eng This study deployed a suite of direct-reading instruments in six locations inside one building to characterize variability of the background aerosol, including incidental nanoparticles (NP), over a six month period. The instrument suite consisted of a portable Condensation Particle Counter (CPC) and a Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer (SMPS) for assessing particle number concentrations and size distributions in the nano-scale range; an Aerodynamic Particle Sizer (APS) for assessing micron-scale particle number concentrations and size distributions; plus a desktop Aerosol Monitor (DustTrak DRX) and a Diffusion Charger (DC2000CE) for assessing total particle mass and surface area concentrations respectively. In terms of number concentration, NPs (<100 nm) were the dominant particles observed in the background aerosol, contributing up to 53-93% of the total particle number concentrations. The particle size distributions were bimodal with maxima around 19-79 nm and 50-136 nm, respectively, depending on workplace locations. The average detected background particle number, surface area and total mass concentrations were below 7.1 × 103 # cm-3, 22.9 μm2 cm-3 and 33.5 μg m-3, respectively in spring samples and below 1.8 × 103 # cm-3, 10.1 μm2 cm-3 and 12.0 μg m-3, respectively in winter samples. A point source study using an older model laser printer as the emission source indicated that NPs emitted from the investigated printer were distinguishable from background. However, more recent low emitting printers are likely to be indistinguishable from background, and chemical characterization (e.g. VOCs, metals) would be required to help identify emission sources. yes yes nanoparticle aerosol air pollutant air monitoring ambient air molecular weight occupational exposure particle size seasonal variation spring surface property winter work environment workplace chemical model environmental monitoring exposure indoor air pollution Inhalation Exposure Models, Chemical 2014-10-29 Royal Society of Chemistry 2050-7887 17 1 98 109 12 10.1039/c4em00478g National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) Construction Construction Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21275798 ea7d53bd-2e05-4f54-abe7-a71ec0a9debe Xijia Wu aut AERO AERO 13th International Conference on Fracture and Damage Mechanics, FDM 2014, September 23-25, 2014 text article eng 2014-09-26 Trans Tech Publications This paper presents an integrated creep-fatigue (ICF) theory to describe the non-linear creep-fatigue interaction during thermo-mechanical loading. The ICF theory recognizes the damage evolution as a holistic process consisting of nucleation and propagation of surface or subsurface cracks in coalescence with internally distributed damage, leading to final fracture. In a polycrystalline material under combined cyclic and dwell loading, crack nucleation and propagation occurs by fatigue or oxidation mechanisms, whereas internally distributed damage often occurs in the form of grain boundary cavities or microcracks due to creep or dwell effects, particularly at high temperatures. Based on the above mechanism, a damage evolution equation is mathematically derived, and the generality of the above physical mechanisms warrants the applicability of the ICF theory over a wide range of stresses and temperatures. This paper uses Mar-M 509, a cobalt base superalloy, as an example to illustrate how the ICF theory describes creep and low cycle fatigue (LCF). yes yes Algorithms Cracks Creep Grain boundaries Nucleation Polycrystalline materials Cobalt-base superalloys Creep-fatigue interactions Damage evolution equation Life predictions Material damage model Oxidation mechanisms Thermo-mechanical loading Fatigue damage 1013-9826 627 341 344 4 10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.627.341 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Aerospace Aérospatiale Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21275796 bab00153-adb8-4211-b28e-1a1b08edd981 Wayne Raman-Nair aut OCRE GOCF Robert Martin Gash Gash, Robert aut OCRE GOCF Michael A (Mike) Sullivan Sullivan, Michael aut OCRE GOCF 2014 Oceans - St. John's, OCEANS 2014, Sept. 14-19, 2014, St John's, Newfoundland and Labrador text article eng 5 p. The equations of motion of a maneuvering vessel under the action of wind, current, rudder and propulsion are solved by the MATLAB Runge-Kutta solver ode45. The hydrodynamic derivatives used are those presented by Clarke et al. (1982)[1]. Wind and current loads are applied to segments of the vessel via a relative velocity formulation and drag coefficients. Course control is achieved by autopilot gains derived from a first order Nomoto approximation. The intent is to provide a tool for assessing a vessel's maneuvering capabilities in terms of a simple single parameter (track deviation) under various environmental conditions. Results of simulations are presented for various wind and current scenarios. yes yes Electric currents MATLAB Runge Kutta methods Wind Current loads Environmental conditions Hydrodynamic derivatives maneuvering Maneuvering capability Relative velocity Single parameter track deviation Equations of motion 2014-09-14 IEEE 9781479949182 7003296 10.1109/OCEANS.2014.7003296 OCRE-PR-2014-018 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Ocean, Coastal and River Engineering Génie océanique, côtier et fluvial Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21275774 dd0053fd-d235-4d55-b27b-b5e4932070aa Wright Beatty Heather E. Wright Beatty, Heather E. aut AERO AERO Keillor Jocelyn Mary Keillor, Jocelyn M. aut AERO AERO Hardcastle Stephen G. aut Boulay Pierre aut Kenny Glen P. aut text article eng Older adults may be at greater risk for occupational injuries given their reduced capacity to dissipate heat, leading to greater thermal strain and potentially cognitive decrements. Purpose. To examine the effects of age and increased air velocity, during exercise in humid heat, on information processing and attention. Methods. Nine young (24 ± 1 years) and 9 older (59 ± 1 years) males cycled 4 × 15 min (separated by 15 min rest) at a fixed rate of heat production (400 W) in humid heat (35°C, 60% relative humidity) under 0.5 (low) and 3.0 (high) m · s-1 air velocity wearing coveralls. At rest, immediately following exercise (end exercise), and after the final recovery, participants performed an abbreviated paced auditory serial addition task (PASAT, 2 sec pace). Results. PASAT numbers of correct responses at end exercise were similar for young (low = 49 ± 3; high = 51 ± 3) and older (low = 46 ± 5; high = 47 ± 4) males and across air velocity conditions, and when scored relative to age norms. Psychological sweating, or an increased sweat rate with the administration of the PASAT, was observed in both age groups in the high condition. Conclusion. No significant decrements in attention and speeded information processing were observed, with age or altered air velocity, following intermittent exercise in humid heat. yes yes gold access 10 p. adult age cardiovascular response cognition controlled study exercise heat stress humidity male normal human sweating task performance thermogenesis 2014-11-05 Hindawi Publishing 2314-6133 2015 619103 10.1155/2015/619103 Aerospace Aérospatiale National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21275776 a0dafabb-7eac-4c85-9481-76992156fe67 Patrizio C. Vena aut Béatrice Deschamps aut Hongsheng Guo aut EME EME Gregory J (Greg) Smallwood Smallwood, Gregory J. aut MSS SME Matthew R. Johnson aut text article eng Combustion intensity variations along a globally stoichiometric, stratified iso-octane/air turbulent V-flame were measured in the presence of four different equivalence ratio gradients and compared to a reference fully-premixed case. Instantaneous heat release rate (HRR) images were obtained from the simultaneous acquisition of OH and CH2O Planar Laser Induced Fluorescence (PLIF) images, providing the first direct estimates of local heat release rate in a stratified, iso-octane/air turbulent flame. Detailed numerical simulations were conducted to validate the use of (OH LIF)(CH2O LIF) for measurements of HRR in iso-octane/air flames over a broad range of equivalence ratios. Flame images were analyzed for specific mean equivalence ratio gradient effects for near stoichiometric flame regions within a fixed mean equivalence ratio range of 0.95≤ϕ≤1.05. The location of the interrogation window, or region of interest (ROI), was obtained through 3-pentanone tracer PLIF of the reactants and ensured that any observed variation could be attributed specifically to mean equivalence ratio gradient effects, rather than simple mixture strength effects. Results showed small but measurable, decreases in the mean HRR for near stoichiometric flame regions within the ROI as the gradient was varied, and differences of up to 4.4% relative to the reference premixed case were directly attributable to the imposed mean ϕ gradient, separate from potential effects of local mixture strength. By contrast, general stratification effects were also considered for flames of comparable global equivalence ratios but with much broader ranges of mixture strength, and results showed offsetting effects of increased 2D flame length (up to ~17%) and decreased HRR per flame length (up to ~22%), resulting in small variations in the overall HRR of ~9%. The present analysis suggests that gradient effects on local flame properties may differ significantly from general stratification effects in which different ranges of mixture strengths are present, and separating these aspects of partially premixed combustion is critical to the proper interpretation of data, where both may be relevant in different applications. yes yes Equivalence classes Fluorescence Image segmentation Laser optics Laser produced plasmas Polyols Equivalence ratio gradient Stratified combustion Turbulent combustion V flames Combustion 3 pentanone alkanone fluorescent dye formaldehyde hydroxide isooctane octane combustion fire and fire related phenomena flame flammability fluorescence imaging heat release rate planar laser induced fluorescence stoichiometry temperature measurement temperature sensitivity turbulent flow validation study 2014-10-21 Elsevier 0010-2180 162 4 944 959 16 10.1016/j.combustflame.2014.09.019 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Energy, Mining and Environment Énergie, mines et environnement Measurement Science and Standards Science des mesures et étalons Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21275780 b624c439-24f6-4d30-9e9d-3758dbd2b04b Changqing Liu aut Yingguang Li aut Weiming Shen aut CONST CONST text article eng Dynamically changing machining conditions and uncertain manufacturing resource availability are forcing manufacturing enterprises to implement advanced process planning and control systems with an adaptive machining information model in order to increase productivity and ensure product quality. This article proposes a dynamic feature modelling method for closed-loop machining process control of complex parts. A software platform is developed to include feature modelling software units with algorithms to represent and integrate geometric, machining, inspection and monitoring information and a service software unit with algorithms to update dynamic feature information and trigger online inspection. A multi-thread execution approach and a finite state machine method are adopted to support the execution and collaboration of multiple algorithms for dynamic feature modelling. A sharing memory approach is utilised for real-time communication between software units and the computer numerical control (CNC) kernel. The dynamic feature model is highly informative and can support autonomous decision-making and bidirectional information flow. By implementing the proposed dynamic feature modelling, a closed-loop process machining control including the integration of process planning, machining, inspection and monitoring for complex parts can be achieved. yes yes Adaptive control systems Algorithms Closed loop control systems Computer control Computer control systems Inspection Logic circuits Machining Machining centers Monitoring Quality control Closed loops Closed-loop machining Computer numerical control Dynamic features Manufacturing enterprise Manufacturing resource Monitoring information Real-time communication Process control 2014-03-24 Taylor &Francis Group 0951-192X 28 7 753 765 13 10.1080/0951192X.2014.900870 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Construction Construction Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21275756 43590cdd-d0cf-4d35-8027-002ecbcfe858 David Novitski aut Zhong Xie aut EME EME Steven Holdcroft aut text article eng Chronoamperometric analysis of the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) at Pt microelectrode | perfluorosulfonic acid (PFSA) ionomer interfaces in a solid state electrochemical cell reveals an increase in both the oxygen diffusion coefficient (Db) and oxygen permeability (Dbcb) upon consecutive potential step measurements. From a vapor-equilibrated, electrochemically unperturbed state under conditions of 70% RH and 50°C, Db and Dbcb increased by factors of 2 and 1.5, respectively. Db and Dbcb return to their initial values after resting the electrode at the open circuit potential. The electrochemical generation of water is believed responsible for the time-dependent mass transport parameters of ORR. yes yes Diffusion Electrodes Electrolytic reduction Ionomers Lanthanum compounds Microelectrodes Oxygen Platinum Reduction Electrochemical Generation Open circuit potential Oxygen diffusion coefficients Oxygen reduction reaction Perfluorosulfonic acid Perfluorosulfonic acid ionomers Potential step measurements Solid-state electrochemical cells Interface states 2014-11-01 The Electrochemical Society 2162-8726 4 1 F9 F12 10.1149/2.0051501eel National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Energy, Mining and Environment Énergie, mines et environnement Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21275753 a858165c-c3c7-4d3b-8e53-6360d6ece4f4 Jackeline S. C. Oliveira aut Leonardo M. Da Costa aut Stanislav Stoyanov Stoyanov, Stanislav R. aut NINT INNT Peter R. Seidl aut text article 2015-12-01 eng Petroleum asphaltenes are a complex mixture of organic molecules containing mainly fused polyaromatic and naphthenic systems and pendant chains, polar moieties with heteroatoms (S, N, and O), and transition metals. A variety of spectroscopic techniques has been employed to characterize asphaltenes, but their structures remain largely elusive because of the complexity, variety of samples, and assignment limitations. Carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance (13C NMR) spectroscopy has contributed extensively to asphaltene characterization. However, proper assignment of 13C NMR spectra is very challenging because spectra of natural asphaltenes feature a large number of peaks in unusual environments, which may be hard to assign and interpret. We employ the dispersion-corrected ωB97X-D density functional with 6-31G(d,p) basis set to rationalize common trends in the 13C NMR chemical shifts of asphaltene model compounds. The calculated 13C NMR chemical shifts for a calibration series of 14 aromatic and heterocyclic reference compounds containing C atoms of types similar to those in the asphaltene model compounds are found to correlate linearly with the respective experimental values. The linear fitting yields a correlation coefficient of R2 = 0.99 and absolute errors of less than 10 ppm. Moreover, we calculate and calibrate the 13C chemical shifts of asphaltenes extracted from Brazilian vacuum residues to analyze and correlate the C atom types with those of the reference compounds. It is found that the presence of heteroatoms as well as environments with a high aromatic condensation index can significantly affect the chemical shifts. The effect of heteroatoms on the chemical shift, a situation that has scarcely been addressed in the literature, is evaluated here in detail. The results are intended to help interpret 13C NMR spectra and allow for a more complete characterization of asphaltene molecules. yes yes Aromatic compounds Asphaltenes Carbon Chemical analysis Chemical compounds Chemical shift Density functional theory Molecules Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy Transition metals Correlation coefficient Experimental values Nuclear magnetic resonance chemical shifts Petroleum asphaltenes Reference compounds Spectroscopic technique Nuclear magnetic resonance 2014-12-01 ACS Publications 0887-0624 29 5 2843 2852 10 10.1021/ef502078n National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) National Institute for Nanotechnology Institut national de nanotechnologie Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21275738 4b978d3c-01d1-4d16-957e-83c61babe7c6 Patricia Grinberg aut MSS SME Ralph Edward Sturgeon Sturgeon, Ralph E. aut MSS SME Liange de O. Diehl aut NRC CNRC Cezar Augusto Bizzi Bizzi, Cezar A. aut MSS SME Erico M. M. Flores aut text article eng A single-wall carbon nanotube material produced by laser ablation of renewable biochar in the presence of Ni and Co catalyst was characterized for residual catalyst (Co and Ni) as well as trace metal impurity content (Fe, Mo, Cr, Pb and Hg) by isotope dilution ICP-MS following sample digestion. Several matrix destruction procedures were evaluated, including a multi-step microwave-assisted acid digestion, dry ashing at 450 C and microwave-induced combustion with oxygen. Results were benchmarked against those derived from neutron activation analysis and also supported by solid sampling continuum source GF-AAS for several of the elements. Although laborious to execute, the multi-step microwave-assisted acid digestion proved to be most reliable for recovery of the majority of the analytes, although content of Cr remained biased low for each approach, likely due to its presence as refractory carbide. yes yes Activation analysis Carbides Carbon nanotubes Catalysts Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry Isotopes Laser ablation Lead Mass spectrometers Mass spectrometry Mercury (metal) Molybdenum Neutron activation analysis Nickel Trace analysis Trace elements ICP-MS Metal content determination Microwave-assisted acid digestion Microwave-induced combustion Ni and co catalysts SWCNT Trace metal impurities Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCN) 2014-10-18 Elsevier 0584-8547 105 1 March 2015 89 94 6 10.1016/j.sab.2014.09.009 Measurement Science and Standards Science des mesures et étalons National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21275746 ce3a46cd-6285-45d6-bb07-a1cff8b7e97a Jia Ding aut NINT INNT Huanlei Wang aut NINT INNT Zhi Li aut NINT INNT Kai Cui aut NINT INNT Dimitre Karpuzov aut Xuehai Tan aut NINT INNT Alireza Kohandehghan aut NINT INNT David Mitlin aut NINT INNT text article eng This is the first report of a hybrid sodium ion capacitor (NIC) with the active materials in both the anode and the cathode being derived entirely from a single precursor: peanut shells, which are a green and highly economical waste globally generated at over 6 million tons per year. The electrodes push the envelope of performance, delivering among the most promising sodiation capacity-rate capability-cycling retention combinations reported in the literature for each materials class. Hence the resultant NIC also offers a state-of-the-art cyclically stable combination of energy and power, not only in respect to previously but also as compared to Li ion capacitors (LICs). The ion adsorption cathode based on Peanut Shell Nanosheet Carbon (PSNC) displays a hierarchically porous architecture, a sheet-like morphology down to 15 nm in thickness, a surface area on par with graphene materials (up to 2396 m2 g-1) and high levels of oxygen doping (up to 13.51 wt%). Scanned from 1.5-4.2 V vs. Na/Na+ PSNC delivers a specific capacity of 161 mA h g-1 at 0.1 A g-1 and 73 mA h g-1 at 25.6 A g-1. A low surface area Peanut Shell Ordered Carbon (PSOC) is employed as an ion intercalation anode. PSOC delivers a total capacity of 315 mA h g-1 with a flat plateau of 181 mA h g-1 occurring below 0.1 V (tested at 0.1 A g-1), and is stable at 10000 cycles (tested at 3.2 A g-1). The assembled NIC operates within a wide temperature range (0-65 °C), yielding at room temperature (by active mass) 201, 76 and 50 W h kg-1 at 285, 8500 and 16500 W kg-1, respectively. At 1.5-3.5 V, the hybrid device achieved 72% capacity retention after 10000 cycles tested at 6.4 A g-1, and 88% after 100000 cycles at 51.2 A g-1. yes yes Capacitors Carbon Cathodes Electrodes Metal ions Oilseeds Shells (structures) Capacity retention Hierarchically porous Ion intercalation Li-ion capacitors Lithium-ion capacitors Single precursors adsorption ion lithium power generation sodium surface area Arachis hypogaea 2014-11-28 Royal Society of Chemistry 1754-5692 8 3 941 955 15 10.1039/c4ee02986k National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) National Institute for Nanotechnology Institut national de nanotechnologie Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21275717 e85c73ef-c75a-40ab-8150-97a7e958de78 Taylor J. Z. Stock aut Tolu Ogundimu aut Jean-Marc Baribeau aut ICT TIC Zheng-Hong Lu aut Jun Nogami aut text article eng Growth and thermal behavior of copper-phthalocyanine (CuPc) and fullerene (C60) organic nanocomposite thin films, grown on SiO2 and Cu(111) surfaces, have been studied using scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). It is found that the growth of pure CuPc organic thin films follows an island-type growth mode. The island formation is found to be dramatically suppressed by the inclusion of C60 during deposition. XRD and STM studies reveal that the CuPc molecular packing is altered upon C60 inclusion, producing disordered CuPc-C60 interfaces. The ordered molecular stacking of CuPc is found to be disrupted completely when C60 concentration reaches 30wt.%. The thermal stability of the CuPc thin film has been significantly improved upon C60 inclusion. It is suggested that the molecular diffusion kinetics rather than thermodynamics are responsible for the improved stability. yes yes 2014-11-12 Wiley 0370-1972 252 3 545 552 8 10.1002/pssb.201451354 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Information and Communication Technologies Technologies de l'information et des communications Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21275702 113b8451-9860-4536-aa03-e0bccddce5e9 Robert Halir aut Przemek J. Bock aut Pavel Cheben aut IMS ISM Alejandro Ortega-Moñux aut Carlos Alonso-Ramos aut Jens Holger Schmid Schmid, Jens H. aut IMS ISM Jean Lapointe aut IMS ISM Dan-Xia Xu aut IMS ISM J. Gonzalo Wangüemert-Pérez aut Íñigo Molina-Fernández aut Siegfried Janz aut IMS ISM text article eng Periodic structures with a sub-wavelength pitch have been known since Hertz conducted his first experiments on the polarization of electromagnetic waves. While the use of these structures in waveguide optics was proposed in the 1990s, it has been with the more recent developments of silicon photonics and high-precision lithography techniques that sub-wavelength structures have found widespread application in the field of photonics. This review first provides an introduction to the physics of sub-wavelength structures. An overview of the applications of sub-wavelength structures is then given including: anti-reflective coatings, polarization rotators, high-efficiency fiber-chip couplers, spectrometers, high-reflectivity mirrors, athermal waveguides, multimode interference couplers, and dispersion engineered, ultra-broadband waveguide couplers among others. Particular attention is paid to providing insight into the design strategies for these devices. The concluding remarks provide an outlook on the future development of sub-wavelength structures and their impact in photonics. yes yes Anti reflective coatings Athermal waveguides Broadband waveguides Dispersion engineering Grating couplers Sub-wavelength structures Waveguide crossings Wavelength demultiplexers 2014-09-30 Wiley 1863-8880 9 1 25 49 25 10.1002/lpor.201400083 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Institute for Microstructural Sciences Institut des sciences des microstructures du CNRC Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21275709 481c4163-f195-42e5-8888-b5834de8102a Imad Ali Zammar aut Iraj Mantegh aut AERO AERO M. Saiful Huq aut Ali Yousefpour aut AERO AERO Mojtaba Ahmadi aut text article eng A novel approach to automate large-scale resistance welding of thermoplastic composite materials, based on real-time temperature control, is presented in this paper. Resistance welding, a kind of fusion bonding, is a widespread alternative process to mechanical fastening and adhesive bonding in joining thermoplastic composites. A second-order linear observer was identified to estimate the online temperature at the weld interface. A fuzzy logic controller (FLC) was designed to control the weld temperature using both process voltage and linear weld speed as the control inputs and using the temperature estimate as the feedback signal. The FLC was implemented in real time with the experimental setup using an industrial robot - KUKA KR 210. The closed-loop controller was capable of successfully controlling the weld temperature within 10% of the desired temperature, resulting in superior weld quality when compared to open-loop results. The results thus affirm the suitability of the control strategy for large-scale automated welding. yes yes Automation Composite materials Controllers Fuzzy control Fuzzy logic Intelligent control Laser beam welding Reinforced plastics Resistance welding Thermoplastics Welding Welds Automated Manufacturing Closed loop controllers Fuzzy logic controllers Intelligent Manufacturing Intelligent thermal controls Thermoplastic composite Thermoplastic composite material Welding automation 2014-11-25 IEEE 1083-4435 20 3 6966767 1069 1078 10 10.1109/TMECH.2014.2366100 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) Aerospace Aérospatiale Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21275696 f41b69e9-1323-4c9e-b1e7-b17733aa0e44 Yonglan Zhang aut Fei Yin aut Jianhui Liu aut Yanwen Wang aut ACRD DCRA text article eng Islet amyloid deposition is increasingly seen as a pathogenic feature of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), with the deposits containing the unique amyloidogenic peptide islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP, also known as amylin). The fibril precursors of IAPP contribute to its cytotoxicity on pancreatic β cells and be important in causing β-cell dysfunction in T2DM. However, the development of effective this study, inhibitors against the toxicity of IAPP has been extremely challenging. We have found that pre-incubation with geniposide dose-dependently prevented human IAPP (hIAPP)-induced cell damage in INS-1E cells, and bacitracin, an inhibitor of IDE activity, prevented significantly the protective effects of geniposide in pancreatic INS-1E cells significantly. Geniposide induced the expression of insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE), a key degrading protein of hIAPP, but had no significant effect on the aggregation of hIAPP. These findings indicate that geniposide prevents hIAPP-induced cytotoxicity in INS-1E cells involving upregulation of IDE expression. yes yes geniposide insulinase animal cell cell damage cell mediated cytotoxicity cell protection concentration response controlled study drug mechanism enzyme activity gene expression regulation nonhuman pancreas islet beta cell protein aggregation rat upregulation 2014-11-10 Wiley 1065-6995 39 4 373 378 6 10.1002/cbin.10394 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) Aquatic and Crop Resource Development Développement des cultures et des ressources aquatiques Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21275701 053f7359-9a1b-4221-b6e1-f052fa155b9c Peter R. Seidl aut Jackeline S. C. Oliveira aut Leonardo M. Da Costa aut Stanislav Stoyanov Stoyanov, Stanislav R. aut NINT INNT text article eng Nonconventional oil is usually heavy and extra heavy crude or light oil that is relatively unstable. This oil contains varying proportions of larger, more aromatic constituents rather than molecules that can be distilled directly into fuels and petrochemicals. We perform density functional theory (ωB97X-D/6-31G(d,p)) calculations to study the contributions of steric effects and dispersion interactions in a series of dimers and trimers of model hydrocarbons containing fused aromatic and cyclohexyl (referred to in the petroleum literature as naphthenic) rings. The aggregation behavior of these molecules is analyzed in terms of the optimized geometry, atomic charges, interaction enthalpy (ΔH), and Gibbs free energy (ΔG298). The ΔH and ΔG298 values show that all the dimerization and trimerization processes are exothermic, and only a few are spontaneous at 298 K. The naphthenic hydrogen atoms have a key role in the orientation of the monomers in dimer and trimer aggregates. The interaction among naphthenic hydrogen atoms belonging to adjacent monomers causes steric repulsion. The interaction of naphthenic hydrogen atoms with the π-electronic clouds of aromatic rings in adjacent molecules causes attraction. In both cases, the naphthenic hydrogen atoms cause deviation of the monomer from the initial parallel displaced configuration in dimers and trimers. These results reflect the importance of naphthenic rings and their steric interactions in determining the relationship between structures of nonconventional petroleum constituents and their tendency to aggregate and cause fouling. yes yes Aggregates Aromatic compounds Aromatic hydrocarbons Aromatization Atoms Computation theory Density functional theory Free energy Gibbs free energy Hydrogen Monomers Oil shale Oligomers Aggregation behavior Aromatic rings Computational studies DFT calculation Dispersion interaction Interaction enthalpies Optimized geometries Steric interactions Dimers 2014-07-20 Wiley 0894-3230 28 3 234 241 8 10.1002/poc.3329 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) National Institute for Nanotechnology Institut national de nanotechnologie Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21275682 c87f6f64-74be-4ca7-8181-33dbe521f384 Michael D. Jones aut Evguenii Vinogradov Vinogradov, Evgeny aut HHT TSH John F. Nomellini aut John Smit aut text article eng Here we describe the analysis of the structure of the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Caulobacter crescentus strain JS1025, a derivative of C. crescentus CB15 NA1000 with an engineered amber mutation in rsaA, leading to the loss of the protein S-layer and gene CCNA-00471 encoding a putative GDP-l-fucose synthase. LPS was isolated using an aqueous membrane disruption method. Polysaccharide and core oligosaccharide were produced by mild acid hydrolysis and analyzed by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and chemical methods. Spectra revealed the presence of two polysaccharides, one of them, a rhamnan, could be removed using periodate oxidation. Another polymer, built from 4-amino-4-deoxy-d-rhamnose (perosamine), mannose, and 3-O-methyl-glucose, should be the O-chain of the LPS according to genetic data. The attribution of the rhamnan as a part of LPS or a separate polymer was not possible. yes yes Chemical analysis Gene encoding Nuclear magnetic resonance Chemical method Core oligosaccharide Extracellular polysaccharides Lipopolysaccharides Mild acid hydrolysis O-polysaccharide structure Periodate oxidation 3 methylglucose 4 amino 4 deoxy d rhamnose guanosine diphosphate fucose guanosine diphosphate fucose synthase lipopolysaccharide mannose O antigen oligosaccharide periodate polysaccharide rhamnose bacterial polysaccharide bacterium lipopolysaccharide perosamine rhamnan carbohydrate analysis Caulobacter crescentus hydrolysis membrane damage oxidation proton nuclear magnetic resonance carbohydrate synthesis Caulobacter vibrioides 2014-10-24 Elsevier 0008-6215 402 111 117 7 10.1016/j.carres.2014.10.003 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Human Health Therapeutics Thérapeutiques en santé humaine Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21275679 ebb93d00-6dce-4910-8908-f36ec82154fd M. Hasanat Zaman aut NRC CNRC Fraser N Winsor Winsor, Fraser aut OCRE GOCF 2014 Oceans - St. John's, OCEANS 2014, 14 September 2014 through 19 September 2014 text article eng A 3D dispersive numerical model has been developed and utilized to study the interacted wave field in the Offshore Engineering Basin (OEB) of National Research Council Canada in the presence of array of structures. The basic physics of the numerical model follows the concept of the depth averaged velocity distribution along with an enhanced dispersion relation. The Alternating Direction Implicit (ADI) algorithm has been employed for the solution of the governing equations. As an application, the model has been used to study the wave propagation in the presence of different combinations of structures where the effects due to the reflection and diffraction are also incorporated. Relevant experiments are carried out in the OEB. Total 10 wave probes are deployed to measure the data at different locations in the Basin. Later the numerical results are compared with the experimental results in the OEB at different probe locations for different wave and structure conditions. The comparisons of the numerical results show great agreement with the experimental results. In this paper the results for regular waves will only be presented and discussed. yes yes Dispersions Numerical models Probes Wave propagation Alternating direction implicit Combinations of structures Depth-averaged velocity distributions Dispersion relations Interaction of waves Offshore engineering basins Structure conditions Dispersion (waves) 2014-09-14 IEEE 978-1-4799-4920-5 9781479949182 7003299 10.1109/OCEANS.2014.7003299 OCRE-PR-2014-016 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) Ocean, Coastal and River Engineering Génie océanique, côtier et fluvial Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21275669 55bf2c2c-3408-47b3-bca6-501079c9781d Kevin W. Bruhn aut Paul Pantapalangkoor aut Travis Nielsen aut Brandon Tan aut Justin Junus aut Kristine M. Hujer aut Meredith S. Wright aut Robert A. Bonomo aut Mark D. Adams aut Wangxue Chen aut HHT TSH Brad Spellberg aut text article eng Acinetobacter baumannii is one of the most antibiotic-resistant pathogens. Defining mechanisms driving pathogenesis is critical to enable new therapeutic approaches. Methods. We studied virulence differences across a diverse panel of A. baumannii clinical isolates during murine bacteremia to elucidate host-microbe interactions that drive outcome. Results. We identified hypervirulent strains that were lethal at low intravenous inocula and achieved very high early, and persistent, blood bacterial densities. Virulent strains were nonlethal at low inocula but lethal at 2.5-fold higher inocula. Finally, relatively avirulent (hypovirulent) strains were nonlethal at 20-fold higher inocula and were efficiently cleared by early time points. In vivo virulence correlated with in vitro resistance to complement and macrophage uptake. Depletion of complement, macrophages, and neutrophils each independently increased bacterial density of the hypovirulent strain but insufficiently to change lethality. However, disruption of all 3 effector mechanisms enabled early bacterial densities similar to hypervirulent strains, rendering infection 100% fatal. Conclusions. The lethality of A. baumannii strains depends on distinct stages. Strains resistant to early innate effectors are able to establish very high early bacterial blood density, and subsequent sustained bacteremia leads to Toll-like receptor 4-mediated hyperinflammation and lethality. These results have important implications for translational efforts to develop therapies that modulate host-microbe interactions. yes yes Acinetobacter baumannii bacteremia bacterial clearance bacterial strain bacterial virulence bacterium identification bacterium isolate cell transport growth rate host pathogen interaction in vitro study in vivo study inoculation molecular dynamics Acinetobacter infection C3H mouse immunology innate immunity macrophage microbiology multidrug resistance neutrophil organismal interaction virulence antiinfective agent virulence factor Anti-Bacterial Agents Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial Mice, Inbred C3H Microbial Interactions 2014-11-05 Oxford University Press 0022-1899 211 8 1296 1305 10 10.1093/infdis/jiu593 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) Human Health Therapeutics Thérapeutiques en santé humaine Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21275670 0d80185e-99e2-4f8f-a22d-89ac8dd31b1c Jonathan Thomas Power Power, Jonathan aut OCRE GOCF António Simões Ré aut NRC CNRC 2014 Oceans - St. John's, OCEANS 2014, 14 September 2014 through 19 September 2014 text article eng Life saving appliances are used throughout Canada and around the world every day by a large number of individuals who work or travel over open water. Personnel rely on these life saving appliances to help provide protection from harsh environments, and reduce the risk of injury or death in the event of a marine accident. Due to their importance in helping to save lives at sea, life saving appliances are built and tested according to specific standards and regulations to ensure that they provide the level of performance required. Unfortunately, life saving appliances do not always perform as expected which can lead to unexpected injuries or loss of life. Given that life saving appliances must meet specific performance goals as prescribed by standards and regulations, it is often these goals that fall short of what is actually needed during a marine accident. A knowledge gap is created when the testing conditions, as outlined in a standard or regulation, do not accurately reflect those conditions found during a marine accident. As a result, a life saving appliance will often meet performance goals that are below those required to prevent an injury or loss of life during an actual marine accident. The Canadian regulation: 'Life Saving Equipment Regulations' C.R.C., c. 1436 was reviewed and possible knowledge gaps with respect to human factors were identified. The goals and requirements for life saving appliances in the regulation were compared against existing work done in the area of marine safety to determine if what was prescribed adequately reflected what could be found during a marine accident. There were many gaps identified in the regulation, commonly caused by prescriptive wording specifying conditions not commonly found during a marine accident. These knowledge gaps will widen as conditions become more severe than what is prescribed in the regulations possibly leading to even further decrease in life saving appliance performance than what is already measured. yes yes Human engineering Harsh environment Knowledge gaps Lifesaving appliances Marine accidents Marine safety regulations Regulatory requirements Testing conditions Accidents 2014 IEEE 9781479949182 7003297 10.1109/OCEANS.2014.7003297 OCRE-PR-2014-017 Ocean, Coastal and River Engineering Génie océanique, côtier et fluvial National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21275664 85539135-06f8-43e1-8f58-52c5543fe9c9 Lawrence M Mak Mak, Lawrence aut OCRE GOCF Michael A (Mike) Sullivan Sullivan, Michael aut OCRE GOCF Andrew Kuczora aut OCRE GOCF James P (Jim) Millan Millan, James aut OCRE GOCF 2014 Oceans - St. John's, OCEANS 2014, 14 September 2014 through 19 September 2014 text article eng A pilot project was launched to monitor vessel performance and to explore ways to reduce fuel consumption. A prototype Vessel Performance Monitoring and Analysis System (VPMAS) was used to collect information over a three week period. The project objective was to collect needed data, conduct preliminary analysis to establish trends, explore key performance indicators (KPI) to establish baseline, and explore data products for performance management. Performance management includes improving vessel performance and supporting efficient operation to reduce fuel consumption. For the pilot project, only a subset of vessel performance data was collected. Current key performance indicators (KPIs) include fuel consumption per trip, fuel consumption per distance travelled, fuel consumption per displacement distance and fuel consumption per payload distance. The dataset will expand in the future and will include the effect of environmental conditions. Preliminary analysis includes comparing the normal route for calm sea states and irregular routes taken probably to avoid heavy sea states; assessing the maneuvers in and out of harbors, computing key performance indicators, assessing the data trends and general statistics, and identifying data products to support performance management. Initial results show that automatic fuel measurement was in good agreement with manual tank sounding. A voyage on an irregular route consumed almost twice the amount of fuel consumed in a normal route. Fuel consumption would be reduced if constant speed is used in open water and if deviations from the desired routes could be minimized, for example, through optimized autopilot. yes yes Benchmarking Ocean currents Environmental conditions General statistics Key performance indicators Performance management Performance monitoring and analysis Preliminary analysis Project objectives Prototype vessels Fuels 2014-09-14 IEEE 9781479949182 7003300 10.1109/OCEANS.2014.7003300 OCRE-PR-2014-015 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Ocean, Coastal and River Engineering Génie océanique, côtier et fluvial Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21275643 e4a4f546-0b8d-45b7-b2a9-0333a4edca48 Borges Daiane Damasceno aut Gebel Gerard aut Franco Alejandro A. aut Malek Kourosh aut EME EME Mossa Stefano aut text article eng 2014-12-08 ACS Publications Morphology of polymer electrolytes membranes (PEM), e.g., Nafion, inside PEM fuel cell catalyst layers has a significant impact on the electrochemical activity and transport phenomena that determine cell performance. In those regions, Nafion can be found as an ultrathin film, coating the catalyst and the catalyst support surfaces. The impact of the hydrophilic/hydrophobic character of these surfaces on the structural formation of the films has not been sufficiently explored yet. Here, we report an extensive molecular dynamics simulation investigation of the substrate effects on the ionomer ultrathin film morphology at different hydration levels. We use a mean-field-like model that we introduced in previous publications for the interaction of the hydrated Nafion ionomer with a substrate, characterized by a tunable degree of hydrophilicity. We show that the affinity of the substrate with water plays a crucial role in the molecular rearrangement of the ionomer film, resulting in completely different morphologies. Detailed structural description in different regions of the film shows evidence of strongly heterogeneous behavior. A qualitative discussion of the implications of our observations on the PEMFC catalyst layer performance is finally proposed. yes yes Catalyst supports Catalysts Electrolytes Fuel cells Hydration Hydrophilicity Ionomers Molecular dynamics Morphology Polymer films Proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) Solid electrolytes Ultrathin films Electrochemical activities Hydrophilic/hydrophobic Molecular dynamics simulations Molecular rearrangement Polymer electrolyte Structural descriptions Structural formation Transport phenomena Polyelectrolytes 1932-7447 119 2 1201 1216 16 10.1021/jp507598h National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) Energy, Mining and Environment Énergie, mines et environnement Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21275647 e36e5c84-a42a-42e5-81c1-3157dd7e199a Xiaoguang Wang aut Xuan Liu aut Stan Matwin aut Nathalie Japkowicz aut Hongyu (Harry) Guo Guo, Hongyu aut ICT TIC 2nd IEEE International Conference on Big Data, IEEE Big Data 2014, October 27-30, 2014, Washington, DC, USA text article eng Multi-instance (MI) learning is different than standard propositional classification, as it uses a set of bags containing many instances as input. While the instances in each bag are not labeled, the bags themselves are, as positive or negative. In this paper, we present a novel multi-view, two-level classification framework to address the generalized multi-instance problems. We first apply supervised and unsupervised learning methods to transform a MI dataset into a multi-view, single meta-instance dataset. Then we develop a multi-view learning approach that can integrate the information acquired by individual view learners on the meta-instance dataset from the previous step, and construct a final model. Our empirical studies show that the proposed method performs well compared to other popular MI learning methods. yes yes Big data Unsupervised learning Classification framework Classification methods Empirical studies Learning methods Multi-instance problems Multi-view learning Multi-views Supervised and unsupervised learning Learning systems 2014-10-27 IEEE 978-1-4799-5665-4 978-1-4799-5666-1 7004363 104 111 8 10.1109/BigData.2014.7004363 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Information and Communication Technologies Technologies de l'information et des communications Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21275640 85e659c5-7de8-4d10-a9fa-56eb8c25f143 Dale P. Bentz aut Ahmad Ardani aut Tim Barrett aut Scott Z. Jones aut Didier Lootens aut Max A. Peltz aut Taijiro (Tai) Sato Sato, Taijiro aut CONST CONST Paul E. Stutzman aut Jussara Tanesi aut W. Jason Weiss aut text article 2017-01 eng Limestone (calcium carbonate, CaCO3) has long been a critical component of concrete, whether as the primary raw material for cement production, a fine powder added to the binder component, or a source of fine and/or coarse aggregate. This paper focuses on the latter two of these examples, providing a multi-scale investigation of the influences of both fine limestone powder and conventional limestone aggregates on concrete performance. Fine limestone powder in the form of calcite provides a favorable surface for the nucleation and growth of calcium silicate hydrate gel at early ages, accelerating and amplifying silicate hydration, and a source of carbonate ions to participate in reactions with the aluminate phases present in the cement (and fly ash). Conversely, the aragonite polymorph of CaCO3 exhibits a different crystal (and surface) structure and therefore neither accelerates nor amplifies silicate hydration at a similar particle size/surface area. However, because these two forms of CaCO3 have similar solubilities in water, the aragonite does contribute to an enhancement in the reactivity of the aluminate phases in the investigated systems, chiefly via carboaluminate formation. In 100% ordinary Portland cement (OPC) concretes, 10% of the OPC by volume can be replaced with an equivalent volume of limestone powder, while maintaining acceptable performance. A comparison between limestone and siliceous aggregates indicates that the former often provide higher measured compressive strengths at equivalent levels of hydration, even when the two aggregate types exhibit similar elastic moduli. This suggests that the interfacial transition zone in the limestone-based concretes exhibits a higher degree of bonding, likely due to the favorable physical (texture) and chemical nature of the limestone surfaces. These observations reinforce the value of utilizing limestone to increase the performance and sustainability of 21st century concrete construction. yes yes Aggregates Calcite Calcium Calcium carbonate Calcium silicate Carbonate minerals Chemical bonds Compressive strength Concrete aggregates Concretes Crystal structure Fly ash Hydrates Hydration Particle size Portland cement Precipitation (chemical) Setting Silicate minerals Acceptable performance Aragonite Calcium silicate hydrate gel Heat release Interfacial transition zone Ordinary Portland cement Volume of limestone powders Limestone 2014-11-26 Elsevier 0950-0618 75 1 10 10 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.10.042 NRC-CONST-56178 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Construction Construction Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21275626 62f7313f-d40b-4bc2-bcf6-826ad2fff3cf Tyler Stephenson aut Mike Hazelton aut Martin Roman Kupsta Kupsta, Martin aut NINT INNT Justin Lepore aut Einar J. Andreassen aut Anne Hoff aut Bruce Newman aut Paul Eaton aut Murray Gray aut David Mitlin aut text article eng Inorganically driven fouling of metal heat-transfer surfaces employed in crude oil refining operations is not well understood. The object of this study is twofold: First, we systematically elucidate the time-dependent mechanism of the interrelated carbonaceous and sulfidic build up that occurs at high temperatures on a metal surface (540 °C metal temperature, 250°C oil bath temperature). Second, we demonstrate that additions of 0.5, 1.3 and 5.7 vol% thiophene (C4H4S) cause a 2×, 10×, and 20× reduction in the fouling factor after a 1400 min exposure. Analytical techniques including TEM, SEM-EDX, FIB, Auger electron spectroscopy and XRD were employed to detail the fouling phenomenology for a heated stainless steel wire immersed in atmospheric bottoms fraction crude oil, exposed for 1-1400 min. A key microstructural observation is the transformation of the wire's as-received near-surface textured austenitic grain structure into a micron scale (e.g. ∼10 μm at 1400 min) highly porous inner-sulfide/chromium oxide bilayer composite. Additionally, we observe significant localized sulfidic attack into the bulk of the metal. During testing, an iron sulfide (pyrrhotite Fe(1 - x )S) corrosion product forms almost instantaneously at the metal surface, followed by coke formation around its periphery at longer times. This temporal sequence, combined with the observation that the thicker regions of the foulant are clearly associated with detached plumes of the sulfide, leads us to argue that the sulfide is essential for promoting organic fouling. This is brought about by the sulfide's action as a potent dehydrogenation catalyst that drives the transformation of pitch to coke. We hypothesize that the tremendous fouling inhibition effect of the thiophene originates from its adsorption onto the sulfide surfaces, thereby blocking the dehydrogenation reactions. yes yes Fouling Refining Steel High temperature Metal surfaces Oil Oil refining Organic Corrosion 2014-09-04 Elsevier 0016-2361 139 411 424 14 10.1016/j.fuel.2014.08.049 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) National Institute for Nanotechnology Institut national de nanotechnologie Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21275627 60604904-0a67-477e-80f5-bdfd12c7b350 Peter Byrnes Byrnes, Peter W. G. aut NSI ISN Jenny Rustmann Atwood Atwood, Jenny aut NSI ISN Marc-Andre Boucher aut Joeleff Tawn Fitzsimmons Fitzsimmons, Joeleff aut NSI ISN Alexis Hill aut NSI ISN Glen Herriot aut NSI ISN Paolo Spanò aut NSI ISN Kei Szeto aut NSI ISN Ivan Wevers aut NSI ISN Adaptive Optics Systems IV, 22 June 2014 through 27 June 2014 text article eng This paper describes the current opto-mechanical design of NFIRAOS (Narrow Field InfraRed Adaptive Optics System) for the Thirty Meter Telescope (TMT). The preliminary design update review for NFIRAOS was successfully held in December 2011, and incremental design progress has since occurred on several fronts. The majority of NFIRAOS is housed within an insulated and cooled enclosure, and operates at -30 C to reduce background emissivity. The cold optomechanics are attached to a space-frame structure, kinematically supported by bipods that penetrate the insulated enclosure. The bipods are attached to an exo-structure at ambient temperature, which also supports up to three client science instruments and a science calibration unit. yes yes Optical telescopes Structural frames Adaptive optics systems Incremental designs NFIRAOS Opto-mechanical design Preliminary design Space frame structure Thirty Meter Telescope TMT Adaptive optics 2014-07-21 SPIE 0277-786X 9780819496164 9148 914837 10.1117/12.2056941 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada National Science Infrastructure Infrastructure scientifique nationale Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21275617 0b6b79ff-994a-4841-a64b-185b4aae0711 Douglas MacKenzie Mackenzie, Douglas A. aut MD DM John Paul Pezacki aut MD DM text article eng Strain-promoted alkyne-nitrone cycloaddition (SPANC) reactions represent a bioorthogonal labeling strategy that is both very rapid and at the same time efficient and selective. Nitrones provide increased reaction rates as well as greater susceptibility toward stereoelectronic modification when compared with organic azides. We find that strain-promoted cycloadditions of cyclic nitrones with bicyclo[6.1.0]nonyne react with second-order rate constants as large as 1.49 L mol-1 s-1 at 25 °C. These reactions display rate constants that are up to 37-fold greater than those of the analogous reactions of benzyl azide with bicyclo[6.1.0]nonyne. We observed that reactions of nitrones with bicyclo[6.1.0]nonyne showed a stronger dependence on substituent effect for the reaction, as evidenced by a larger Hammett Ï value, than that for biaryl-aza-cyclooctanone. We demonstrate the ability to stereoelectronically tune the reactivity of nitrones towards different cyclooctynes in SPANC reactions. This ability to introduce selectivity into different SPANC reactions through substituent provides the opportunity to perform multiple SPANC reactions in one reaction vessel and opens up potential applications in multiplex labeling. yes yes 1 ,3-dipolar cycloadditions Bicyclo[6.1.0]nonyne Click chemistry Cycloadditions Nitrones Strain-promoted alkyne-nitrone cycloaddition (SPANC) Hydrocarbons Rate constants Cycloaddition 2014-04 National Research Council Canada. Research Press 0008-4042 92 4 337 340 4 10.1139/cjc-2013-0577 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Medical Devices Dispositifs médicaux Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21275612 72f591d7-3ff3-4b27-b08c-19168d011277 Yule Xiong aut IMS ISM J.Gonzalo Wangüemert-Pérez aut Dan-Xia Xu aut IMS ISM Jens Holger Schmid Schmid, Jens H. aut IMS ISM Pavel Cheben aut IMS ISM Winnie N. Ye aut text article eng We propose a novel method to implement a compact and fabrication-tolerant polarization splitter and rotator (PSR) on the silicon-on-insulator platform. The PSR consists of a silicon wire waveguide coupled to a subwavelength grating (SWG) waveguide in an asymmetrical directional coupler. The SWG effect allows an additional degree of design freedom to engineer the equivalent material refractive index. This is advantageously used to effectively compensate for fabrication inaccuracies in PSRs. Our simulation results show that the PSR has a low TM-to-TE polarization conversion loss of -0.13 dB (a conversion efficiency of 97%) at the wavelength of 1550 nm, and better than -0.4 dB conversion loss over the entire C-band wavelength range. Compared to the PSRs made of conventional wire waveguides, the use of SWG index engineering improves the waveguide width fabrication tolerance substantially, from ±3 nm to ±40 nm. A compact device size with a coupling length of 25 μm is achieved. yes yes Optical waveguides Polarization Refractive index Silicon Silicon on insulator technology Waveguides Fabrication tolerances Polarization splitters Silicon wire waveguides Silicon-on-insulator platforms Subwavelength grating Waveguide widths Wavelength ranges Wire wave guides 2014-12-12 OSA Publishing 0146-9592 39 24 6931 6934 4 10.1364/OL.39.006931 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Institute for Microstructural Sciences Institut des sciences des microstructures du CNRC Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21275613 09d531c2-747e-4c2e-b0a5-28d2dc8d86d4 Ahmad Sadek Sadek, A. aut AERO AERO Mouhab Meshreki Meshreki, M. aut AERO AERO Mahmoud Helmi (Helmi) Attia Attia, M. H. aut AERO AERO ASME 2014 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition, IMECE 2014, 14 November 2014 through 20 November 2014 text article eng 1Defects associated with drilling of fiber reinforced polymers (FRPs) are of major economic and safety concerns for aerospace manufacturers. Delamination of layers and thermal damage of the matrix are the most critical defects associated with drilling of FRP laminates, which can be avoided by keeping the drilling forces and temperatures below some threshold levels. Vibration-assisted drilling (VAD) is an emerging drilling process that uses intermittent cutting to reduce the drilling forces and temperatures, and achieve easier chip removal compared to conventional drilling. In this paper an extensive experimental study has been conducted to provide insight into the effect of the tool kinematics corresponding to the VAD parameters (speed, feed, frequency and amplitude) on the geometry of the formed chip determined by the intersection of the trajectories of the cutting edges as well as on the drilling forces and temperature. The combinations of the VAD parameters used in this study were selected from ranges of speeds 6,000 rpm to 12,000 rpm, feeds 0.05 mm/rev to 0.15 mm/rev, frequencies 30 Hz and 60 Hz, and amplitudes 40 μm to 400 μm. The Amplitude and feed were found to have the most dominant effect on the VAD forces, while the feed and speed had the dominant effect on the VAD temperatures. The thermal performance of the VAD process was found to be enhanced by the formation of vortices in the air gap created by the separation between the tool and the machined surface, which is mainly controlled by the feed and the rotational speed of the tool. yes yes Fiber reinforced plastics Kinematics Laminates Conventional drilling Critical defects Fiber reinforced polymers High-amplitude vibrations Intermittent cutting Thermal Performance Threshold levels Vibration assisted drilling Drilling 2014-11-14 American Society of Mechanical Engineers 9780791846438 2A 10.1115/IMECE2014-39370 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) Aerospace Aérospatiale Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21275614 18c3e8ec-ad48-421a-a5cd-2a654883541b Tobias Karakach Karakach, Tobias K. aut MSS SME Patrick McGinn McGinn, Patrick J. aut ACRD DCRA Jerome Chi-Loong Choi Choi, Jerome aut EME EME Scott Patrick MacQuarrie MacQuarrie, Scott P. aut ACRD DCRA Boris Tartakovsky aut EME EME text article eng Dual excitation wavelength fluorometry was used for real-time monitoring and diagnosis of the growth of the microalgae Scenedesmus AMDD in a 300-L continuous photobioreactor (PBR). Emission spectra were acquired at 1-min intervals using excitation lights at 365 and 540 nm. Real-time dry weight estimations were achieved using linear regression with the chlorophyll peak, while protein estimations required a more complex Principal Component Regression model, which takes advantage of the full emission spectrum. The resulting regression coefficients were 0.95 and 0.80, respectively. Furthermore, the spectra were analyzed using multivariate curve resolution technique. The proposed approach for fluorescence-based, real-time measurements of key algae cultivation parameters and culture state diagnosis was successfully demonstrated in a 42-day PBR validation test. yes yes article in press 2014-12-23 Springer International Publishing 0921-8971 10.1007/s10811-014-0494-0 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) Measurement Science and Standards Science des mesures et étalons Aquatic and Crop Resource Development Développement des cultures et des ressources aquatiques Energy, Mining and Environment Énergie, mines et environnement Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21275615 ab8d3d55-c320-4463-833c-0e066413f9c3 Yanfeng Zhang aut IAR IRA Shuzhen Hu aut IAR IRA Ali H Mahallati Mahallati, Ali aut AERO AERO Xuefeng (George) Zhang Zhang, Xue-Feng aut AERO AERO Edward Vlasic aut ASME Turbo Expo 2014: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition, GT 2014, 16 June 2014 through 20 June 2014 text article eng The present work, a continuation of a series of investigations on the aerodynamics of aggressive inter-turbine ducts (ITD), is aimed at providing detailed understanding of the flow physics and loss mechanisms in four different ITD geometries. A systematic experimental and computational study was carried out for varying duct mean rise angles and outlet-toinlet area ratio while keeping the duct length-to-inlet height ratio, Reynolds number and inlet swirl constant in all four geometries. The flow structures within the ITDs were found to be dominated by the counter-rotating vortices and boundary layer separation in both the casing and hub regions. The duct mean rise angle determined the severity of adverse pressure gradient in the casing's first bend whereas the duct area ratio mainly governed the second bend's static pressure rise. The combination of upstream wake flow and the first bend's adverse pressure gradient caused the boundary layer to separate and intensify the strength of counter-rotating vortices. At high mean rise angle, the separation became stronger at the casing's first bend and moved farther upstream. At high area ratios, a 2-D separation appeared on the casing. Pressure loss penalties increased significantly with increasing duct mean rise angle and area ratio. yes yes Aerodynamics Boundary layer flow Pressure gradient Reynolds number Turbines Vortex flow Adverse pressure gradient Boundary-layer separation Computational studies Counter-rotating vortices Pressure loss Static pressure Upstream wake Ducts 2014-06-14 American Society of Mechanical Engineers 9780791845608 2A 10.1115/GT2014-27207 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Institute for Aerospace Research Institut de recherche aérospatiale du CNRC Aerospace Aérospatiale Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21275616 7665e5dd-44e8-41bd-b8bb-1f64dc3b0d69 Maryam Dini aut Pierre J. Carreau aut Musa R. Kamal aut Minh-Tan Ton-That aut NRC CNRC Babak Esmaeili aut text article eng Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET)/Cloisite 30B (C30B) nanocomposites of different organoclay concentrations were prepared using a water-assisted extrusion process. The reduction of the molecular weight (Mw) of the PET matrix, caused by hydrolysis during water-assisted extrusion, was compensated by subsequent solid-state polymerization (SSP). Viscometry, titration, rheological, and dynamic scanning calorimetry measurements were used to analyze the samples from SSP. The weight-average molecular weight (Mw) of PET increased significantly through SSP. PET nanocomposites exhibited solid-like rheological behavior, and the complex viscosity at high frequencies was scaled with the Mw of PET. The Maron-Pierce model was used to evaluate the Mw of PET in the nanocomposites before and after SSP. It was found that the extent and the rate of the SSP reaction in nanocomposites were lower than those for the neat PETs, due to the barrier effect of clay platelets. Consequently, the SSP rate of PET increased with decreasing particle size for the neat PET and PET nanocomposites. The effect of the Mw of PET on the crystallization temperature, crystallinity, and the half-time, t1/2, of nonisothermal crystallization was also investigated. With increasing Mw of PET, t1/2 increased, whereas Tc and Xc decreased. yes yes article in press 2014-01-22 Wiley 0032-3888 10.1002/pen.23853 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21275618 90660fde-de3c-4cfa-9224-14fc9410e93b Sharon O’Brien aut Michel Simard aut ICT TIC text article eng yes yes 2014-11-21 Springer International Publishing 0922-6567 28 3-Apr 159 164 6 10.1007/s10590-014-9166-8 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Information and Communication Technologies Technologies de l'information et des communications Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21275597 fa3cbab6-35b2-43bf-8234-c22e97258f5c An Thien (An) Ngo Ngo, An T. aut MSS SME Zygmunt J Jakubek Jakubek, Zygmunt J. aut MSS SME Zhengfang C Lu Lu, Zhengfang aut MSS SME Béla Joós aut Catherine E. Morris aut Linda Johnston Johnston, Linda J. aut MSS SME text article eng Incorporating ethanol in lipid membranes leads to changes in bilayer structure, including the formation of an interdigitated phase. We have used polarized total-internal-reflection fluorescence microscopy (pTIRFM) to measure the order parameter for Texas Red DHPE incorporated in the ethanol-induced interdigitated phase (LβI) formed from ternary lipid mixtures comprising dioleoylphosphatidylcholine, cholesterol and egg sphingomyelin or dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine. These lipid mixtures have 3 co-existing phases in the presence of ethanol: liquid-ordered, liquid-disordered and LβI. pTIRFM using Texas Red DHPE shows a reversal in fluorescence contrast between the LβI phase and the surrounding disordered phase with changes in the polarization angle. The contrast reversal is due to changes in the orientation of the dye, and provides a rapid method to identify the LβI phase. The measured order parameters for the LβI phase are consistent with a highly ordered membrane environment, similar to a gel phase. An acyl-chain labeled BODIPY-FL-PC was also tested for pTIRFM studies of ethanol-treated bilayers; however, this probe is less useful since the order parameters of the interdigitated phase are consistent with orientations that are close to random, either due to local membrane disorder or to a mixture of extended and looping conformations in which the fluorophore is localized in the polar headgroup region of the bilayer. In summary, we demonstrate that order parameter measurements via pTIRFM using Texas Red-DHPE can rapidly identify the interdigitated phase in supported bilayers. We anticipate that this technique will aid further research in the effects of alcohols and other additives on membranes. yes yes article in press 2014-07-26 Elsevier 0005-2736 1838 11 2861 2869 9 10.1016/j.bbamem.2014.07.020 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) Measurement Science and Standards Science des mesures et étalons Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21275598 1e474d87-6268-4484-a9c3-de07b6466336 Bikas Chandra Das Das, Bikas C. aut NINT INNT Bryan Seung Chi Szeto Szeto, Bryan aut NINT INNT David James James, David D. aut NINT INNT Yiliang Wu aut Richard Louis McCreery McCreery, Richard L. aut NINT INNT text article eng The dynamics of redox gated organic memory devices based on dynamic doping of polythiophene were examined in detail in order to improve "write" and "erase" speed and determine ultimate performance. A 3-terminal geometry similar to a field effect transistor provided a source/gate circuit which reversibly oxidized a polythiophene polymer to cause a large increase in conductance between the source and drain electrodes. The devices were cycled for >1000 complete R/W/R/E cycles, and operated at relatively low voltage compared to commercial "flash" memory. The "write" and "erase" speeds were improved by a factor of >100 by using a spin-coated electrolyte layer and by small increases in device temperature. The influence of charging current and polaron propagation on response time were determined to be minor, with the rate limiting process being identified as the rate of conducting polaron generation. The main factor determining the W/E time was themobility of ions in the polyethylene oxide electrolyte layer, which resulted in resistance losses during the application of the S-G "write" pulse. Response time was strongly dependent on the atmosphere, with water or acetonitrile vapor significantly increasing the rate of polaron generation. The results are important for design of molecular memory devices based on dynamic doping, and indicate likely avenues for further performance improvements. yes yes Carrier transport Electrolytes Field effect transistors Polarons Polyethylene oxides Charging current Device temperature Electrolyte layers Molecular memory devices Organic memory devices Oxide electrolytes Rate-limiting process Source and drain electrodes Flash memory 2014-09-10 The Electrochemical Society 0013-4651 161 12 H831 H838 10.1149/2.0831412jes National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) National Institute for Nanotechnology Institut national de nanotechnologie Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21275588 d39aff29-dd9e-4e2b-a5c1-2a3c9f9e76ea Brian R McAuliffe McAuliffe, Brian R. aut AERO AERO Leanna Belluz aut Marc Belzile aut text article eng Terrestrial winds play an important role in affecting the aerodynamics of road vehicles. Of increasing importance is the effect of the unsteady turbulence structure of these winds and their influence on the process of optimizing aerodynamic performance to reduce fuel consumption. In an effort to predict better the aerodynamic performance of heavy-duty vehicles and various drag reduction technologies, a study was undertaken to measure the turbulent wind characteristics experienced by heavy-duty vehicles on the road.To measure the winds experienced on the road, a sport utility vehicle (SUV) was outfitted with an array of four fast-response pressure probes that could be arranged in vertical or horizontal rake configurations that provided measurements up to 4.0 m from the ground and spanning a width of 2.4 m. To characterize the influence of the proximity of the vehicle on the pressure signals of the probes, the SUV and its measurements system was calibrated in a large wind tunnel. On-road measurements of the turbulence intensities, turbulence length scales, wind spectra, and spatial correlations were performed. Eight days of testing over a two month period in late 2012 were conducted over roads in Eastern Ontario and Western Quebec, Canada. Dates and test routes were selected to provide a variety of conditions. The time-series of on-road turbulence data were segmented and classified based on differences in the terrain roughness, traffic density, and wind strength experienced during the measurements.Of the three classification categories, traffic density provided the greatest influence on the measured turbulence characteristics by modifying the strength of the high-frequency/small-scale turbulence structures in the wind. Conversely, the strength of the terrestrial winds provided a strong influence on the low-frequency/large-scale turbulence. In the near-ground region of the current study (0.5 to 4.0 m), which represents the vertical extent of typical heavy duty vehicles on the road, the turbulence length scales showed a much greater sensitivity to vertical distance than did the turbulence intensity, resulting from damping of the large-scale/low-frequency wind fluctuations near the ground.Based on the frequency of the various conditions experienced on the road, a target set of wind conditions, (intensities, length scales, spectra, correlation lengths) are recommended that differ from previously-published recommendations. yes yes Aerodynamic configurations Aerodynamic drag Aerodynamics Roads and streets Transportation Vehicles Wind Wind tunnels Aero-dynamic performance Reduction technologies Spatial correlations Sport utility vehicles Turbulence characteristics Turbulence intensity Turbulence structures Unsteady turbulences Turbulence 2014-09-30 SAE International 1946-391X 7 2 10.4271/2014-01-2451 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Aerospace Aérospatiale Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21275589 829bd2a5-e8a3-455b-a60d-623654cd76e5 Bob Desnoo aut Xiao Huang aut Weiguo Ma aut EME EME Yeong Yoo aut EME EME ASME 2014 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition, IMECE 2014, 14 November 2014 through 20 November 2014 text article eng Biomass as a sustainable and renewable energy source is starting to gain momentum, especially as more economical energy extraction methods prevail. Supercritical water biomass gasification (SCWBG) is one of the more promising methods to extract energy from biomass in a gaseous form due to its lower temperature and simpler setup. In this work, two biomass samples (considered livestock feed) and two biomass waste samples are gasified in supercritical water (SCW). To compare the gasification of the real biomass samples (beat skin and straw) to previous works on model biomass compounds, two temperature states (hence different water densities) were used during gasification. An increase in temperature and decrease in water density was found to have similar effects on real biomass compared to that of model compounds. As temperature increases and water density decreases, combustible gas yields tend to increase due to changes in reaction pathways and reaction rates. In this work an analytical comparison is also made between the four different types of biomass in terms of which produce the most combustible gases and of which will generate the most energy. As a result of this analysis beet skins produce the most methane and corn silage yields the most hydrogen. It is the two bio-waste products, however, that generated the largest higher heating values (HHV). yes yes Anaerobic digestion Density of gases Gasification Methane Renewable energy resources Biomass Gasification Energy from biomass Higher heating value Renewable energy source Supercritical water Biomass 2014-11-14 American Society of Mechanical Engineers 6A 10.1115/IMECE2014-36140 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Energy, Mining and Environment Énergie, mines et environnement Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21275591 37875975-7d58-41a6-9224-8f17c379d105 Dema Najem aut HHT TSH Michelle Bamji-Mirza aut HHT TSH Nina Chang aut Qing Yan Liu aut HHT TSH Wandong Zhang aut HHT TSH text article eng Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia. Pathologically, it is characterized by degeneration of neurons and synapses, the deposition of extracellular plaques consisting of aggregated amyloid-â (Aâ) peptides, and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles made up of hyperphosphorylated tau protein. Recently, the spotlights have been centered on two characteristics of AD, neuroinflammation and insulin resistance. Because both of these pathways play roles in synaptic dysfunction and neurodegeneration, they become potential targets for therapeutic intervention that could impede the progression of the disease. Here, we present an overview of the traditional amyloid hypothesis, as well as emerging data on both inflammatory and impaired insulin signaling pathways in AD. It becomes evident that more than one concurrent treatment can be synergistic and various combinations should be discussed as a potential therapeutic strategy to correct the anomalies in AD. Insulin resistance, Aâ/tau pathologies, neuroinflammation, and dysregulation of central nervous system homeostasis are intertwined processes that together create the complex pathology of AD and should be considered as a whole picture. yes yes amyloid insulin tau protein amyloid precursor protein age Alzheimer disease autophosphorylation central nervous system degenerative disease drug targeting insulin resistance nerve degeneration nervous system inflammation neurofibrillary tangle neurotoxicity risk factor inflammation metabolism signal transduction Inflammation 2014-08 de Gruyter 0334-1763 25 4 509 525 17 10.1515/revneuro-2013-0050 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) Human Health Therapeutics Thérapeutiques en santé humaine Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21275594 23e8fc3d-827e-4d6c-92ff-af42e8e9b868 J. A. Davidson aut Z. -Y. Li aut C. L. H. Hull aut R. L. Plambeck aut W. Kwon aut R. M. Crutcher aut L. W. Looney aut G. Novak aut N. L. Chapman aut Brenda Matthews Matthews, B. C. aut NSI ISN I. W. Stephens aut J. J. Tobin aut T. J. Jones aut text article eng For the Class 0 protostar L1527 we compare 131 polarization vectors from SCUPOL/JCMT, SHARP/CSO, and TADPOL/CARMA observations with the corresponding model polarization vectors of four ideal-MHD, nonturbulent, cloud core collapse models. These four models differ by their initial magnetic fields before collapse; two initially have aligned fields (strong and weak) and two initially have orthogonal fields (strong and weak) with respect to the rotation axis of the L1527 core. Only the initial weak orthogonal field model produces the observed circumstellar disk within L1527. This is a characteristic of nearly all ideal-MHD, nonturbulent, core collapse models. In this paper we test whether this weak orthogonal model also has the best agreement between its magnetic field structure and that inferred from the polarimetry observations of L1527. We found that this is not the case; based on the polarimetry observations, the most favored model of the four is the weak aligned model. However, this model does not produce a circumstellar disk, so our result implies that a nonturbulent, ideal-MHD global collapse model probably does not represent the core collapse that has occurred in L1527. Our study also illustrates the importance of using polarization vectors covering a large area of a cloud core to determine the initial magnetic field orientation before collapse; the inner core magnetic field structure can be highly altered by a collapse, and so measurements from this region alone can give unreliable estimates of the initial field configuration before collapse. yes yes 2014-11-26 IOP Publishing 0004-637X 797 2 74 10.1088/0004-637X/797/2/74 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada National Science Infrastructure Infrastructure scientifique nationale Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21275595 f2708e7c-9091-418c-94ba-625b22cc5023 Tobias Huber aut Ana Predojević aut Milad Khoshnegar aut Dan Dalacu aut ICT TIC Philip J Poole Poole, Philip J. aut ICT TIC Hamed Majedi aut Gregor Weihs aut text article eng In this Letter, we present entanglement generated from a novel structure: a single InAsP quantum dot embedded in an InP nanowire. These structures can grow in a site-controlled way and exhibit high collection efficiency; we detect 0.5 million biexciton counts per second coupled into a single mode fiber with a standard commercial avalanche photo diode. If we correct for the known setup losses and detector efficiency, we get an extraction efficiency of 15(3) %. For the measured polarization entanglement, we observe a fidelity of 0.76(2) to a reference maximally entangled state as well as a concurrence of 0.57(6). yes yes Avalanche diodes Light Nanowires Polarization Quantum optics Semiconductor quantum dots Single mode fibers Biexcitons Detector efficiency Extraction efficiencies High collection efficiency Maximally entangled state Novel structures Polarization entanglement Polarization-entangled photons Quantum entanglement 2014-11-14 ACS Publications 1530-6984 14 12 7107 7114 8 10.1021/nl503581d National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Information and Communication Technologies Technologies de l'information et des communications Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21275596 58c9a609-e3bb-4e35-adad-38b91b86d82d Krzysztof (Kris) Caputa Caputa, Kris aut NSI ISN Jenny Rustmann Atwood Atwood, Jenny aut NSI ISN Glen Herriot aut NSI ISN Jean-Pierre Véran Veran, Jean-Pierre aut NSI ISN Paolo Spanò aut NSI ISN Adam Zielinski aut Adaptive Optics Systems IV, 22 June 2014 through 27 June 2014 text article eng High order AO subsystems of the ELT require technological advancements in the Deformable Mirror (DM) construction and corresponding improvements in the drive electronics. Advanced prototyping is currently under way at NSI-Herzberg to reduce risks of deploying untried technology in the TMT AO subsystem NFIRAOS. We have developed a 96-channel output module and constructed a sub-scale DM Electronics prototype NDME384 with 384 output channels based on 4 such modules. French DM vendor Cilas has fabricated the NFIRAOS DM Breadoboard with 360 piezoelectric actuators in a 60×6 matrix, to demonstrate the DM technology to be deployed in NFIRAOS wavefront correctors. We present the results of testing our NDME384 prototype while driving the NFIRAOS DM Breadoboard. yes yes Actuators Amplifiers (electronic) Deformation Mirrors Piezoelectric actuators Piezoelectricity Vision aids Voltage regulators Deformable mirrors Drive electronics ELT High voltage amplifier NFIRAOS Output channels Technological advancement Wavefront corrector Adaptive optics 2014-08-22 SPIE 0277-786X 9780819496164 9148 914844 10.1117/12.2056580 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada National Science Infrastructure Infrastructure scientifique nationale Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21275600 eb3de871-534a-4f98-9dc4-37ff3fa45534 Shin’ichiro Asayama aut Lewis B Knee Knee, Lewis B. G. aut NSI ISN Paolo G. Calisse aut Juan P. Colque aut Cristian M. Lopez aut Theodoros Nakos aut Neil M. Phillips aut Kurt H. Plarre aut Matias C. Radiszcz aut Giorgio Siringo aut Nicholas D. Whyborn aut Hiroshi Yatagai aut Ground-Based and Airborne Telescopes V, 22 June 2014 through 27 June 2014 text article eng The Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) Band 10 receiver covering 787 to 950 GHz is the highest frequency receiver of the ten bands envisioned for the ALMA Front End system. The Band 10 receivers have been undergoing installation and commissioning since 2012. After the Band 10 receiver tuning scripts (Josephson currents suppression, LO power optimization) and operation procedures had been developed and implemented, astronomical verification procedures (radio pointing, focus, beam squint, and end-to-end spectroscopic verification) were established in single dish mode at the ALMA Operations Support Facility (OSF; 2900 m elevation). Subsequently, the first Band 10 astronomical fringes were achieved at the Array Operations Site in October 2013 (AOS; 5000 m elevation). This is the highest frequency ever achieved by a radio interferometer and opens up a new window into submillimeter astrophysics. yes yes Astrophysics Interferometers Interferometry Atacama Large Millimeter/sub-millimeter Array (ALMA) Frequency receivers Power Optimization Radio interferometers SIS mixers Submillimeter astrophysics Submillimeters Airborne telescopes 2014-07-22 SPIE 0277-786X 9780819496133 9145 91454I 10.1117/12.2054966 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada National Science Infrastructure Infrastructure scientifique nationale Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21275590 83bc908e-3820-4498-b657-114c66d6f03f Jean-Pierre Véran aut NSI ISN Corinne Boyer aut Brent L. Ellerbroek aut Luc Gilles aut Glen Herriot aut NSI ISN Daniel (Dan) Kerley Kerley, Daniel A. aut NSI ISN Zoran Ljusic aut NSI ISN Eric A. McVeigh aut Robert Prior aut Malcolm Smith aut NSI ISN Lianqi Wang aut Adaptive Optics Systems IV, 22 June 2014 through 27 June 2014 text article eng With two large deformable mirrors with a total of more than 7000 actuators that need to be driven from the measurements of six 60x60 LGS WFSs (total 1.23Mpixels) at 800Hz with a latency of less than one frame, NFIRAOS presents an interesting real-time computing challenge. This paper reports on a recent trade study to evaluate which current technology could meet this challenge, with the plan to select a baseline architecture by the beginning of NFIRAOS construction in 2014. We have evaluated a number of architectures, ranging from very specialized layouts with custom boards to more generic architectures made from commercial off-the-shelf units (CPUs with or without accelerator boards). For each architecture, we have found the most suitable algorithm, mapped it onto the hardware and evaluated the performance through benchmarking whenever possible. We have evaluated a large number of criteria, including cost, power consumption, reliability and flexibility, and proceeded with scoring each architecture based on these criteria. We have found that, with today's technology, the NFIRAOS requirements are well within reach of off-the-shelf commercial hardware running a parallel implementation of the straightforward matrix-vector multiply (MVM) algorithm for wave-front reconstruction. Even accelerators such as GPUs and Xeon Phis are no longer necessary. Indeed, we have found that the entire NFIRAOS RTC can be handled by seven 2U high-end PC-servers using 10GbE connectivity. Accelerators are only required for the off-line process of updating the matrix control matrix every ∼10s, as observing conditions change. yes yes Benchmarking Computer hardware Matrix algebra Program processors Real time control Wavefronts Base-line architecture Commercial off the shelves Generic architecture Large deformable mirrors Matrix vector multiply Parallel implementations Real time computing Wave front reconstruction Adaptive optics 2014-07-21 SPIE 0277-786X 9780819496164 9148 91482F 10.1117/12.2057323 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada National Science Infrastructure Infrastructure scientifique nationale Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21275608 8e5df2d5-8106-40f4-8433-8b8b003cb1c6 C. Boyer aut Sean Adkins aut David Andersen Andersen, David R. aut NSI ISN Jenny Rustmann Atwood Atwood, Jenny aut NSI ISN Yong Bo aut Peter Byrnes aut NSI ISN Krzysztof (Kris) Caputa Caputa, Kris aut NSI ISN Jeff Cavaco aut Brent Ellerbroek aut Luc Gilles aut James Gregory aut Glen Herriot aut NSI ISN Paul Hickson aut Zoran Ljusic aut NSI ISN Darren Manter aut Christian Marois aut NSI ISN Angel Otárola aut Hubert Pagès aut Matthias Schoeck aut Jean-Christophe Sinquin aut Malcolm Smith aut NSI ISN Paolo Spanò Spano, Paolo aut NSI ISN Kei Szeto aut NSI ISN Jinlong Tang aut Tony Travouillon aut Jean-Pierre Véran aut NSI ISN Lianqi Wang aut Kai Wei aut Adaptive Optics Systems IV, 22 June 2014 through 27 June 2014 text article eng The TMT first light Adaptive Optics (AO) facility consists of the Narrow Field Infra-Red AO System (NFIRAOS) and the associated Laser Guide Star Facility (LGSF). NFIRAOS is a 60 × 60 laser guide star (LGS) multi-conjugate AO (MCAO) system, which provides uniform, diffraction-limited performance in the J, H, and K bands over 17-30 arc sec diameter fields with 50 per cent sky coverage at the galactic pole, as required to support the TMT science cases. NFIRAOS includes two deformable mirrors, six laser guide star wavefront sensors, and three low-order, infrared, natural guide star wavefront sensors within each client instrument. The first light LGSF system includes six sodium lasers required to generate the NFIRAOS laser guide stars. In this paper, we will provide an update on the progress in designing, modeling and validating the TMT first light AO systems and their components over the last two years. This will include pre-final design and prototyping activities for NFIRAOS, preliminary design and prototyping activities for the LGSF, design and prototyping for the deformable mirrors, fabrication and tests for the visible detectors, benchmarking and comparison of different algorithms and processing architecture for the Real Time Controller (RTC) and development and tests of prototype candidate lasers. Comprehensive and detailed AO modeling is continuing to support the design and development of the first light AO facility. Main modeling topics studied during the last two years include further studies in the area of wavefront error budget, sky coverage, high precision astrometry for the galactic center and other observations, high contrast imaging with NFIRAOS and its first light instruments, Point Spread Function (PSF) reconstruction for LGS MCAO, LGS photon return and sophisticated low order mode temporal filtering. yes yes Astronomy Deformation Laser mirrors Light Mirrors Optical testing Optical transfer function Stars Wavefronts Design and Development Diffraction limited Extremely Large Telescopes High contrast imaging Point spread function reconstruction Processing architectures Real time controllers Wave front sensors Adaptive optics 2014-07-21 SPIE 0277-786X 9780819496164 9148 91480X 10.1117/12.2056863 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada National Science Infrastructure Infrastructure scientifique nationale Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21275601 671f796f-d081-44f3-a833-337cb02a3fdd Marshall D. Perrin aut Jerome Maire aut Patrick Ingraham aut Dmitry Savransky aut Max Millar-Blanchaer aut Schuyler G. Wolff aut Jean-Baptiste Ruffio aut Jason J. Wang aut Zachary H. Draper aut Naru Sadakuni aut Christian Marois aut NSI ISN Abhijith Rajan aut Michael P. Fitzgerald aut Bruce MacIntosh aut James R. Graham aut René. Doyon aut James E. Larkin aut Jeffrey K. Chilcote aut Stephen J. Goodsell aut David W. Palmer aut Kathleen Labrie aut Mathilde Beaulieu aut Robert J. De Rosa aut Alexandra Z. Greenbaum aut Markus Hartung aut Pascale Hibon aut Quinn Konopacky aut David Lafreniere aut Jean-Francois Lavigne aut Franck Marchis aut Jenny Patience aut Laurent Pueyo aut Fredrik T. Rantakyrö aut Rémi Soummer aut Anand Sivaramakrishnan aut Sandrine Thomas aut Kimberly Ward-Duong aut Sloane Wiktorowicz aut Ground-Based and Airborne Instrumentation for Astronomy V, 22 June 2014 through 26 June 2014 text article eng The Gemini Planet Imager (GPI) has as its science instrument an infrared integral field spectrograph/polarimeter (IFS). Integral field spectrographs are scientificially powerful but require sophisticated data reduction systems. For GPI to achieve its scientific goals of exoplanet and disk characterization, IFS data must be reconstructed into high quality astrometrically and photometrically accurate datacubes in both spectral and polarization modes, via flexible software that is usable by the broad Gemini community. The data reduction pipeline developed by the GPI instrument team to meet these needs is now publicly available following GPI's commissioning. This paper, the first of a series, provides a broad overview of GPI data reduction, summarizes key steps, and presents the overall software framework and implementation. Subsequent papers describe in more detail the algorithms necessary for calibrating GPI data. The GPI data reduction pipeline is open source, available from planetimager.org, and will continue to be enhanced throughout the life of the instrument. It implements an extensive suite of task primitives that can be assembled into reduction recipes to produce calibrated datasets ready for scientific analysis. Angular, spectral, and polarimetric differential imaging are supported. Graphical tools automate the production and editing of recipes, an integrated calibration database manages reference files, and an interactive data viewer customized for high contrast imaging allows for exploration and manipulation of data. yes yes Astronomy Calibration Data handling Extrasolar planets Open source software Pipelines Polarimeters Spectrographs Exo-planets High contrast imaging Integral field spectrograph Integral Field Spectroscopy Polarization modes Reduction systems Scientific analysis Data reduction 2014-07-08 SPIE 0277-786X 9780819496157 9147 91473J 10.1117/12.2055246 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada National Science Infrastructure Infrastructure scientifique nationale Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21275602 6e015f7c-f6c6-4954-ab43-4551027be3f6 Pouya Pourbeik Pourbeik, P. aut CONST CONST James J (Jim) Beaudoin Beaudoin, J. J. aut CONST CONST R. Alizadeh aut Laila Raki Raki, L. aut CONST CONST text article eng The effect of prolonged hydration of Portland cement paste on engineering behavior was investigated using dynamic mechanical thermo-analysis (DMTA) methods. Specimens ranged in age from 3 days to 45 years. Compacts of hydrated cement powders and normally hydrated paste specimens were tested. Age dependent nanostructural characteristics of C–S–H were shown to influence the mechanical response of cement paste. Evidence was provided to support the use of compacts as structural models for hydrated cement paste. Details of ageing effects on the DMTA parameters (storage modulus and internal friction) as a function of temperature and porosity are reported. yes yes article in press Dynamics Hydration Porosity Portland cement Powders Ageing effects Cement paste Dynamic mechanical Hydrated cement pastes Mechanical response Nanostructural characteristics Portland cement paste Structural models Dynamic mechanical analysis 2014-12-27 Springer International Publishing 1359-5997 10.1617/s11527-014-0500-7 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) Construction Construction Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21275606 00dd834a-969b-47d3-8df3-b93d0aac44f3 S. Muromachi aut K. A. Udachin aut NRC CNRC K. Shin aut Shahrukh Alavi Alavi, S. aut AERO AERO I. L. Moudrakovski aut R. Ohmura aut John A Ripmeester Ripmeester, J. A. aut SDT TSR text article eng We report a new lattice structure of the ionic clathrate hydrate of tetra-n-butylammonium bromide induced by guest CO<inf>2</inf> molecules, which is found to provide high CO<inf>2</inf> storage capacity. The structure was characterized by a set of methods, including single crystal X-ray diffraction, NMR, and MD simulations. yes yes carbon ionic clathrate hydrate tetrabutylammonium unclassified drug chemical structure crystal structure encapsulation molecular docking nuclear magnetic resonance proton nuclear magnetic resonance X ray diffraction 2014-05-29 Royal Society of Chemistry 1359-7345 50 78 11476 11479 4 10.1039/c4cc02111h National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Aerospace Aérospatiale Security and Disruptive Technologies Technologies de sécurité et de rupture Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21275603 2b7c2ef9-531e-418a-bfbc-9e9c66fd353f Cosmin Munteanu aut ICT TIC Gerald Penn aut 32nd Annual ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI EA 2014, 26 April 2014 through 1 May 2014, Toronto, ON text article eng HCI research has for long been dedicated to better and more naturally facilitating information transfer between humans and machines. Unfortunately, humans' most natural form of communication, speech, is also one of the most difficult modalities to be understood by machines - despite, and perhaps, because it is the highest-bandwidth communication channel we possess. While significant research efforts, from engineering, to linguistic, and to cognitive sciences, have been spent on improving machines' ability to understand speech, the CHI community has been relatively timid in embracing this modality as a central focus of research. This can be attributed in part to the relatively discouraging levels of accuracy in understanding speech, in contrast with often-unfounded claims of success from industry, but also to the intrinsic difficulty of designing and especially evaluating speech and natural language interfaces. As such, the development of interactive speech-based systems is mostly driven by engineering efforts to improve such systems with respect to largely arbitrary performance metrics, often void of any user-centered design principles or consideration for usability or usefulness. The goal of this course is to inform the CHI community of the current state of speech and natural language research, to dispel some of the myths surrounding speech-based interaction, as well as to provide an opportunity for researchers and practitioners to learn more about how speech recognition and speech synthesis work, what are their limitations, and how they could be used to enhance current interaction paradigms. Through this, we hope that HCI researchers and practitioners will learn how to combine recent advances in speech processing with user-centred principles in designing more usable and useful speech-based interactive systems. yes yes Engineering research Human computer interaction Human engineering Natural language processing systems Speech processing Speech recognition Speech synthesis Telecommunication systems User interfaces Automatic speech recognition Current interactions Information transfers NAtural language processing Natural user interfaces Speech and natural language interface Speech interaction User centered designs Speech communication 2014 Association for Computing Machinery 9781450324748 1035 1036 2 10.1145/2702613.2706679 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Information and Communication Technologies Technologies de l'information et des communications Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21275604 eb3c39fa-996a-441e-b8a6-bf414a9d20d4 Brahm J. Yachnin aut Michelle B. McEvoy aut Roderick J. D. Maccuish aut Krista Morley Morley, Krista L. aut ACRD DCRA Peter C. K. Lau aut Albert M. Berghuis aut text article eng The Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenases (BVMOs) are microbial enzymes that catalyze the synthetically useful Baeyer-Villiger oxidation reaction. The available BVMO crystal structures all lack a substrate or product bound in a position that would determine the substrate specificity and stereospecificity of the enzyme. Here, we report two crystal structures of cyclohexanone monooxygenase (CHMO) with its product, ε-caprolactone, bound: the CHMOTight and CHMOLoose structures. The CHMOTight structure represents the enzyme state in which substrate acceptance and stereospecificity is determined, providing a foundation for engineering BVMOs with altered substrate spectra and/or stereospecificity. The CHMOLoose structure is the first structure where the product is solvent accessible. This structure represents the enzyme state upon binding and release of the substrate and product. In addition, the role of the invariant Arg329 in chaperoning the substrate/product during the catalytic cycle is highlighted. Overall, these data provide a structural framework for the engineering of BVMOs with altered substrate spectra and/or stereospecificity. yes yes cyclohexanone enzyme lactone microbial enzyme polycaprolactone unspecific monooxygenase binding site catalysis conformational transition crystal structure enzyme structure oxidation protein conformation protein cross linking stereochemistry stereospecificity 2014-09-29 ACS Publishing 1554-8929 9 12 2843 2851 9 10.1021/cb500442e NRC-ACRD-56113 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Aquatic and Crop Resource Development Développement des cultures et des ressources aquatiques Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21275605 1e2b203d-281c-480e-8f7c-309ea82bfa26 Yule Xiong aut IMS ISM Dan-Xia Xu aut IMS ISM Jens Holger Schmid Schmid, Jens H. aut IMS ISM Pavel Cheben aut IMS ISM Siegfried Janz aut IMS ISM Winnie N. Ye aut 11th International Conference on Group IV Photonics, GFP 2014, 27 August 2014 through 29 August 2014 text article eng We propose an original two-mode (TE0/TE1) division multiplexer using a taper-etched directional coupler. The multiplexer has a low insertion loss of -0.1 dB within C-band with a minimum loss of -0.05 dB, a modal crosstalk below -40 dB and a robust fabrication tolerance (>100 nm). yes yes 2014-08-27 IEEE 1949-2081 9781479922833 6962017 39 40 2 10.1109/Group4.2014.6962017 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) NRC Institute for Microstructural Sciences Institut des sciences des microstructures du CNRC Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21275607 22febcc5-ec30-4795-a62a-05ec10b74a93 E. Medvedovski aut Jiaren (Jimmy) Jiang Jiang, J. R. aut EME EME Mark Robertson Robertson, M. aut EME EME text article eng Engineering components, e.g. tubing systems for the down-hole applications in the oil and gas industry (in particular, sucker rod pumps, progressing cavity pumps and some other components of the artificial lifting systems), as well as numerous valves and seats, bearings, gears and plungers, require protection against friction and sliding abrasion service conditions. The hard boride based coatings on steels and alloys obtained through the thermal diffusion process have a high potential for these severe application conditions over many other types of coatings as they can be obtained on the entire working surfaces of large size and complex shape products. Intensive tribological studies of the iron boride based coatings on carbon steel obtained at Endurance Technologies Inc. have been conducted using the Cameron-Plint testing unit (reciprocating sliding of the metallic rod under the load over a flat surface of the coated samples). The friction wear loss, friction coefficient and structural changes of the coatings have been studied in dry and lubricating (water-oil) friction conditions, which simulate actual application conditions. It was demonstrated that the obtained boride coatings have the friction loss significantly smaller than untreated steel (e.g. ∼10-30 times in the dry conditions and at least 5 times in the lubricating conditions) with no peeling and flaking-off. The friction coefficients of the boride coatings are steady over the test duration. The influence of the thickness on the boride coatings performance is demonstrated. The encouraging results are explained by the specific coating structure of the hard coating obtained through the thermal diffusion process and the thin 'tribofilm' formed during a friction mode. yes yes Friction Thermal diffusion Coefficient of frictions Iron boride Tribological properties Coatings 2014-10 Maney Publishing 1743-6753 113 7 427 437 11 10.1179/1743676114Y.0000000175 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) Energy, Mining and Environment Énergie, mines et environnement Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21275610 64282dcf-856d-46c3-9054-be00fc5e954c William E. Harris aut Warren Morningstar aut Oleg Y. Gnedin aut Heather O'Halloran aut John P Blakeslee Blakeslee, John P. aut NSI ISN Bradley C. Whitmore aut Patrick J D (Pat) Côté Côté, Patrick aut NSI ISN Douglas Geisler aut Eric W. Peng aut Jeremy Bailin aut Barry Rothberg aut Robert Cockcroft aut Regina Barber DeGraaff aut text article eng We present the first results from our Hubble Space Telescope brightest cluster galaxy (BCG) survey of seven central supergiant cluster galaxies and their globular cluster (GC) systems. We measure a total of 48,000 GCs in all seven galaxies, representing the largest single GC database. We find that a log-normal shape accurately matches the observed the luminosity function (LF) of the GCs down to the globular cluster luminosity function turnover point, which is near our photometric limit. In addition, the LF has a virtually identical shape in all seven galaxies. Our data underscore the similarity in the formation mechanism of massive star clusters in diverse galactic environments. At the highest luminosities (L ≳ 107L⊙), we find small numbers of "superluminous" objects in five of the galaxies; their luminosity and color ranges are at least partly consistent with those of ultra-compact dwarfs. Last, we find preliminary evidence that in the outer halo (R ≳ 20 kpc), the LF turnover point shows a weak dependence on projected distance, scaling as L0 ∼ R-0.2, while the LF dispersion remains nearly constant. yes yes 2014-12-08 IOP Publishing 0004-637X 797 2 128 10.1088/0004-637X/797/2/128 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) National Science Infrastructure Infrastructure scientifique nationale Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21275568 7dfcf0f0-38a0-4d6d-9b5f-bb1bf1d32bde Samira Farsinezhad aut Prashant Waghmare aut Benjamin D. Wiltshire aut Saeid Amiri aut Sushanta K. Mitra aut Karthik Shankar aut NINT INNT ASME 2014 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition, IMECE 2014, 14 November 2014 through 20 November 2014 text article eng A facile electrochemical anodization method was used for producing hierarchically textured surfaces based on TiO2 nanotubes in two different configurations. It was found that perfluoro-functionalized TiO2 nanotubes exhibit high static contact angles for a variety of liquids such as apolar, polar aprotic and polar protic solvents. Wenzel and Cassie-Baxter theories were applied for theoretical contact angle calculations for the present study. By using Cassie theories, it is shown that a drop of polar liquid was in a fakir or Cassie-Baxter (CB) state on perfluoro-functionalized nanotube surfaces. The fakir state prevents spreading of the liquid on the surface. On the other hand, the wetting of non-polar liquids such as hexane is characterized by either Wenzel states or transition states characterized by partial imbibition that lie in between the CB and Wenzel states. yes yes Contact angle Liquids Titanium dioxide Wetting Electro-chemical anodization Functionalized nanotubes Functionalized tio Nonpolar liquids Static contact angle Surface Functionalization Transition state Wetting behavior Nanotubes 2014-10-14 American Society of Mechanical Engineers 9 10.1115/IMECE2014-39395 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) National Institute for Nanotechnology Institut national de nanotechnologie Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21275570 c566f8a1-790f-4485-8fe5-00951345e6c9 Patricia Polowick Polowick, Patricia L. aut ACRD DCRA Natalia N. Loukanina aut Ketan M. Doshi aut text article eng A robust, reproducible method of Agrobacterium-mediated transformation was developed for Lupinus mutabilis Sweet (tarwi), a large-seeded Andean legume. Initially, a regeneration and transformation protocol was developed using a plasmid which contained a bifunctional fusion gene conferring both β-glucuronidase (gus) and neomycin phosphotransferase activities, under the control of a constitutive 35S35SAMV promoter. The tissue explants consisted of longitudinal slices from embryonic axes of imbibed, mature seed. Using a series of tissue culture media for cocultivation, shoot initiation, shoot elongation, and rooting, kanamycin-resistant transgenic plants were recovered from approximately 1% of the explants. This transformation protocol was further used with a construct that contained the human adenosine deaminase (hADA) gene under the control of a legumin seed-specific promoter, also with a kanamycin resistance cassette for chemical selection. Changes made during the course of this study, which included adjustments to the antibiotic concentration during the shoot elongation and rooting phases plus the incorporation of techniques to improve ventilation in the tissue culture system, resulted in major improvements in shoot quality and, most significantly, rooting. The outcome was an increased frequency of transgenic plant recovery (7.4%), with a low (9.6%) rate of plants that escaped selection. The inheritance of the hADA gene was documented and showed the expected Mendelian segregation pattern. The produced hADA protein was a fully functional enzyme and localized only in the seed, as expected. Thus, this legume species is an excellent candidate for a nonfood plant host platform for the production of plant-made proteins. yes yes article in press 2014-03-27 Springer International Publishing 1054-5476 10.1007/s11627-014-9601-9 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Aquatic and Crop Resource Development Développement des cultures et des ressources aquatiques Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21275572 31f2f7f2-fb01-454f-a75a-2613af57f4b9 G. Duchêne aut P. Arriaga aut M. Wyatt aut G. Kennedy aut B. Sibthorpe aut C. Lisse aut W. Holland aut J. Wisniewski aut M. Clampin aut P. Kalas aut C. Pinte aut D. Wilner aut M. Booth aut J. Horner aut Brenda Matthews Matthews, B. aut NSI ISN J. Greaves aut text article eng We present far-infrared and submillimeter images of the η Crv debris disk system obtained with Herschel and SCUBA-2, as well as Hubble Space Telescope visible and near-infrared coronagraphic images. In the 70 μm Herschel image, we clearly separate the thermal emission from the warm and cold belts in the system, find no evidence for a putative dust population located between them, and precisely determine the geometry of the outer belt. We also find marginal evidence for azimuthal asymmetries and a global offset of the outer debris ring relative to the central star. Finally, we place stringent upper limits on the scattered light surface brightness of the outer ring. Using radiative transfer modeling, we find that it is impossible to account for all observed properties of the system under the assumption that both rings contain dust populations with the same properties. While the outer belt is in reasonable agreement with the expectations of steady-state collisional cascade models, albeit with a minimum grain size that is four times larger than the blow-out size, the inner belt appears to contain copious amounts of small dust grains, possibly below the blow-out size. This suggests that the inner belt cannot result from a simple transport of grains from the outer belt and rather supports a more violent phenomenon as its origin. We also find that the emission from the inner belt has not declined over three decades, a much longer timescale than its dynamical timescale, which indicates that the belt is efficiently replenished. yes yes 2014-03-18 IOP Publishing 0004-637X 784 2 148 10.1088/0004-637X/784/2/148 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada National Science Infrastructure Infrastructure scientifique nationale Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21275573 ce577c41-d46a-4623-98a3-30b7422fb71e Heide Ibrahim aut Benji Wales aut Samuel Beaulieu aut Bruno E. Schmidt aut Nicolas Thiré aut Emmanuel P. Fowe aut Éric. Bisson aut Christoph Hebeisen Hebeisen, Christoph T. aut SDT TSR Vincent Wanie aut Mathieu Giguére aut Jean-Claude Kieffer aut Michael (Mike) Spanner Spanner, Michael aut SDT TSR André D Bandrauk aut Joseph Sanderson aut Michael S Schuurman Schuurman, Michael S. aut SDT TSR François Légaré aut text article eng The introduction of femto-chemistry has made it a primary goal to follow the nuclear and electronic evolution of a molecule in time and space as it undergoes a chemical reaction. Using Coulomb Explosion Imaging, we have shot the first high-resolution molecular movie of a to and fro isomerization process in the acetylene cation. So far, this kind of phenomenon could only be observed using vacuum ultraviolet light from a free-electron laser. Here we show that 266 ‰nm ultrashort laser pulses are capable of initiating rich dynamics through multiphoton ionization. With our generally applicable tabletop approach that can be used for other small organic molecules, we have investigated two basic chemical reactions simultaneously: proton migration and C=C bond breaking, triggered by multiphoton ionization. The experimental results are in excellent agreement with the timescales and relaxation pathways predicted by new and quantitative ab initio trajectory simulations. yes yes acetylene cation proton acetylene cation chemical reaction molecular analysis ab initio calculation absorption chemical reaction density functional theory electric field electron imaging ionization isomerization laser molecule photon ultraviolet radiation vacuum 2014-07-18 Macmillan Publishers 2041-1723 5 4422 10.1038/ncomms5422 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Security and Disruptive Technologies Technologies de sécurité et de rupture Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21275575 9933dbdc-6220-4c17-b762-b5892a962e94 Dogan Sinar aut George K. Knopf aut Suwas K (Niky) Nikumb Nikumb, Suwas aut AST ATS 2014 14th IEEE International Conference on Nanotechnology, IEEE-NANO 2014, 18 August 2014 through 21 August 2014 text article eng Non-conductive graphene oxide (GO) particles (70% carbon, 30% oxygen) synthesized directly from inexpensive graphite powders are hydrophilic and can be dispersed homogeneously in water based solutions. In this study, thin film electrode traces are produced from a GO aqueous suspension using a commercially available inkjet printer. Once deposited on the functionalized substrate the printed film is thermally annealed to remove excess water and harden the material. The electrical conductivity of the high resistance (>10Mω) annealed film is increased through the removal of oxygen molecules using a focused 775nm, 120fs pulsed laser. The electrical properties of select target areas on the thermally reduced graphene oxide (rGO) film can be tuned by adjusting the laser power, material feed rate, and the number of passes that the beam makes over the target surface. Experiments demonstrate that the rGO trace can be modified over a wide range of sheet resistance values (1Mω to 2kω) for a ∼1μm thick film. The proposed fabrication method can also be used to create a variety of resistive and semiconductor components on printed thin films, conductive electrodes and micro-circuit traces. yes yes Conductive films Electrodes Graphene Ink jet printers Printing presses Semiconductor lasers Suspensions (fluids) Thick films Thin films Aqueous suspensions Conductive electrodes Electrical conductivity Functionalized substrates Reduced graphene oxides (RGO) Semiconductor components Thin-film electrode Water-based solutions Pulsed lasers 2014-08-18 IEEE 9781479956227 6968086 549 553 5 10.1109/NANO.2014.6968086 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) Automotive and Surface Transportation Automobile et transport de surface Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21275576 c21feb4b-4830-4deb-9f25-9ecfebc9aecd Kunchan Lee aut Nicolas Alonso-Vante aut Jiujun (JJ) Zhang Zhang, Jiujun aut EME EME text chapter eng This chapter covers the process of oxygen-reduction reaction (ORR) for fuel-cell systems of nonprecious electrocatalyst centers explored since the 1960s, showing the progress achieved with regard to their catalytic activity and stability. The catalytic centers investigated so far are transition metal chalcogenides and metal-macrocycles; in particular, the chalcogenides and the macrocycles containing cobalt or iron metals. The chapter also displays the progress made via theoretical studies on non-noble metal chalcogenides made in understanding of the ORR mechanism and factors that affect the ORR activity and stability. yes yes 2014-03-21 Wiley 9783527664900 9783527333240 157 182 26 10.1002/9783527664900.ch4 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) Energy, Mining and Environment Énergie, mines et environnement Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21275577 73c3e956-f320-4a56-885b-65ec6e0d8c54 Michelle Bamji-Mirza aut HHT TSH Wandong Zhang aut HHT TSH Zemin Yao aut text article eng This study aimed to examine whether expression of human hepatic lipase (hHL) exerted an intracellular effect on hepatic production of apolipoprotein (apo) A-I. The levels of secreted and cell-associated apoA-I were contrasted between primary hepatocytes isolated from Lipc-null and C57BL/6 mice, and between Lipc-null hepatocytes transfected with either hHL-encoding or control adenovirus. An HSPG-binding deficient hHL protein (hHLmt) was used to determine the impact of cell surface binding on HL action. Accumulation of apoA-I in conditioned media of primary hepatocytes isolated from Lipc-null mice was increased as compared to that from C57BL/6 mice. Metabolic labeling experiments showed that secretion of 35S-apoA-I from Lipc-null cells was significantly higher than that from C57BL/6 cells. Expression of hHL in Lipc-null hepatocytes, through adenovirus-mediated gene transfer, resulted in decreased synthesis and secretion of 35S-apoA-I, but not 35S-apoE, as compared with cells transfected with control adenovirus. Expression of HSPG-binding deficient hHLmt in Lipc-null cells also exerted an inhibitory effect on apoA-I production, even though hHLmt displayed impaired exit from the endoplasmic reticulum as compared with hHL. Subcellular fractionation revealed that expression of hHL or hHLmt led to increased microsome-association of apoA-I relative to non-transfected control. Expression of hHL negatively impacts hepatic production of apoA-I. yes yes apolipoprotein A1 apolipoprotein E liver triacylglycerol lipase Adenoviridae animal cell cell fractionation cell surface cellular distribution controlled study endoplasmic reticulum female gene transfer genetic transfection HepG2 cell line human cell immunoblotting liver cell microsome mouse null cell protein expression protein secretion secretory pathway 2014-05 National Center for Biotechnology Information 1674-8301 28 3 201 212 12 10.7555/JBR.28.20130184 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) Human Health Therapeutics Thérapeutiques en santé humaine Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21275578 5fefec5e-02ab-497e-b210-5711e1e32667 Eben Sy Dy Dy, Eben aut EME EME Zheng Shi aut EME EME text chapter eng This chapter presents theoretical studies (mainly with first principle methods) of non-noble metal electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in acid and alkaline PEM fuel cells. The focus is on fundamental understanding of effect of structure and properties of these electrocatalysts on oxygen reduction reaction mechanism and electrocatalytic activity. The chapter begins with a brief review of current understanding of oxygen reduction mechanism. The difference between ORR in acidic and alkali media is discussed. Four major types of non-nobel metal electrocatalysts are presented. These include transition metal N-macrocyclic complexes, heat-treated M-Nx/C, functionalized graphitic materials, and conducting polymers. Theoretical investigation of these electrocatalytic systems are presented and discussed; especially, the active site structures and electronic properties of electrocatalysts, adsorption configurations of oxygen and various ORR intermediates on electrocatlysts, energetics of possible reaction pathways, and effect of potentials on activity. These theoretical insights contribute greatly to our knowledge of the electrocatalytic systems and are invaluable for further development in this area. yes yes 2014-03-21 Wiley 9783527664900 9783527333240 205 242 38 10.1002/9783527664900.ch6 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) Energy, Mining and Environment Énergie, mines et environnement Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21275583 4199ae87-4e35-429b-8fc3-c70bb4592605 W. Beres aut AERO AERO Z. Zhang aut AERO AERO D. Dudzinski aut AERO AERO W.R. Chen aut AERO AERO X.J. Wu aut AERO AERO ASME Turbo Expo 2014: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition, GT 2014, 16 June 2014 through 20 June 2014 text article eng The residual life assessment of a turbine spacer from a gas turbine engine is presented. The spacer has been identified as one of the safety critical components of the engine, therefore the useful life of this component significantly affects economic operation of the fleet. Numerical analyses of fatigue crack propagation at one critical location of the spacer were performed using both three dimensional (3D) finite element based method and the weight function method. These results combined with the material data allowed for basic assessment of the damage tolerance of this component. Experimental validation of the spacer life was performed in a spin rig facility. During this validation, two sets of spacers were tested and the number of cycles to appearance of a detectable crack was recorded. Moreover, a fractographic study was conducted on the fracture surfaces of two spin rig tested spacers using scanning electronic microscopy techniques. It was found that crack nucleation occurred at multiple sites and crack propagation occurred by a mixed mode of striation formation and faceted fracture. Therefore it was concluded that the mixed mode interaction should be considered in predicting the fatigue life of the spacer. Finally, the paper describes the challenges and pitfalls encountered during preparation and execution of the analyses and tests, including availability of engine and operational data and also uncertainties in interpretation of the results. Copyright © 2014 by Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes Crack propagation Cracks Damage detection Engines Fatigue crack propagation Fatigue of materials Finite element method Fracture Numerical methods Uncertainty analysis Economic operations Experimental validations Mixed-mode interactions Safety critical components Scanning electronic microscopy Striation formation Threedimensional (3-d) Weight function method Gas turbines 2014 9780791845769 7A 10.1115/GT2014-26423 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) Aerospace (AERO-AERO) Aérospatiale (AERO-AERO) Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21275584 38b9ef08-59dd-4068-871c-4ea333eb663e Mohamed Aly aut Karim Hamza aut Mohammed Tauhiduzzaman aut Mouhab Meshreki aut AERO AERO Ashraf O. Nassef aut Stephen Veldhuis aut Mahmoud Helmi (Helmi) Attia Attia, Helmi aut AERO AERO ASME 2014 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference, IDETC/CIE 2014, 17 August 2014 through 20 August 2014 text article eng Optimum selection of cutting conditions in high-speed and ultra-precision machining processes often poses a challenging task due to several reasons; such as the need for costly experimental setup and the limitation on the number of experiments that can be performed before tool degradation starts becoming a source of noise in the readings. Moreover, oftentimes there are several objectives to consider, some of which may be conflicting, while others may be somewhat correlated. Pareto-optimality analysis is needed for conflicting objectives; however the existence of several objectives (highdimension Pareto space) makes the generation and interpretation of Pareto solutions difficult. The approach adopted in this paper is a modified multi-objective efficient global optimization (m-EGO). In m-EGO, sample data points from experiments are used to construct Kriging meta-models, which act as predictors for the performance objectives. Evolutionary multi-objective optimization is then conducted to spread a population of new candidate experiments towards the zones of search space that are predicted by the Kriging models to have favorable performance, as well as zones that are underexplored. New experiments are then used to update the Kriging models, and the process is repeated until termination criteria are met. Handling a large number of objectives is improved via a special selection operator based on principle component analysis (PCA) within the evolutionary optimization. PCA is used to automatically detect correlations among objectives and perform the selection within a reduced space in order to achieve a better distribution of experimental sample points on the Pareto frontier. Case studies show favorable results in ultraprecision diamond turning of Aluminum alloy as well as highspeed drilling of woven composites. yes yes Aluminum alloys Diamond drilling Global optimization Interpolation Machining centers Optimization Pareto principle Principal component analysis Diamond turning Efficient global optimization High speed machining Kriging Principle component analysis Multiobjective optimization 2014-08-17 American Society of Mechanical Engineers 9780791846315 2A 10.1115/DETC2014-34624 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Aerospace Aérospatiale Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21275585 0400e48b-3821-4a7a-ad3a-e67fc4ce142d Stephen Mihailov Mihailov, S. J. aut SDT TSR Dan Grobnic Grobnic, D. aut SDT TSR Robert Bruce Walker Walker, R. B. aut SDT TSR Ping Lu Lu, P. aut SDT TSR Huimin Ding Ding, H. aut SDT TSR Photonics North 2014, 28 May 2014 through 30 May 2014 text article eng Fiber Bragg grating sensors have been developed beyond a laboratory curiosity to become a mainstream sensing technology because of their small size, passive nature, immunity to electromagnetic interference, and capability to simultaneously measure multiple physical parameters such as temperature, strain and pressure. Recently, high temperature stable gratings based on regeneration techniques and femtosecond infrared laser processing have shown promise for use in extreme environments such as high temperature, pressure or ionizing radiation. Such gratings are ideally suited for energy production applications where there is a requirement for advanced energy system instrumentation and controls that are operable in harsh environments. This presentation will give a review of some of the more recent developments of femtosecond laser induced fiber Bragg gratings. yes yes Bragg gratings Electromagnetic pulse Fiber optic sensors Ionizing radiation Optical sensors Ultrashort pulses Advanced energy systems Energy productions Extreme environment Fiber Bragg Grating Sensors Instrumentation and control Nonlinear optical process Physical parameters Sensing technology Fiber Bragg gratings 2014-09-24 SPIE 0277-786X 9781628413632 9288 92880T 10.1117/12.2074594 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) Security and Disruptive Technologies Technologies de sécurité et de rupture Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21275586 22c9a53c-a921-4ee5-9241-be4b968d5282 Hugh Thompson aut Douglas G. MacMartin aut Peter Byrnes Byrnes, Peter W. G aut NSI ISN Daigo Tomono aut Hiroshi Terada aut Ground-Based and Airborne Telescopes V, 22 June 2014 through 27 June 2014 text article eng We describe measurements of both the vibration forces imparted by various types of observatory equipment, and the transmission of these forces through the soil, foundations and telescope pier. These are key uncertainties both in understanding how to mitigate vibration at existing observatories and for developing a vibration budget in the design of future observatories such as the Thirty Meter Telescope. Typical vibration surveys have measured only the resulting motion (acceleration); however, this depends on both the source and the system being excited (for example, isolating equipment results in less force being transmitted, but greater motion of the equipment itself). Instead, here we (a) apply a known force input to the pier from a shaker and measure the response at different locations, and (b) use isolator properties combined with measured acceleration to infer the forces applied by various equipment directly. The soil foundation and pier transmission can then be combined with a finite element model based vibration transmission analysis to estimate the optical consequences. Estimates of plausible source levels supports the development of a vibration budget for TMT that allocates allowable forces to the sources of vibration; this is described in a companion paper. yes yes Airborne telescopes Equipment Finite element method Observatories Optical telescopes Extremely Large Telescopes Soil foundation Thirty Meter Telescope TMT Vibration Vibration forces Vibration transmission Vibration analysis 2014-07-22 SPIE 0277-786X 9780819496133 9145 91454G 10.1117/12.2057206 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada National Science Infrastructure Infrastructure scientifique nationale Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21275587 f87b24fc-7361-44ed-9d35-a998b8fa8fc0 JérômeJ. Maire aut Patrick J. Ingraham aut Robert J. De Rosa aut Marshall D. Perrin aut Abhijith Rajan aut Dmitry Savransky aut Jason J. Wang aut Jean-Baptiste Ruffio aut Schuyler G. Wolff aut Jeffrey K. Chilcote aut René Doyon aut James R. Graham aut Alexandra Z. Greenbaum aut Quinn M. Konopacky aut James E. Larkin aut Bruce A. MacIntosh aut Christian Marois aut NSI ISN Max Millar-Blanchaer aut Jennifer Patience aut Laurent A. Pueyo aut Anand Sivaramakrishnan aut Sandrine J. Thomas aut Jason L. Weiss aut Ground-Based and Airborne Instrumentation for Astronomy V, 22 June 2014 through 26 June 2014 text article eng The Gemini Planet Imager (GPI) is a new facility instrument for the Gemini Observatory designed to provide direct detection and characterization of planets and debris disks around stars in the solar neighborhood. In addition to its extreme adaptive optics and coronagraphic systems which give access to high angular resolution and high-contrast imaging capabilities, GPI contains an integral field spectrograph providing low resolution spectroscopy across five bands between 0.95 and 2.5 μm. This paper describes the sequence of processing steps required for the spectro-photometric calibration of GPI science data, and the necessary calibration files. Based on calibration observations of the white dwarf HD 8049 B we estimate that the systematic error in spectra extracted from GPI observations is less than 5%. The flux ratio of the occulted star and fiducial satellite spots within coronagraphic GPI observations, required to estimate the magnitude difference between a target and any resolved companions, was measured in the H-band to be μm = 9.23 ± 0.06 in laboratory measurements and μm = 9.39 ± 0.11 using on-sky observations. Laboratory measurements for the Y, J, K1 and K2 filters are also presented. The total throughput of GPI, Gemini South and the atmosphere of the Earth was also measured in each photometric passband, with a typical throughput in H-band of 18% in the non-coronagraphic mode, with some variation observed over the six-month period for which observations were available. We also report ongoing development and improvement of the data cube extraction algorithm. yes yes Adaptive optics Astronomy Calibration Earth atmosphere Photometry Spectrographs Spectrophotometry Stars Exo-planets High angular resolutions High contrast imaging IFS Integral field spectrograph Laboratory measurements Low resolution spectroscopies Spectroscopic calibrations White dwarfs 2014-07-28 SPIE 0277-786X 9780819496157 9147 914785 10.1117/12.2056732 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada National Science Infrastructure Infrastructure scientifique nationale Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21275569 bcb010fc-01fc-4b3f-85f2-4ec3f502ab1d James E. Larkin aut Jeffrey K. Chilcote aut Theodore Aliado aut Brian J. Bauman aut George Brims aut John M. Canfield aut Andrew Cardwell aut Daren Dillon aut René Doyon aut Jennifer Dunn aut NSI ISN Michael P. Fitzgerald aut James R. Graham aut Stephen Goodsell aut Markus Hartung aut Pascale Hibon aut Patrick Ingraham aut Christopher A. Johnson aut Evan Kress aut Quinn M. Konopacky aut Bruce A. MacIntosh aut Kenneth G. Magnone aut Jerome Maire aut Ian S. McLean aut David Palmer aut Marshall D. Perrin aut Carlos Quiroz aut Fredrik Rantakyrö aut Naru Sadakuni aut Leslie K (Les) Saddlemyer Saddlemyer, Leslie aut NSI ISN Andrew Serio aut Simon Thibault aut Sandrine J. Thomas aut Philippe Vallee aut Jason L. Weiss aut Ground-Based and Airborne Instrumentation for Astronomy V, 22 June 2014 through 26 June 2014 text article eng The Gemini Planet Imager (GPI) is a complex optical system designed to directly detect the self-emission of young planets within two arcseconds of their host stars. After suppressing the starlight with an advanced AO system and apodized coronagraph, the dominant residual contamination in the focal plane are speckles from the atmosphere and optical surfaces. Since speckles are diffractive in nature their positions in the field are strongly wavelength dependent, while an actual companion planet will remain at fixed separation. By comparing multiple images at different wavelengths taken simultaneously, we can freeze the speckle pattern and extract the planet light adding an order of magnitude of contrast. To achieve a bandpass of 20%, sufficient to perform speckle suppression, and to observe the entire two arcsecond field of view at diffraction limited sampling, we designed and built an integral field spectrograph with extremely low wavefront error and almost no chromatic aberration. The spectrograph is fully cryogenic and operates in the wavelength range 1 to 2.4 microns with five selectable filters. A prism is used to produce a spectral resolution of 45 in the primary detection band and maintain high throughput. Based on the OSIRIS spectrograph at Keck, we selected to use a lenslet-based spectrograph to achieve an rms wavefront error of approximately 25 nm. Over 36,000 spectra are taken simultaneously and reassembled into image cubes that have roughly 192x192 spatial elements and contain between 11 and 20 spectral channels. The primary dispersion prism can be replaced with a Wollaston prism for dual polarization measurements. The spectrograph also has a pupil-viewing mode for alignment and calibration. yes yes Aberrations Adaptive optics Astronomy Optical systems Prisms Speckle Spectrographs Wavefronts Chromatic aberration Complex optical systems Diffraction limited Dual-polarizations Integral field spectrograph RMS wavefront error Speckle suppression Wavelength ranges Extrasolar planets 2014-07-08 SPIE 0277-786X 9780819496157 9147 91471K 10.1117/12.2056504 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada National Science Infrastructure Infrastructure scientifique nationale Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21275581 32cf7973-31de-4873-86b6-9d02e4b29955 Tyson McWha aut AST ATS text article eng Transport Canada, through its ecoTECHNOLOGY for Vehicles program, retained the services of the National Research Council Canada to undertake a test program to examine the operational and human factors considerations concerning the removal of the side mirrors on a Class 8 tractor equipped with a 53 foot dry van semi-trailer. Full scale aerodynamic testing was performed in a 2 m by 3 m wind tunnel on a system component basis to quantify the possible fuel savings associated with the removal of the side mirrors. The mirrors on a Volvo VN780 tractor were removed and replaced with a prototype camera-based indirect vision system consisting of four cameras mounted in the front fender location; two cameras on either side of the vehicle. Four monitors mounted in the vehicle - two mounted on the right A-pillar and two mounted on the left A-pillar - provided indirect vision information to the vehicle operator. Four commercial drivers were asked to perform a series of tests simulating typical driving scenarios on a closed course test track. The tests included an object identification test, a blind spot comparison test, a coupling and uncoupling test, a quasi-static lane change test, a dynamic lane change test and an evasive manoeuvres test. The tests were performed both with the mirrors and with the camera-based indirect vision system. The results of the study provide an analysis of driver performance while using the mirrors in comparison to driver performance while using the camera-based indirect vision system. Driver acceptance of the camera-based indirect vision system was also analyzed through the use of questionnaires. yes yes Aerodynamics Automobile testing Cameras Computer vision Fuel economy Mirrors Software testing Surveys Tractors (truck) Truck transportation Wind tunnels Aerodynamic testing Commercial drivers Driver acceptance Driver performance Heavy duty vehicles Object identification Vehicle operators Optical testing 2014-09-30 SAE International 1946-391X 7 2 10.4271/2014-01-2381 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Automotive and Surface Transportation Automobile et transport de surface Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21275546 62563c4c-332a-4016-ae59-0bc1efdf112d Brenda Matthews aut NSI ISN Grant Kennedy aut Bruce Sibthorpe aut Mark Booth aut NSI ISN Mark Wyatt aut Hannah Broekhoven-Fiene aut NSI ISN Bruce Macintosh aut Christian Marois aut NSI ISN text article eng We present Herschel far-infrared and submillimeter maps of the debris disk associated with the HR 8799 planetary system. We resolve the outer disk emission at 70, 100, 160, and 250 μm and detect the disk at 350 and 500 μm. A smooth model explains the observed disk emission well. We observe no obvious clumps or asymmetries associated with the trapping of planetesimals that is a potential consequence of planetary migration in the system. We estimate that the disk eccentricity must be <0.1. As in previous work by Su et al., we find a disk with three components: a warm inner component and two outer components, a planetesimal belt extending from 100 to 310 AU, with some flexibility (±10 AU) on the inner edge, and the external halo that extends to ∼2000 AU. We measure the disk inclination to be 26° ± 3° from face-on at a position angle of 64° E of N, establishing that the disk is coplanar with the star and planets. The spectral energy distribution of the disk is well fit by blackbody grains whose semi-major axes lie within the planetesimal belt, suggesting an absence of small grains. The wavelength at which the spectrum steepens from blackbody, 47 ± 30 μm, however, is short compared with other A star debris disks, suggesting that there are atypically small grains likely populating the halo. The PACS longer wavelength data yield a lower disk color temperature than do MIPS data (24 and 70 μm), implying two distinct halo dust-grain populations. yes yes 2014-01-04 IOP Publishing 0004-637X 780 1 97 10.1088/0004-637X/780/1/97 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada National Science Infrastructure Infrastructure scientifique nationale Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21275547 601244d5-4af0-4603-b4c3-30f0e294239a Yinan Zhang Zhang, Yi-Nan aut IAR IRA Xinjin Cao aut AERO AERO Priti Wanjara aut AERO AERO Mamoun Medraj aut text article eng A 5 kW continuous wave fiber laser welding system was used to deposit INCONEL® alloy 718 (IN718) on service-exposed IN718 parent metal (PM) substrates using filler wire addition. The microstructure of the deposits was characterized in the fully heat treated condition. The service-exposed IN718 PM and the direct laser deposited (DLD) specimens were then evaluated through room temperature tensile testing. The yield and tensile strengths were well above the minimum values, as defined in the aerospace specifications AMS 5596K and 5663M. However, the ductility at room temperature of the DLD and DLD-PM samples was slightly lower than that specified in AMS 5596K and 5663M. The tensile fracture surfaces of the service-exposed IN718 PM, DLD, and DLD-PM specimens were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the tensile failure mechanisms are discussed in detail, particularly for the important roles of the secondary particles (MC carbides) and intermetallics (platelet Ni3Nb-δ and Laves phases). yes yes Carbides Fiber lasers Fillers Fracture Intermetallics Laser beam welding Scanning electron microscopy Tensile testing Wire Continuous Wave Heat treated condition Secondary particles Tensile failures Tensile fracture surfaces Yield and tensile strength Tensile strength 2014-09-14 Cambridge University Press 0884-2914 29 17 2006 2020 15 10.1557/jmr.2014.199 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) NRC Institute for Aerospace Research Institut de recherche aérospatiale du CNRC Aerospace Aérospatiale Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21275548 763fd55c-fae9-47e0-8d21-d87297f82070 A. Raichoor aut S. Mei aut T. Erben aut H. Hildebrandt aut M. Huertas-Company aut O. Ilbert aut R. Licitra aut Nicholas Martin (Nick) Ball Ball, N. M. aut NSI ISN S. Boissier aut A. Boselli aut Y. -T. Chen aut Patrick J D (Pat) Côté Côté, P. aut NSI ISN J. -C. Cuillandre aut P. A. Duc aut P. R. Durrell aut Laura Ferrarese Ferrarese, L. aut NSI ISN P. Guhathakurta aut Stephen Gwyn Gwyn, S. D. J. aut NSI ISN JJ Kavelaars Kavelaars, J. J. aut NSI ISN A. Lanc¸on aut C. Liu aut Lauren MacArthur MacArthur, L. A. aut NSI ISN M. Muller aut R. P. Muñoz aut E. W. Peng aut T. H. Puzia aut M. Sawicki aut E. Toloba aut L. Van Waerbeke aut D. Woods aut H. Zhang aut text article eng The Next Generation Virgo Cluster Survey (NGVS) is an optical imaging survey covering 104 deg2 centered on the Virgo cluster. Currently, the complete survey area has been observed in the u∗ giz bands and one third in the r band. We present the photometric redshift estimation for the NGVS background sources. After a dedicated data reduction, we perform accurate photometry, with special attention to precise color measurements through pointspread function homogenization. We then estimate the photometric redshifts with the Le Phare and BPZ codes. We add a new prior that extends to iAB = 12.5 mag. When using the u∗griz bands, our photometric redshifts for 15.5mag ≤ i ≲ 23 mag or zphot ≲ 1 galaxies have a bias |Äz| < 0.02, less than 5% outliers, a scatter óoutl.rej., and an individual error on zphot that increases with magnitude (from 0.02 to 0.05 and from 0.03 to 0.10, respectively).When using the u∗giz bands over the same magnitude and redshift range, the lack of the r band increases the uncertainties in the 0.3 ≲ zphot ≲ 0.8 range (-0.05 < Äz < -0.02, óoutl.rej ∼ 0.06, 10%-15% outliers, and zphot.err. ∼ 0.15). We also present a joint analysis of the photometric redshift accuracy as a function of redshift and magnitude. We assess the quality of our photometric redshifts by comparison to spectroscopic samples and by verifying that the angular auto- and cross-correlation function w(θ) of the entire NGVS photometric redshift sample across redshift bins is in agreement with the expectations. yes yes 2014-12-05 IOP Publishing 0004-637X 797 2 102 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) National Science Infrastructure Infrastructure scientifique nationale Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21275549 bf63dc42-e284-41d2-be33-23397e341c71 Christopher O. Miles aut Jeremy Melanson Melanson, Jeremy E. aut MSS SME Andreas Ballot aut text article eng Microcystins are cyclic heptapeptides produced by a range of cyanobacteria. More than 150 microcystin analogues have been reported from cultures, algal blooms, or other contaminated samples. Relatively few analytical standards are available, making identification and quantitation of these toxins a challenge, even with LC-MS technology. We developed a two-step oxidative procedure that allows LC-MS identification of microcystins containing methionine and methionine sulfoxide, and reveals the oxidation state of the methionyl sulfur atom. The procedure was used in parallel with mercaptoethanol derivatization and LC-MS2 analysis to demonstrate the presence of [Asp3]MC-MR (12) and MC-MR (17) in a culture of Dolichospermum flos-aquae, together with low levels of [Asp3]MC-M(O)R (5) and MC-M(O)R (7), as well as 20 other microcystins. Fresh culture contained only traces of sulfoxides 5 and 7, but these increased during storage or sample extraction and preparation. This suggests that microcystins containing methionine sulfoxide are primarily postextraction oxidation artifacts, rather than being produced by biosynthesis in cyanobacteria. A simple, rapid extraction under inert gas followed promptly by LC-MS analysis minimized oxidation artifacts for D. flos-aquae. yes yes Amino acids Extraction Inert gases Lc-ms analysis Oxidation state Rapid extraction Sample extraction Sulfide oxidation mercaptoethanol methionine methionine sulfoxide microcystin oxidation oxide peptide sulfide algal bloom Anabaena bacterium culture derivatization Dolichospermum flos aquae high performance liquid chromatography liquid chromatography mass spectrometry signal noise ratio tandem mass spectrometry ultra performance liquid chromatography algae Cyanobacteria Flos 2014-10-21 ACS Publications 0013-936X 48 22 13307 13315 9 10.1021/es5029102 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) Measurement Science and Standards Science des mesures et étalons Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21275551 d0b1e963-6897-4d93-83c5-8b0808c6c840 M. H. D. Van der Wie aut D. A. Naylor aut I. Kamp aut F. Ménard aut W. -F. Thi aut P. Woitke aut G. Olofsson aut K. M. Pontoppidan aut James Di Francesco Di Francesco, J. aut NSI ISN A. M. Glauser aut J. S. Greaves aut R. J. Ivison aut text article eng Molecular gas constitutes the dominant mass component of protoplanetary discs. To date, these sources have not been studied comprehensively at the longest far-infrared and shortest submillimetre wavelengths. This paper presents Herschel SPIRE FTS spectroscopic observations towards 18 protoplanetary discs, covering the entire 450-1540 GHz (666-195 μm) range at ν/≈ν ≈ 400-1300. The spectra reveal clear detections of the dust continuum and, in six targets, a significant amount of spectral line emission primarily attributable to 12CO rotational lines. Other targets exhibit little to no detectable spectral lines. Low signal-to-noise detections also include signatures from 13CO, [C I] and HCN. For completeness, we present upper limits of non-detected lines in all targets, including low-energy transitions of H2O and CH+ molecules. The 10 12CO lines that fall within the SPIRE FTS bands trace energy levels of 50-500 K. Combined with lower and higher energy lines from the literature, we compare the CO rotational line energy distribution with detailed physical-chemical models, for sources where these are available and published. Our 13CO line detections in the disc around Herbig Be star HD 100546 exceed, by factors of 10-30, the values predicted by a model that matches a wealth of other observational constraints, including the SPIRE 12CO ladder. To explain the observed 12CO/13CO ratio, it may be necessary to consider the combined effects of optical depth and isotope selective (photo)chemical processes. Considering the full sample of 18 objects, we find that the strongest line emission is observed in discs around Herbig Ae/Be stars, although not all show line emission. In addition, two of the six T Tauri objects exhibit detectable 12CO lines in the SPIRE range. yes yes 2014-09-18 Oxford University Press 0035-8711 444 4 3911 3925 15 10.1093/mnras/stu1462 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada National Science Infrastructure Infrastructure scientifique nationale Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21275552 ca4c9226-a38b-44e5-a842-022a3c8fa0e6 Chantel Lori Benson Benson, Chantel L. aut ACRD DCRA Michal Kepka aut Christian Wunschel aut Nandhakishore (Kishore) Rajagopalan Rajagopalan, Nandhakishore aut ACRD DCRA Kenneth (Ken) Nelson Nelson, Ken M. aut ACRD DCRA Alexander Christmann aut Suzanne R. Abrams aut Erwin Grill aut Michele Loewen Loewen, Michele C. aut ACRD DCRA text article eng 2014-04-09 Elsevier Abscisic acid (ABA) is a phytohormone known to mediate numerous plant developmental processes and responses to environmental stress. In Arabidopsis thaliana, ABA acts, through a genetically redundant family of ABA receptors entitled Regulatory Component of ABA Receptor (RCAR)/Pyrabactin Resistant 1 (PYR1)/Pyrabactin Resistant-Like (PYL) receptors comprised of thirteen homologues acting in concert with a seven-member set of phosphatases. The individual contributions of A. thaliana RCARs and their binding partners with respect to specific physiological functions are as yet poorly understood. Towards developing efficacious plant growth regulators selective for specific ABA functions and tools for elucidating ABA perception, a panel of ABA analogs altered specifically on positions around the ABA ring was assembled. These analogs have been used to probe thirteen RCARs and four type 2C protein phosphatases (PP2Cs) and were also screened against representative physiological assays in the model plant Arabidopsis. The 1′-O methyl ether of (S)-ABA was identified as selective in that, at physiologically relevant levels, it regulates stomatal aperture and improves drought tolerance, but does not inhibit germination or root growth. Analogs with the 7′- and 8′-methyl groups of the ABA ring replaced with bulkier groups generally retained the activity and stereoselectivity of (S)- and (R)-ABA, while alteration of the 9′-methyl group afforded an analog that substituted for ABA in inhibiting germination but neither root growth nor stomatal closure. Further in vitro testing indicated differences in binding of analogs to individual RCARs, as well as differences in the enzyme activity resulting from specific PP2Cs bound to RCAR-analog complexes. Ultimately, these findings highlight the potential of a broader chemical genetics approach for dissection of the complex network mediating ABA-perception, signaling and functionality within a given species and modifications in the future design of ABA agonists. yes yes 0031-9422 113 May 2015 96 107 10.1016/j.phytochem.2014.03.017 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Aquatic and Crop Resource Development Développement des cultures et des ressources aquatiques Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21275554 dc3abfdb-a20a-409d-af23-b8e3a93b9a0b Daniel Benedikovic aut Pavel Cheben aut IMS ISM Jens Holger Schmid Schmid, Jens H. aut IMS ISM Dan-Xia Xu aut IMS ISM Jean Lapointe aut IMS ISM Shurui Wang aut IMS ISM Robert Halir aut Alejandro Ortega-Moñux aut Siegfried Janz aut ICT TIC Milan Dado aut text article eng Grating couplers are key elements enabling the coupling of light between planar waveguide circuits and optical fibers. In this work, it is demonstrated using simulations and experiments that a high coupling efficiency can be achieved for an arbitrary buried oxide thickness by judicious adjustment of the grating radiation angle. The coupler strength is engineered by subwavelength structure, allowing straightforward apodization and single etch step fabrication. The design has been implemented using Fourier-eigenmode expansion and finite difference time domain methods. The measured coupling loss of a continuously apodized grating is -2.16 dB with a 3 dB bandwidth of 64 nm, therefore opening promising prospects for low-cost and high-volume fabrication using 193 nm deep-ultraviolet lithography. It is also shown by simulations that a coupling loss as low as -0.42 dB is predicted for a modified coupler structure with bottom mirror. yes yes article in press Finite difference time domain method Integrated optics Optical fiber fabrication Optical fibers Time domain analysis Buried oxide thickness Grating couplers Planar waveguide circuit Silicon-on- insulators (SOI) Sub-wavelength structures Subwavelength grating Surface grating couplers Ultraviolet lithography Optical fiber coupling 2014-10-13 Wiley 1863-8880 10.1002/lpor.201400113 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Institute for Microstructural Sciences Institut des sciences des microstructures du CNRC Information and Communication Technologies Technologies de l'information et des communications Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21275556 885a37ba-79f2-4820-9727-e05f38d89e0e Isobel A. P. Parkin aut Chu Shin (Kevin) Koh Koh, Chushin aut ACRD DCRA Haibao Tang aut Stephen J. Robinson aut Sateesh Kagale aut ACRD DCRA Wayne E. Clarke aut Chris D. Town aut John Nixon aut Vivek Krishnakumar aut Shelby L. Bidwell aut France Denoeud aut Harry Belcram aut Matthew G. Links aut Jérémy Just aut Carling Marie Clarke Clarke, Carling aut ACRD DCRA Tricia Bender aut Terry Huebert aut Annaliese S. Mason aut J. Chris Pires aut Guy Barker aut Jonathan Moore aut Peter G. Walley aut Sahana Manoli aut Jacqueline Batley aut David Edwards aut Matthew N. Nelson aut Xiyin Wang aut Andrew H. Paterson aut Graham King aut Ian Bancroft aut Boulos Chalhoub aut Andrew (Andy) Sharpe Sharpe, Andrew G. aut ACRD DCRA text article eng Background: Brassica oleracea is a valuable vegetable species that has contributed to human health and nutrition for hundreds of years and comprises multiple distinct cultivar groups with diverse morphological and phytochemical attributes. In addition to this phenotypic wealth, B. oleracea offers unique insights into polyploid evolution, as it results from multiple ancestral polyploidy events and a final Brassiceae-specific triplication event. Further, B. oleracea represents one of the diploid genomes that formed the economically important allopolyploid oilseed, Brassica napus. A deeper understanding of B. oleracea genome architecture provides a foundation for crop improvement strategies throughout the Brassica genus. Results: We generate an assembly representing 75% of the predicted B. oleracea genome using a hybrid Illumina/Roche 454 approach. Two dense genetic maps are generated to anchor almost 92% of the assembled scaffolds to nine pseudo-chromosomes. Over 50,000 genes are annotated and 40% of the genome predicted to be repetitive, thus contributing to the increased genome size of B. oleracea compared to its close relative B. rapa. A snapshot of both the leaf transcriptome and methylome allows comparisons to be made across the triplicated sub-genomes, which resulted from the most recent Brassiceae-specific polyploidy event. Conclusions: Differential expression of the triplicated syntelogs and cytosine methylation levels across the sub-genomes suggest residual marks of the genome dominance that led to the current genome architecture. Although cytosine methylation does not correlate with individual gene dominance, the independent methylation patterns of triplicated copies suggest epigenetic mechanisms play a role in the functional diversification of duplicate genes. yes yes Brassica oleracea Brassica rapa controlled study DNA methylation gene dosage gene expression gene mapping genome size hexaploidy plant genome plant leaf polyploidy transcriptomics Brassica oleracea 2014-06-10 BioMed Central 1474-7596 15 6 R77 10.1186/gb-2014-15-6-r77 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Aquatic and Crop Resource Development Développement des cultures et des ressources aquatiques Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21275559 30346eb8-00f2-4fe5-9745-8a4d4e9d5b8d Jian Chen aut NINT INNT Qiang Wei aut Jinwen Chen aut Microscopy and Microanalysis 2014, M and M 2014, 3 August 2014 through 7 August 2014 text article eng yes yes 2014-08-27 Cambridge University Press 1431-9276 20 3 176 177 2 10.1017/S1431927614002608 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) National Institute for Nanotechnology Institut national de nanotechnologie Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21275560 e7d05c3f-f92e-43ac-8be0-6fda07fb3187 Bruce Macintosh aut James R. Graham aut Patrick Ingraham aut Quinn Konopacky aut Christian Marois aut NSI ISN Marshall Perrin aut Lisa Poyneer aut Brian Bauman aut Travis Barman aut Adam S. Burrows aut Andrew Cardwell aut Jeffrey Chilcote aut Robert J. De Rosa aut Daren Dillon aut Rene Doyon aut Jennifer Dunn aut NSI ISN Darren Erikson aut NRC CNRC Michael P. Fitzgerald aut Donald Gavel aut Stephen Goodsell aut Markus Hartung aut Pascale Hibon aut Paul Kalas aut James Larkin aut Jerome Maire aut Franck Marchis aut Mark S. Marley aut James McBride aut Max Millar-Blanchaer aut Katie Morzinski aut Andrew Norton aut B. R. Oppenheimer aut David Palmer aut Jennifer Patience aut Laurent Pueyo aut Fredrik Rantakyro aut Naru Sadakuni aut Leslie K (Les) Saddlemyer Saddlemyer, Leslie aut NSI ISN Dmitry Savransky aut Andrew Serio aut Remi Soummer aut Anand Sivaramakrishnan aut Inseok Song aut Sandrine Thomas aut J. Kent Wallace aut Sloane Wiktorowicz aut Schuyler Wolff aut text article eng The Gemini Planet Imager is a dedicated facility for directly imaging and spectroscopically characterizing extrasolar planets. It combines a very high-order adaptive optics system, a diffraction-suppressing coronagraph, and an integral field spectrograph with low spectral resolution but high spatial resolution. Every aspect of the Gemini Planet Imager has been tuned for maximum sensitivity to faint planets near bright stars. During first-light observations, we achieved an estimated H band Strehl ratio of 0.89 and a 5-σ contrast of 106 at 0.75 arcseconds and 105 at 0.35 arcseconds. Observations of Beta Pictoris clearly detect the planet, Beta Pictoris b, in a single 60-s exposure with minimal postprocessing. Beta Pictoris b is observed at a separation of 434 ± 6 milliarcseconds (mas) and position angle 211.8 ± 0.5°. Fitting the Keplerian orbit of Beta Pic b using the new position together with previous astrometry gives a factor of 3 improvement in most parameters over previous solutions. The planet orbits at a semimajor axis of 9:0-0.4+0.8 AU near the 3:2 resonance with the previously known 6-AU asteroidal belt and is aligned with the inner warped disk. The observations give a 4% probability of a transit of the planet in late 2017. yes yes brightness diffraction Fourier transformation gemini planet imager gravity imaging system infrared wavefront sensor interferometer light optics polarimetry priority journal satellite imagery sensor telescope 2014-05-12 PNAS 0027-8424 111 35 12661 12666 6 10.1073/pnas.1304215111 National Science Infrastructure Infrastructure scientifique nationale National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21275564 112d6506-f5f0-4036-bb2c-31efb7e0bdee Hanliang Zhu aut Tao Wei aut David Carr aut Robert Harrison aut Lyndon Edwards aut Dongyi Seo aut AERO AERO Kouichi Maruyama aut Matthew S. Dargusch aut text article eng Microstructure plays an important role in strengthening of metallic materials. Various microstructures can be developed in titanium aluminide (TiAl) alloys, which can enable different combinations of properties for various extreme environments in advanced nuclear systems. In the present paper the mechanisms for microstructural strengthening and the effects of various microstructural features on thermal creep and radiation damage resistance of TiAl alloys are reviewed and compared. On the basis of the results, the evidence-based optimum microstructure for the best combination of thermal creep and radiation damage resistance of TiAl alloys is proposed. The heat treatment processes for manufacturing the optimal microstructure are also discussed. yes yes Alloys Creep Creep resistance High temperature applications Microstructural evolution Microstructure Radiation damage Radiation effects Titanium Titanium compounds Advanced nuclear system Extreme environment Heat treatment process Microstructural design Microstructural features Optimal microstructure Structural applications Titanium aluminide alloy Titanium alloys 2014-09-19 Elsevier 1359-0286 18 5 269 278 10 10.1016/j.cossms.2014.07.003 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) Aerospace Aérospatiale Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21275565 d7083906-2ccb-4d1a-a1f5-7c219ccf30c1 J. D. Sarmiento-Merenguel aut C. Alonso-Ramos aut R. Halir aut L. Vivien aut Pavel Cheben Cheben, P. aut IMS ISM A. Ortega-Moñux aut I. Molina-Fernández aut X. Leroux aut D. Marris-Morini aut Dan-Xia Xu Xu, D. -X. aut IMS ISM Jens Holger Schmid Schmid, J. H. aut IMS ISM Siegfried Janz Janz, S. aut IMS ISM 11th International Conference on Group IV Photonics, GFP 2014, 27 August 2014 through 29 August 2014 text article eng Polarization control is essential in applications ranging from optical communications to interferometric sensors. The implementation of integrated polarization controllers is challenging as they require polarization rotating waveguides with stringent fabrication tolerances. Here, we present a fully integrated polarization controller scheme that significantly relaxes the requirements on the rotating waveguides, alleviating fabrication tolerances. We analytically establish a technology-independent, easily measurable tolerance condition for the rotating waveguides. Polarization control in the presence of waveguide width errors of ∼25 % is shown through full vectorial simulation. yes yes 2014-08-27 IEEE 1949-2081 9781479922833 6962034 87 88 2 10.1109/Group4.2014.6962034 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Institute for Microstructural Sciences Institut des sciences des microstructures du CNRC Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21275566 05118cd6-8751-4e5d-8ed6-d01a5bae70af Scott Schnee aut Brian Mason aut James Di Francesco aut NSI ISN Rachel Friesen aut Di Li aut Sarah Sadavoy aut Thomas Stanke aut text article eng We present a new 3.3 mm continuum map of the Orion Molecular Cloud (OMC) 2/3 region. When paired with previously published maps of 1.2 mm continuum and NH<inf>3</inf>-derived temperature, we derive the emissivity spectral index of dust emission in this region, tracking its changes across the filament and cores. We find that the median value of the emissivity spectral index is 0.9, much shallower than previous estimates in other nearby molecular clouds. We find no significant difference between the emissivity spectral index of dust in the OMC 2/3 filament and the starless or protostellar cores. Furthermore, the temperature and emissivity spectral index, β, are anticorrelated at the 4σ level. The low values of the emissivity spectral index found in OMC 2/3 can be explained by the presence of millimetre-sized dust grains in the dense regions of the filaments to which these maps are most sensitive. Alternatively, a shallow dust emissivity spectral index may indicate non-power-law spectral energy distributions, significant free-free emission, or anomalous microwave emission. We discuss the possible implications of millimetre-sized dust grains compared to the alternatives. yes yes 2014-09-10 Oxford University Press 0035-8711 444 3 2303 2312 10 10.1093/mnras/stu1596 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) National Science Infrastructure Infrastructure scientifique nationale Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21275567 1ae4be75-b817-4a3e-8f03-026354f5dd42 Paolo Spanò Spanò, P. aut NSI ISN Advances in Optical and Mechanical Technologies for Telescopes and Instrumentation, 23 June 2014 through 27 June 2014 text article eng ZEMAX provides a standard built-in atmospheric model to simulate atmospheric refraction and dispersion. This model has been compared with other ones to assess its intrinsic accuracy, critical for very demanding application like ADCs for AO-assisted extremely large telescopes. A revised simple model, based on updated published data of the air refractivity, is proposed by using the "Gradient 5" surface of Zemax. At large zenith angles (65 deg), discrepancies up to 100 mas in the differential refraction are expected near the UV atmospheric transmission cutoff. When high-accuracy modeling is required, the latter model should be preferred. yes yes Adaptive optics Refraction Telescopes ADC Atmospheric dispersion Atmospheric model Atmospheric refractions TMT ZEMAX Atmospheric movements 2014-07-28 SPIE 0277-786X 9780819496195 9151 915157 10.1117/12.2057072 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada National Science Infrastructure Infrastructure scientifique nationale Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21275558 5cea3e23-21e5-4843-a265-ad51a316af0d Zachary H. Draper aut Christian Marois aut NSI ISN Schuyler Wolff aut Marshall Perrin aut Patrick J. Ingraham aut Jean-Baptiste Ruffio aut Fredrik T. Rantakyrö aut Markus Hartung aut Stephen J. Goodsell aut Ground-Based and Airborne Instrumentation for Astronomy V, 22 June 2014 through 26 June 2014 text article eng The Gemini Planet Imager (GPI) is an instrument designed to directly image planets and circumstellar disks from 0.9 to 2.5 microns (the YJHK infrared bands) using high contrast adaptive optics with a lenslet-based integral field spectrograph. We develop an extraction algorithm based on a least-squares method to disentangle the spectra and systematic noise contributions simultaneously. We utilize two approaches to adjust for the effect of flexure of the GPI optics which move the position of light incident on the detector. The first method is to iterate the extraction to achieve minimum residual and the second is to cross-correlate the detector image with a model image in iterative extraction steps to determine an offset. Thus far, this process has made clear qualitative improvements to the cube extraction by reducing the Moiré pattern. There are also improvements to the automated routines for finding flexure offsets which are reliable to with ∼ 0.5 pixel accuracy compared to pixel accuracy prior. Further testing and optimization will follow before implementation into the GPI pipeline. yes yes Adaptive optics Astronomy Iterative methods Pixels Exo-planets flexure Gemini Planet Imager GPI inversion Least Square Least squares approximations 2014-07-24 SPIE 0277-786X 9780819496157 9147 91474Z 10.1117/12.2057156 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada National Science Infrastructure Infrastructure scientifique nationale Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21275562 0bbcd016-bfc5-48d6-87f4-b660bc4c24f1 Lisa A. Poyneer aut Robert J. De Rosa aut Bruce MacIntosh aut David W. Palmer aut Marshall D. Perrin aut Naru Sadakuni aut Dmitry Savransky aut Brian Bauman aut Andrew Cardwell aut Jeffrey K. Chilcote aut Daren Dillon aut Donald Gavel aut Stephen J. Goodsell aut Markus Hartung aut Pascale Hibon aut Fredrik T. Rantakyrö aut Sandrine Thomas aut Jean-Pierre Véran Veran, Jean-Pierre aut NSI ISN Adaptive Optics Systems IV, 22 June 2014 through 27 June 2014 text article eng The Gemini Planet Imager instrument's adaptive optics (AO) subsystem was designed specifically to facilitate high-contrast imaging. It features several new technologies, including computationally efficient wavefront reconstruction with the Fourier transform, modal gain optimization every 8 seconds, and the spatially filtered wavefront sensor. It also uses a Linear-Quadratic-Gaussian (LQG) controller (aka Kalman filter) for both pointing and focus. We present on-sky performance results from verification and commissioning runs from December 2013 through May 2014. The efficient reconstruction and modal gain optimization are working as designed. The LQG controllers effectively notch out vibrations. The spatial filter can remove aliases, but we typically use it oversized by about 60% due to stability problems. yes yes Wavefronts Gemini Planet Imager LQG control Modal gain Wave front reconstruction Wave front sensors Adaptive optics 2014-07-21 SPIE 0277-786X 9780819496164 9148 91480K 10.1117/12.2057092 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada National Science Infrastructure Infrastructure scientifique nationale Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21275550 aa0203ab-c691-4617-a2a8-bdecf33a231a Kulinder Pal Singh aut S. N. Tandon aut P. C. Agrawal aut H. M. Antia aut R. K. Manchanda aut J. S. Yadav aut S. Seetha aut M. C. Ramadevi aut A. R. Rao aut D. Bhattacharya aut B. Paul aut P. Sreekumar aut S. Bhattacharyya aut G. C. Stewart aut John B Hutchings Hutchings, J. aut NSI ISN S. Annapurni aut S. K. Ghosh aut J. Murthy aut A. Pati aut N. K. Rao aut C. S. Stalin aut V. Girish aut K. Sankarasubramanian aut S. Vadawale aut V. B. Bhalerao aut G. C. Dewangan aut D. K. Dedhia aut M. K. Hingar aut T. B. Katoch aut A. T. Kothare aut I. Mirza aut K. Mukerjee aut H. Shah aut P. Shah aut R. Mohan aut A. K. Sangal aut S. Nagabhusana aut S. Sriram aut J. P. Malkar aut S. Sreekumar aut A. F. Abbey aut G. M. Hansford aut A. P. Beardmore aut M. R. Sharma aut S. Murthy aut R. Kulkarni aut G. Meena aut V. C. Babu aut J. Postma aut Space Telescopes and Instrumentation 2014: Ultraviolet to Gamma Ray, 22 June 2014 through 26 June 2014 text article eng Is India'€™s first astronomy satellite that will carry an array of instruments capable of simultaneous observations in a broad range of wavelengths: from the visible, near ultraviolet (NUV), far-UV (FUV), soft X-rays to hard X-rays. There will be five principal scientific payloads aboard the satellite: (i) a Soft X-ray Telescope (SXT), (ii) three Large Area Xenon Proportional Counters (LAXPCs), (iii) a Cadmium-Zinc-Telluride Imager (CZTI), (iv) two Ultra-Violet Imaging Telescopes (UVITs) one for visible and near-UV channels and another for far-UV, and (v) three Scanning Sky Monitors (SSMs). It will also carry a charged particle monitor (CPM). Almost all the instruments have qualified and their flight models are currently in different stages of integration into the satellite structure in ISRO Satellite Centre. ASTROSAT is due to be launched by India'€™s Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) in the first half of 2015 in a circular 600 km orbit with inclination of ∼6 degrees, from Sriharikota launching station on the east coast of India. A brief description of the design, construction, capabilities and scientific objectives of all the main scientific payloads is presented here. A few examples of the simulated observations with ASTROSAT and plans to utilize the satellite nationally and internationally are also presented. yes yes Astronomy Cadmium alloys Cadmium telluride Charged particles Orbits Satellites Space telescopes Spacecraft equipment Sun Telescopes X ray optics Astronomy satellite ASTROSAT Cadmium zinc tellurides Polar satellite launch vehicles Satellite structure Simultaneous observation X ray telescope Gamma rays 2014-07-29 SPIE 0277-786X 9780819496126 9144 91441S 10.1117/12.2062667 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada National Science Infrastructure Infrastructure scientifique nationale Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21275553 27ca9ba3-dbf6-476c-96eb-94d1933a45ff Chris Apps aut Istemi Ozkan aut CONST CONST Tania Rizwan aut Marzie Derakhshesh aut Scott Medynski aut 2014 10th International Pipeline Conference, IPC 2014, 29 September 2014 through 3 October 2014 text article eng When it comes to evaluating traditional computational leak detection technologies pipeline operators have a suite of simulated testing methods available. In the last several years however External Leak Detection Technologies have become more mature and potentially could provide operators with another layer of leak detection with more sensitivity than seen in traditional methods. The challenge with these technologies is in the evaluation of their sensitivity, reliability, and robustness. ENBRIDGE INC (Enbridge) and C-FER Technologies 1999 Inc. (C-FER) begun a comprehensive study to assess the state-of-the-art external, continuously distributed sensors for leak detection in early 2012. Initially, a technology review was undertaken to identify commercial, off-the-shelf technologies with the potential to detect small leaks of oil from buried pipelines. From this literature review, four technologies were identified; Distributed Temperature Sensing (DTS), Distributed Acoustic Sensing (DAS), Vapor Sensing Tubes (VST), and Hydrocarbon Sensing Cables (HSC). All four methods require proprietary materials and technology, which have had limited independent testing efforts to date. To evaluate these four leak detection methods and their vendors in an objective way, Enbridge and C-FER initiated the design and construction of a large-scale External Leak Detection Experimental Research apparatus (ELDER) that can accommodate a full-size segment of pipeline within a trench, at the same scale used in pipeline construction in North America. An instrumented pipe segment is buried in the trench with sensing cables laid alongside. The apparatus generates leaks with controlled variables including rate, pressure and temperature, and at various locations to accurately represent pipeline leaks. This paper summarizes the literature review on the four selected leak detection technologies that were identified as candidates for large-scale evaluation. The discussion will also include features of the ELDER apparatus, and re-engineered pipeline construction techniques that were required to accurately represent a full-scale pipeline trench within a laboratory environment. yes yes Cables Leak detection Materials testing Pipeline laying Temperature sensors Distributed temperature sensing Laboratory environment Leak detection technology Pipeline construction Pressure and temperature Trenching 2014-09-29 American Society of Mechanical Engineers 9780791846100 1 10.1115/IPC2014-33579 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Construction Construction Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21275563 975997a1-2edd-4de2-8fb0-bcda74210564 Lamarche-Gagnon Guillaume aut Comery Raven aut Greer Charles Greer, Charles W. aut EME EME Whyte Lyle Whyte, Lyle G. aut 10th International Conference on Extremophiles, Sept. 7-11, 2014, Saint Petersburg, Russia text article eng The lost hammer (LH) spring perennially discharges subzero hypersaline reducing brines through thick layers of permafrost and is the only known terrestrial methane seep in frozen settings on Earth. The present study aimed to identify active microbial communities that populate the sediments of the spring outlet, and verify whether such communities vary seasonally and spatially. Microcosm experiments revealed that the biological reduction of sulfur compounds (SR) with hydrogen (e.g., sulfate reduction) was potentially carried out under combined hypersaline and subzero conditions, down to −20 °C, the coldest temperature ever recorded for SR. Pyrosequencing analyses of both 16S rRNA (i.e., cDNA) and 16S rRNA genes (i.e., DNA) of sediments retrieved in late winter and summer indicated fairly stable bacterial and archaeal communities at the phylum level. Potentially active bacterial and archaeal communities were dominated by clades related to the T78 Chloroflexi group and Halobacteria species, respectively. The present study indicated that SR, hydrogenotrophy (possibly coupled to autotrophy), and short-chain alkane degradation (other than methane), most likely represent important, previously unaccounted for, metabolic processes carried out by LH microbial communities. Overall, the obtained findings provided additional evidence that the LH system hosts active communities of anaerobic, halophilic, and cryophilic microorganisms despite the extreme conditions in situ. yes yes 2014-11-09 Springer International Publishing 1431-0651 19 1 10.1007/s00792-014-0703-4 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Energy, Mining and Environment Énergie, mines et environnement Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21275555 e13f4e23-dd98-452b-9593-e194624e0d61 Linruo Zhao Zhao, L. R. aut AERO AERO Olga Lupandina Lupandina, O. aut AERO AERO Vladimir Pankov Pankov, V. V. aut AERO AERO Robert C McKellar McKellar, R. C. aut AERO AERO ASME Turbo Expo 2014: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition, GT 2014, 16 June 2014 through 20 June 2014 text article eng NiCrAlY overlay coatings were applied on Ni-base single-crystal superalloy CMSX-4 substrates by cathodic arc deposition. The coated specimens were subjected to one- and two-step heat treatments performed under 870°C/20h/AC (AC stands for air cooling) and 1140°C/6h/AC+870°C/20h/AC conditions, respectively. The microstructure of the original NiCrAlY cathodes fabricated by spark plasma sintering and the as-deposited as well as heat-treated coatings were characterized using the scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction techniques. It was observed that the cathodes contained multiple phases uniformly distributed across the cathode volume. The as-deposited coatings exhibited a duplex microstructure consisting of splats and inter-splat regions with the latter showing internal porosity and a significantly lower Al concentration compared to that of the cathodes. The post-deposition heat treatments eliminated the porosity but further reduced the Al content, resulting in a coating microstructure dominated by the solid solution γ-Ni phase. The total thickness of the coating including the interdiffusion zone increased significantly during the two-step heat treatment. The oxide scale formed on the coating surface during heat treatment consisted primarily of α-Al2O3, with Y2O3 pegs underpinning the scale to the coating. The oxide scale was continuous on the smooth sections of the coating surface, but became fragmented at the protruding macroparticles present on the coating surface. yes yes Aluminum Cathodes Deposition Electrodes Energy dispersive spectroscopy Heat treatment Microstructure Nickel Porosity Scale (deposits) Scanning electron microscopy Single crystals Sintering Spark plasma sintering X ray diffraction Cathodic arc deposition Coating microstructures Duplex microstructures Heat-treated coatings Ni-base single crystal superalloy Postdeposition heat treatment Two-step heat treatment X-ray diffraction techniques Aluminum coatings 2014-06-16 American Society of Mechanical Engineers 9780791845752 6 10.1115/GT2014-25537 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Aerospace Aérospatiale Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21275527 7d51486a-f7a9-405b-bc63-6dc38565c454 Martin Couillard aut EME EME Microscopy and Microanalysis 2014, M and M 2014, 3 August 2014 through 7 August 2014 text article eng yes yes 2014-08-24 Cambridge University Press 1431-9276 20 3 1048 1049 2 10.1017/S1431927614006965 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) Energy, Mining and Environment Énergie, mines et environnement Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21275528 a51f9b4d-8d4e-4c55-b45e-63033d87121d James McBride aut Tim Robishaw Robishaw, Timothy aut NSI ISN Carl Heiles aut Geoffrey C. Bower aut Anuj P. Sarma aut text article eng We present the first very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) detections of Zeeman splitting in another galaxy. We used Arecibo Observatory, the Green Bank Telescope, and the Very Long Baseline Array to perform dual-polarization observations of OH maser lines in the merging galaxy Arp 220. We measured magnetic fields of ~1-5 mG associated with three roughly parsec-sized clouds in the nuclear regions of Arp 220. Our measured magnetic fields have comparable strengths and the same direction as features at the same velocity identified in previous Zeeman observations with Arecibo alone. The agreement between single dish and VLBI results provides critical validation of previous Zeeman splitting observations of OH megamasers that used a single large dish. The measured magnetic field strengths indicate that magnetic energy densities are comparable to gravitational energy in OH maser clouds. We also compare our total intensity results to previously published VLBI observations of OH megamasers in Arp 220. We find evidence for changes in both structure and amplitude of the OH maser lines that are most easily explained by variability intrinsic to the masing region, rather than variability produced by interstellar scintillation. Our results demonstrate the potential for using high-sensitivity VLBI to study magnetic fields on small spatial scales in extragalactic systems. yes yes 2014-12-19 Oxford University Press 0035-8711 447 2 1103 1111 9 10.1093/mnras/stu2489 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada National Science Infrastructure Infrastructure scientifique nationale Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21275529 7df99eb4-ac31-4f5a-9ed2-201a8496bef0 Cosmin Munteanu aut ICT TIC Mathhew Aylett aut Matt Jones aut Gerald Penn aut Steve Whittaker aut Stephen Brewster aut Sharon Oviatt aut Nicolas D'Alessandro aut 32nd Annual ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI EA 2014, 26 April 2014 through 1 May 2014, Toronto, ON text article eng Speech and natural language remain our most natural forms of interaction; yet the HCI community have been very timid about focusing their attention on designing and developing spoken language interaction techniques. While significant efforts are spent and progress made in speech recognition, synthesis, and natural language processing, there is now sufficient evidence that many real-life applications using speech technologies do not require 100% accuracy to be useful. This is particularly true if such systems are designed with complementary modalities that better support their users or enhance the systems' usability. Engaging the CHI community now is timely - many recent commercial applications, especially in the mobile space, are already tapping the increased interest in and need for natural user interfaces (NUIs) by enabling speech interaction in their products. This multidisciplinary, one-day workshop will bring together interaction designers, usability researchers, and general HCI practitioners to analyze the opportunities and directions to take in designing more natural interactions based on spoken language, and to look at how we can leverage recent advances in speech processing in order to gain widespread acceptance of speech and natural language interaction. yes yes Human computer interaction Human engineering Speech processing Speech recognition User interfaces Automatic speech recognition Commercial applications Interaction techniques Natural interactions Natural language interaction NAtural language processing Natural user interfaces Real-life applications Natural language processing systems 2014 Association for Computing Machinery 9781450324748 75 78 4 10.1145/2559206.2559228 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Information and Communication Technologies Technologies de l'information et des communications Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21275530 eda6c59a-efd3-4bb1-9e7e-36b47f337f31 Yanfeng Zhang aut IAR IRA Ali H Mahallati Mahallati, Ali aut AERO AERO Michael W Benner Benner, Michael aut AERO AERO ASME Turbo Expo 2014: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition, GT 2014, 16 June 2014 through 20 June 2014 text article eng Three-dimensional corner stall is one of the most important factors limiting compressor performance. This paper presents a complementary experimental and computational study of corner stall in a highly-loaded compressor cascade subjected to three inlet boundary layer thicknesses, two levels of freestream turbulence intensity and two Reynolds numbers. Experiments included seven-hole pressure probe traverses, airfoil loading and surface oil flow visualization. Measurements were supplemented with the numerical predictions from a commercially available CFD code. It was found that the low momentum boundary layer on the endwall was unable to overcome the large streamwise adverse pressure gradient in this high-lift profile and turned sharply towards the midspan due to the strong cross-passage pressure gradient. The corner stall, with distinct regions of three-dimensional reversed flow, started at 50% chord and occupied a large area of the suction surface as well as the downstream passage. Only a small region of the inlet boundary layer, very close to the endwall seemed to play a role in the corner stall. As such, the flow in the endwall region was found to be nearly independent of the inlet boundary layer thickness, freestream turbulence intensity and Reynolds number. Based on the endwall flow structures, a new topology of corner stall for compressor cascades with high airfoil diffusion factor and high flow turning has also been proposed. yes yes Airfoils Boundary layer flow Compressors Computational fluid dynamics Inlet flow Pressure gradient Reynolds number Turbulence Wakes Adverse pressure gradient Compressor cascade Compressor performance Freestream turbulence intensity Inlet boundary layer Numerical investigations Numerical predictions Atmospheric thermodynamics 2014-06-14 American Society of Mechanical Engineers 9780791845608 2A 10.1115/GT2014-27204 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) NRC Institute for Aerospace Research Institut de recherche aérospatiale du CNRC Aerospace Aérospatiale Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21275531 7f83ca7e-9959-4377-94ab-6a55f694a149 S. M. Bruzzese aut G. R. Meurer aut C. D. P. Lagos aut E. C. Elson aut J. K. Werk aut John P Blakeslee Blakeslee, J. P. aut NSI ISN H. Ford aut text article eng Using Hubble Space Telescope (HST) Advanced Camera for Surveys/Wide Field Camera data we present the photometry and spatial distribution of resolved stellar populations in the outskirts of NGC 2915, a blue compact dwarf with an extended H I disc. These observations reveal an elliptical distribution of red giant branch stars, and a clumpy distribution of mainsequence stars that correlate with the H I gas distribution. We constrain the upper-end initial mass function (IMF) and determine the star formation law(SFL) in this field, using the observed main-sequence stars and an assumed constant star formation rate. Previously published Hα observations of the field, which show one faint H II region, are used to provide further constraints on the IMF. We find that the main-sequence luminosity function analysis alone results in a best-fitting IMF with a power-law slope α = -2.85 and upper-mass limit Mu = 60M. However, if we assume that all Hα emission is confined to H II regions then the upper-mass limit is restricted to Mu 20M. For the luminosity function fit to be correct, we have to discount the Hα observations implying significant diffuse ionized gas or escaping ionizing photons. Combining the HST photometry with H I imaging, we find the SFL has a power-law index N = 1.53 ± 0.21. Applying these results to the entire outer H I disc indicates that it contributes 11-28 per cent of the total recent star formation in NGC 2915, depending on whether the IMF is constant within the disc or varies from the centre to the outer region. yes yes 2014-12-18 Oxford University Press 0035-8711 447 1 618 635 18 10.1093/mnras/stu2461 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) National Science Infrastructure Infrastructure scientifique nationale Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21275533 fdb71d7a-947b-4998-8964-60c822a0dc04 Ibrahim Elsohaby aut Christopher B. Riley aut Siyuan Hou aut J. Trenton McClure aut R. Anthony Shaw aut NRC CNRC Gregory P. Keefe aut text article eng Simple, rapid and cost-effective methods are sought for measuring immunoglobulin G (IgG) concentrations in bovine serum, which can be applied for diagnosis of failure of transfer of passive immunity (FTPI). The aim of the present study was to investigate the potential use of Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, with partial least squares (PLS) regression, to measure IgG concentrations in bovine serum. Serum samples collected from calves and adult cows were tested in parallel by radial immunodiffusion (RID) assay and FTIR spectroscopy. The sample IgG concentrations obtained by the RID method were linked to pre-processed spectra and divided into two sets: a combined set and a test set. The combined set was used for building a calibration model, while the test set was used to assess the predictive ability of the calibration model, resulting in a root mean squared error of prediction (RMSEP) of 307.5-mg/dL.The concordance correlations between the IgG measured by RID and predicted by FTIR spectroscopy were 0.96 and 0.93 for the combined and test data sets, respectively. Analysis of the data using the Bland-Altman method did not show any evidence of systematic bias between FTIR spectroscopy and RID methods for measurement of IgG. The clinical applicability of FTIR spectroscopy for diagnosis of FTPI was evaluated using the entire data set and showed a sensitivity of 0.91 and specificity of 0.96, using RID as the reference standard. The FTIR spectroscopy method, described in the present study, demonstrates potential as a rapid and reagent-free tool for quantification of IgG in bovine serum, as an aid to diagnosis of FTPI in calves. yes yes immunoglobulin G calibration correlation coefficient dairy cattle diagnostic accuracy diagnostic test accuracy study diagnostic value false negative result false positive result immunodiffusion immunoglobulin blood level infrared spectroscopy partial least squares regression passive immunization placental transfer quantitative assay sensitivity and specificity Bos Bovinae 2014-09-20 Elsevier 1090-0233 202 3 510 515 6 10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.09.014 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21275535 7937cce4-5237-4514-9212-828fb49926a5 Ashoka Siddaramanna aut N. Saleema aut NRC CNRC D. K. Sarkar aut text article eng Multifunctional superhydrophobic surfaces based on photocatalytic material, ZnO have generated significant research interest from both fundamental and potential applications. Superhydrophobic ZnO surfaces are usually made in multi steps by creating rough surface and subsequent hydrophobization by low-surface-energy materials. Herein, a simple and one step chemical bath deposition has been developed to prepare superhydrophobic ZnO surfaces on aluminum substrate. The aluminum surfaces covered with randomly distributed ZnO particles can not only present multiscale surface roughness, but also readily coordinate with fatty acid, leading to special wettability. The contact angle of the resulting superhydrophobic surface reaches up to 165 ± 2° and contact angle hysteresis of 4°. The contact angle and contact angle hysteresis variation as a function of particle size has been discussed systematically based on surface morphology. yes yes Aluminum Aluminum coatings Contact angle Hysteresis Infrared spectroscopy Surface morphology Surface properties Surface roughness Wetting X ray diffraction Zinc oxide Chemical-bath deposition Multiscale surface Photocatalytic materials Super-hydrophobic surfaces Superhydrophobicity ZnO particles Hydrophobicity 2014-05-17 Elsevier 0169-4332 311 182 188 7 10.1016/j.apsusc.2014.05.039 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21275536 945e4341-3168-43e5-a324-71a13a3dac01 Yuping Lu aut ACRD DCRA Dang Minh Van Van, Dang aut ACRD DCRA Leah Kristine Deibert Deibert, Leah aut ACRD DCRA Greg Bishop aut ACRD DCRA John Balsevich aut ACRD DCRA text article eng 2014-12-19 Elsevier Nine quillaic acid and five gypsogenin bisdesmosides were isolated from roots of Saponaria officinalis L. (Caryophyllaceae). Seven of the quillaic acid saponins possessed a 3-O-β-d-galactopyranosyl-(1 → 2)-[β-d-xylopyranosyl-(1 → 3)]-β-d-glucuronopyranosyl unit, but differed from each other in oligosaccharide units linked to the C-28 ester. The five gypsogenin saponins isolated from the roots all possessed the 3-O-β-d-galactopyranosyl-(1 → 2)-[β-d-xylopyranosyl-(1 → 3)]-β-d-glucuronopyranosyl unit, with their oligosaccharide units linked to the C-28 ester differing. Structures were elucidated by extensive 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. The saponins were evaluated for growth inhibitory activity in two human cancer cell lines and hemolytic activity in sheep red blood cells. Saponins; Saponaria officinalis L.; Caryophyllaceae; Quillaic acid; Gypsogenin; 2D NMR spectroscopy yes yes 0031-9422 113 May 2015 108 120 10.1016/j.phytochem.2014.11.021 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Aquatic and Crop Resource Development Développement des cultures et des ressources aquatiques Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21275538 797fbd14-e338-47cd-9fdf-aad79a07729a Paolo Turri aut David Andersen Andersen, David R. aut NSI ISN Jean-Pierre Véran aut NSI ISN Paolo Spanò aut NSI ISN Matthias Rosensteiner aut NSI ISN Eric Andrew McVeigh McVeigh, Eric A. aut NSI ISN Adaptive Optics Systems IV, 22 June 2014 through 27 June 2014 text article eng At NRC Herzberg - Astronomy we are developing a closed-loop multi-conjugate adaptive optics bench to simulate a scaled-down version of NFIRAOS, the first light MCAO system on the Thirty Meter Telescope. The current bench consists of four laser guide stars, an evenly spaced array of natural guide stars, two magnetic deformable mirrors, a Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor and a science camera at the focal plane for the evaluation of the performance and the tip-tilt measurements. Three phase screens conjugated at different altitudes simulate the atmospheric perturbation over the telescope. We can recreate the spot elongation on the SHWFS by defocusing the ground DM and at the same time modulating the intensity of the LGS spots in order to simulate the timevarying density profile of the sodium layer. The goals of this experiment are to compare the experimental performance on the bench with the predicted results of NFIRAOS models and to test the robustness of the tomographic reconstruction under conditions including the use of faint guide stars, non-uniform density profiles of the sodium layer and known non-common path aberrations. In this paper we present an update on the status of the bench and some first results. yes yes Laser mirrors Optical telescopes Sodium Stars Telescopes Atmospheric perturbations MCAO Multiconjugate adaptive optics NFIRAOS Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensors Thirty Meter Telescope TMT Tomographic reconstruction Adaptive optics 2014-08-22 SPIE 0277-786X 9780819496164 9148 91485Y 10.1117/12.2056908 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada National Science Infrastructure Infrastructure scientifique nationale Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21275526 74ec8379-87c5-438b-8417-afc195412450 Douglas A. Simons aut David Crampton aut NSI ISN Patrick J D (Pat) Côté Côté, Pat aut NSI ISN Alan McConnachie aut NSI ISN Kei Szeto aut NSI ISN Derrick Salmon aut Daniel Devost aut Richard G (Rick) Murowinski Murowinski, Richard aut NSI ISN Ground-Based and Airborne Telescopes V, 22 June 2014 through 27 June 2014 text article eng The Maunakea Spectroscopic Explorer (MSE; formerly ngCFHT) will be a large format wide field spectroscopic facility that replaces the existing 3.6 m Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope. Capable of recording tens of thousands of spectra on faint targets each night, and sustain that pace for years, MSE will be an ideal complement to emerging space- and ground-based imaging survey facilities. The combination of aperture, spectral resolution, and dedicated access to support large surveys makes MSE distinct from any other facilities under development or being planned. We provide an overview of the MSE technical design, organization of the project office, and the core science goals that will help drive MSE for decades. yes yes Airborne telescopes Fibers Spectroscopy Faint target Imaging surveys Large surveys ngCFHT optical Wide field Surveys 2014-07-22 SPIE 0277-786X 9780819496133 9145 914515 10.1117/12.2056389 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada National Science Infrastructure Infrastructure scientifique nationale Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21275537 2a8a629c-e24e-4aba-b3d2-12d5b38faf88 Matthias Schöck aut Tuan Do aut Brent L. Ellerbroek aut Luc Gilles aut Glen Herriot aut NSI ISN Leo Meyer aut Ryuji Suzuki aut Lianqi Wang aut Sylvana Yelda aut Adaptive Optics Systems IV, 22 June 2014 through 27 June 2014 text article eng The Thirty Meter Telescope (TMT) with its first-light multi-conjugate adaptive optics system, NFIRAOS, and high-resolution imager, IRIS, is expected to take differential astrometric measurements with an accuracy on the order of tens of micro arcsec. This requires the control, correction, characterization and calibration of a large number of error sources and uncertainties, many of which have magnitudes much in excess of this level of accuracy. In addition to designing the observatory such that very high precision and accuracy astrometric observations are enabled, satisfying the TMT requirements can only be achieved by a careful calibration, observation and data reduction strategy. In this paper, we present descriptions of the individual errors sources, how and when they apply to different astrometry science cases and the mitigation methods required for each of them, as well as example results for individual error terms and the overall error budgets for a variety of different science cases. yes yes Calibration Optical telescopes Telescopes Astrometric measurements Astrometry Extremely Large Telescopes High resolution Mitigation methods Multi-conjugate adaptive optics systems Reduction strategy Thirty Meter Telescope Adaptive optics 2014-07-21 SPIE 0277-786X 9780819496164 9148 91482L 10.1117/12.2057089 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada National Science Infrastructure Infrastructure scientifique nationale Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21275540 bdbfb7ac-8f33-4544-83e7-b02c0e878f7c Kei Szeto aut NSI ISN Konstantinos Vogiatzis aut Horia Hangan aut Chowdhury M. Jubayer aut Craig Breckenridge aut Nathan Loewen aut Steven Bauman aut Derrick Salmon aut Ground-Based and Airborne Telescopes V, 22 June 2014 through 27 June 2014 text article eng The Maunakea Spectroscopic Explorer (MSE; formerly Next Generation Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope) is a dedicated, 10m aperture, wide-field, fiber-fed multi-object spectroscopic facility proposed as an upgrade to the existing Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope on the summit of Mauna Kea. The enclosure vent configuration design study is the last of three studies to examine the technical feasibility of the proposed MSE baseline concept. The enclosure vent configuration study compares the aero-thermal performance of three enclosure ventilation configurations based on the predicted dome thermal seeing and air flow attenuation over the enclosure aperture opening of a Calotte design derived from computational fluid dynamics simulations. In addition, functional and operation considerations such as access and servicing of the three ventilation configurations is discussed. yes yes Airborne telescopes Computational fluid dynamics Conceptual design Domes Spectrographs Ventilation aero-thermal Baseline concepts Computational fluid dynamics simulations Dome seeing flushing MSE Thermal Performance Vent configurations 2014-07-22 SPIE 0277-786X 9780819496133 9145 91450A 10.1117/12.2056728 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) National Science Infrastructure Infrastructure scientifique nationale Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21275542 070c835b-661e-49cc-8db5-1c4083ca86a0 Jean-Christophe Sinquin aut Arnaud Bastard aut Emmanuel Beaufort aut Thomas Berkefeld aut Laurent Cadiergues aut Vincent Costes aut Raphaël Cousty aut Charles Dekhtiar aut Frédéric Di Gesu aut Xavier Gilbert aut Catherine Grèzes-Besset aut Denis Groeninck aut Markus Hartung aut Hélène Krol aut Aurélien Moreau aut Pierre Morin aut Hubert Pagès aut Richard Palomo aut Göran Scharmer aut Dirk Soltau aut Jean-Pierre Véran aut NSI ISN Adaptive Optics Systems IV, 22 June 2014 through 27 June 2014 text article eng We present recent experimental results obtained with CILAS deformable mirrors (DMs) or demonstration prototypes in solar and night-time astronomy (with ground-based telescopes) as well as observation of the Earth (with space telescopes). These important results have been reached thanks to CILAS technology range composed of monomorph and piezostack deformable mirrors, drivers and optical coatings. For instance, the monomorph technology, due to a simple architecture can offer a very good reliability for space applications. It can be used for closed or open loop correction of the primary mirror deformation (thermal and polishing aberrations, absence of gravity). It can also allow a real-time correction of wavefront aberrations introduced by the atmosphere up to relatively high spatial and temporal frequencies for ground-based telescopes. The piezostack technology is useful for very high order correction at high frequency and under relatively low operational temperature (down to -30°C), which is required for future Extremely Large Telescopes (ELTs). This wide range of applications is exposed through recent examples of DMs performances in operation and results obtained with breadboards, allowing promising DMs for future needs. yes yes Aberrations Astronomy Deformation Laser pulses Mirrors Optical coatings Space applications bimorph Deformable mirrors Extremely Large Telescopes Ground-based telescopes High order corrections monomorph Operational temperature Piezo stack Adaptive optics 2014-07-21 SPIE 0277-786X 9780819496164 9148 91480G 10.1117/12.2056287 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada National Science Infrastructure Infrastructure scientifique nationale Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21275532 b5d6dde1-ab63-4756-8800-540f6f7f37c0 Paolo Turri aut Alan McConnachie McConnachie, Alan W. aut NSI ISN Peter B Stetson Stetson, Peter B. aut NSI ISN Giuliana Fiorentino aut David Andersen Andersen, David R. aut NSI ISN Giuseppe Bono aut Jean-Pierre Véran aut NSI ISN Adaptive Optics Systems IV, 22 June 2014 through 27 June 2014 text article eng Multi-conjugate adaptive optics can achieve diffraction limited images over a field of arcminutes and is a central technology for the future ELTs: Gemini/GeMS is the first facility-class LGS MCAO system to operate. With it we have taken images in J and Ks bands of the globular cluster NGC 1851 for which we also have HST/ACS observations in the visible. In this paper we present the deepest to date near-infrared photometry of NGC 1851 providing a wide colour baseline CMD that reaches the lower main sequence to have a new insight into the stellar populations of this globular cluster. The use of the GGCs' lower main sequence knee to determine its age is one of the science drivers for the observation of GGCs with MCAO given its visibility in the infrared and because it requires high Strehl ratios to measure the faint stars' photometry. In addition to the stellar population analysis, these data allow to examine the photometric performance of the instrument using a large number of point sources distributed across the field. We analyze the photometric performance of the instrument and the field dependence of the PSF, a central part on the prediction and improvement of the performance of future LGS MCAO systems like NFIRAOS for the Thirty Meter Telescope. yes yes Gems Infrared devices Optical telescopes Photometry Population statistics Stars AO Science Globular clusters GSAOI MCAO Multiconjugate adaptive optics Near-infrared photometry Stellar populations Thirty Meter Telescope Adaptive optics 2014-08-07 SPIE 0277-786X 9780819496164 9148 91483V 10.1117/12.2056963 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada National Science Infrastructure Infrastructure scientifique nationale Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21275545 3b01b0ad-b7f5-4e7b-af5b-bec0243c2928 Phalguni Mukhopadhyaya aut CONST CONST Michel Drouin aut Nicole Normandin aut CONST CONST David Van Reenen van Reenen, David aut CONST CONST John C Lackey Lackey, John aut CONST CONST text article eng 2014-05-30 American Society of Civil Engineers Researchers at the National Research Council (NRC) Canada-Construction Portfolio in association with the Canadian Polyisocyanurate Council conducted collaborative research activities on the long-term thermal resistance (LTTR) of polyisocyanurate (polyiso) foam insulation with impermeable facers. Polyiso boards are commonly used in building envelope constructions (roofs and walls) in cold regions. The primary objective of the research project was to contribute towards the development of a comprehensive test procedure that could be used to measure the LTTR of polyiso foam insulation products with impermeable facers. As a part of that initiative, a project was initiated in 2001 that consisted of accelerated aging tests using thin slices in parallel with a field investigation in which polyiso boards were installed in a purpose-built test hut at the NRC's Ottawa campus. The polyiso boards installed in the field were monitored for a period of 6 years and subsequently removed from the test hut and tested in the laboratory. This paper presents the field thermal performance of the rigid polyiso foam boards with impermeable facers and critically examines its relationship with the laboratory-measured thin slice aging data. It is hoped that these observations will help construction professionals and researchers to develop a better understanding on the LTTR of impermeably faced polyiso foam insulation boards. yes yes Testing Accelerated aging test Collaborative research activity Construction professionals Field performance Long-term thermal resistance (LTTR) Polyisocyanurate Thin slicing Thermal insulation foam insulation performance assessment plastic 0887-381X 28 4 4014005 10.1061/(ASCE)CR.1943-5495.0000072 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Construction Construction Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21275539 4b49aad7-aebf-4bad-8486-27a4a4fb10cc Joshua Lowrey aut Marianne S. Brooks aut Patrick McGinn McGinn, Patrick J. aut ACRD DCRA text article eng Many studies have demonstrated that heterotrophic and mixotrophic growth for various microalgae species yields greater biomass and lipid content as compared to photoautotrophic cultivation. This review explores the possibility of leveraging the natural ability of the microorganisms to metabolize carbon heterotrophically and mixotrophically in agricultural wastewaters. This has the potential advantage of improving the overall economics for the production of biodiesel and value-added biomolecules from microalgae, mitigating an existing waste stream and minimizing water requirements. However, there are a number of challenges and gaps in scientific knowledge that suggest a need for ongoing research in the area. In this review, specific focus is dedicated to the metabolic mechanisms, reported performances, and practical challenges that contribute to the uncertainty of employing agricultural wastewaters for heterotrophic and mixotrophic microalgae cultures. yes yes article in press 2014-11-16 Springer International Publishing 0921-8971 10.1007/s10811-014-0459-3 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Aquatic and Crop Resource Development Développement des cultures et des ressources aquatiques Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21275541 def868f4-b0e3-41bd-aa3e-47919b8c9380 Amit Tendolkar aut AERO AERO Ahmed Mohamed Damir Damir, Ahmed aut AERO AERO Mahmoud Helmi (Helmi) Attia Attia, Helmi aut AERO AERO Patrick Hendrick aut Christophe Diakodimitris aut text article eng The main objective of this work is to understand the effect of the MQL parameters; namely, oil flow rate, air flow rate and nozzle distance from the cutting zone, on the flow characteristics in order to optimise the cooling and lubrication capacities of the jet for machining applications. Flow visualisation experiments were performed for different air and oil flow rates and distances from the nozzle using phase Doppler anemometry (PDA). The visualisation results, such as, the droplet size and velocity vector were used to identify the optimum MQL conditions to achieve the desired flow characteristics for machining applications. It was found that a spray with high air flow rate and high oil flow rate would give an axial, symmetrical, coherent, and undisturbed spray, which is characterised by small droplet size and high velocity. This spray is optimum for machining due to its ability for better penetration and cooling effect in the cutting zone. Milling tests were performed on Ti-6Al-4V alloy to validate the effect of MQL parameters on the machining performance, in terms of cutting forces, surface roughness and tool temperature. yes yes Air lubrication Aluminum Anemometers Drops Flow rate Flow visualization Lubrication Milling (machining) Nozzles Oil shale Surface roughness Visualization Flow charac-teristics Flow visualisation Machining performance Minimum quantity lubrication MQL Phase Doppler anemometry Tool temperatures Velocity vectors Titanium alloys 2014 Inderscience Publishing 1753-1039 7 4 296 310 15 10.1504/IJMMS.2014.067164 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) Aerospace Aérospatiale Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21275504 fa52e0b8-12ee-43d7-8469-fc24318db722 Ian Huh aut Robert William Gene Gene, Robert aut HHT TSH Jyothi Kumaran aut HHT TSH Colin Roger (Roger) MacKenzie MacKenzie, C. Roger aut HHT TSH Cory L. Brooks aut text article eng The variable region of camelid heavy-chain antibodies produces the smallest known antibody fragment with antigen-binding capability (a V<inf>H</inf>H). The V<inf>H</inf>H R303 binds internalin B (InlB), a virulence factor expressed by the pathogen Listeria monocytogenes. InlB is critical for initiation of Listeria infection, as it binds a receptor (c-Met) on epithelial cells, triggering the entry of bacteria into host cells. InlB is surface-exposed and is required for virulence, hence a V<inf>H</inf>H targeting InlB has potential applications for pathogen detection or therapeutic intervention. Here, the expression, purification, crystallization and X-ray diffraction of R303 are reported. Crystals of R303 were obtained following in situ proteolysis with trypsin. Gel filtration and SDS-PAGE revealed that trypsin removed the C-terminal tag region of R303, facilitating crystal formation. Crystals of R303 diffracted to 1.3Å resolution and belonged to the monoclinic space group P21, with unit-cell parameters a = 46.4, b = 31.2, c = 74.8Å, β = 93.8°. The crystals exhibited a Matthews coefficient of 1.95Å3Da-1 with two molecules in the asymmetric unit. yes yes Camelidae Listeria Listeria monocytogenes 2014-09-05 International Union of Crystallography 2053-230X 70 1532 1535 4 10.1107/S2053230X1402010X National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) Human Health Therapeutics Thérapeutiques en santé humaine Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21275505 c8eb4b43-079d-44b2-adfd-0708f103495b R. K. Friesen aut James Di Francesco Di Francesco, J. aut NSI ISN T. L. Bourke aut P. Caselli aut J. K. Jørgensen aut J. E. Pineda aut M. Wong aut text article eng We present Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) observations of the submillimeter dust continuum and H2D+ 110-111 emission toward two evolved, potentially protostellar cores within the Ophiuchus molecular cloud, Oph A SM1 and SM1N. The data reveal small-scale condensations within both cores, with mass upper limits of M ≲ 0.02 M ⊙ (20 M Jup). The SM1 condensation is consistent with a nearly symmetric Gaussian source with a width of only 37 AU. The SM1N condensation is elongated and extends 500 AU along its major axis. No evidence for substructure is seen in either source. A Jeans analysis indicates that these sources are unlikely to fragment, suggesting that both will form single stars. H2D+ is only detected toward SM1N, offset from the continuum peak by 150-200 AU. This offset may be due to either heating from an undetected, young, low-luminosity protostellar source or first hydrostatic core, or HD (and consequently H2D+) depletion in the cold center of the condensation. We propose that SM1 is protostellar and that the condensation detected by ALMA is a warm (T 30-50 K) accretion disk. The less concentrated emission of the SM1N condensation suggests that it is still starless, but we cannot rule out the presence of a low-luminosity source, perhaps surrounded by a pseudodisk. These data observationally reveal the earliest stages of the formation of circumstellar accretion regions and agree with theoretical predictions that disk formation can occur very early in the star formation process, coeval with or just after the formation of a first hydrostatic core or protostar. yes yes 2014-12-10 IOP Publishing 0004-637X 797 1 27 10.1088/0004-637X/797/1/27 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada National Science Infrastructure Infrastructure scientifique nationale Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21275509 cadf3241-4a11-4932-8944-06f3b842c33f Olaniyi S. Fakolujo aut Ali Asghar Merati Merati, Ali aut AERO AERO Michel Nganbe aut Mariusz Bielawski aut AERO AERO Manon Bolduc aut text chapter eng Ceramics constitute an integral part of highly effective armours, often coupled together with ductile backing materials such as metals and polymers. The widespread use of armour ceramics is primarily due to their low density, high hardness, strength and elastic modulus. However, none of these properties can individually or collectively be identified as the major controller of armour performance. Rather, the synergistic effects of these properties are considered relevant for the ultimate impact performance. In this study, pressureless sintered alumina with ZrO<inf>2</inf> second phase particles as well as monolithic silicon carbide armour ceramics were investigated. They were characterized with respect to armour related properties such as hardness, indentation fracture toughness, porosity and density. The results indicated that the second phase particles and the level of porosity can significantly influence the performance of such armour ceramics. yes yes 2014-10-03 Wiley 9781118995433 9781118995495 249 83 91 9 10.1002/9781118995433.ch9 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Aerospace Aérospatiale Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21275512 e3fd440e-943f-45e8-8ec4-fe315c5f5ea2 Darun Barazanchy aut Marcias Martinez aut Bruno Filipe Ferreira Graca Rocha Rocha, Bruno aut AERO AERO Marko Yanishevsky aut AERO AERO text article eng A hybrid structural health monitoring (SHM) system, consisting of a piezoelectric transducer and fiber optic sensors (FOS) for generating and monitoring Lamb waves, was investigated to determine their potential for damage detection and localization in composite aerospace structures. As part of this study, the proposed hybrid SHM system, together with an in-house developed algorithm, was evaluated to detect and localize two types of damage: a through thickness damage (hole of 2 mm in diameter) and a surface damage (2 mm diameter bore hole with a depth of 0.65 mm) located on the backside of the plate. The experiments were performed using an aircraft representative composite plate skin, manufactured from carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP). yes yes Carbon fiber reinforced plastics Composite structures Damage detection Fiber optic sensors Plates (structural components) Surface waves Carbon fiber reinforced polymer Composite aerospace structures Composite plates Detection and localization Structural health monitoring (SHM) Structural health monitoring systems Surface damages Through-thickness Structural health monitoring 2014-10-29 Hindawi Publishing 1687-725X 2014 109403 10.1155/2014/109403 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Aerospace Aérospatiale Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21275513 c6ddc2a8-6b55-435b-bc7e-d2296ffa1014 Ryan M. R. Gawryluk aut Kenneth (Ken) Chisholm Chisholm, Kenneth A. aut HHT TSH Kenneth M. Pinto aut NRC CNRC Michael W. Gray aut text article eng This article describes and directly links to 1033 Acanthamoeba castellanii mitochondrial protein sequences. Of these, 709 are supported by Mass Spectrometry (MS) data (676 nucleus-encoded and 33 mitochondrion-encoded). Two of these entries are previously unannotated mtDNA-encoded proteins, which we identify as highly divergent mitochondrial ribosomal proteins. Our analysis corrects many A. castellanii protein sequences that were incorrectly inferred previously from genomic data deposited in NCBI. yes yes 2014-08-22 Elsevier 2352-3409 1 12 14 3 10.1016/j.dib.2014.08.005 Human Health Therapeutics Thérapeutiques en santé humaine National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21275514 4b3a43b7-94a9-45e5-afdd-38a6ac130a92 Doug Henke aut NSI ISN Stéphane Claude aut NSI ISN 2014 44th European Microwave Conference, EuMC 2014 - Held as Part of the 17th European Microwave Week, EuMW 2014, 6 October 2014 through 9 October 2014 text article eng An orthomode transducer (OMT) is important to separate the incoming signal into two linear polarizations. Using a turnstile junction, good input match, high isolation, and low cross-polarization can be achieved over a wide bandwidth. We report on a design covering 70-116 GHz that is directly machined from aluminum. yes yes Millimeter waves Polarization Radio astronomy Transducers High isolation Input match Linear polarization Low cross polarization Ortho-mode transducers Polarization splitters Turnstile junctions Wide bandwidth Millimeter wave devices 2014-10-06 IEEE 9782874870354 6986469 456 459 4 10.1109/EuMC.2014.6986469 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada National Science Infrastructure Infrastructure scientifique nationale Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21275516 fb609366-817c-4538-a265-da90b6c6e3b4 Zhongde Shi aut AERO AERO Amr Elfizy aut Mahmoud Helmi (Helmi) Attia Attia, Helmi aut AERO AERO 17th International Symposium on Advances in Abrasive Technology, ISAAT 2014, 22 September 2014 through 25 September 2014 text article eng An experimental study was undertaken to explore the conditions and performance on rough and finish grinding fir-tree root forms of turbine blades made of a nickel-based alloy using vitrified CBN wheels and water-based grinding fluid. This work was motivated by switching the grinding of fir-tree root forms from grinding with conventional abrasive wheels to vitrified CBN wheels for reducing overall production cost and enhancing productivity. Grinding experiments were conducted to measure grinding forces, power, surface roughness, and stress near the blade roots under various dressing and grinding conditions. Wheel re-dressing life in terms of the total number of good parts ground between dressing was tested with the condition producing the maximum material removal rate while satisfying preset part quality and process requirements. It was found that the maximum material removal rate achievable in rough grinding was restricted by the stress limit and the wheel re-dressing life was dominated by the radial wheel wear limit. The targeting part quality and process requirements were achieved. It was proved that vitrified CBN grinding process is feasible and very promising to machine fir-tree root forms. yes yes Abrasives Forestry Grinding wheels Iron alloys Nickel Surface roughness Turbomachine blades Wheel dressing Grinding conditions Material removal rate Nickel based alloy Process requirements Production cost Tree root Vitrified CBN Vitrified cbn wheels Grinding (machining) Abrasion Blades Grinding Roots Wheels 2014-09-26 Trans Tech Publications 1022-6680 9783038352211 1017 55 60 6 10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.1017.55 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) Aerospace Aérospatiale Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21275517 0002c361-3d31-4ced-ad6d-17009c4f4b87 Xinge Zhang aut EME EME Wei Qu aut EME EME Jason James Fahlman Fahlman, Jason aut EME EME Keh-Chyun (Ken) Tsay Tsay, Ken aut EME EME Xiao-Zi (Riny) Yuan Yuan, Xiao-Zi aut EME EME 2014 Electrochemical Conference on Energy and the Environment, ECEE 2014, 13 March 2014 through 16 March 2014 text article eng In this study, we evaluated the performance of the air cathode prepared by our industrial partner in a customized test platform under operating conditions of temperature up to 70°C, potassium hydroxide (KOH) concentration approximately 45wt% and current density of 0.2A/cm2. The temperature and CO2 effect on the performance were also investigated. The air cathode performed for over 1000 hours lifetime with the best degradation rate of approximately 0.15mV/hr. yes yes Carbon dioxide Cathodes Degradation Electric batteries Electrodes Potassium hydroxide Air cathode Operating condition Test platforms Zinc-air battery Primary batteries 2014 The Electrochemical Society 1938-5862 59 1 115 125 11 10.1149/05901.0115ecst National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) Energy, Mining and Environment Énergie, mines et environnement Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21275518 e58df054-7620-4bfa-a4fd-a80247c8c969 G. Allison aut T. Fujita aut K. Morimoto aut S. Teraoka aut M. Larsson aut H. Kiyama aut A. Oiwa aut Sofiane Haffouz Haffouz, S. aut ICT TIC D. G. Austing aut NRC CNRC A. Ludwig aut A. D. Wieck aut S. Tarucha aut text article eng We evaluate the Landé g factor of electrons in quantum dots (QDs) fabricated from GaAs quantum well (QW) structures of different well width. We first determine the Landé electron g factor of the QWs through resistive detection of electron spin resonance and compare it to the enhanced electron g factor determined from analysis of the magnetotransport. Next, we form laterally defined quantum dots using these quantum wells and extract the electron g factor from analysis of the cotunneling and Kondo effect within the quantum dots. We conclude that the Landé electron g factor of the quantum dot is primarily governed by the electron g factor of the quantum well suggesting that well width is an ideal design parameter for g-factor engineering QDs. yes yes 2014-12-11 American Physical Society 1098-0121 90 23 235310 10.1103/PhysRevB.90.235310 Information and Communication Technologies Technologies de l'information et des communications National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21275519 5866e9d8-d244-4cf3-9f80-6e71a61623d9 Lee David Ellis Ellis, Lee D. aut ACRD DCRA Evelyn Soo Soo, Evelyn C. aut John (JC) Achenbach Achenbach, John C. aut ACRD DCRA Michael Graham Morash Morash, Michael G. aut ACRD DCRA Kelly Soanes Soanes, Kelly H. aut ACRD DCRA text article eng The smoking of tobacco continues to be the leading cause of premature death worldwide and is linked to the development of a number of serious illnesses including heart disease, respiratory diseases, stroke and cancer. Currently, cell line based toxicity assays are typically used to gain information on the general toxicity of cigarettes and other tobacco products. However, they provide little information regarding the complex disease-related changes that have been linked to smoking. The ethical concerns and high cost associated with mammalian studies have limited their widespread use for in vivo toxicological studies of tobacco. The zebrafish has emerged as a low-cost, high-throughput, in vivo model in the study of toxicology. In this study, smoke condensates from 2 reference cigarettes and 6 Canadian brands of cigarettes with different design features were assessed for acute, developmental, cardiac, and behavioural toxicity (neurotoxicity) in zebrafish larvae. By making use of this multifaceted approach we have developed an in vivo model with which to compare the toxicity profiles of smoke condensates from cigarettes with different design features. This model system may provide insights into the development of smoking related disease and could provide a cost-effective, high-throughput platform for the future evaluation of tobacco products. yes yes cigarette smoke condensate acute toxicity animal experiment animal model cardiotoxicity cost effectiveness analysis developmental toxicity embryo high throughput screening in vivo study larva neurotoxicity smoking zebra fish Danio rerio Mammalia Nicotiana tabacum 2014-12-19 PLOS 1932-6203 9 12 e115305 10.1371/journal.pone.0115305 NRC-ACRD-55848 Aquatic and Crop Resource Development Développement des cultures et des ressources aquatiques National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21275520 2cb6387c-1213-4286-8cd9-515bcef391ad Samantha Lawler Lawler, S. M. aut NSI ISN James Di Francesco Di Francesco, J. aut NSI ISN G. M. Kennedy aut B. Sibthorpe aut M. Booth aut B. Vandenbussche aut Brenda Matthews Matthews, B. C. aut NSI ISN W. S. Holland aut J. Greaves aut D. J. Wilner aut M. Tuomi aut J. A. D. L. Blommaert aut B. L. De Vries aut C. Dominik aut M. Fridlund aut W. Gear aut A. M. Heras aut R. Ivison aut G. Olofsson aut text article eng Τ Ceti is a nearby, mature G-type star very similar to our Sun, with a massive Kuiper Belt analogue and possible multiplanet system that has been compared to our Solar system. We present Herschel Space Observatory images of the debris disc, finding the disc is resolved at 70 μm and 160 μm, and marginally resolved at 250 μm. The Herschel images and infrared photometry from the literature are best modelled using a wide dust annulus with an inner edge between 1 and 10 au and an outer edge at~55 au, inclined from face-on by 35° ±10°, and with no significant azimuthal structure. We model the proposed tightly packed planetary system of five super-Earths and find that the innermost dynamically stable disc orbits are consistent with the inner edge found by the observations. The photometric modelling, however, cannot rule out a disc inner edge as close to the star as 1 au, though larger distances produce a better fit to the data. Dynamical modelling shows that the five-planet system is stable with the addition of a Neptune or smaller mass planet on an orbit outside 5 au, where the radial velocity data analysis would not have detected a planet of this mass. yes yes 2014-09-15 Oxford University Press 0035-8711 444 3 2665 2675 11 10.1093/mnras/stu1641 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada National Science Infrastructure Infrastructure scientifique nationale Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21275524 897b0759-ac29-4713-b142-27139bc82e6e J. Panju aut Mouhab Meshreki Meshreki, M. aut AERO AERO Mahmoud Helmi (Helmi) Attia Attia, M. H. aut AERO AERO ASME 2014 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition, IMECE 2014, 14 November 2014 through 20 November 2014 text article eng 1Conventional drilling of modern super alloys and composite material induces high stresses in the vicinity of drilled holes along with high thrust forces which lead to problems in terms of hole quality and accuracy as well as increased tool wear. A recent and promising technique to overcome these challenges is to introduce vibration assistance in the cutting zone by superimposing oscillating vibration in the feed direction of the tool. Two regimes of vibration excitation could be applied for this purpose: low frequency (<500 Hz) high amplitude (>100 μm) and high frequency (<500 Hz) low amplitude (<20 μm). Motivated by the advantages of the HF-VAD and the limited work available in the literature for this regime, a new system is developed by the authors where the rotating tool is excited to high frequency and low amplitude. The new design is based on the use of piezoelectric actuators to generate the motion and a high speed slip ring to ensure the transfer of sufficient power to the actuator. A novel concept was implemented by de-coupling the rotary motion of the spindle from the vibrational motion of the actuator to ensure a higher efficiency of power transmission without damaging either the actuator or the spindle. With this design, a retrofittable HSK 100A toolholder with high frequency excitation spindle attachment was manufactured to incorporate drill sizes up to 1/4 inches. Commissioning tests were performed under no load and spring loaded conditions and it was found that the system has a capability to excite the tool up to 100 μm at 900 Hz (resonance frequency) and up to 5 μm between 500-800 Hz and 1100-2500 Hz. HF-VAD tests were conducted using this new attachment on Aluminum 6061 and it was found that the system was able to successfully obtain the prescribed frequency and amplitude. Up to 50% reduction in. yes yes Actuators Cutting tools Drilling Commissioning test High frequency HF High frequency vibration High-frequency excitation Higher efficiency Resonance frequencies Vibration excitation Vibrational motions Piezoelectric actuators 2014-11-14 American Society of Mechanical Engineers 9780791846438 2A 10.1115/IMECE2014-39307 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) Aerospace Aérospatiale Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21275525 e493e59d-a319-43db-9fbf-ca1e7e321138 Paolo Spanò Spanò, P. aut NSI ISN Ground-Based and Airborne Instrumentation for Astronomy V, 22 June 2014 through 26 June 2014 text article eng The Maunakea Spectroscopic Explorer shall be mainly devoted to perform deep, wide-field, spectroscopic surveys at spectral resolutions from ∼2000 to ∼20000, at visible and near-infrared wavelengths. Simultaneous spectral coverage at low resolution is required, while at high resolution only selected windows can be covered. Moreover, very high multiplexing (3200 objects) must be obtained at low resolution. At higher resolutions a decreased number of objects (∼800) can be observed. To meet such high demanding requirements, a fiber-fed multi-object spectrograph concept has been designed by pupil-slicing the collimated beam, followed by multiple dispersive and camera optics. Different resolution modes are obtained by introducing anamorphic lenslets in front of the fiber arrays. The spectrograph is able to switch between three resolution modes (2000, 6500, 20000) by removing the anamorphic lenses and exchanging gratings. Camera lenses are fixed in place to increase stability. To enhance throughput, VPH first-order gratings has been preferred over echelle gratings. Moreover, throughput is kept high over all wavelength ranges by splitting light into more arms by dichroic beamsplitters and optimizing efficiency for each channel by proper selection of glass materials, coatings, and grating parameters. yes yes Astronomy Cameras Glass Infrared devices Optical design CFHT High resolution MSE Multiobject spectroscopy pupil-slicing VPH gratings Spectrographs 2014-07-08 SPIE 0277-786X 9780819496157 9147 91474D 10.1117/12.2056894 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada National Science Infrastructure Infrastructure scientifique nationale Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21275508 f7de1523-221b-4603-bdca-21a99b724baa André-Nicolas Chene aut John Padzer aut NRC CNRC Gregory Barrick aut André Anthony Anthony, Andre aut NSI ISN Tom Benedict aut David R (Dave) Duncan Duncan, David aut NSI ISN Pedro Gigoux aut Scot Kleinman aut Lison Malo aut Eder Martioli aut Claire Moutou aut Vinicius Placco aut Vlad Reshetovand aut NRC CNRC Jaehyon Rhee aut Katherine Roth aut Ricardo P. Schiavon aut Eric Tollestrup aut Tom Vermeulen aut John White aut Robert M (Bob) Wooff Wooff, Robert aut NSI ISN Advances in Optical and Mechanical Technologies for Telescopes and Instrumentation, 23 June 2014 through 27 June 2014 text article eng The Gemini Remote Access to CFHT ESPaDONS Spectrograph has achieved first light of its experimental phase in May 2014. It successfully collected light from the Gemini North telescope and sent it through two 270 m optical fibers to the the ESPaDOnS spectrograph at CFHT to deliver high-resolution spectroscopy across the optical region. The fibers gave an average focal ratio degradation of 14% on sky, and a maximum transmittance of 85% at 800nm. GRACES achieved delivering spectra with a resolution power of R = 40,000 and R = 66,000 between 400 and 1,000 nm. It has a ∼8% throughput and is sensitive to target fainter than 21st mag in 1 hour. The average acquisition time of a target is around 10 min. This project is a great example of a productive collaboration between two observatories on Maunakea that was successful due to the reciprocal involvement of the Gemini, CFHT, and NRC Herzberg teams, and all the staff involved closely or indirectly. yes yes Fibers Optical fibers Spectrographs Spectroscopic analysis Spectroscopy Acquisition time ESPaDOnS Focal ratio degradation High resolution High-resolution spectroscopy Optical Optical regions Resolution power Telescopes 2014-07-28 SPIE 0277-786X 9780819496195 9151 915147 10.1117/12.2057417 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) National Science Infrastructure Infrastructure scientifique nationale Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21275507 4ce68582-e574-4ab4-853c-37f1b1e22367 Nicholas M. Law aut Raymond Carlberg aut Octavi Fors aut Eric Steinbring aut NSI ISN Wayne Ngan aut Philip Wulfken aut Bjorn Pedersen aut Jerome Maire aut Suresh Sivanandam aut Ground-Based and Airborne Telescopes V, 22 June 2014 through 27 June 2014 text article eng We present new results from the first search for transiting exoplanets undertaken from the High Arctic: the AWCam (Arctic Wide-field Cameras) survey. The survey, which has been operating for 2.5 years, is based at 80 degrees North on Ellesmere Island in the Canadian High Arctic. The small telescopes monitor 70,000 bright stars in a several-hundred square-degree region around Polaris, with milli-magnitude photometric precision, and are capable of discovering giant planets around 10,000 bright, nearby solar-type stars. We present the first longterm monitoring results from the AWCams, including an assessment of the site characteristics and the systems' long-term performance. The High-Arctic site provided excellent survey efficiency, without diurnal windowing and largely uninterrupted by clouds. Useful data was obtained over the entire survey field 71% of the time; the sky was clear 62% of the time. One pristine clear, dark period in winter 2012/13 persisted for 480 hours. In 2012/13 we recorded a period of 480 hours of continuous photometric conditions, attaining 3-4 millimag photometric stability over the entire period. We report the long-term photometric performance of the AWCam systems and detail the discovery of a bright (V=8) low-amplitude eclipsing binary. Finally, we present a concept for an extremely-wide-field arctic survey based on the Evryscope telescope-array design. yes yes Airborne telescopes Cameras Extrasolar planets Photometry Stars Turbulent flow arctic circumpolar Exoplanet Site-testing transit Wide field cameras 2014-07-22 SPIE 0277-786X 9780819496133 9145 91450H 10.1117/12.2057009 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) National Science Infrastructure Infrastructure scientifique nationale Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21275515 1b1f0f62-0f0b-4f7d-9f67-186f20c95832 Fredrik T. Rantakyrö aut Andrew Cardwell aut Jeffrey Chilcote aut Jennifer Dunn aut NSI ISN Stephen Goodsell aut Pascale Hibon aut Bruce Macintosh aut Carlos Quiroz aut Marshall D. Perrin aut Naru Sadakuni aut Leslie K (Les) Saddlemyer Saddlemyer, Leslie aut NSI ISN Dmitry Savransky aut Andrew Serio aut Claudia Winge aut Ramon Galvez aut Gaston Gausachs aut Kayla Hardie aut Markus Hartung aut Javier Luhrs aut Lisa Poyneer aut Sandrine Thomas aut Observatory Operations: Strategies, Processes, and Systems V, 25 June 2014 through 27 June 2014 text article eng The Gemini Planet Imager is an extreme AO instrument with an integral field spectrograph (IFS) operating in Y, J, H, and K bands. Both the Gemini telescope and the GPI instrument are very complex systems. Our goal is that the combined telescope and instrument system may be run by one observer operating the instrument, and one operator controlling the telescope and the acquisition of light to the instrument. This requires a smooth integration between the two systems and easily operated control interfaces. We discuss the definition of the software and hardware interfaces, their implementation and testing, and the integration of the instrument with the telescope environment. yes yes Instrument testing Observatories Telescopes Gemini Planet Imager Instrument systems Instrumentation Integral field spectrograph Software environments Integration testing 2014-08-06 SPIE 0277-786X 9780819496171 9149 91492B 10.1117/12.2055654 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) National Science Infrastructure Infrastructure scientifique nationale Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21275521 c94c8abe-7989-445e-8ace-3a8e4d9447b8 Quinn M. Konopacky aut Sandrine J. Thomas aut Bruce A. MacIntosh aut Daren Dillon aut Naru Sadakuni aut Jérôme Maire aut Michael Fitzgerald aut Sasha Hinkley aut Paul Kalas aut Thomas Esposito aut Christian Marois aut NSI ISN Patrick J. Ingraham aut Franck Marchis aut Marshall D. Perrin aut James R. Graham aut Jason J. Wang aut Robert J. De Rosa aut Katie Morzinski aut Laurent Pueyo aut Jeffrey K. Chilcote aut James E. Larkin aut Daniel Fabrycky aut Stephen J. Goodsell aut B. R. Oppenheimer aut Jenny Patience aut Leslie K (Les) Saddlemyer Saddlemyer, Leslie aut NSI ISN Anand Sivaramakrishnan aut Ground-Based and Airborne Instrumentation for Astronomy V, 22 June 2014 through 26 June 2014 text article eng We present the results of both laboratory and on sky astrometric characterization of the Gemini Planet Imager (GPI). This characterization includes measurement of the pixel scale∗ of the integral field spectrograph (IFS), the position of the detector with respect to north, and optical distortion. Two of these three quantities (pixel scale and distortion) were measured in the laboratory using two transparent grids of spots, one with a square pattern and the other with a random pattern. The pixel scale in the laboratory was also estimate using small movements of the artificial star unit (ASU) in the GPI adaptive optics system. On sky, the pixel scale and the north angle are determined using a number of known binary or multiple systems and Solar System objects, a subsample of which had concurrent measurements at Keck Observatory. Our current estimate of the GPI pixel scale is 14.14 ± 0.01 millarcseconds/pixel, and the north angle is -1.00 ± 0.03°. Distortion is shown to be small, with an average positional residual of 0.26 pixels over the field of view, and is corrected using a 5th order polynomial. We also present results from Monte Carlo simulations of the GPI Exoplanet Survey (GPIES) assuming GPI achieves ∼1 milliarcsecond relative astrometric precision. We find that with this precision, we will be able to constrain the eccentricities of all detected planets, and possibly determine the underlying eccentricity distribution of widely separated Jovians. yes yes Adaptive optics Astronomy Calibration Distortion (waves) Monte Carlo methods Spectrographs astrometry Gemini Planet Imager GPI High contrast imaging Integral Field Spectroscopy Pixels 2014-07-28 SPIE 0277-786X 9780819496157 9147 914784 10.1117/12.2056646 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada National Science Infrastructure Infrastructure scientifique nationale Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21275511 c634324c-d26b-45f0-a5d2-b506accea13d Anna M. Moore aut James E. Larkin aut Shelley A. Wright aut Brian Bauman aut Jennifer Dunn aut NSI ISN Brent Ellerbroek aut Andrew C. Phillips aut Luc Simard aut NSI ISN Ryuji Suzuki aut Kai Zhang aut Ted Aliado aut George Brims aut John Canfield aut Shaojie Chen aut Richard Dekany aut Alex Delacroix aut Tuan Do aut Glen Herriot aut NSI ISN Bungo Ikenoue aut Chris Johnson aut Elliot Meyer aut Yoshiyuki Obuchi aut John Pazder aut NSI ISN Vladimir Arnoldovich (Vlad) Reshetov Reshetov, Vladimir aut NSI ISN Reed Riddle aut Sakae Saito aut Roger Smith aut Ji Man Sohn aut Fumihiro Uraguchi aut Tomonori Usuda aut Eric Wang aut Lianqi Wang aut Jason Weiss aut Robert M (Bob) Wooff Wooff, Robert aut NSI ISN Ground-Based and Airborne Instrumentation for Astronomy V, 22 June 2014 through 26 June 2014 text article eng We present an overview of the design of IRIS, an infrared (0.84 - 2.4 micron) integral field spectrograph and imaging camera for the Thirty Meter Telescope (TMT). With extremely low wavefront error (<30 nm) and on-board wavefront sensors, IRIS will take advantage of the high angular resolution of the narrow field infrared adaptive optics system (NFIRAOS) to dissect the sky at the diffraction limit of the 30-meter aperture. With a primary spectral resolution of 4000 and spatial sampling starting at 4 milliarcseconds, the instrument will create an unparalleled ability to explore high redshift galaxies, the Galactic center, star forming regions and virtually any astrophysical object. This paper summarizes the entire design and basic capabilities. Among the design innovations is the combination of lenslet and slicer integral field units, new 4Kx4k detectors, extremely precise atmospheric dispersion correction, infrared wavefront sensors, and a very large vacuum cryogenic system. yes yes Astronomy Atmospheric movements Diffraction Infrared imaging Infrared spectroscopy Optical telescopes Spectrographs Telescopes Thermography (imaging) Wavefronts Adaptive optics systems Astrophysical objects Atmospheric dispersion Extremely Large Telescopes High angular resolutions High redshift-galaxies Integral field spectrograph Thirty Meter Telescope Adaptive optics 2014-08-06 SPIE 0277-786X 9780819496157 9147 914724 10.1117/12.2055216 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada National Science Infrastructure Infrastructure scientifique nationale Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21275522 48c8c9c7-8df3-4f68-ab2f-893f68f7aeba Shelley A. Wright aut James E. Larkin aut Anna M. Moore aut Tuan Do aut Luc Simard aut NSI ISN Maté Adamkovics aut Lee Armus aut Aaron J. Barth aut Elizabeth Barton aut Hope Boyce aut Jeffrey Cooke aut Patrick J D (Pat) Côté Cote, Patrick aut NSI ISN Timothy (Tim) Davidge Davidge, Timothy aut NSI ISN Brent Ellerbroek aut Andrea Ghez aut Michael C. Liu aut Jessica R. Lu aut Bruce A. MacIntosh aut Shude Mao aut Christian Marois aut NSI ISN Mathias Schoeck aut Ryuji Suzuki aut Jonathan C. Tan aut Tommaso Treu aut Lianqi Wang aut Jason Weiss aut Ground-Based and Airborne Instrumentation for Astronomy V, 22 June 2014 through 26 June 2014 text article eng IRIS (InfraRed Imaging Spectrograph) is a first light near-infrared diffraction limited imager and integral field spectrograph being designed for the future Thirty Meter Telescope (TMT). IRIS is optimized to perform astronomical studies across a significant fraction of cosmic time, from our Solar System to distant newly formed galaxies (Barton et al. [1]). We present a selection of the innovative science cases that are unique to IRIS in the era of upcoming space and ground-based telescopes. We focus on integral field spectroscopy of directly imaged exoplanet atmospheres, probing fundamental physics in the Galactic Center, measuring 104 to 1010 M supermassive black hole masses, resolved spectroscopy of young star-forming galaxies (1 < 5) and first light galaxies (6 < 12), and resolved spectroscopy of strong gravitational lensed sources to measure dark matter substructure. For each of these science cases we use the IRIS simulator (Wright et al. [2], Do et al. [3]) to explore IRIS capabilities. To highlight the unique IRIS capabilities, we also update the point and resolved source sensitivities for the integral field spectrograph (IFS) in all five broadband filters (Z, Y, J, H, K) for the finest spatial scale of 0.004" per spaxel. We briefly discuss future development plans for the data reduction pipeline and quicklook software for the IRIS instrument suite. yes yes Adaptive optics Aluminum Astronomy Galaxies Gravitation Infrared devices Infrared imaging Infrared spectroscopy Light Optical telescopes Spectrographs Stars Telescopes Data simulators Ground-based telescopes Imaging spectrograph Integral field spectrograph Integral Field Spectroscopy Segmented mirror Supermassive black holes Thirty Meter Telescope Thermography (imaging) 2014-07-28 SPIE 0277-786X 9780819496157 9147 91479S 10.1117/12.2055599 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada National Science Infrastructure Infrastructure scientifique nationale Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21275523 70c89a2d-00b0-4358-b833-81ba700eeae9 Martine Dubé aut Aurélie Chazerain aut Pascal Hubert aut Ali Yousefpour aut AERO AERO Harald E. Bersee aut text article eng An experimental investigation of resistance welding of thermoplastic composite double lap shear (DLS) joints is presented. DLS specimens consisting of unidirectional carbon fibre/polyetheretherketone (CF/PEEK), carbon fibre/polyetherketoneketone (CF/PEKK), carbon fibre/polyetherimide (CF/PEI) and 8-harness satin weave fabric glass fibre/polyetherimide (GF/PEI) composites were resistance welded using a stainless steel mesh heating element. The welded specimens were tested under static and fatigue loadings, and the quality of the welds was examined using optical and scanning electron microscopy. Weld strengths of 53, 49, 45 and 34 MPa were obtained for CF/PEEK, CF/PEKK, CF/PEI and GF/PEI DLS joints, respectively. Indefinite fatigue lives were obtained between 20 and 30% of the ultimate static failure loads of the joints. Performances of the resistance-welded DLS and single lap shear (SLS) joints were compared. It was shown that the effect of joint geometry, that is, DLS versus SLS, on the mechanical performance of the resistance-welded joints is minimal, indicating a good resistance of welded joints to peel stresses. yes yes Carbon Carbon fibers Composite materials Dynamic light scattering Fatigue of materials Joints (structural components) Plastics Reinforced plastics Resistance welding Scanning electron microscopy Stainless steel Steel fibers Stresses Thermoplastics Double lap joint Fatigue loadings Fusion bonding Mechanical performance Single lap shears Stainless steel mesh Thermoplastic composite Welding 2014-06 SAGE Publications 0892-7057 28 6 762 776 15 10.1177/0892705713490714 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) Aerospace Aérospatiale Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21275477 dc570819-a0d9-4dfa-bfbb-c158dfad7577 A. Otero-De-La-Roza aut NRC CNRC Erin R. Johnson aut Gino A DiLabio DiLabio, Gino A. aut NINT INNT text article eng Halogen bonds are formed when a Lewis base interacts with a halogen atom in a different molecule, which acts as an electron acceptor. Due to its charge transfer component, halogen bonding is difficult to model using many common density-functional approximations because they spuriously overstabilize halogen-bonded dimers. It has been suggested that dispersion-corrected density functionals are inadequate to describe halogen bonding. In this work, we show that the exchange-hole dipole moment (XDM) dispersion correction coupled with functionals that minimize delocalization error (for instance, BH&HLYP, but also other half-and-half functionals) accurately model halogen-bonded interactions, with average errors similar to other noncovalent dimers with less charge-transfer effects. The performance of XDM is evaluated for three previously proposed benchmarks (XB18 and XB51 by Kozuch and Martin, and the set proposed by Bauzá et al.) spanning a range of binding energies up to ∼50 kcal/mol. The good performance of BH&HLYP-XDM is comparable to M06-2X, and extends to the "extreme" cases in the Bauzá set. This set contains anionic electron donors where charge transfer occurs even at infinite separation, as well as other charge transfer dimers belonging to the pnictogen and chalcogen bonding classes. We also show that functional delocalization error results in an overly delocalized electron density and exact-exchange hole. We propose intermolecular Bader delocalization indices as an indicator of both the donor - acceptor character of an intermolecular interaction and the delocalization error coming from the underlying functional. yes yes 2014-11-12 ACS Publishing 1549-9618 10 12 5436 5447 12 10.1021/ct500899h National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) National Institute for Nanotechnology Institut national de nanotechnologie Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21275486 1aba3cef-540f-402a-b47b-37096f317963 W. Cicha aut IRAP PARI text article eng yes yes 2014-12-17 oekom verlag 0940-5550 23 4 302 303 2 10.14512/gaia.23.4.2 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) Industrial Research Assistance Program (IRAP-PARI) Programme d'aide à la recherche industrielle (PARI-IRAP) Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21275487 707bf9fd-0b12-44cb-b21c-0c3e5349e9a0 Mahmud Sazidy aut Claude Daley aut Bruce Colbourne aut Jungyong John (John) Wang Wang, Jungyong aut OCRE GOCF ASME 2014 33rd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering, OMAE 2014, 8 June 2014 through 13 June 2014 text article eng This paper presents a numerical model of ship ice-wedge interaction to study the effect of ship speed on level ice edge breaking. The interaction process is modeled using LS-DYNA. The developed model considers ice crushing, ice flexural failure and the water foundation effect. For the ice, two different plasticity-based material models are used to represent ice crushing and ice flexural behaviors. The water foundation effect is modeled using a simple linear elastic material. The analysis is performed for a ship speed range of 0.1 to 5 ms-1 and ice thickness of 0.5 to 1.5 m. The analysis indicates that both ship speed and ice thickness significantly affect the ice breaking process. The model results are in good agreement with a number of analytical and empirical models. The model can be useful in establishing a rational basis for safe speed criteria, improving ship structural standards and tools for ice management capability assessment. yes yes Materials properties Ocean engineering Ships Speed Breaking process Empirical model Flexural behavior Flexural failure Interaction process Linear elastic material Material models Structural standards Ice 2014-06-08 American Society of Mechanical Engineers 9780791845516 8B 10.1115/OMAE2014-24101 OCRE-PR-2014-006 Ocean, Coastal and River Engineering Génie océanique, côtier et fluvial National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21275488 ce16ff0f-842d-4fb5-9508-8f7ad1f9553c Boris Tartakovsky aut EME EME Punita Mehta aut BMS SGA Guido Santoyo aut BRI IRB Caroline Roy aut EME EME Jean-Claude Frigon aut EME EME Serge Guiot Guiot, Serge R. aut EME EME text article eng BACKGROUND: Anaerobic digestion of agricultural wastes is a cost effective way for combining resource recovery and methane production. This paper evaluates the co-digestion of cow manure and switchgrass in a completely stirred tank reactor (CSTR) by the electrolysis-enhanced anaerobic digestion (eAD) process. RESULTS: The electrodes for water electrolysis were installed directly in an anaerobic digester and were used to create micro-aerobic conditions. Significant gains in process performance and biogas quality were obtained at current densities of 20-25 mA LR-1 (per digester volume) with a corresponding volumetric energy consumption of 0.07-0.08 Wh LR-1. In particular, the COD removal rate was increased from 0.6 to 0.9 g COD LR-1 d-1, methane production increased by 26%, and H2S content in the biogas declined from 2500-3000 ppm to less than 10 ppm. CONCLUSIONS: The improved performance was achieved due to methane production from hydrolytic H2 and possibly due to the enhanced hydrolysis of organic matter. yes yes Co-digestion Cow manure Micro aerobics Switchgrass Water electrolysis Anaerobic digestion Panicum virgatum 2014-10 Wiley 0268-2575 89 10 1501 1506 6 10.1002/jctb.4224 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Energy, Mining and Environment Énergie, mines et environnement Business Management Support Soutien à la gestion des affaires NRC Biotechnology Research Institute Institutde recherche en biotechnologie du CNRC Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21275489 5299d9ab-c55b-48cb-b099-85b5abe8fbf6 Ehab Samuel Samuel, E. aut AST ATS A. M. Samuel aut H. W. Doty aut S. Valtierra aut F. H. Samuel aut NRC CNRC text article eng The present work was performed on experimental Al-Si near eutectic cast alloys, with different additives mainly Fe, Mg, Mn, Cr, Sr and P. The alloys were cooled at 0·8°C s-1, very close to equilibrium conditions. Precipitated phases, primarily Fe, Cu, Mg and Sr based intermetallics, were examined. Although the phases reported in the present work were documented previously, the range of chemical composition of each phase was confirmed using an electron probe microanalyser equipped with wavelength dispersive spectroscopy and electron dispersive X-ray spectroscopy facilities. yes yes Cast alloys Chemical compositions Electron probe microanalyser Equilibrium conditions Intermetallic phasis Q-phase Sr modification Aluminum Intermetallics Iron alloys Manganese Silicon X ray spectroscopy Silicon alloys 2014 Maney Publishing 1364-0461 27 2 107 114 8 10.1179/1743133613Y.0000000083 Automotive and Surface Transportation Automobile et transport de surface National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21275492 dede944a-6c03-41b1-8dcb-1cbe03a09e06 Stéphane La Barre aut Stephen S. Bates aut Michael A Quilliam Quilliam, Michael A. aut MSS SME text chapter eng Domoic acid (DA) was of no special scientific interest until a series of case studies revealed its role as the major marine neurotoxin causing amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP). The analysis, toxicology, synthesis and degradation of the highly polar amino acid DA and its kainoid congeners are discussed in this chapter. Although DA is structurally simple and ubiquitous in contaminated food samples, it was not simple to prove that it was the causative agent of ASP in humans and of DA poisoning in carnivorous birds and mammals. Furthermore, its detection and the prevention of ASP requires regular monitoring of seafood using rapid and accurate analyses. The main producers of DA are certain seasonally blooming diatoms of the genus Pseudo-nitzschia, major components of coastal phytoplankton. Here, details are provided of the species most likely to be involved in food-poisoning episodes, together with a brief account of the molecular mechanisms that underlie DA toxicity, which cause symptoms of acute and chronic neurotoxicity. DA may attain critically toxic levels within two major food chains involving benthic filter-feeders (e.g., mussels) or planktivorous fish (e.g., anchovies). Preventive measures must be complemented by risk assessments of seasonal toxigenic blooms, especially in nutrient-enriched coastal areas. The major chemical and biotic factors that influence diatom bloom formation and toxigenicity are outlined. Genomics of DA production allow the development of novel molecular tools to better understand DA biosynthesis at the gene level, and the evolutionary significance of DA as a metabolite with primary and secondary characteristics. yes yes 2014-03-07 Wiley 9783527681501 9783527334650 189 216 28 10.1002/9783527681501.ch08 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) Measurement Science and Standards Science des mesures et étalons Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21275494 f99080ad-e0aa-4796-9285-6b0d2fbb2be2 Jan Kratzer aut MSS SME Jaroslav Boušek aut Ralph Edward Sturgeon Sturgeon, Ralph E. aut MSS SME Zoltan Mester Mester, Zoltán aut MSS SME Jiří Dědina aut text article eng Atomization of bismuth hydride in a 17 W planar quartz dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) atomizer was optimized and the performance of this device compared to that of a conventional quartz tube atomizer (QTA) for atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). Modification of the inner surface of the DBD atomizer using dimethyldichlorsilane (DMDCS) was essential since it improved sensitivity by a factor of 2-4. Argon, at a flow rate of 125 mL min-1, was the best DBD discharge gas. Free Bi atoms were also observed in the DBD with nitrogen, hydrogen, and helium discharge gases but not in air. The detection limit for Bi (1.1 ng mL-1) is worse than with the QTA (0.16 ng mL-1 Bi). A poorer detection limit compared to a QTA is a consequence of the shorter optical path of the DBD. Moreover, the lower atomization efficiency and/or faster decay of free atoms in the DBD has to be considered. The performance of the DBD as an atomizer reflects both effects, i.e., atomization efficiency and free atom decay, was estimated to be 65% of that of the externally heated quartz tube atomizer. Nevertheless, this hydride generation DBD-AAS approach can be used for the routine determination of Bi, providing repeatability and accuracy comparable to that reached with a QTA, as demonstrated by analysis of NIST SRM 1643e (trace elements in water). The potential of in-atomizer preconcentration in a DBD atomizer is outlined. yes yes Analytical performance Dielectric barrier discharges Hydride generations 2014-09-23 ACS Publishing 0003-2700 86 19 9620 9625 6 10.1021/ac502093y National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Measurement Science and Standards Science des mesures et étalons Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21275495 0d9281d0-f459-4537-9717-1591c79d92d9 X. J. Peng aut Kuiying Chen Chen, K. Y. aut AERO AERO R. Liu aut M. Liang aut text article eng The cyclic oxidation behavior of four high-temperature alloys (two NiAl alloys and two NiCr alloy) is studied utilizing an existing micromechanics-based model, in which Al2O3 and Cr2O3 are formed on the alloys as protective layers. For each alloy, the model parameters are determined based on one ‘complete’ experimental curve of weight change, which is obtained under a high-temperature cyclic oxidation test where the weight change experiences a maximum value and then drops down to a zero point. The model is first tested on two metals which have experimental data available for comparison. It is found that the model parameter, oxide crack density exponent, can be assumed constant within a range of high temperature for each metal, thus with the ‘complete’ experimental curve of weight change, the model can predict the oxidation behavior of the metal at different temperatures. The determination of model parameters, accuracy, and limitations of the model for NiAl and NiCr alloys is analyzed and discussed. yes yes Oxidation Superalloys Cyclic oxidation behavior Cyclic oxidation tests Determination of model parameters Experimental curves Micromechanics-based modeling Model and simulation Oxidation behaviors Protective layers Alloys 2014-09-23 Springer Science+Business Media 1059-9495 23 12 4366 4373 8 10.1007/s11665-014-1238-7 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) Aerospace Aérospatiale Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21275498 60154c95-5aa3-4b36-b196-81dd734d667e David Scott Hall Hall, David S. aut EME EME Christina Bock aut EME EME Barry R MacDougall MacDougall, Barry R. aut EME EME text article eng This work establishes a new method to measure the electrochemically active surface area (AECSA) of nickel electrodes, in situ. The addition of 0.08 mol L-1 of an oxalate salt to an alkaline electrolyte solution shifts the half-wave potential of the Ni(II)/Ni(III) redox pair by about -80 mV. Further, these peaks are very narrow. The sharpest peak in this work has a full width at half maximum (FWHM) of just 11 mV. This unusual sharpness is attributed to the layered structure of nickel hydroxides and the adsorption of oxalate from the solution on the (001) surface. This is supported by attenuated total reflectance infrared (ATR-IR) peaks measured at 1265 cm-1, 1655 cm-1, and 1713 cm-1, which correspond to mononuclear bidentate oxalate bonded to nickel. At sufficiently fast potential scan rates (≥150 mV s-1), the adsorbed oxalate limits growth of the surface hydroxide to a single layer. During the reverse scan, the surface NiOOH/Ni(OH)2 reduction peak is well-separated from other electrochemical processes and may be used to accurately and precisely measure the AECSA. The error of this method is estimated at < 10%. yes yes Nickel Oxalic acid Alkaline electrolytes Attenuated total reflectance infrared Electrochemical process Electrochemically active surface areas Half-wave potential Layered Structures Potential scan rates Surface hydroxide Electrodes 2014-09-03 The Electrochemical Society 0013-4651 161 12 H787 H795 10.1149/2.0711412jes National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) Energy, Mining and Environment Énergie, mines et environnement Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21275499 4c454fd6-e4e2-493a-827c-e6f1f2971a85 Daniel Benedikovic aut Pavel Cheben aut IMS ISM Jens Holger Schmid Schmid, Jens H. aut IMS ISM Dan-Xia Xu aut IMS ISM Shurui Wang aut IMS ISM Siegfried Janz aut IMS ISM Robert Halir aut Alejandro Ortega-Moñux aut Milan Dado aut 11th International Conference on Group IV Photonics, GFP 2014, 27 August 2014 through 29 August 2014 text article eng The coupling efficiency of a surface grating coupler is optimized for a an arbitrary buried oxide thickness by adjusting the grating radiation angle. The coupler is apodized using a subwavelength structure, allowing a single etch step fabrication. The measured coupling loss is -2.16dB with 3dB bandwidth of 64nm, for a minimum feature size of 100nm. It is also shown by simulations that by implementing this coupler in a double SOI (DSOI) wafer, an ultra-low coupling loss of -0.42dB is achieved. yes yes 2014-08-27 IEEE 1949-2081 9781479922833 6962018 41 42 2 10.1109/Group4.2014.6962018 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) NRC Institute for Microstructural Sciences Institut des sciences des microstructures du CNRC Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21275502 a53c553f-ad91-4602-b968-d32384f67f3b Dennis R Crabtree Crabtree, Dennis R. aut NSI ISN Observatory Operations: Strategies, Processes, and Systems V, 25 June 2014 through 27 June 2014 text article eng The primary scientific output from an astronomical telescope is the collection of papers published in refereed journals. A telescope's productivity is measured by the number of papers published which are based upon data taken with the telescope. The scientific impact of a paper can be measured quantitatively by the number of citations that the paper receives. In this paper I will examine the productivity and impact of over 20 telescopes, mainly optical/IR, with apertures larger than 3.5-m for the years between 2008 and 2012. yes yes Observatories Productivity Telescopes Bibliometrics Citations Impact Metrics 2014-07-28 SPIE 0277-786X 9780819496171 9149 91490A 10.1117/12.2054058 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada National Science Infrastructure Infrastructure scientifique nationale Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21275501 e7a0cc66-2abf-46e2-8bea-54ef01fd899a Markus Hartung aut Tom Hayward aut Leslie K (Les) Saddlemyer Saddlemyer, Les aut NSI ISN Lisa Poyneer aut Andrew Cardwell aut Chas Cavedoni aut Myung Cho aut Jeffrey K. Chilcote aut Paul Collins aut Darren Dillon aut Ramon Galvez aut Gaston Gausachs aut Stephen Goodsell aut Andres Guesalaga aut Pascal Hibon aut James Larkin aut Bruce MacIntosh aut Dave Palmer aut Naru Sadakuni aut Dmitry Savransky aut Andrew Serio aut Fredrik Rantakyrö aut Kent Wallace aut Adaptive Optics Systems IV, 22 June 2014 through 27 June 2014 text article eng The Gemini Planet Imager (GPI) entered on-sky commissioning and had its first-light at the Gemini South (GS) telescope in November 2013. GPI is an extreme adaptive optics (XAO), high-contrast imager and integral-field spectrograph dedicated to the direct detection of hot exo-planets down to a Jupiter mass. The performance of the apodized pupil Lyot coronagraph depends critically upon the residual wavefront error (design goal of 60nmRMS with <5 mas RMS tip/tilt), and therefore is most sensitive to vibration (internal or external) of Gemini's instrument suite. Excess vibration can be mitigated by a variety of methods such as passive or active dampening at the instrument or telescope structure or Kalman filtering of specific frequencies with the AO control loop. Understanding the sources, magnitudes and impact of vibration is key to mitigation. This paper gives an overview of related investigations based on instrument data (GPI AO module) as well as external data from accelerometer sensors placed at different locations on the GS telescope structure. We report the status of related mitigation efforts, and present corresponding results. yes yes Kalman filters Telescopes Extreme adaptive optics High contrast imaging Integral field spectrograph LQG Specific frequencies Telescope structures Vibration absorber Vibration environment Adaptive optics 2014-08-07 SPIE 0277-786X 9780819496164 9148 91480N National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada National Science Infrastructure Infrastructure scientifique nationale Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21275485 85f5ee56-02f8-45c0-b9e3-d9c2f8b96061 Markus Hartung aut Bruce MacIntosh aut Paul Langlois aut Naru Sadakuni aut Don Gavel aut J. Kent Wallace aut Dave Palmer aut Lisa Poyneer aut Dmitry Savransky aut Sandrine Thomas aut Darren Dillon aut Jennifer Dunn aut NSI ISN Pascal Hibon aut Fredrik Rantakyrö aut Stephen Goodsell aut Adaptive Optics Systems IV, 22 June 2014 through 27 June 2014 text article eng The Gemini Planet Imager (GPI) entered on-sky commissioning phase, and had its First Light at the Gemini South telescope in November 2013. Meanwhile, the fast loops for atmospheric correction of the Extreme Adaptive Optics (XAO) system have been closed on many dozen stars at different magnitudes (I=4-8), elevation angles and a variety of seeing conditions, and a stable loop performance was achieved from the beginning. Ultimate contrast performance requires a very low residual wavefront error (design goal 60 nm RMS), and optimization of the planet finding instrument on different ends has just begun to deepen and widen its dark hole region. Laboratory raw contrast benchmarks are in the order of 10-6 or smaller. In the telescope environment and in standard operations new challenges are faced (changing gravity, temperature, vibrations) that are tackled by a variety of techniques such as Kalman filtering, open-loop models to keep alignment to within 5 mas, speckle nulling, and a calibration unit (CAL). The CAL unit was especially designed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory to control slowly varying wavefront errors at the focal plane of the apodized Lyot coronagraph by the means of two wavefront sensors: 1) a 7x7 low order Shack-Hartmann SH wavefront sensor (LOWFS), and 2) a special Mach-Zehnder interferometer for mid-order spatial frequencies (HOWFS) - atypical in that the beam is split in the focal plane via a pinhole but recombined in the pupil plane with a beamsplitter. The original design goal aimed for sensing and correcting on a level of a few nm which is extremely challenging in a telescope environment. This paper focuses on non-common path low order wavefront correction as achieved through the CAL unit on sky. We will present the obtained results as well as explain challenges that we are facing. yes yes Calibration Focusing Telescopes Wavefronts Atmospheric corrections Commissioning phase Common path Extreme adaptive optics High contrast imaging Jet Propulsion Laboratory Wave front sensors Wavefront correction Adaptive optics 2014-08-07 SPIE 0277-786X 9780819496164 9148 91485Q 10.1117/12.2056661 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada National Science Infrastructure Infrastructure scientifique nationale Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21275490 e92c5cc5-4ec5-43bf-8419-5372ceb0ca95 Dmitry Savransky aut Sandrine J. Thomas aut Lisa A. Poyneer aut Jennifer Dunn aut NSI ISN Bruce A. MacIntosh aut Naru Sadakuni aut Daren Dillon aut Stephen J. Goodsell aut Markus Hartung aut Pascale Hibon aut Fredrik Rantakyrö aut Andrew Cardwell aut Andrew Serio aut Ground-Based and Airborne Instrumentation for Astronomy V, 22 June 2014 through 26 June 2014 text article eng The Gemini Planet Imager (GPI) is a next-generation, facility instrument currently being commissioned at the Gemini South observatory. GPI combines an extreme adaptive optics system and integral field spectrograph (IFS) with an apodized-pupil Lyot coronagraph (APLC) producing an unprecedented capability for directly imaging and spectroscopically characterizing extrasolar planets. GPI's operating goal of 10-7 contrast requires very precise alignments between the various elements of the coronagraph (two pupil masks and one focal plane mask) and active control of the beam path throughout the instrument. Here, we describe the techniques used to automatically align GPI and maintain the alignment throughout the course of science observations. We discuss the particular challenges of maintaining precision alignments on a Cassegrain mounted instrument and strategies that we have developed that allow GPI to achieve high contrast even in poor seeing conditions. yes yes Adaptive optics Alignment Astronomy Automated operations Gemini Planet Imager GPI High contrast imaging Extrasolar planets 2014-07-08 SPIE 0277-786X 9780819496157 9147 914740 10.1117/12.2055752 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada National Science Infrastructure Infrastructure scientifique nationale Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21275493 b791c626-954d-4a95-85c6-bcbc53238c0c Christian Marois aut NSI ISN Carlos Correia aut NRC CNRC Raphael Galicher Galicher, Raphaël. aut NSI ISN Patrick Ingraham aut Bruce MacIntosh aut Thayne Currie aut Rob De Rosa aut Adaptive Optics Systems IV, 22 June 2014 through 27 June 2014 text article eng To directly image exoplanets and faint circumstellar disks, the noisy stellar halo must be suppressed to a high level. To achieve this feat, the angular differential imaging observing technique and the least-squares Locally Optimized Combination of Images (LOCI) algorithm have now become the standard in single band direct imaging observations and data reduction. With the development and commissioning of new high-order high-contrast adaptive optics equipped with integral field units, the image subtraction algorithm needs to be modified to allow the optimal use of polychromatic images, field-rotated images and archival data. A new algorithm, TLOCI (for Template LOCI), is designed to achieve this task by maximizing a companion signal-to-noise ratio instead of simply minimizing the noise as in the original LOCI algorithm. The TLOCI technique uses an input spectrum and template Point Spread Functions (PSFs, generated from unocculted and unsaturated stellar images) to optimize the reference image least-squares coefficients to minimize the planet self-subtraction, thus maximizing its throughput per wavelength, while simultaneously providing a maximum suppression of the speckle noise. The new algorithm has been developed using on-sky GPI data and has achieved impressive contrast. This paper presents the TLOCI algorithm, on-sky performance, and will discuss the challenges in recovering the planet spectrum with high fidelity. yes yes Algorithms Extrasolar planets Optical transfer function Signal to noise ratio Stars Circumstellar disks High contrast imaging Image subtraction Integral Field Unit Optimized combinations Polychromatic images Reference image Rotated images Adaptive optics 2014-07-21 SPIE 0277-786X 9780819496164 9148 91480U 10.1117/12.2055245 National Science Infrastructure Infrastructure scientifique nationale National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21275497 8a6aa344-19e8-44c4-a083-048922b47474 Glen Herriot aut NSI ISN David Andersen aut NSI ISN Jenny Rustmann Atwood Atwood, Jenny aut NSI ISN Corinne Boyer aut Peter Byrnes aut NSI ISN Krzysztof (Kris) Caputa Caputa, Kris aut NSI ISN Brent Ellerbroek aut Luc Gilles aut Alexis Hill aut NSI ISN Zoran Ljusic aut NSI ISN John Pazder aut NSI ISN Matthias Rosensteiner aut NSI ISN Malcolm Smith aut NSI ISN Paolo Spanò Spano, Paolo aut NSI ISN Kei Szeto aut NSI ISN Jean-Pierre Véran aut NSI ISN Ivan Wevers aut NSI ISN Lianqi Wang aut Robert M (Bob) Wooff Wooff, Robert aut NSI ISN Adaptive Optics Systems IV, 22 June 2014 through 27 June 2014 text article eng NFIRAOS, the Thirty Meter Telescope's first adaptive optics system is an order 60x60 Multi-Conjugate AO system with two deformable mirrors. Although most observing will use 6 laser guide stars, it also has an NGS-only mode. Uniquely, NFIRAOS is cooled to -30 °C to reduce thermal background. NFIRAOS delivers a 2-arcminute beam to three client instruments, and relies on up to three IR WFSs in each instrument. We present recent work including: robust automated acquisition on these IR WFSs; trade-off studies for a common-size of deformable mirror; real-time computing architectures; simplified designs for high-order NGS-mode wavefront sensing; modest upgrade concepts for high-contrast imaging. yes yes Deformation Economic and social effects Laser pulses Mirrors Optical telescopes Telescopes Adaptive optics systems Deformable mirrors High contrast imaging Real time computing Thermal background Thirty Meter Telescope TMT Wave-front sensing Adaptive optics 2014-07-21 SPIE 0277-786X 9780819496164 9148 914810 10.1117/12.2055525 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada National Science Infrastructure Infrastructure scientifique nationale Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21275500 0453d572-d5d2-4ee8-ae95-5db9d725ecb8 Laura B. Newburgh aut Graeme E. Addison aut Mandana Amiri aut Kevin Bandura aut J. Richard Bond aut Liam Connor aut Jean-Francois Cliche aut Greg Davis aut Meiling Deng aut Nolan Denman aut Matt Dobbs aut Mateus Fandino aut Heather Fong aut Kenneth Gibbs aut Adam Gilbert aut Elizabeth Griffin aut Mark Halpern aut David Hanna aut Adam D. Hincks aut Gary Hinshaw aut Carolin Höfer aut Peter Klages aut Thomas L (Tom) Landecker Landecker, Tom aut NSI ISN Kiyoshi Masui aut Juan M. Parra aut Ue-Li Pen aut Jeff Peterson aut Andre Recnik aut J. Richard Shaw aut Kris Sigurdson aut Michael Sitwell aut Graeme Smecher aut Rick Smegal aut Keith Vanderlinde aut Don Wiebe aut Ground-Based and Airborne Telescopes V, 22 June 2014 through 27 June 2014 text article eng The Canadian Hydrogen Intensity Mapping Experiment (CHIME) is a transit interferometer currently being built at the Dominion Radio Astrophysical Observatory (DRAO) in Penticton, BC, Canada. We will use CHIME to map neutral hydrogen in the frequency range 400 - 800MHz over half of the sky, producing a measurement of baryon acoustic oscillations (BAO) at redshifts between 0.8 - 2.5 to probe dark energy. We have deployed a pathfinder version of CHIME that will yield constraints on the BAO power spectrum and provide a test-bed for our calibration scheme. I will discuss the CHIME calibration requirements and describe instrumentation we are developing to meet these requirements. yes yes Airborne telescopes Calibration Cosmology Hydrogen Interferometers Probes 21cm Acoustic oscillation Astrophysical observatory Calibration schemes Dark energy Frequency ranges Intensity mapping Radio interferometers Astrophysics 2014-07-22 SPIE 0277-786X 9780819496133 9145 91454V 10.1117/12.2056962 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada National Science Infrastructure Infrastructure scientifique nationale Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21275491 a0800173-0bfa-43d5-a286-5dcc76740031 Rahil Khoshnazar aut CONST CONST James J (Jim) Beaudoin Beaudoin, James J. aut CONST CONST Laila Raki aut CONST CONST Rouhollah Alizadeh aut text article eng Interaction of nitrobenzoic acid (NBA) with the structure of calcium–silicate–hydrate (C–S–H) was investigated. Phase pure C–S–H and C–S–H with 2-, 3- or 4NBA (0.01 and 0.02 mol/mol of Ca) were synthesized, and characterized by the X-ray diffraction, thermal analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscope techniques. Nitrogen adsorption measurements were also performed to estimate the surface area of the samples. It is suggested that all NBA isomers with the concentration of 0.01 mol/mol of Ca were able to fill the defects on the surface of the C–S–H layers, block access to the space between the stacked C–S–H layers, and possibly partially intercalate the layered structure. The C–S–H-based samples prepared with different types of NBA compounds, however, had different characteristics. The interaction of organic and inorganic phases was limited in the samples incorporating higher concentration of NBA. Traces of unreacted NBA were detected in a few samples with 0.02 mol of NBA/mol of Ca. yes yes article in press Calcium Carboxylic acids Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy Gas adsorption Hydrates Intercalation Isomers Nanocomposites Scanning electron microscopy Silicates Surface defects Thermoanalysis X ray diffraction 4-Nitrobenzoic acids Inorganic phasis Layered Structures Nitrobenzoic acids Nitrogen adsorption measurements Surface adsorption Surface area Calcium silicate 2014-12-25 Springer International Publishing 1359-5997 10.1617/s11527-014-0513-2 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Construction Construction Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21275503 ab0ed850-dedb-4758-b755-4d1c0792b0f8 E. Aguilar-Reyes aut C. León-Patiño aut E. Villicaña-Molina aut Louis-Philippe Lefebvre Lefebvre, L. -P. aut AST ATS text chapter eng This study aims to produce 45S5 bioactive glass scaffolds (45% Si0<inf>2</inf>-24.5% CaO-24.5% Na<inf>2</inf>0-6 % P<inf>2</inf>O<inf>5</inf>) through a novel process of powder technology and polymer foaming, patented by the IMI (Industrial Materials Institute, NRC). Initially, various foaming agent/binder/bioglass powder ratios were proved and the optimal ratio was 0.5/54.5/45.0 in wt. %, respectively. The mixing of the powders was carried out in a shaker-mixer and it was compacted in alumina molds. The samples obtained were submitted to a heat treatment in two stages, the first one, foaming, and the second one, pyrolysis and sintering in the same thermal profile, with the goal of obtaining scaffolds with mechanical properties and a bioactive response by immersion in SBF appropriated for orthopedic applications. The sintering temperature of scaffolds was 975°C. Then, the scaffolds were machined to obtain uniform cylindrical samples for mechanical testing and cut into tablets of 3 mm in thickness that were immersed in SBF for bioactivity tests for 0, 1, 3, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days. The characterization of scaffolds before immersion in SBF was performed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and microtomography (μCT), also they were tested for compression, and measurement of density and porosity. After immersion the samples were observed with SEM and analyzed by EDS, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), also the mass variation was estimated. The scaffolds obtained by the experimental method described above, showed a 55 to 65% interconnected porosity and an average compressive strength of 13.78 ± 2.43 MPa, and showed the formation of hydroxyapatite layer after 7 days of immersion in SBF, fulfilling the requirements to be used as a regenerative scaffold. The proposed method of powder technology and polymer foaming, allows controlling the porosity, pore size and compression strength of the scaffolds by vailing the ratio foaming agent/binder/bioglass powder and sintering temperature. yes yes 2014-09-26 Wiley 9781118995235 9781118995204 251 1 10 10 10.1002/9781118995235.ch1 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Automotive and Surface Transportation Automobile et transport de surface Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21275480 94a40930-ee5e-42b5-8c23-3406cd9e0942 Malcolm Smith aut NSI ISN Daniel (Dan) Kerley Kerley, Dan aut NSI ISN Glen Herriot aut NSI ISN Jean-Pierre Véran aut NSI ISN Adaptive Optics Systems IV, 22 June 2014 through 27 June 2014 text article eng As a part of the trade study for the Narrow Field Infrared Adaptive Optics System, the adaptive optics system for the Thirty Meter Telescope, we investigated the feasibility of performing real-time control computation using a Linux operating system and Intel Xeon E5 CPUs. We also investigated a Xeon Phi based architecture which allows higher levels of parallelism. This paper summarizes both the CPU based real-time controller architecture and the Xeon Phi based RTC. The Intel Xeon E5 CPU solution meets the requirements and performs the computation for one AO cycle in an average of 767 microseconds. The Xeon Phi solution did not meet the 1200 microsecond time requirement and also suffered from unpredictable execution times. More detailed benchmark results are reported for both architectures. yes yes Adaptive control systems Benchmarking Computer operating systems Controllers Optical telescopes Program processors Real time control NFIRAOS Phi Real time controllers RTC Xeon Adaptive optics 2014-07-21 SPIE 0277-786X 9780819496164 9148 91484K 10.1117/12.2057345 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada National Science Infrastructure Infrastructure scientifique nationale Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21275476 5a3119df-2f81-4d93-aede-50af98a45604 Kevin Bandura aut Graeme E. Addison aut Mandana Amiri aut J. Richard Bond aut Duncan Campbell-Wilson aut Liam Connor aut Jean-FrançoisJ.-F. Cliche aut Greg Davis aut Meiling Deng aut Nolan Denman aut Matt Dobbs aut Mateus Fandino aut Kenneth Gibbs aut Adam Gilbert aut Mark Halpern aut David Hanna aut Adam D. Hincks aut Gary Hinshaw aut Carolin Höfer aut Peter Klages aut Thomas L (Tom) Landecker Landecker, Tom L. aut NSI ISN Kiyoshi Masui aut Juan Mena Parra aut Laura B. Newburgh aut Ue-Li Pen aut Jeffrey B. Peterson aut Andre Recnik aut J. Richard Shaw aut Kris Sigurdson aut Michael Sitwell aut Graeme Smecher aut Rick Smegal aut Keith Vanderlinde aut Don Wiebe aut Ground-Based and Airborne Telescopes V, 22 June 2014 through 27 June 2014 text article eng A pathfinder version of CHIME (the Canadian Hydrogen Intensity Mapping Experiment) is currently being commissioned at the Dominion Radio Astrophysical Observatory (DRAO) in Penticton, BC. The instrument is a hybrid cylindrical interferometer designed to measure the large scale neutral hydrogen power spectrum across the redshift range 0.8 to 2.5. The power spectrum will be used to measure the baryon acoustic oscillation (BAO) scale across this poorly probed redshift range where dark energy becomes a significant contributor to the evolution of the Universe. The instrument revives the cylinder design in radio astronomy with a wide field survey as a primary goal. Modern low-noise amplifiers and digital processing remove the necessity for the analog beam forming that characterized previous designs. The Pathfinder consists of two cylinders 37m long by 20m wide oriented north-south for a total collecting area of 1,500 square meters. The cylinders are stationary with no moving parts, and form a transit instrument with an instantaneous field of view of ∼100 degrees by 1-2 degrees. Each CHIME Pathfinder cylinder has a feedline with 64 dual polarization feeds placed every ∼30 cm which Nyquist sample the north-south sky over much of the frequency band. The signals from each dual-polarization feed are independently amplified, filtered to 400-800 MHz, and directly sampled at 800 MSps using 8 bits. The correlator is an FX design, where the Fourier transform channelization is performed in FPGAs, which are interfaced to a set of GPUs that compute the correlation matrix. The CHIME Pathfinder is a 1/10th scale prototype version of CHIME and is designed to detect the BAO feature and constrain the distance-redshift relation. The lessons learned from its implementation will be used to inform and improve the final CHIME design. yes yes Airborne telescopes Astrophysics Cosmology Frequency bands Hydrogen Low noise amplifiers Mapping Polarization Power spectrum Program processors Radio astronomy Acoustic oscillation Astrophysical observatory BAO CHIME Correlation matrix Intensity mapping Wide-field surveys 2014-07-22 SPIE 0277-786X 9780819496133 9145 914522 10.1117/12.2054950 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada National Science Infrastructure Infrastructure scientifique nationale Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21275478 bf1a40e9-f1ba-4f79-b632-bcaa6d78a636 Jason J. Wang aut Abhijith Rajan aut James R. Graham aut Dmitry Savransky aut Patrick J. Ingraham aut Kimberly Ward-Duong aut Jennifer Patience aut Robert J. De Rosa aut Joanna Bulger aut Anand Sivaramakrishnan aut Marshall D. Perrin aut Sandrine J. Thomas aut Naru Sadakuni aut Alexandra Z. Greenbaum aut Laurent Pueyo aut Christian Marois aut NSI ISN Ben R. Oppenheimer aut Paul Kalas aut Andrew Cardwell aut Stephen Goodsell aut Pascale Hibon aut Fredrik T. Rantakyrö aut Ground-Based and Airborne Instrumentation for Astronomy V, 22 June 2014 through 26 June 2014 text article eng The Gemini Planet Imager (GPI) combines extreme adaptive optics, an integral field spectrograph, and a high performance coronagraph to directly image extrasolar planets in the near-infrared. Because the coronagraph blocks most of the light from the star, it prevents the properties of the host star from being measured directly. Instead, satellite spots, which are created by diffraction from a square grid in the pupil plane, can be used to locate the star and extract its spectrum. We describe the techniques implemented into the GPI Data Reduction Pipeline to measure the properties of the satellite spots and discuss the precision of the reconstructed astrometry and spectrophotometry of the occulted star. We find the astrometric precision of the satellite spots in an H-band datacube to be 0.05 pixels and is best when individual satellite spots have a signal to noise ratio (SNR) of > 20. In regards to satellite spot spectrophotometry, we find that the total flux from the satellite spots is stable to ∼7% and scales linearly with central star brightness and that the shape of the satellite spot spectrum varies on the 2% level. yes yes Adaptive optics Astronomy Extrasolar planets Infrared devices Signal to noise ratio Spectrophotometry Stars astrometry Exo-planets Gemini Planet Imager GPI High contrast imaging Satellites 2014-07-24 SPIE 0277-786X 9780819496157 9147 914755 10.1117/12.2055753 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada National Science Infrastructure Infrastructure scientifique nationale Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21275483 17e9a212-5008-472b-865a-1d3c73dcc2c8 Christian Marois aut NSI ISN Colin Bradley aut John Pazder aut NSI ISN Reston Nash aut Stanimir Metchev aut Frédéric Grandmont aut Anne-Lise Maire aut Ruslan Belikov aut Bruce Macintosh aut Thayne Currie aut Raphaël Galicher aut Franck Marchis aut Dimitri Mawet aut Eugene Serabyn aut Eric Steinbring aut NSI ISN Space Telescopes and Instrumentation 2014: Optical, Infrared, and Millimeter Wave, 22 June 2014 through 27 June 2014 text article eng Detecting light reflected from exoplanets by direct imaging is the next major milestone in the search for, and characterization of, an Earth twin. Due to the high-risk and cost associated with satellites and limitations imposed by the atmosphere for ground-based instruments, we propose a bottom-up approach to reach that ultimate goal with an endeavor named MAPLE. MAPLE first project is a stratospheric balloon experiment called MAPLE-50. MAPLE-50 consists of a 50 cm diameter off-axis telescope working in the near-UV. The advantages of the near-UV are a small inner working angle and an improved contrast for blue planets. Along with the sophisticated tracking system to mitigate balloon pointing errors, MAPLE-50 will have a deformable mirror, a vortex coronograph, and a self-coherent camera as a focal plane wavefront-sensor which employs an Electron Multiplying CCD (EMCCD) as the science detector. The EMCCD will allow photon counting at kHz rates, thereby closely tracking telescope and instrument-bench-induced aberrations as they evolve with time. In addition, the EMCCD will acquire the science data with almost no read noise penalty. To mitigate risk and lower costs, MAPLE-50 will at first have a single optical channel with a minimum of moving parts. The goal is to reach a few times 109 contrast in 25 h worth of flying time, allowing direct detection of Jovians around the nearest stars. Once the 50 cm infrastructure has been validated, the telescope diameter will then be increased to a 1.5 m diameter (MAPLE-150) to reach 1010 contrast and have the capability to image another Earth. yes yes Adaptive optics Astronomy Extrasolar planets Meteorological balloons Millimeter waves Space telescopes Wavefronts Coronagraph Exo-planets High contrast imaging Planetary system Space observatories Wave front control Balloons 2014-08-28 S{IE 0277-786X 9780819496119 9143 91432R 10.1117/12.2056747 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada National Science Infrastructure Infrastructure scientifique nationale Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21275481 02121eec-0c66-4a85-a2fc-6af621a73f5e Ning Liu aut Xiaoping Li aut Weiming Shen aut CONST CONST text article eng Cloud Manufacturing is a new and promising manufacturing paradigm. Resource virtualization is critical for Cloud Manufacturing. It encapsulates physical resources into cloud services and determines the robustness of the cloud platform. This paper proposes novel multi-granularity resource virtualization and sharing strategies for bridging the gap between complex manufacturing tasks and underlying resources. The proposed approach considers three factors, including workflow, activity, and resource that significantly influence stepwise decompositions of a complex manufacturing task. Resource aggregation functions are constructed to classify resources over different granularities. Resource clustering algorithms are presented for mapping physical resources to virtualized resources. Cloud service specifications are designed to describe virtualized resources and are implemented through a prototype. A case study is illustrated to validate the proposed approach. yes yes Cloud Manufacturing Multi-granularity Resource Virtualization Sharing strategies Task decomposition Virtualizations Cloud computing 2014-08-27 Elsevier 1084-8045 46 72 82 11 10.1016/j.jnca.2014.08.007 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Construction Construction Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21275479 0514398d-a522-4965-9f18-2786cb7e2239 Versteegh Marijn A. M. aut Reimer Michael Reimer, Michael E. aut Jöns Klaus D. aut Dalacu Dan aut ICT TIC Poole Philip J Poole, Philip J. aut ICT TIC Gulinatti Angelo aut Giudice Andrea aut Zwiller Val aut text article eng A bright photon source that combines high-fidelity entanglement, on-demand generation, high extraction efficiency, directional and coherent emission, as well as position control at the nanoscale is required for implementing ambitious schemes in quantum information processing, such as that of a quantum repeater. Still, all of these properties have not yet been achieved in a single device. Semiconductor quantum dots embedded in nanowire waveguides potentially satisfy all of these requirements; however, although theoretically predicted, entanglement has not yet been demonstrated for a nanowire quantum dot. Here, we demonstrate a bright and coherent source of strongly entangled photon pairs from a position-controlled nanowire quantum dot with a fidelity as high as 0.859±0.006 and concurrence of 0.80±0.02. The two-photon quantum state is modified via the nanowire shape. Our new nanoscale entangled photon source can be integrated at desired positions in a quantum photonic circuit, single-electron devices and light-emitting diodes. yes yes gold access nanowire quantum dot electron nanotechnology quantum mechanics theoretical study birefringence observational study photon polarization 2014-10-31 Macmillan Publishers 2041-1723 5 5298 10.1038/ncomms6298 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Information and Communication Technologies Technologies de l'information et des communications Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21275475 4ba836d0-4f96-4f58-b269-ecca5367b2a2 T. Verdugo aut V. Motta aut G. Foëx aut J. E. Forero-Romero aut R. P. Munõz aut R. Pello aut M. Limousin aut A. More aut R. Cabanac aut G. Soucail aut John P Blakeslee Blakeslee, J. P. aut NSI ISN A. J. Mejiá-Narvaéz aut G. Magris aut J. G. Fernández-Trincado aut text article eng Aims. We aim to study the reliability of RA (the distance from the arcs to the center of the lens) as a measure of the Einstein radius in galaxy groups. In addition, we want to analyze the possibility of using RA as a proxy to characterize some properties of galaxy groups, such as luminosity (L) and richness (N). Methods. We analyzed the Einstein radius, θE, in our sample of Strong Lensing Legacy Survey (SL2S) galaxy groups, and compared it with RA, using three different approaches: 1) the velocity dispersion obtained from weak lensing assuming a singular isothermal sphere profile (θE,I); 2) a strong lensing analytical method (θE,II) combined with a velocity dispersion-concentration relation derived from numerical simulations designed to mimic our group sample; and 3) strong lensing modeling (θE,III) of eleven groups (with four new models presented in this work) using Hubble Space Telescope (HST) and Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope (CFHT) images. Finally, RA was analyzed as a function of redshift z to investigate possible correlations with L, N, and the richness-to-luminosity ratio (N/L). Results. We found a correlation between θE and RA, but with large scatter. We estimate θE,I = (2.2 ± 0.9) + (0.7 ± 0.2)RA, θE,II = (0.4 ± 1.5) + (1.1 ± 0.4)RA, and θE,III = (0.4 ± 1.5) + (0.9 ± 0.3)RA for each method respectively. We found weak evidence of anti-correlation between RA and z, with Log RA = (0.58 ± 0.06)-(0.04 ± 0.1)z, suggesting a possible evolution of the Einstein radius with z, as reported previously by other authors. Our results also show that RA is correlated with L and N (more luminous and richer groups have greater RA), and a possible correlation between RA and the N/L ratio. Conclusions. Our analysis indicates that RA is correlated with θE in our sample, making RA useful for characterizing properties like L and N (and possibly N/L) in galaxy groups. Additionally, we present evidence suggesting that the Einstein radius evolves with z. yes yes Dispersions Luminance Numerical methods Analytical method Einstein radius Galaxies: groups: generals Gravitational lensing: strong Hubble space telescopes Isothermal spheres Velocity dispersion Weak lensing Galaxies 2014-11-13 EDP Sciences 0004-6361 571 65 10.1051/0004-6361/201423696 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) National Science Infrastructure Infrastructure scientifique nationale Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21275444 622f1645-50c5-4318-90b6-de5fad19f038 Joshua Buse aut Randy W. Purves aut NRC CNRC Ronald E. Verrall aut Ildiko Badea aut Haixia Zhang aut NRC CNRC Christopher C. Mulligan aut Kerry M. Peru aut Jonathan Bailey aut John V. Headley aut Anas El-Aneed aut text article eng The safe use of lipid-based drug delivery agents requires fast and sensitive qualitative and quantitative assessment of their cellular interactions. Many mass spectrometry (MS) based analytical platforms can achieve such task with varying capabilities. Therefore, four novel high-throughput MS-based quantitative methods were evaluated for the analysis of a small organic gene delivery agent: N,N-bis(dimethylhexadecyl)-1,3-propane-diammonium dibromide (G16-3). Analysis utilized MS instruments that detect analytes using low-resolution tandem MS (MS/MS) analysis (i.e. QTRAP or linear ion trap in this work) or high-resolution MS analysis (i.e. time of flight (ToF) or Orbitrap). Our results indicate that the validated fast chromatography (FC)-QTRAP-MS/MS, FC- LTQ-Orbitrap-MS, desorption electrospray ionization-collision-induced dissociation (CID)-MS/MS and matrix assisted laser desorption ionization-ToF/ToF-MS MS methods were superior in the area of method development and sample analysis time to a previously developed liquid chromatography (LC)-CID-MS/MS. To our knowledge, this is the first evaluation of the abilities of five MS-based quantitative methods that target a single pharmaceutical analyte. Our findings indicate that, in comparison to conventional LC-CID-MS/MS, the new MS-based methods resulted in a (1) substantial reduction in the analysis time, (2) reduction in the time required for method development and (3) production of either superior or comparable quantitative data. The four new high-throughput MS methods, therefore, were faster, more efficient and less expensive than a conventional LC-CID-MS/MS for the quantification of the G16-3 analyte within tissue culture. When applied to cellular lysate, no significant change in the concentration of G16-3 gemini surfactant within PAM212 cells was observed between 5 and 53 h, suggesting the absence of any metabolism/excretion from PAM212 cells. yes yes Chromatography Desorption Gene transfer Ionization Ionization of liquids Liquids Matrix algebra Spectrometry Surface active agents Throughput Tissue culture Desorption electrospray ionization Fast chromatography Gemini surfactant Matrix assisted laser desorption ionization Electrospray ionization lipid n,n bis(dimethylhexadecyl) 1,3 propane diammonium nanoparticle surfactant cell extract analytic method cell interaction cell lysate collisionally activated dissociation controlled study intermethod comparison mass spectrometry matrix assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight mass spectrometry qualitative analysis quantitative analysis tandem mass spectrometry tissue culture cell line drug delivery system genetic transfection high throughput screening liquid chromatography metabolism reproducibility sensitivity and specificity statistical model Linear Models Pharmaceutical Preparations 2014-10-22 Wiley 1076-5174 49 11 1171 1180 10 10.1002/jms.3444 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21275446 85a9f48d-0663-40e2-98ca-d607d080148a Dídac Recio-Garrido aut Michel Perrier aut Boris Tartakovsky aut EME EME 22nd Mediterranean Conference on Control and Automation, MED 2014, 16 June 2014 through 19 June 2014 text article eng Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) are novel devices capable of producing electricity while cleaning wastewater. Developing dynamic control-oriented models for such systems represents a crucial tool for the future design of software sensors and model-based control strategies. To this end, this work presents a MFC process control-oriented model obtained by combining fundamental equations based on mass and electron balances with equations describing an equivalent electrical circuit. Such model accounts for the double layer capacitance effect and complex nonlinear dynamics observed during pulse-width modulated operation of the external resistance and therefore, it is able to describe the observed biological or long-term dynamics as well as the electrical or short-term dynamics. The parameter estimation for a simulation and a prediction MFC process control-oriented model is here described. yes yes Electrochemical electrodes Fuel cells Microbial fuel cells Parameter estimation Complex nonlinear dynamics Control oriented models Double-layer capacitance Equivalent electrical circuits External resistance Fundamental equations Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) Modulated operations Process control 2014-06-16 IEEE 9781479959006 6961491 918 923 6 10.1109/MED.2014.6961491 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Energy, Mining and Environment Énergie, mines et environnement Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21275450 7feb2fe1-7f92-46f4-ad7d-59cbc884bb63 Sajjad Saeidlou aut Michel A. Huneault aut Hongbo Li aut AST ATS Chul B. Park aut text article eng Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) stereocomplex formation in isothermal conditions in the absence and presence of a nucleating agent was studied from a rheological point of view due to sensitivity of viscoelastic properties to structural changes during this process. PDLA was melt blended in low concentrations with PLLA to produce a stereocomplex. Amorphous samples were prepared and crystallization was carried out in a rheometer at high temperatures to simulate melt processing conditions. Stereocomplexation was explored over time by measuring rheological parameters in small deformation oscillatory shear mode at a low frequency using parallel plate geometry. Kinetic data obtained by this means was compared to data from calorimetric studies, showing a different trend depending on the characterization method. Moreover, after the completion of crystallization, final crystalline structure was probed over a wide range of frequencies to investigate the rheological modification role of PDLA on PLLA major component. Differences in rheological characteristics of asymmetric PLLA/PDLA blends as compared to neat PLLA were associated to the structural changes happening because of the formation of the stereocomplex. yes yes article in press 2014-06-21 Wiley 0021-8995 10.1002/app.41073 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Automotive and Surface Transportation Automobile et transport de surface Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21275454 ab3a86d2-e750-43d6-9122-56d9b48c7c78 Ahmad Hossein Adl aut Samira Farsinezhad aut Alex Ma aut Douglas W. Barlage aut Karthik Shankar aut NINT INNT ASME 2014 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition, IMECE 2014, 14 November 2014 through 20 November 2014 text article eng Solution processing (SP) is a cheap, simple and highthroughput method for the fabrication of ZnO thin film transistors (TFTs). Lack of enhancement mode operation, poor crystallinity, traps, and poor control of the carrier concentration are some of the disadvantages of this method. The high intrinsic electron concentration of SP-ZnO makes saturation of TFTs non-trivial. We report on Schottky barrier thin film transistors (SB-TFT). By biasing the source Schottky contact in reverse bias, a depletion region is formed around the source contact hence depleting the region from the free charge carriers which produces the saturation of the device. The effect of the Schottky contact is illustrated by comparing the operation of SB-TFTs with that of conventional TFTs. yes yes Carrier concentration Schottky barrier diodes Thin films Zinc oxide Electron concentration Free charge carriers High-throughput method Material processing Poor crystallinity Schottky barrier thin-film transistors Solution-processing Zinc oxide thin films Thin film transistors 2014-11-14 American Society of Mechanical Engineers 9780791846445 2B 36941 10.1115/IMECE2014-36941 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) National Institute for Nanotechnology Institut national de nanotechnologie Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21275458 1696b417-9c91-428c-9ef3-8c802ec99321 Rong Liu aut Xijia Wu Wu, X. J. aut AERO AERO Samit Kapoor aut M. X. Yao aut Rachel Collier aut text article eng In this research, two new Stellite alloys containing high tungsten are developed for wear resistance application owing to the distinct beneficial effects of tungsten in Stellite alloys. The microstructures of these alloys are analyzed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) with an EDAX energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy system and X-ray diffraction spectrum. The micro-hardness and wear resistance of the alloys at room temperature and at elevated temperatures are investigated utilizing a Microhardness Tester Unit, with a Hot Stage, and a Hot Pin-on-Disk Tribometer, respectively. The wear test results of these alloys are compared with those of commercial wear-resistant Stellite 3 and Stellite 12. The worn surfaces of the specimens are analyzed using SEM/EDX to explore the wear mechanisms of these alloys with temperature change. The variations of hardness and wear resistance of these alloys with temperature are studied and discussed. yes yes Alloys Scanning electron microscopy Stellite Temperature Tribology Tungsten X ray diffraction Effects of temperature Elevated temperature Energy dispersive x-ray Microhardness tester Pin-on-disk tribometers X-ray diffraction spectrum 2014-11-18 Springer International Publishing 1073-5623 46 2 587 599 13 10.1007/s11661-014-2664-8 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) Aerospace Aérospatiale Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21275459 da27f876-dd8a-43c3-8cdd-32b24f059b4c Xiaofeng Wang aut Andrew Kenneth Goodwin Breeze Breeze, Andrew aut ACRD DCRA Marianna Kulka aut NINT INNT text article eng Prostate cancer cells can produce IL-18 binding protein (IL-18BP) in response to interferon-γ (IFN-γ), which may function to neutralize IL-18, an anti-tumor factor formerly known as IFN-γ inducing factor. The consumption of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) has been associated with a lower risk of certain types of cancer including prostate cancer, although the precise mechanisms of this effect are poorly understood. We hypothesized that n-3 PUFAs could modify IL-18BP production by prostate cancer cells by altering IFN-γ receptor-mediated signal transduction. Here, we demonstrate that n-3 PUFA treatment significantly reduced IFN-γ-induced IL-18BP production by DU-145 and PC-3 prostate cancer cells by inhibiting IL-18BP mRNA expression and was associated with a reduction in IFN-γ receptor expression. Furthermore, IFN-γ-induced phosphorylation of Janus kinase 1 (JAK1), signal transducers and activators of transcription 1 (STAT1), extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2), and P38 were suppressed by n-3 PUFA treatment. By contrast, n-6 PUFA had no effect on IFN-γ receptor expression, but decreased IFN-γ-induced IL-18BP production and IFN-γ stimulation of JAK1, STAT1, ERK1/2, and JNK phosphorylation. These data indicate that both n-3 and n-6 PUFAs may be beneficial in prostate cancer by altering IFN-γ signaling, thus inhibiting IL-18BP production and thereby rendering prostate cancer cells more sensitive to IL-18-mediated immune responses. yes yes gamma interferon gamma interferon receptor interleukin 18 binding protein Janus kinase 1 messenger RNA mitogen activated protein kinase 1 omega 3 fatty acid STAT1 protein synaptophysin gamma interferon gamma interferon receptor interferon receptor interleukin-18 binding protein messenger RNA signal peptide cancer cell cytokine production immune response prostate cancer protein binding protein expression protein phosphorylation signal transduction biosynthesis drug effects gene expression regulation genetics metabolism prostate tumor tumor cell line Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins Prostatic Neoplasms 2014-10-29 Springer International Publishing 0340-7004 64 2 249 258 10 10.1007/s00262-014-1630-z National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Aquatic and Crop Resource Development Développement des cultures et des ressources aquatiques National Institute for Nanotechnology Institut national de nanotechnologie Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21275462 e414a4f8-fc9f-40e4-9cbf-ae7d2efc2c84 Adrian Lester Cabral Cabral, Adrian L. aut ACRD DCRA Mark C. Jordan aut Curt A. McCartney aut Frank M. You aut D. Gavin Humphreys aut Ron MacLachlan aut Curtis J. Pozniak aut text article eng Background: Pre-harvest sprouting (PHS) of wheat grain leads to a reduction in grain yield and quality. The availability of markers for marker-assisted selection (MAS) of PHS resistance will serve to enhance breeding selection and advancement of lines for cultivar development. The aim of this study was to identify candidate regions and develop molecular markers for PHS resistance in wheat. This was achieved via high density mapping of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers from an Illumina 90 K Infinium Custom Beadchip in a doubled haploid (DH) population derived from a RL4452/'AC Domain' cross and subsequent detection of quantitative trait loci (QTL) for PHS related traits (falling number [FN], germination index [GI] and sprouting index [SI]). SNP marker sequences flanking QTL were used to locate colinear regions in Brachypodium and rice, and identify genic markers associated with PHS resistance that can be utilized for MAS in wheat. Results: A linkage map spanning 2569.4 cM was constructed with a total of 12,201 SNP, simple sequence repeat (SSR), diversity arrays technology (DArT) and expressed sequence tag (EST) markers. QTL analyses using Multiple Interval Mapping (MIM) identified four QTL for PHS resistance traits on chromosomes 3B, 4A, 7B and 7D. Sequences of SNPs flanking these QTL were subject to a BLASTN search on the International Wheat Genome Sequencing Consortium (IWGSC) database (http://wheat-urgi.versailles.inra.fr/Seq-Repository). Best survey sequence hits were subject to a BLASTN search on Gramene (www.gramene.org) against both Brachypodium and rice databases, and candidate genes and regions for PHS resistance were identified. A total of 18 SNP flanking sequences on chromosomes 3B, 4A, 7B and 7D were converted to KASP markers and validated with matching genotype calls of Infinium SNP data. Conclusions: Our study identified candidate genes involved in abscissic acid (ABA) and gibberellin (GA) metabolism, and flowering time in four genomic regions of Brachypodium and rice respectively, in addition to 18 KASP markers for PHS resistance in wheat. These markers can be deployed in future genetic studies of PHS resistance and might also be useful in the evaluation of PHS in germplasm and breeding material. yes yes Brachypodium Triticum aestivum 2014-11-29 BioMed Central 1471-2229 14 1 340 10.1186/s12870-014-0340-1 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Aquatic and Crop Resource Development Développement des cultures et des ressources aquatiques Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21275464 f5c630dc-92e4-4a42-b11a-d110456ea73e J. Hernandez-Sandoval aut NRC CNRC G. H. Garza-Elizondo aut NRC CNRC A. M. Samuel aut NRC CNRC S. Valtiierra aut NRC CNRC F. H. Samuel aut NRC CNRC text article eng The principal aim of the present work was to investigate the effects of minor additions of nickel and zirconium on the strength of cast aluminum alloy 354 at ambient and high temperatures. Tensile properties of the as-cast and heat-treated alloys were determined at room temperature and at high temperatures (190. °C, 250. °C, 350. °C). The results show that Zr reacts only with Ti, Si and Al. From the quality index charts constructed for these alloys, the quality index attains minimum and maximum values of 259. MPa and 459. MPa, in the as-cast and solution-treated conditions; also, maximum and minimum values of yield strength are observed at 345. MPa and 80. MPa, respectively, within the series of aging treatments applied. A decrease in tensile properties of ~10% with the addition of 0.4. wt.% nickel is attributed to a nickel-copper reaction. The reduction in mechanical properties due to addition of different elements is attributed principally to the increase in the percentage of intermetallic phase particles formed during solidification; such particles act as stress concentrators, decreasing the alloy ductility. Tensile test results at ambient temperatures show a slight increase (~10%) in alloys with Zr and Zr/Ni additions, particularly at aging temperatures above 240. °C. Additions of Zr and Zr. +. Ni increase the high temperature tensile properties, in particular for the alloy containing 0.2. wt.% Zr. +. 0.2. wt.% Ni, which exhibits an increase of more than 30% in the tensile properties at 300. °C compared with the base 354 alloy. yes yes Aluminum Aluminum alloys Copper alloys High temperature effects Intermetallics Mechanical properties Nickel Quality assurance Silicon Stress concentration Tensile testing Zirconium Al-si-cu-mg alloys Cast aluminum alloy High temperature deformation behavior High temperature tensile properties Intermetallic phase Quality indices Solution-treated conditions Stress concentrators Titanium alloys 2014-01-27 Elsevier 0264-1275 58 89 101 13 10.1016/j.matdes.2014.01.041 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21275467 eb307a77-d783-49d8-940b-a0c97da6d01e Keith Ingold Ingold, Keith U. aut SDT TSR Derek A. Pratt aut text article eng Antioxidants were divided in two parts radical-trapping antioxidants (RTAs) and preventive antioxidants. By the final quarter of the 20th century, the commercial importance of antioxidants was overshadowed by their putative role in human health, as the implication of radical-mediated oxidation in virtually all types of degenerative diseases, including cancer and aging, emerged. From a commercial perspective, there continues to be significant interest in the development of RTA technology. Much of the industrial research effort has been on optimization of the structures of existing RTAs to provide appropriate physical properties and identification of combinations of existing RTAs that achieve optimal performance via the synergistic interactions. yes yes Industrial research Structural optimization 20th century Anti-oxidant chemistry Commercial perspectives Degenerative disease Kinetics and mechanism Optimal performance Radical trapping Synergistic interaction Antioxidants 2014-09-02 ACS Publishing 0009-2665 114 18 9022 9046 25 10.1021/cr500226n National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Security and Disruptive Technologies Technologies de sécurité et de rupture Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21275468 be52eb53-3488-492c-8d10-f6d56d0a36e5 Shigeru Saito aut Toshiyuki Takashima aut Katsumi Miyama aut Toshio Narita aut Linruo Zhao aut AERO AERO text article The formation of the inter-diffusion zone (IDZ) between NiCrAlY coating and Nb substrate during vacuum heat treatment was investigated. A NiCrAlY coating was applied on Nb substrate by cathode arc deposition. Vacuum heat treatments were carried out at 800°C, 900°Cand 1000°C for 2 h. SEM, EPMA, EDS and XRD were performed to analyze the microstructure of the IDZ and the results were interpreted using the 1002°C isothermal ternary Nb-Ni-Cr phase diagram. It was found that at 800°C the IDZ has a single NbNi3layer; at 900°C the IDZ consists of an outer NbNi3layer, a thin intermediate NbCr2(HT) layer and an inner Nb7Ni6 layer; at 1000°C the IDZ has three well-developed layers: an outer NbNi3layer, an intermediate NbCr2(HT) layer and an inner Nb7Ni6 layer. A small amount of Cr exists in both NbNi3and Nb7Ni6phases as solid solution, and a large amount of Ni in NbCr2(HT) phase as solid solution. yes yes Cathodes Deposition Diffusion Diffusion coatings Nickel Solid solutions Arc deposition NbCr₂(HT) phase NbNi₃ phase Nickel chromium Vacuum heat treatment Heat treatment 2014-09-01 J-Stage 0021-4876 78 9 359 363 5 10.2320/jinstmet.J2014017 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Aerospace Aérospatiale Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21275469 5d04a9ed-206a-4ff3-a09e-647f6bf3ddd8 Harrison Ka Hin Lee aut Zhao Li aut SDT TSR Iordania Constantinou aut Franky So aut Sai Wing Tsang aut Shu Kong So aut text article eng A detailed investigation of the impact of molecular weight distribution of a photoactive polymer, poly[N-9′-heptadecanyl-2,7-carbazole-alt-5,5-(4′,7′-di-2-thienyl-2′,1′,3′-benzothiadiazole)] (PCDTBT), on photovoltaic device performance and carrier transport properties is reported. It is found that different batches of as-received polymers have substantial differences in their molecular weight distribution. As revealed by gel permeation chromatography (GPC), two peaks can generally be observed. One of the peaks corresponds to a high molecular weight component and the other peak corresponds to a low molecular weight component. Photovoltaic devices fabricated with a higher proportion of low molecular weight component have power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) reduced from 5.7% to 2.5%. The corresponding charge carrier mobility at the short-circuit region is also significantly reduced from 2.7 × 10-5 to 1.6 × 10-8 cm2 V-1 s-1. The carrier transport properties of the polymers at various temperatures are further analyzed by the Gaussian disorder model (GDM). All polymers have similar energetic disorders. However, they appear to have significant differences in carrier hopping distances. This result provides insight into the origin of the molecular weight effect on carrier transport in polymeric semiconducting materials. Batch-to-batch variation of the photovoltaic performance of devices based on commercial samples of the polymer poly[N-9′-heptadecanyl-2,7-carbazole-alt-5,5- (4′,7′-di-2-thienyl-2′,1′,3′-benzothiadiazole)] (PCDTBT) is reported, with efficiency ranging from 5.7% to 2.5%. As revealed by gel permeation chromatography, bimodal distributions are observed in the molecular weight. Charge transport data suggest that low molecular weight components increase the average hopping distance, resulting in lower mobility and poorer photovoltaic performance. © 2014 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes Carrier mobility Carrier transport Charge carriers Charge transfer Chromatography Gel permeation chromatography Molecular weight Molecular weight distribution Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons Transport properties Batch-to-batch variations Gaussian disorder models Gel permeation chromatography (GPC) Hopping distances Photovoltaic devices Photovoltaic performance Power conversion efficiencies Semiconducting materials Polymers 2014-11-14 Wiley 1614-6832 4 16 10.1002/aenm.201400768 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) Security and Disruptive Technologies Technologies de sécurité et de rupture Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21275470 9e323c7a-959c-4041-870d-cbd5a93d4b7b Sheida Sarafan aut Priti Wanjara aut AERO AERO Henri Champliaud aut Denis Thibault aut Louis Mathieu aut ASME 2014 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition, IMECE 2014, 14 November 2014 through 20 November 2014 text article eng Sustainable manufacturing for assembly of turbines used in hydro power generation systems is driving the development of advanced technologies targeted to reduce life-cycle costs whilst assuring high performance over the prolonged product life-span. The turbine runner, a critical component in hydro power generation systems, requires weld assembly between the crown, band and blade sub-components. With due consideration of the thick-gauge sections involved, design and fabrication of a turbine runner that would integrate a high energy density technology for assembly, such as vacuum electron beam welding (EBW), has marked potential to achieve deep penetration with a low heat input, thereby rendering a weldment with narrow heataffected zones (HAZ) and low distortion. In this study, the weldability of thick-gauge section AISI 415 martensitic stainless steels that are widely utilized in hydro turbine manufacturing was investigated by EBW. Particularly, bead-on-plate (BOP) welding of 88 mm-thick AISI 415 plate was carried out using a 42 kW high vacuum EBW system. The characteristics of the weldments, such as fusion zone (FZ) and HAZ microstructures and hardness were evaluated. The microstructural constituents across the weldment for process conditions that rendered nearcomplete penetration were studied and related to the microhardness evolution. yes yes Electron beam welding Electron beams Gages Heat affected zone Hydroelectric power Martensitic stainless steel Microhardness Turbines Turbomachine blades Welding High energy densities Hydro-power generation Microhardness evolutions Sustainable manufacturing Thick gauge section Vacuum electron beam welding Stainless steel 2014-11-14 American Society of Mechanical Engineers 9780791846445 2B 39317 10.1115/IMECE2014-39317 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) Aerospace Aérospatiale Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21275471 49361988-652a-4c5d-936c-2e5db381d81f Dan S. Bolintineanu aut Katherine Volzing aut Victor Vivcharuk aut HHT TSH Abdallah Sayyed-Ahmad aut Poonam Srivastava aut Yiannis N. Kaznessis aut text article eng The tetracycline operon is an important gene network component, commonly used in synthetic biology applications because of its switch-like character. At the heart of this system is the highly specific interaction of the tet repressor protein (TetR) with its cognate DNA sequence (tetO). TetR binding on tetO practically stops expression of genes downstream of tetO by excluding RNA polymerase from binding the promoter and initiating transcription. Mutating the tetO sequence alters the strength of TetR-tetO binding and thus provides a tool to synthetic biologists to manipulate gene expression levels. We employ molecular dynamics (MD) simulations coupled with the free energy perturbation method to investigate the binding affinity of TetR to different tetO mutants. We also carry out in vivo tests in Escherichia coli for a series of promoters based on these mutants. We obtain reasonable agreement between experimental green fluorescent protein (GFP) repression levels and binding free energy differences computed from molecular simulations. In all cases, the wild-type tetO sequence yields the strongest TetR binding, which is observed both experimentally, in terms of GFP levels, and in simulation, in terms of free energy changes. Two of the four tetO mutants we tested yield relatively strong binding, whereas the other two mutants tend to be significantly weaker. The clustering and relative ranking of this subset of tetO mutants is generally consistent between our own experimental data, previous experiments with different systems and the free energy changes computed from our simulations. Overall, this work offers insights into an important synthetic biological system and demonstrates the potential, as well as limitations of molecular simulations to quantitatively explain biologically relevant behavior. yes yes 2014-08-11 ACS Publications 0021-9568 59 10 3167 3176 10 10.1021/je500225x National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Human Health Therapeutics Thérapeutiques en santé humaine Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21275472 71c9cab7-718e-43b3-b6e8-35c32f2aaa35 John B Hutchings Hutchings, J. B. aut NSI ISN Space Telescopes and Instrumentation 2014: Ultraviolet to Gamma Ray, 22 June 2014 through 26 June 2014 text article eng UVIT consists of two co-aligned 38cm telescopes that provide ∼1 arsec resolution imaging over 28 arcmin fields, in FUV, NUV, and Visible bands simultaneously. Each channel has a choice of filters, and, for the UV channels, gratings. UVIT is also co-aligned with three X-ray telescopes on the observatory, and all operate together. This paper gives details of the operation and performance of the instrument. yes yes Image reconstruction Imaging techniques Observatories Space telescopes Multi-wavelengths Resolution imaging space Ultraviolet Visible band X ray telescope Gamma rays 2014-07-24 SPIE 0277-786X 9780819496126 9144 914407 10.1117/12.2056518 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada National Science Infrastructure Infrastructure scientifique nationale Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21275460 f36c0de1-e32f-4aeb-915c-31ad435db2e7 Jérôme Maire aut Etsuko Mieda aut Eric Steinbring aut NSI ISN Richard G (Rick) Murowinski Murowinski, Richard aut NSI ISN James R. Graham aut Raymond Carlberg aut Shelley A. Wright aut Nicholas M. Law aut Suresh Sivanandam aut Ground-Based and Airborne Telescopes V, 22 June 2014 through 27 June 2014 text article eng The Earth's polar regions offer unique advantages for ground-based astronomical observations with its cold and dry climate, long periods of darkness, and the potential for exquisite image quality. We present preliminary results from a site-testing campaign during nighttime from October to November 2012 at the Polar Environment Atmospheric Research Laboratory (PEARL), on a 610-m high ridge near the Eureka weatherstation on Ellesmere Island, Canada. A Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor was employed, using the Slope Detection and Ranging (SloDAR) method. This instrument (Mieda et al, this conference) was designed to measure the altitude, strength and variability of atmospheric turbulence, in particular for operation under Arctic conditions. First SloDAR optical turbulence profiles above PEARL show roughly half of the optical turbulence confined to the boundary layer, below about 1 km, with the majority of the remainder in one or two thin layers between 2 km and 5 km, or above. The median seeing during this campaign was measured to be 0.65 arcsec. yes yes Airborne telescopes Atmospheric thermodynamics Atmospheric turbulence Boundary layers Earth (planet) Research laboratories Space optics Wavefronts Astronomical instrument Astronomical observation Atmospheric characterization Atmospheric research Canadian high arctic Polar environments Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensors Wave front sensors Adaptive optics 2014-07-22 SPIE 0277-786X 9780819496133 9145 91453J 10.1117/12.2056588 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada National Science Infrastructure Infrastructure scientifique nationale Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21275466 207ec278-c466-4f29-abe4-40f412c64d4a Étienne Artigau aut Driss Kouach aut Jean-FrançoisJ.-F. Donati aut René Doyon aut Xavier Delfosse aut Sébastien Baratchart aut Marielle Lacombe aut Claire Moutou aut Patrick Rabou aut Laurent P. Parès aut Yoan Micheau aut Simon Thibault aut Vladimir Arnoldovich (Vlad) Reshetov Reshetov, Vladimir A. aut NSI ISN Bruno Dubois aut Olivier Hernandez aut Philippe Vallée aut Shiang-Yu Wang aut François Dolon aut Francesco A. Pepe aut François Bouchy aut Nicolas Striebig aut François Hénault aut David John Loop Loop, David aut NSI ISN Leslie K (Les) Saddlemyer Saddlemyer, Leslie aut NSI ISN Gregory Barrick aut Tom Vermeulen aut Michel Dupieux aut Guillaume Hébrard aut Isabelle Boisse aut Eder Martioli aut Silvia H. P. Alencar aut José-Diaz Do Nascimento aut Pedro Figueira aut Ground-Based and Airborne Instrumentation for Astronomy V, 22 June 2014 through 26 June 2014 text article eng SPIRou is a near-IR echelle spectropolarimeter and high-precision velocimeter under construction as a next- generation instrument for the Canada-France-Hawaii-Telescope. It is designed to cover a very wide simultaneous near-IR spectral range (0.98-2.35 μm) at a resolving power of 73.5K, providing unpolarized and polarized spectra of low-mass stars at a radial velocity (RV) precision of 1m/s. The main science goals of SPIRou are the detection of habitable super-Earths around low-mass stars and the study of stellar magnetism of star at the early stages of their formation. Following a successful final design review in Spring 2014, SPIRou is now under construction and is scheduled to see first light in late 2017. We present an overview of key aspects of SPIRou's optical and mechanical design. yes yes Astronomy Data handling Data processing Giant stars Infrared devices Infrared radiation Planets Stars Telescopes Velocity measurement Design review High-precision Low-mass stars Near Infrared Optical and mechanical designs Polarized spectra Radial velocity Spectropolarimeters Velocimeters 2014-07-08 SPIE 0277-786X 9780819496157 9147 914715 10.1117/12.2055663 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada National Science Infrastructure Infrastructure scientifique nationale Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21275465 2925ae10-5e67-40eb-a95e-9dbb88fa097b Rahil Khoshnazar aut James J (Jim) Beaudoin Beaudoin, James J. aut CONST CONST Laila Raki aut CONST CONST Rouhollah Alizadeh aut text article eng The volume stability of phase pure calcium-silicate-hydrates (C-S-H) and C-S-H/polyaniline nanocomposites prepared with two CaO-SiO2 molar ratio (C/S) variations (0.8 and 1.2) was assessed in MgSO4, MgCl2, LiCl, and NaCl aqueous solutions. The change in the crystalline structure of the samples with the time of immersion was also explored using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and thermal gravimetric analysis techniques. It was observed that the modification of the C-S-H samples with polyaniline significantly enhanced their volume stability and durability in all the salt solutions. The beneficial effect of the polyaniline modification was more pronounced in the C-S-H host with higher C/S (C/S = 1.2). The longitudinal expansion of the C-S-H/polyaniline nanocomposites with C/S = 1.2 in the salt solutions was about 30% of that of the phase pure C-S-H with a similar C/S ratio. In addition, the polyaniline modification of C-S-H samples reduced the rate of formation of gypsum, brucite, and other reaction products in the samples. yes yes Additives Calcium Durability Gravimetric analysis Hydration Nanocomposites Phase stability Polyaniline Scanning electron microscopy Silicate minerals Thermogravimetric analysis X ray diffraction Aqueous salt solution Calcium silicate hydrate Crystalline structure Longitudinal expansions NaCl aqueous solution Thermal gravimetric analysis Volume stability 2014-11-01 American Concrete Institute 0889-325X 111 6 623 632 10 10.14359/51687127 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Construction Construction Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21275452 76105c5a-123f-4bef-aff2-27b657c47da3 Daniele Laucelli aut Balvant Rajani aut Yehuda Kleiner aut CONST CONST Orazio Giustolisi aut text article eng Researchers extensively studied external loads since they are widely recognized as significant contributors to water pipe failures. Physical phenomena that affect pipe bursts, such as pipeenvironment interactions, are very complex and only partially understood. This paper analyses the possible link between pipe bursts and climate-related factors. Many water utilities observed consistent occurrence of peaks in pipe bursts in some periods of the year, during winter or summer. The paper investigates the relationships between climate data (i.e., temperature and precipitationrelated covariates) and pipe bursts recorded during a 24-year period in Scarborough (Ontario, Canada). The Evolutionary Polynomial Regression modelling paradigm is used here. This approach is broader than statistical modelling, implementing a multi-modelling approach, where a multiobjective genetic algorithm is used to get optimal models in terms of parsimony of mathematical expressions vs. fitting to data. The analyses yielded interesting results, in particular for cold seasons, where the discerned models show good accuracy and the most influential explanatory variables are clearly identified. The models discerned for warm seasons show lower accuracy, possibly implying that the overall phenomena that underlay the generation of pipe bursts during warm seasons cannot be thoroughly explained by the available climate-related covariates. yes yes 2014-07 IWA Publishing 1464-7141 16 4 743 757 15 10.2166/hydro.2013.082 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Construction Construction Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21275461 4b8ea660-3027-42b6-918e-767f15122e6b Ryan M. R. Gawryluk aut Kenneth (Ken) Chisholm Chisholm, Kenneth A. aut HHT TSH Devanand (Dev) Pinto Pinto, Devanand M. aut HHT TSH Michael W. Gray aut text article eng We present a combined proteomic and bioinformatic investigation of mitochondrial proteins from the amoeboid protist Acanthamoeba castellanii, the first such comprehensive investigation in a free-living member of the supergroup Amoebozoa. This protist was chosen both for its phylogenetic position (as a sister to animals and fungi) and its ecological ubiquity and physiological flexibility. We report 1033 A. castellanii mitochondrial protein sequences, 709 supported by mass spectrometry data (676 nucleus-encoded and 33 mitochondrion-encoded), including two previously unannotated mtDNA-encoded proteins, which we identify as highly divergent mitochondrial ribosomal proteins. Other notable findings include duplicate proteins for all of the enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle-which, along with the identification of a mitochondrial malate synthase-isocitrate lyase fusion protein, suggests the interesting possibility that the glyoxylate cycle operates in A. castellanii mitochondria. Additionally, the A. castellanii genome encodes an unusually high number (at least 29) of mitochondrion-targeted pentatricopeptide repeat (PPR) proteins, organellar RNA metabolism factors in other organisms. We discuss several key mitochondrial pathways, including DNA replication, transcription and translation, protein degradation, protein import and Fe-S cluster biosynthesis, highlighting similarities and differences in these pathways in other eukaryotes. In compositional and functional complexity, the mitochondrial proteome of A. castellanii rivals that of multicellular eukaryotes. Biological significance: Comprehensive proteomic surveys of mitochondria have been undertaken in a limited number of predominantly multicellular eukaryotes. This phylogenetically narrow perspective constrains and biases our insights into mitochondrial function and evolution, as it neglects protists, which account for most of the evolutionary and functional diversity within eukaryotes. We report here the first comprehensive investigation of the mitochondrial proteome in a member (A. castellanii) of the eukaryotic supergroup Amoebozoa. Through a combination of tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) and in silico data mining, we have retrieved 1033 candidate mitochondrial protein sequences, 709 having MS support. These data were used to reconstruct the metabolic pathways and protein complexes of A. castellanii mitochondria, and were integrated with data from other characterized mitochondrial proteomes to augment our understanding of mitochondrial proteome evolution. Our results demonstrate the power of combining direct proteomic and bioinformatic approaches in the discovery of novel mitochondrial proteins, both nucleus-encoded and mitochondrion-encoded, and highlight the compositional complexity of the A. castellanii mitochondrial proteome, which rivals that of animals, fungi and plants. yes yes glyoxylic acid hybrid protein iron isocitrate lyase malate synthase mitochondrial protein pyruvic acid sulfur tricarboxylic acid ferrous sulfide isocitrate lyase malate synthase mitochondrial DNA proteome ribosome protein amino acid metabolism amino acid sequence bioinformatics biosynthesis cell nucleus cell respiration chemical composition computer model data mining DNA metabolism DNA replication DNA transcription mass spectrometry mitochondrial targeting signal molecular evolution phylogeny protein analysis protein degradation protein domain protein metabolism protein targeting protein transport RNA metabolism citric acid cycle nucleotide metabolism protist tandem mass spectrometry Acanthamoeba castellanii Amoebozoa Fungi 2014-07-12 Elsevier 1874-3919 109 400 416 17 10.1016/j.jprot.2014.07.005 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Human Health Therapeutics Thérapeutiques en santé humaine Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21275451 d47df9aa-60b7-4050-827e-0313554dc565 Serguei Patchkovskii aut Michael S Schuurman Schuurman, Michael S. aut SDT TSR text article eng High-harmonic spectroscopy probes molecular dynamics using electrons liberated from the same molecule earlier in the laser cycle. It affords sub-A˚ngstrom spatial and subfemtosecond temporal resolution. Nuclear dynamics in the intermediate cation influence the spectrum of the emitted high-harmonic photons through an autocorrelation function. Here, we develop an analytical approach for computing short-time nuclear autocorrelation functions in the vicinity of conical intersections, including laser-induced and nonadiabatic coupling between the surfaces. We apply the technique to two molecules of current experimental interest, C6H6 and C6H5F. In both molecules, high-harmonics generated within the same electronic channel are not sensitive to nonadiabatic dynamics, even in the presence of substantial population transfer. Calculated autocorrelation functions exhibit significant deviations from the expected Gaussian decay and may undergo revivals at short (∼1.5 fs) times. The associated phase of the nuclear wavepacket provides a possible experimental signature. yes yes Harmonic analysis Molecular dynamics Molecules Optical systems Analytical approach Autocorrelation functions Conical intersection Electronic channels Non-adiabatic coupling Non-adiabatic dynamics Population transfer Short-time dynamics Autocorrelation 2014-10-14 ACS Publications 1089-5639 118 51 12069 12079 11 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Security and Disruptive Technologies Technologies de sécurité et de rupture Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21275463 aad3fd82-4d1b-46b5-8a04-31cbd7427a52 Alessandro Bosca aut Marzia Martina aut HHT TSH Christophe Py aut ICT TIC text article eng The patch-clamp technique is generally accepted as the gold standard for studying ion channel activity allowing investigators to either "clamp" membrane voltage and directly measure transmembrane currents through ion channels, or to passively monitor spontaneously occurring intracellular voltage oscillations. However, this resulting high information content comes at a price. The technique is labor-intensive and requires highly trained personnel and expensive equipment. This seriously limits its application as an interrogation tool for drug development. Patch-clamp chips have been developed in the last decade to overcome the tedious manipulations associated with the use of glass pipettes in conventional patch-clamp experiments. In this chapter, we describe some of the main materials and fabrication protocols that have been developed to date for the production of patch-clamp chips. We also present the concept of a patch-clamp chip array providing high resolution patch-clamp recordings from individual cells at multiple sites in a network of communicating neurons. On this chip, the neurons are aligned with the aperture-probes using chemical patterning. In the discussion we review the potential use of this technology for pharmaceutical assays, neuronal physiology and synaptic plasticity studies. yes yes silicon dioxide silicon nitride cell adhesion cell aggregation immunofluorescence microscopy microelectromechanical system microfluidics microtechnology nerve cell culture nerve cell network nerve cell plasticity planar patch clamp scanning electron microscopy 2014-06-20 Springer International Publishing 1064-3745 9781493910953 1183 93 113 21 10.1007/978-1-4939-1096-0_6 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Human Health Therapeutics Thérapeutiques en santé humaine Information and Communication Technologies Technologies de l'information et des communications Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21275445 717d87d9-de64-423d-8916-da20da1ea5ec Duo Sun aut Nagu Daraboina aut John A Ripmeester Ripmeester, John aut SDT TSR Peter Englezos aut text chapter eng Storage of CO<inf>2</inf> in depleted natural gas reservoirs is considered an attractive option to mitigate climate change concerns arising from the emissions of CO<inf>2</inf> from sources such as thermal power plants. A number of depleted gas reservoirs located in Northern Alberta with the pressure and temperature conditions of 2-5 MPa and 1-10°C, respectively, are identified as potential sites for CO<inf>2</inf> storage in gas hydrate form. CO<inf>2</inf> hydrate is ice-like crystalline compound consisting of hydrogen-bonded water molecules and CO<inf>2</inf> molecules. The water molecules build a network with hydrogen bonds to stabilize CO<inf>2</inf> molecules in it. Equilibrium pressures of CO<inf>2</inf> hydrate corresponding to 1 and 10°C are 1.41 and 4.29 MPa, respectively. Therefore, the pressure and temperature conditions of depleted gas reservoirs in Northern Alberta are within CO<inf>2</inf> hydrate formation region. There are several computer simulations that have demonstrated the possibility of storing CO<inf>2</inf> as solid hydrate in these depleted natural gas pools. However, there has not any laboratory demonstration of CO<inf>2</inf> injection and storage in a simulated depleted gas reservoir. We are investigating the injection of CO<inf>2</inf> in a bed of silica sand partially saturated with water (wet sand) at pressure and temperature conditions similar to those in a typical depleted gas reservoir in Northern Alberta. Through the pressure drop measurements, the CO<inf>2</inf> gas consumption is determined and also the amount of water converted to hydate is calculated. The results indicate that most CO<inf>2</inf> gas is consumed in a Semi-batch gas injection experiment, and 35-40%,40-45%, and 45-50% of water formed hydrate in Batch, Series-batch, and Semibatch gas injection experiments, respectively. yes yes 2014-09-12 Wiley 9781118938607 9781118938560 305 310 6 10.1002/9781118938607.ch17 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) Security and Disruptive Technologies Technologies de sécurité et de rupture Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21275456 fd2098c5-8a2b-449c-97ff-a1417d151737 S. Mark Ammons aut Benoit Neichel aut Jessica Lu aut Donald T. Gavel aut Srikar Srinath aut Rosalie McGurk aut Alex Rudy aut Connie Rockosi aut Christian Marois aut NSI ISN Bruce MacIntosh aut Dmitry Savransky aut Raphael Galicher aut Eduardo Bendek aut Olivier Guyon aut Eduardo Marin aut Vincent Garrel aut Gaetano Sivo aut Adaptive Optics Systems IV, 22 June 2014 through 27 June 2014 text article eng We measure the long-term systematic component of the astrometric error in the GeMS MCAO system as a function of field radius and Ks magnitude. The experiment uses two epochs of observations of NGC 1851 separated by one month. The systematic component is estimated for each of three field of view cases (15'' radius, 30'' radius, and full field) and each of three distortion correction schemes: 8 DOF/chip + local distortion correction (LDC), 8 DOF/chip with no LDC, and 4 DOF/chip with no LDC. For bright, unsaturated stars with 13 < Ks < 16, the systematic component is < 0.2, 0.3, and 0.4 mas, respectively, for the 15'' radius, 30'' radius, and full field cases, provided that an 8 DOF/chip distortion correction with LDC (for the full-field case) is used to correct distortions. An 8 DOF/chip distortion-correction model always outperforms a 4 DOF/chip model, at all field positions and magnitudes and for all field-of-view cases, indicating the presence of high-order distortion changes. Given the order of the models needed to correct these distortions (∼8 DOF/chip or 32 degrees of freedom total), it is expected that at least 25 stars per square arcminute would be needed to keep systematic errors at less than 0.3 milliarcseconds for multi-year programs. We also estimate the short-term astrometric precision of the newly upgraded Shane AO system with undithered M92 observations. Using a 6-parameter linear transformation to register images, the system delivers ∼0.3 mas astrometric error over short-term observations of 2-3 minutes. yes yes Degrees of freedom (mechanics) Linear transformations Mathematical transformations Stars Systematic errors Tomography astrometry Brown dwarfs M92 multi-conjugate NGC 1851 Adaptive optics 2014-08-07 SPIE 0277-786X 9780819496164 9148 91481J 10.1117/12.2057233 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada National Science Infrastructure Infrastructure scientifique nationale Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21275455 49343b15-02eb-4388-8011-69dbdbc37ba4 R. Galicher aut J. Rameau aut M. Bonnefoy aut J. -L. Baudino aut T. Currie aut A. Boccaletti aut G. Chauvin aut A. -M. Lagrange aut Christian Marois Marois, C. aut NSI ISN text article eng HD 95086 is an intermediate-mass debris-disk-bearing star. VLT/NaCo 3.8 μm observations revealed it hosts a 5 ± 2 MJup companion (HD 95086 b) at ≠56 AU. Follow-up observations at 1.66 and 2.18 μm yielded a null detection, suggesting extremely red colors for the planet and the need for deeper direct-imaging data. In this Letter, we report H-(1.7 μm) and K1-(2.05 μm) band detections of HD 95086 b from Gemini Planet Imager (GPI) commissioning observations taken by the GPI team. The planet position in both spectral channels is consistent with the NaCo measurements and we confirm it to be comoving. Our photometry yields colors of H-L′ = 3.6 ± 1.0 mag and K1-L′ = 2.4 ± 0.7 mag, consistent with previously reported 5-σ upper limits in H and Ks. The photometry of HD 95086 b best matches that of 2M 1207 b and HR 8799 cde. Comparing its spectral energy distribution with the BT-SETTL and LESIA planet atmospheric models yields Teff ~ 600-1500 K and log g ~ 2.1-4.5. Hot-start evolutionary models yield M = 5 ± 2 MJup. Warm-start models reproduce the combined absolute fluxes of the object for M = 4-14 M Jup for a wide range of plausible initial conditions (S init = 8-13 kB/baryon). The color-magnitude diagram location of HD 95086 b and its estimated Teff and log g suggest that the planet is a peculiar L-T transition object with an enhanced amount of photospheric dust. yes yes Color Photometry Planets Stars Color magnitude diagrams Evolutionary models Initial conditions Instrumentation: adaptive optics Planets and satellites: atmospheres Planets and satellites: detections Spectral energy distribution Stars: individual Satellites 2014-05-05 EDP Sciences 0004-6361 565 L4 10.1051/0004-6361/201423839 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada National Science Infrastructure Infrastructure scientifique nationale Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21275447 156f3142-421c-47c6-9d64-f8a16af6fec1 Anthony Lombardi aut Dimitry G Sediako Sediako, Dimitry aut SDT TSR C.(Ravi) Ravindran aut Robert Mackay aut text article eng The development of an optimized heat treatment schedule, with the aim of maximizing strength and relieving tensile residual stress, is important to prevent in-service cylinder distortion in Al alloy engine blocks containing cast-in gray iron liners. However, to effectively optimize the engine block heat treatment schedule, the current solutionizing parameters must be analyzed and compared to the as-cast condition to establish a baseline for residual stress relief. In this study, neutron diffraction was carried out to measure the residual stress along the aluminum cylinder bridge following solution heat treatment. The stresses were measured in the hoop, radial and axial orientations and compared to a previous measured as-cast (TSR) engine block. The results suggest that solution heat treatment using the current production parameters partially relieved tensile residual stress in the Al cylinder bridge, with stress relief being more effective near the bottom of the cylinder. yes yes Aluminum cylinders Axial orientations Current production Cylinder bore Engine blocks Heat treatment schedule Solution heat treatment Tensile residual stress Aluminum Cast iron Engines Heat treatment Neutron diffraction Residual stresses Cylinder blocks 2014-04-01 SAE International 1946-3979 7 2 415 420 6 10.4271/2014-01-0837 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) Security and Disruptive Technologies Technologies de sécurité et de rupture Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21275448 ec895e75-efef-4b5c-8b67-8936c7124e9f David Charles Kennedy Kennedy, David C. aut MSS SME Guillermo Orts-Gil aut Chian-Hui Lai aut Larissa Müller aut Andrea Haase aut Andreas Luch aut Peter H. Seeberger aut text article eng Background: Increasing use of silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) in various products is resulting in a greater likelihood of human exposure to these materials. Nevertheless, little is still known about the influence of carbohydrates on the toxicity and cellular uptake of nanoparticles. Methods: Ag-NPs functionalized with three different monosaccharides and ethylene glycol were synthesized and characterised. Oxidative stress and toxicity was evaluated by protein carbonylation and MTT assay, respectively. Cellular uptake was evaluated by confocal microscopy and ICP-MS. Results: Ag-NPs coated with galactose and mannose were considerably less toxic to neuronal-like cells and hepatocytes compared to particles functionalized by glucose, ethylene glycol or citrate. Toxicity correlated to oxidative stress but not to cellular uptake. Conclusions: Carbohydrate coating on silver nanoparticles modulates both oxidative stress and cellular uptake, but mainly the first has an impact on toxicity. These findings provide new perspectives on modulating the bioactivity of Ag-NPs by using carbohydrates. yes yes Carbonylation Ethylene Nanoparticles Polyols Toxicity Biointerfaces Carbohydrate coatings Functionalizations Nanotoxicology Silver carbohydrate ethylene glycol galactose glucose mannose monosaccharide reactive oxygen metabolite silver nanoparticle sugar carbohydrate analysis cell culture cell surface cellular parameters cellular uptake confocal microscopy cytotoxicity liver cell MTT assay oxidative stress particle size polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis protein carbonylation roentgen spectroscopy synthesis transmission electron microscopy zeta potential 2014-12-19 BioMed Central 1477-3155 12 1 59 10.1186/s12951-014-0059-z National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Measurement Science and Standards Science des mesures et étalons Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21275453 3e93f58d-2ab6-47c7-8617-08a5f9183303 D. Tim Harwood aut Andrew I. Selwood aut Roel van Ginkel aut Craig Waugh aut Paul S. McNabb aut Rex Munday aut Brenda Hay aut Krista Thomas aut MSS SME Michael A. Quilliam aut MSS SME Navreet Malhi aut Natalie Dowsett aut Catherine McLeod aut text article eng For the first time wild-caught Tasmanian abalone, Haliotis rubra, have been reported to contain paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs). This observation followed blooms of the toxic dinoflagellate Gymnodinium catenatum. No illnesses were reported, but harvesting restrictions were enforced in commercial areas. Abalone were assayed using HPLC-FLD methodology based on AOAC official method 2005.06. An uncommon congener, deoxydecarbamoyl-STX (doSTX), was observed in addition to regulated PSTs as unassigned chromatographic peaks. A quantitative reference material was prepared from contaminated Tasmanian abalone viscera and ampouled at 54.2 μmol/L. The LD50 of doSTX via intraperitoneal injection was 1069 nmol/kg (95% confidence limits 983-1100 nmol/kg), indicating it is nearly 40 times less toxic than STX. A toxicity equivalence factor of 0.042 was generated using the mouse bioassay. Levels of PSTs varied among individuals from the same site, although the toxin profile remained relatively consistent. In the foot tissue, STX, decarbamoyl-STX and doSTX were identified. On a molar basis doSTX was the dominant congener in both foot and viscera samples. The viscera toxin profile was more complex, with other less toxic PST congeners observed and was similar to mussels from the same site. This finding implicates localised dinoflagellate blooms as the PST source in Tasmanian abalone. yes yes marine toxin animal Australia gastropod isolation and purification liquid chromatography metabolism standard tandem mass spectrometry Animals Chromatography, Liquid Gastropoda Marine Toxins Reference Standards Tandem Mass Spectrometry Tasmania 2014-08-23 Elsevier 0041-0101 90 213 225 13 10.1016/j.toxicon.2014.08.058 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) Measurement Science and Standards (MSS-SME) Science des mesures et étalons (SME-MSS) Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21275449 cc4b617f-0c4e-40a1-925c-84d6ea651267 Boualem Ouazia aut CONST CONST Michel Tardif aut Alexandra Thompson aut CONST CONST Daniel Booth aut CONST CONST ASHRAE 2014 Annual Conference, June 28-July, 2014, Seattle, WA, USA text article eng The use of UFAD (Underfloor Air Distribution) systems is increasing rapidly and reported advantages of UFAD include energy savings and improved indoor air quality. At present few publications documenting measurements of ventilation effectiveness and indoor environment quality in occupied buildings with UFAD have been identified. In this field comparison study we measured several aspects of the thermal environment in two buildings with different ventilation systems (underfloor air distribution and mixing) located in Montreal (Quebec). The results are presented in terms of thermal stratification, predicted thermal comfort indices (VATD , limit to air speed and PMV/ PPD), and IAQ index (CO2 level and stratification). The aim of the study was to determine whether UFAD in practice results in improved ventilation effectiveness compared to typical overhead air distribution without affecting the thermal comfort. The study found that there was little stratification for UFAD under operating conditions and it performed as a mixing system, thus no improvement in ventilation effectiveness was identified in the occupied zone, in comparison to the reference mixing system. In addition the predicted thermal comfort in term of VATD, air speed and PMV/PPD was similar to those obtained for mixing ventilation and was within the acceptable limits set by ASHRAE 55-2010. yes yes UFAD; mixing ventilation; office building; IAQ; predicted thermal comfort 2014-07-01 NRC-CONST-56151 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Construction Construction National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 21275443 f7ceb901-de1e-4109-9dac-5074c2dfe5ad Kateryna Petrivna (Katya) Nokhrina Nokhrina, Kateryna aut ACRD DCRA Heather Ray aut ACRD DCRA Cheryl A Bock Bock, Cheryl aut ACRD DCRA Fawzy Georges aut ACRD DCRA text article eng Phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C2 (PLC2) is a signaling enzyme with hydrolytic activity against membrane-bound phosphoinositides. It catalyzes the cleavage of phosphatidylinositol(4,5)bisphosphate (PtdIns(4,5)P2) into two initial second messengers, myo-inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate (InsP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG). The former, as well as its fully phosphorylated derivative, myo-inositol-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexakisphosphate (InsP6), play a major role in calcium signaling events within the cell, while DAG may be used in the regeneration of phospholipids or as a precursor for phosphatidic acid (PA) biosynthesis, an important signaling molecule involved in both biotic and abiotic types of stress tolerance. Overexpression of the gene for Brassica napus phospholipase C2 (BnPLC2) in Brassica napus has been shown to enhance drought tolerance, modulate multiple genes involved in different processes and favorably affect hormonal levels in different tissues. We, therefore, undertook the current study with a view to examining, at the metabolome level, its effect on both abiotic (low temperature) and biotic (stem white rot disease) types of stress in canola. Thus, while transgenic plants exhibited a significant rise in maltose levels and a concomitant elevation in some unsaturated free fatty acids (FFAs), glycerol, and glycerol 3-phosphate under subzero temperatures, they accumulated high levels of raffinose, stachyose and other sugars as well as some flavonoids under acclimatization conditions. Collectively, overexpression of BnPLC2 appears to have triggered different metabolite patterns consistent with its abiotic and, to a limited extent, biotic stress tolerance phenotypes. yes yes abiotic stress, biotic stress; canola; cold; metabolomics; phospholipase C; sclerotinia; signal transduction 2014 2164-5698 5 2 120 131 12 10.4161/gmcr.28942 55990 Aquatic and Crop Resource Development Développement des cultures et des ressources aquatiques National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21275441 afca2a05-2ba0-444f-912d-ac25571a192c Prasanta K. Dash aut Yongguo Cao aut ACRD DCRA Abdul K. Jailani aut Payal Gupta aut Sathya Prakash (Prakash) Venglat Venglat, Prakesh aut ACRD DCRA Daoquan Xiang aut ACRD DCRA Rhitu Rai aut Rinku Sharma aut Nepolean Thirunavukkarasu aut Malik Z. Abdin aut Devenedra K. Yadava aut Nagendra K. Singh aut Jas Singh aut Gopalan Selvaraj aut ACRD DCRA Mike Deyholos aut Polumetla Ananda Kumar aut Raju Datla aut ACRD DCRA text article eng A robust phenotypic plasticity to ward off adverse environmental conditions determines performance and productivity in crop plants. Flax (linseed), is an important cash crop produced for natural textile fiber (linen) or oilseed with many health promoting products. This crop is prone to drought stress and yield losses in many parts of the world. Despite recent advances in drought research in a number of important crops, related progress in flax is very limited. Since, response of this plant to drought stress has not been addressed at the molecular level; we conducted microarray analysis to capture transcriptome associated with induced drought in flax. This study identified 183 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) associated with diverse cellular, biophysical and metabolic programs in flax. The analysis also revealed especially the altered regulation of cellular and metabolic pathways governing photosynthesis. Additionally, comparative transcriptome analysis identified a plethora of genes that displayed differential regulation both spatially and temporally. These results revealed co-regulated expression of 26 genes in both shoot and root tissues with implications for drought stress response. Furthermore, the data also showed that more genes are upregulated in roots compared to shoots, suggesting that roots may play important and additional roles in response to drought in flax. With prolonged drought treatment, the number of DEGs increased in both tissue types. Differential expression of selected genes was confirmed by qRT-PCR, thus supporting the suggested functional association of these intrinsic genes in maintaining growth and homeostasis in response to imminent drought stress in flax. Together the present study has developed foundational and new transcriptome data sets for drought stress in flax. yes yes flax/linseed; drought; abiotic stress; microarray; gene expression profiling; transcriptomics 2014-07-17 2164-5698 5 2 10.4161/gmcr.29742 56009 Aquatic and Crop Resource Development Développement des cultures et des ressources aquatiques National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21275440 2d172585-7829-4ba2-b1c4-63e8def42c58 Rui Wen aut Sheng Wang aut Daoquan Xiang aut ACRD DCRA Sathya Prakash (Prakash) Venglat Venglat, Prakash aut ACRD DCRA Xianzong Shi aut Yuepeng Zang aut NRC CNRC Raju Datla aut Wei Xiao aut Hong Wang aut text article eng Unlike conventional lysine (K) 48–linked polyubiquitination, K63-linked polyubiquitination plays signaling roles in yeast and animals. Thus far, UBC13 is the only known ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme (E2) specialized in K63-linked polyubiquitination. Previous identification of Arabidopsis genes encoding UBC13 as well as its interacting partner UEV1 indicates that the UBC13-mediated ubiquitination pathway is conserved in plants; however, little is known about functions and signaling mediated through K63-linked polyubiquitination in plants. To address the functions of UBC13-mediated ubiquitination in plants, we created Arabidopsis ubc13 null mutant lines in which the two UBC13 genes were disrupted. The double mutant displayed altered root development, including shorter primary root, fewer lateral roots and only a few short root hairs in comparison with the wild type and single mutant plants, indicating that UBC13 activity is critical for all major aspects of root development. The double mutant plants were insensitive to auxin treatments, suggesting that the strong root phenotypes do not simply result from a reduced level of auxin. Instead, the ubc13 mutant had a reduced auxin response, as indicated by the expression of an auxin-responsive DR5 promoter-GFP. Furthermore, both the enzymatic activity and protein level of an AXR3/IAA17-GUS reporter were greatly increased in the ubc13 mutant, whereas the induction of many auxin-responsive genes was suppressed. Collectively, these results suggest that Aux/IAA proteins accumulate in the ubc13 mutant, resulting in a reduced auxin response and defective root development. Hence, this study provides possible mechanistic links between UBC13-mediated protein ubiquitination, root development and auxin signaling. yes yes Arabidopsis ; UBC13; Lys63-linked; protein ubiquitination; root development; auxin signaling 2014-10-03 0960-7412 80 3 424 436 13 10.1111/tpj.12644 Aquatic and Crop Resource Development Développement des cultures et des ressources aquatiques National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21275436 75a5f45d-2884-4ccb-a7be-5250b935a474 Yvonne A. W. de Kort aut Jennifer A Veitch Veitch, Jennifer A. aut CONST CONST text article 2014-06 eng Light stimulates vision, and a growing body of knowledge shows that the environment thus revealed affects mood, health, and cognition. Recent neurological and biological discoveries of non-visual processes stimulated by light have spurred a wealth of research in those areas, but these processes are as behavioural, and therefore psychological, as they are physiological. Lighting research is an interdisciplinary activity, one that we think should attract greater attention from environmental psychologists. This editorial outlines the underlying processes through which light and lighting influence behaviour, and describes the diverse articles in the special issue. Collectively, the papers in this special issue convey the message that light and lighting deserve more attention from psychologists; rather than being a fringe topic, it should be near the heart of the domain of environmental psychology. yes yes 0272-4944 39 1 4 4 10.1016/j.jenvp.2014.06.005 NRC-CONST-56176 NRCC 56201 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Construction Construction National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 21275417 83865704-7c58-46bd-a324-2829b6f69706 Omran Maadani aut A. O. Abd El Halim aut CONST CONST Nofal Mostafa aut text article 2015-10-09 eng The Mechanistic-Empirical(ME) design guide developed under the National Cooperative Highway Research Program represents a true change in the approach to engineering road structures. Changes in material properties with seasonal variations in moisture and temperature condition, which influence the mechanical response of the materials and hence the structural response of road layers, forced reliance on empirical measures to predict performance. These empirical functions will require calibration to ensure the prediction model is responsive to local conditions including adopted construction practice. The performance of pavements in cold regions clearly reveal the need to properly measure the distribution of stresses, strains, moisture, and thermal regimes, within road layers over a period of time. This paper presents the design, implementation, and use of a practical road instrumentation monitoring system capable of capturing all structural and environmental data for roadways. This proposed road installation scheme is simple yet effective in generating data that be used to calibrate a host of design M-E and visco-elastic models including the new AASHTO design guide. Details include selection of sensors, data acquisition systems, data processing techniques and some actual data. yes yes pavement performance cold region 2014-10-09 0087-381X 1943-5495 10.1061/(ASCE)CR.1943-5495.0000087 NRC-CONST-56173 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Construction Construction National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 21275416 c048602d-10ec-46c9-a284-cdbe5cc8a70f Zoubir Lounis aut CONST CONST Transportation 2014: Past, Present, Future - 2014 Conference and Exhibition of the Transportation Association of Canada, Sept. 27 -Oct. 1, 2014, Montréal, Canada text article 2015-10 eng Highway bridges are critical links in Canada’s transportation network, which enable personal mobility and transport of goods that support trade and economic development of neighbouring communities. Highway bridges should be designed and maintained to last at least 75 years with minimum maintenance. The average service life of bridge structures vary from 30 years to 100 years, which are continually extended by using different maintenance and rehabilitation strategies. Different technologies are used for bridge life extensions, including different combinations of protective systems, repair, strengthening, rehabilitation, and replacement actions of decks, superstructures, substructures and entire bridges. The growing concerns with aging bridges, increased load and reduced strength, environmental protection and vulnerability to extreme events require the development of resilient transportation infrastructure that minimizes traffic disruption and ensures social, economic and environmental sustainability and resilience over the entire life cycle of the bridge. Given the considerable uncertainty that is associated with the key parameters and physical models that affect the life cycle performance of highway bridges, there is a need to develop robust mechanistic and stochastic models to predict the service life of bridges. This paper presents a practical reliability-based approach for the life cycle design of resilient concrete bridges that enables to achieve long life bridges with an acceptable probability of failure, which minimizes traffic disruption and reduces the life cycle costs to the bridge owners and users. An example illustrates the benefits of implementing a life cycle-based design approach through the construction of high performance concrete highway bridge structures that yield lower risk of failure when compared to conventional normal concrete construction, in terms of lower traffic disruption, life cycle costs to the bridge owners and users; lower CO2 emissions and volume of construction waste materials; and reduced accident costs. yes yes Highway bridge 2014 01553356 1/11 11/11 NRC-CONST-56184 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Construction Construction National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 21275406 c8c34abf-c83c-4ffd-9b0e-93d51485b26b Phalguni Mukhopadhyaya Mukhopadhyaya, P. aut CONST CONST D. MacLean aut J. Korn aut David Van Reenen van Reenen, D. aut CONST CONST Sudhakar Molleti Molleti, S. aut CONST CONST text article 2016-12 eng Vacuum insulation panels (VIPs) have thermal resistance values, at the center of the panel, up to 10 times or more than those of conventional thermal insulation materials. In Canada, known for its predominantly extreme cold climate, the potential to apply VIPs in the building construction industry is estimated to be enormous, particularly with the introduction of the new 2011 National Energy Code of Canada for Buildings (NECB 2011). VIPs can play a major role in Canadian buildings to meet energy requirements of the NECB 2011. However, the lack of long-term performance credentials and various constructability issues are among the major barriers for mass application of VIPs in the Canadian construction industry. This paper presents the design strategy, construction details, instrumentation and thermal performance monitoring observations of a VIP retrofitted wall system in Yukon, located in Northern Canada. Experience gained from the construction process and available thermal performance data over a period of three years provide encouraging indicators for the constructability and long-term thermal performance of VIPs in Canadian subarctic weather. yes yes Vacuum insulation panel (VIP) Subarctic climate Retrofit Long-term performance 2014-12 0378-7788 85 672 680 9 10.1016/j.enbuild.2014.08.038 NRC-CONST-56180 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Construction Construction National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 21275404 8dae397e-78f5-4e69-bc1d-eedd9410bfbe Edwin Wang aut HHT TSH Naif Zaman aut HHT TSH Shauna Mcgee aut Jean-Sébastien Milanese aut HHT TSH Ali Masoudi-Nejad aut Maureen O'Connor-McCourt aut HHT TSH text article eng Tumor genome sequencing leads to documenting thousands of DNA mutations and other genomic alterations. At present, these data cannot be analyzed adequately to aid in the understanding of tumorigenesis and its evolution. Moreover, we have little insight into how to use these data to predict clinical phenotypes and tumor progression to better design patient treatment. To meet these challenges, we discuss a cancer hallmark network framework for modeling genome sequencing data to predict cancer clonal evolution and associated clinical phenotypes. The framework includes: (1) cancer hallmarks that can be represented by a few molecular/signaling networks. ‘Network operational signatures’ which represent gene regulatory logics/strengths enable to quantify state transitions and measures of hallmark traits. Thus, sets of genomic alterations which are associated with network operational signatures could be linked to the state/measure of hallmark traits. The network operational signature transforms genotypic data (i.e., genomic alterations) to regulatory phenotypic profiles (i.e., regulatory logics/strengths), to cellular phenotypic profiles (i.e., hallmark traits) which lead to clinical phenotypic profiles (i.e., a collection of hallmark traits). Furthermore, the framework considers regulatory logics of the hallmark networks under tumor evolutionary dynamics and therefore also includes: (2) a self-promoting positive feedback loop that is dominated by a genomic instability network and a cell survival/proliferation network is the main driver of tumor clonal evolution. Surrounding tumor stroma and its host immune systems shape the evolutionary paths; (3) cell motility initiating metastasis is a byproduct of the above self-promoting loop activity during tumorigenesis; (4) an emerging hallmark network which triggers genome duplication dominates a feed-forward loop which in turn could act as a rate-limiting step for tumor formation; (5) mutations and other genomic alterations have specific patterns and tissue-specificity, which are driven by aging and other cancer-inducing agents. This framework represents the logics of complex cancer biology as a myriad of phenotypic complexities governed by a limited set of underlying organizing principles. It therefore adds to our understanding of tumor evolution and tumorigenesis, and moreover, potential usefulness of predicting tumors’ evolutionary paths and clinical phenotypes. Strategies of using this framework in conjunction with genome sequencing data in an attempt to predict personalized drug targets, drug resistance, and metastasis for cancer patients, as well as cancer risks for healthy individuals are discussed. Accurate prediction of cancer clonal evolution and clinical phenotypes will have substantial impact on timely diagnosis, personalized treatment and personalized prevention of cancer. yes yes Tumor genome sequencing; Cancer systems biology; Network; Cancer hallmark network framework; Cancer hallmark; Gene regulatory profile; Regulatory Phenotype; Clinical phenotype; Network operational signature; Drug resistance; Personalized medicine 2014-04-18 Elsevier 1044-579X 30 4 12 9 NRC-HHT-53237 10.1016/j.semcancer.2014.04.002 Human Health Therapeutics Thérapeutiques en santé humaine National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 21275393 6b2b46cc-158f-4ebb-93f9-f2892f060e23 Eleonora Altman aut HHT TSH 3rd International Conference on Gastroenterology and Urology, July 28-30, San Franscisco, CA, USA text article 2014-07-30 eng Helicobacter pylori infection is particularly common in developing countries as well as Indigenous populations of North America and has been associated with chronic gastritis and increased risk of ulcers and gastric cancer in adults. Our group has been interested in the development of a conjugate vaccine based on lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a major cell surface component of H. pylori. We have identified a common antigenic LPS core epitope, α-1,6-glucan, and have recently demonstrated that synthetic glycoconjugates based on a truncated H. pylori LPS devoid of Lewis antigens and presenting an α-1,6-glucan epitope in the outer core region induced broadly cross-reactive bactericidal antibodies in immunized animals and conferred partial protection against H. pylori challenge in a mouse model. To investigate the candidacy of α-1,6-glucan as an alternative vaccine strategy we prepared glycoconjugates based on dextrans produced by lactic acid bacteria Leuconostoc mesenteroides B512F. The conjugates were immunogenic in both rabbits and mice and induced specific IgG responses against α-1,6-glucan-expressing H. pylori LPS. Future studies will focus on further development of H. pylori vaccine formulations, including the choice of carrier proteins and adjuvants. yes yes 2014 2161-069X 04 03 NRC-HHT-53240 10.4172/2161-069X.S1.021 Human Health Therapeutics Thérapeutiques en santé humaine National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21275392 e69a6f50-d780-4900-a0b5-34b582a6722b Nabil Belacel aut ICT TIC Guillaume Durand aut ICT TIC François Laplante aut G-EDM workshop, July 4-7, 2014, London, UK article 2015-07-07 eng This paper introduces a method based on graph theory and operations research techniques to optimize learning path discovery. In this method, learning objects are considered as nodes and competencies as vertices of a learning graph. A first step consists in reducing the solution space by obtaining an induced subgraph H. In a second step, the search of an optimal learning path in H is considered as a binary integer programming problem which we propose to solve using an exact method based on the well-known branch-and-bound algorithm. The method detailed in the paper takes into account the prerequisite and gained competencies as constraints of the optimization problem by minimizing the total competencies needed to reach the learning objective. yes yes 2014-07-07 Information and Communication Technologies Technologies de l'information et des communications National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21275389 273ea05b-5e9d-49bd-800a-6f529a3967e0 Hélène Fournier Fournier, Helene aut ICT TIC Rita Kop aut Guillaume Durand aut ICT TIC text article eng Over the past five years, the emergence of interactive social media has influenced the development of learning environments.Learning management systems have come to maturity, but because they are controlled by educational institutions and are subsequently used to support institutional learning, have been seen by learning technologists as not capturing the spirit and possibilities that new media have to offer for learning. Academics and researchers are currently investigating a different learning environment, more open and networked, while the underpinning learning theory is moving from social constructivism towards connectivism. Research in open learning environments is only in its infancy and researchers have only started to become interested in massive open online courses (MOOCs) as a topic of investigation. Recent research and development efforts have focused on generating technologies that might facilitate learning within a self-directed information and communication stream. In this paper, the authors report on an exploratory case study of PLENK, a connectivist-style MOOC, and highlight some of the challenges in the research and analysis process, especially as significant amounts of both quantitative and qualitative data were involved. Important findings related to activity levels and important dimensions of self-directed learning in an open learning environment are presented. yes yes massive open online courses; MOOCs; connectivist massive open online course; cMOOC; connectivism; activity level; learner motivation 2014-03 1558-9528 10 1 1 15 15 Information and Communication Technologies Technologies de l'information et des communications National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21275387 141d58f4-0fe5-4c0e-aedc-11330f2b4b8f Tina Nguyen aut HHT TSH Ian Perry aut Shawn Murphy aut Andree Gruslin aut Lakshmi Krishnan aut HHT TSH International Federation of Placental Associations Conference (IFPA EPG 2014), Sept 9-12, 2014, Paris, France text article eng Salmonella enterica species are intracellular pathogens causative agents of gastroenteritis and typhoid fever in humans worldwide. Pregnancy poses an increased risk of severe Salmonellosis in many mammalian species contributing to miscarriage and maternal illness. Previous studies have indicated that Salmonella enterica Typhimurium (S. Tm) rapidly replicates within murine placenta leading to placental inflammation and death. Furthermore, IL-10 production by human choriocarcinoma trophoblast cells was shown to delay phagosomal maturation facilitating intracellular pathogen replication. The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential vulnerability of human primary trophoblast cells (TBCs) to S. Tm infection and elucidate the mechanism of cell death and inflammation. yes yes 2014-08-28 0143-4004 35 9 A62 A63 NRC-HHT-53247 10.1016/j.placenta.2014.06.203 Human Health Therapeutics Thérapeutiques en santé humaine National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 21275377 00753805-a34d-405e-baaf-7d287ae2e3dd Kristina Lora Catherine Wachholz Wachholz, Kristina aut HHT TSH Gerard Agbayani aut HHT TSH Tina Nguyen aut HHT TSH Komal Gurnani aut Lakshmi Krishnan aut HHT TSH International Federation of Placental Associations Conference (IFPA EPG 2014), Sept 9-12, 2014, Paris, France text article eng Pregnancy confers increased susceptibility to intracellular infections such as Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Tm). S. Tm infection during pregnancy in normally resistant mice (129X1/SvJ with a fully functional Nramp gene) leads to rapid severe placental inflammation followed by fetal and maternal death. However, the immune mechanism of feto-maternal interface inflammation has not been fully elucidated. The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that the mechanism of trophoblast (TBC) cell death following infection, contributes to feto-maternal inflammation and adverse effects on the mother and fetus. yes yes 2014-09-01 0143-4004 35 9 A64 NRC-HHT-53246 10.1016/j.placenta.2014.06.207 Human Health Therapeutics Thérapeutiques en santé humaine National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 21275376 477731c4-415a-4993-88ed-980c8c6f0f42 Susan E (Sue) Douglas Douglas, Susan E. aut HHT TSH Drew C. Bethune aut Zhaolin Xu aut text article eng Recurrence after lung cancer surgery is high, even among Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) adenocarcinoma patients diagnosed early as Stage I, where there has been no spread to lymph nodes. Understanding the biological underpinnings of aggressivity and recurrence in this subset of tumours may enable the identification of patients who would benefit from adjuvant therapy. The purpose of this study was to identify differentially expressed molecular biomarkers that might underlie recurrence of Stage I tumours by comparing gene expression in later-stage tumours with those expressed in early-stage tumours. Gene expression in tissue biopsy samples from five Stage I and five Stage II/III NSCLC adenocarcinoma patients was analysed using an oligonucleotide microarray containing 17,000 probes printed in duplicate. Analyses were performed on total RNA isolated from tumour tissue of each patient using universal human RNA as a reference. Compared to normal tissues, the transcriptome of Stage I NSCLC adenocarcinomas showed enrichment in general pathways in cancer, whereas in Stage II/III more specific cancer pathways such as focal adhesion and ECM-receptor interaction pathways were enriched and components of the PPAR signalling pathway were depleted. Relative to early-stage NSCLC, Stage II/III adenocarcinomas showed up-regulation of genes of the basic transcriptional and translational machinery, particularly the “cancer testis antigen” PASD1 transcription factor. The actin cytoskeleton re-organisation and interleukin-6 pathways were also up-regulated whereas there was a generalized down-regulation of immune effectors and genes involved in immune system development. This small-scale transcriptome study provides important information about the pathways and molecules likely to be involved in the more metastatic propensity of those Stage I NSCLC adenocarcinomas that recur. yes yes gold access Adenocarcinoma; Biomarkers; Microarray; Non-small cell lung cancer; Recurrence; Transcriptome 2014-12-09 Openventio 2377-1658 1 1 21 31 11 NRC-HHT-53285 10.17140/PRRMOJ-1-104 Human Health Therapeutics Thérapeutiques en santé humaine National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 21275375 96a5364f-7d9d-44fc-ad13-771a7976b12d Daniel Cusson aut CONST CONST James C (Jim) Margeson Margeson, Jim aut CONST CONST Glenn Hewus aut 9th International Conference on Short and Medium Span Bridges, July 15-18, 2014, Calgary, Alberta, Canada text article 2015-07 eng yes yes 2014-07 NRC-CONST-56154 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Construction Construction National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 21275368 d1eafe63-94ac-443b-94a8-a33e5fc0e10f A.M. Nohanned aut Husham Hammadi Almansour Almansour, H. aut CONST CONST Structures Congress 2014, April 2-5 2014, Boston, MA, USA text article eng An analysis approach to simulate the staged failure mechanism of corrosion-affected beam-column subjected to ultimate or seismic load using a simplified, non-linear, finite element model is proposed. The instantaneous axial and flexural rigidities at the sectional level are transferred to the element level, establishing the instantaneous structure stiffness at each load step. The approach efficiency and accuracy are verified through comparison with available experimental and analytical results. The proposed approach is numerically stable in all studied cases. It is found that the staged failure mechanism of the columns subjected to quasi-static load and cyclic load up to failure can be simulated with high accuracy. It is also found that corrosion-induced damage results in a large drop of the column load and displacement capacities, and a large shrinkage in the hysteretic relationship, which indicates similar drop in the energy absorption capacities of the beam-columns. yes yes ultimate capacity seismic corrosion finite element method nonlinear analysis residual capacity 2014 978-0-7844-1335-7 1036 1047 12 10.1061/9780784413357.092 NRC-CONST-56166 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Construction Construction National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 21275367 38572625-6fad-46ea-83bd-55ca4293d0bf Martin Young Young, N. Martin aut HHT TSH David C Watson Watson, David C. aut HHT TSH Anna Cunningham Cunningham, Anna M. aut HHT TSH Colin Roger (Roger) MacKenzie Mackenzie, C. Roger aut HHT TSH text article 2015-05-14 eng New functions can be incorporated into anti-hapten or anti-protein antibodies by mutating selected residues in the binding-site region either to Cys, to allow alkylation with reagents bearing the desired functional groups, or to His, to create metal-binding sites or to make antigen binding pH-sensitive. However, choosing suitable sites for these mutations has been hampered by the lack of antibodies with these features, to serve as models. Remarkably, the anti-carbohydrate antibody Se155-4, specific for the Salmonella group B lipopolysaccharide, already has a Cys and two pairs of His residues close to the antigen-binding pocket in its structure, and shows pH-dependent antigen binding. We therefore investigated modification of its Cys94L in an scFv version of the antibody with the aims of creating a ‘reagentless’ fluorescent sensor and attaching a metal-binding group that might confer lyase activity. These groups were successfully introduced, as judged by mass spectrometry, and had only slightly reduced antigen binding in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The fluorescent product was sensitive to addition of antigen in a solution format, unlike a modification of a more distant Cys introduced into the VH CDR4 loop. Two other routes to modulate antigen binding were also explored, metal binding by the His pair alongside the antigen-binding pocket and insertions into CDR4 to extend the antigen-contact area. His residues adjacent to the antigen-binding pocket bound copper, causing a 5-fold decrease in antigen binding. In CDR4 of the VH domain, the preferred insert length was four residues, which gave stable antigen-binding products but did not improve overall antigen affinity. yes yes binding-site modification; CDR4 loops; histidine and cysteine residues; metal affinity 2014-05-14 Oxford University Press 1741-0126 1741-0134 27 10 383 390 8 NRC-HHT-53216 10.1093/protein/gzu018 Human Health Therapeutics Thérapeutiques en santé humaine National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 21275352 25687992-030e-43ae-ba38-cea14256c0b9 Caroline Sodja aut HHT TSH Maria (Marilena) Ribecco-Lutkiewicz Ribecco-Lutkiewicz, Maria aut HHT TSH Julie M Haukenfrers Haukenfrers, Julie aut HHT TSH Fahar Merchant aut Willard James (Will) Costain Costain, Willard J. aut HHT TSH Mahmud Bani Bani-Yaghoub, Mahmud aut HHT TSH text article eng S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) is an endogenously produced S-nitrosylating compound that controls the function of various proteins. While a number of rodent cell lines have been used to study GSNO-induced apoptosis, the mechanisms of action remain to be evaluated in human cells and in parallel with other common apoptosis-inducing agents. In this study, we compared the pro-apoptotic effects of GSNO and staurosporine (STS) on human neural progenitors (NT2, hNP1) and neuroblasts (SH-SY5Y). We show that these cells exhibit comparable levels of susceptibility to GSNO- and STS-induced apoptotic cell death, as demonstrated by condensed nuclei and CASP3 activation. Mechanistic differences in apoptotic responses were observed as differential patterns of DNA fragmentation and levels of BAX, BCL-XL, CASP8, and p-ERK in response to GSNO and STS treatment. Mitochondrial membrane potential analysis revealed that NT2 and hNP1 cells, but not SH-SY5Y cells, undergo mitochondrial hyperpolarization in response to short-term exposure to STS prior to undergoing subsequent depolarization. This is the first study to report differences in apoptotic responses to GSNO and STS in 3 complementary human neural cell lines. Furthermore, these cells represent useful tools in cell pharmacological paradigms in which susceptibility to apoptosis-inducing agents needs to be assessed at different stages of neural cell fate commitment and differentiation. yes yes neural progenitors; caspase 3; caspase 8; BAX; BCL-XL; mitochondria; NT2; hNP1; SH-SY5Y 2014-12 Canadian Science Publishing 0008-4212 1205-7541 92 12 1001 1011 11 NRC-HHT-53227 10.1139/cjpp-2014-0053 Human Health Therapeutics Thérapeutiques en santé humaine National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 21275330 0f2701f3-27d7-43df-ad66-fc1bea5f7215 Robert Menard aut HHT TSH Ian Schoenhofen Schoenhofen, Ian C. aut HHT TSH Limei Tao aut HHT TSH Annie Aubry aut HHT TSH Patrice Bouchard aut HHT TSH Christopher (Chris) Reid Reid, Christopher W. aut HHT TSH Paule Lachance Lachance, Paul aut HHT TSH Susan (Sue) Twine Twine, Susan M. aut HHT TSH Kelly Fulton Fulton, Kelly M. aut HHT TSH Qizhi Cui aut HHT TSH Hervé Hogues aut HHT TSH Enrico Purisima Purisima, Enrico O. aut HHT TSH Traian Sulea aut HHT TSH Susan Logan Logan, Susan M. aut HHT TSH text article 2015-07-01 eng Helicobacter pylori is motile by means of polar flagella, and this motility has been shown to play a critical role in pathogenicity. The major structural flagellin proteins have been shown to be glycosylated with the nonulosonate sugar, pseudaminic acid (Pse). This glycan is unique to microorganisms, and the process of flagellin glycosylation is required for H. pylori flagellar assembly and consequent motility. As such, the Pse biosynthetic pathway offers considerable potential as an antivirulence drug target, especially since motility is required for H. pylori colonization and persistence in the host. This report describes screening the five Pse biosynthetic enzymes for small-molecule inhibitors using both high-throughput screening (HTS) and in silico (virtual screening [VS]) approaches. Using a 100,000-compound library, 1,773 hits that exhibited a 40% threshold inhibition at a 10 μM concentration were identified by HTS. In addition, VS efforts using a 1.6-million compound library directed at two pathway enzymes identified 80 hits, 4 of which exhibited reasonable inhibition at a 10 μM concentration in vitro. Further secondary screening which identified 320 unique molecular structures or validated hits was performed. Following kinetic studies and structure-activity relationship (SAR) analysis of selected inhibitors from our refined list of 320 compounds, we demonstrated that three inhibitors with 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC50s) of approximately 14 μM, which belonged to a distinct chemical cluster, were able to penetrate the Gram-negative cell membrane and prevent formation of flagella. yes yes 2014-09-29 American Society for Microbiology 0066-4804 1098-6596 58 12 7430 7440 11 NRC-HHT-53281 10.1128/AAC.03858-14 Human Health Therapeutics Thérapeutiques en santé humaine National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 21275326 5bb3000c-2678-482b-8e38-2de222f03bc7 Robert William Gene Gene, Robert W. aut Jyothi Kumaran aut Cristina Aroche aut Hendrik (Henk) van Faassen van Faassen, Henk aut HHT TSH J. Christopher Hall aut Colin Roger (Roger) MacKenzie Mackenzie, C. Roger aut HHT TSH Mehdi Arbabi-Ghahroudi aut HHT TSH text article 2015-11-08 eng The need for rapid and easy technologies for the detection of food-borne and environmental pathogens is essential for safeguarding the health of populations. Furthermore, distribution of tainted food and water can have consequences which can affect whole economies. Antibodies and antibody fragments have been historically used in detection platforms due to their antigen specificity and robust physicochemical properties. In this study, we report the isolation and characterization of antibody fragments from the heavy chain antibody repertoire (VHH) of Camelidae which bind with specificity and high affinity to the Listeria monocytogenes invasin, Internalin B (InlB). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of anti-InlB VHHs from camelids. These anti-InlB VHHs were not cross-reactive to the structurally related Listeria invasin Internalin A (InlA) and are potential reagents to be used in the development of detection and medical technologies. yes yes Listeria; Camelid; Single-domain antibody; Phage display; ELISA; Surface plasmon resonance 2014-11-08 Elsevier 0022-1759 416 29 39 11 NRC-HHT-53221 10.1016/j.jim.2014.10.009 Human Health Therapeutics Thérapeutiques en santé humaine National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 21275314 f911f714-77af-4d0a-8db1-9a52916da470 Evguenii Vinogradov Vinogradov, Evgeny aut HHT TSH John H E Nash Nash, John H. E. aut Simon Foote aut HHT TSH Martin Young Young, N. Martin aut HHT TSH text article 2016-11-13 eng The core region of the lipopolysaccharide of Morganella morganii serotype O:1ab was obtained by hydrolysis of the LPS and studied by 2D NMR, ESI MS, and chemical methods. Its structure was highly homologous to those from the two major members of the same Proteeae tribe, Proteus mirabilis and Providencia alcalifaciens, and analysis of the M. morganii genome disclosed that the loci for its outer core, lipid A and Ara4N moieties are similarly conserved. yes yes Morganella morganii; LPS; Core; Carbohydrate gene loci 2014-11-13 Elsevier 0008-6215 402 232 235 4 NRC-HHT-53253 10.1016/j.carres.2014.10.032 Human Health Therapeutics Thérapeutiques en santé humaine National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 21275313 afb856b0-3b62-475c-9c22-ac6da106cc4a Julia Transfiguracion aut HHT TSH Aziza Pryska Manceur Manceur, Aziza P. aut HHT TSH Emma Petiot aut HHT TSH Christine Thompson Thompson, Christine M. aut HHT TSH Amine Kamen Kamen, Amine A. aut HHT TSH text article 2015-11-21 eng The influenza virus continuously undergoes antigenic evolution requiring manufacturing, validation and release of new seasonal vaccine lots to match new circulating strains. Although current production processes are well established for manufacturing seasonal inactivated influenza vaccines, significant limitations have been underlined in the case of pandemic outbreaks. The World Health Organization called for a global pandemic influenza vaccine action plan including the development of new technologies. A rapid and reliable method for the quantification of influenza total particles is crucially needed to support the development, improvement and validation of novel influenza vaccine manufacturing platforms. This work presents the development of an ion exchange-high performance liquid chromatography method for the quantification of influenza virus particles. The method was developed using sucrose cushion purified influenza viruses A and B produced in HEK 293 suspension cell cultures. The virus was eluted in 1.5 M NaCl salt with 20 mM Tris–HCl and 0.01% Zwittergent at pH 8.0. It was detected by native fluorescence and the total analysis time was 13.5 min. A linear response range was established between 1 × 10^9 and 1 × 10^11 virus particle per ml (VP/ml) with a correlation coefficient greater than 0.99. The limit of detection was between 2.07 × 10^8 and 4.35 × 10^9 whereas the limit of quantification was between 6.90 × 10^8 and 1.45 × 10^10 VP/ml, respectively. The coefficient of variation of the intra- and inter-day precision of the method was less than 5% and 10%. HPLC data compared well with results obtained by electron microscopy, HA assay and with a virus counter, and was used to monitor virus concentrations in the supernatant obtained directly from the cell culture production vessels. The HPLC influenza virus analytical method can potentially be suitable as an in-process monitoring tool to accelerate the development of processes for the manufacturing of influenza vaccines. yes yes Influenza; HPLC; Quantification; Vaccine; Particle; Pandemic 2014-11-21 Elsevier 0264-410X 33 1 78 84 7 NRC-HHT-53256 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.11.027 Human Health Therapeutics Thérapeutiques en santé humaine National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 21275312 7311ef78-f1c3-48fc-9852-e761e71b247f Marina D. Jovanovic aut Ankica Jelenkovic aut Ivana D. Stevanovic aut Dubravko Bokonjic aut Miodrag Colic aut Natasa Petronijevic aut Danica B Stanimirovic Stanimirovic, Danica B. aut HHT TSH text article eng Background & objectives: Aluminum (Al) toxicity is closely linked to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). This experimental study was aimed to investigate the active avoidance behaviour of rats after intrahippocampal injection of Al, and biochemical and immunohistochemical changes in three bilateral brain structures namely, forebrain cortex (FBCx), hippocampus and basal forebrain (BF). Methods: Seven days after intra-hippocampal (CA1 sector) injection of AlCl 3 into adult male Wistar rats they were subjected to two-way active avoidance (AA) tests over five consecutive days. Control rats were treated with 0.9% w/v saline. The animals were decapitated on the day 12 post-injection. The activities of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) were measured in the FBCx, hippocampus and BF. Immunohistochemical staining was performed for transferrin receptors, amyloid β and tau protein. Results: The activities of both AChE and G6PDH were found to be decreased bilaterally in the FBCx, hippocampus and basal forebrain compared to those of control rats. The number of correct AA responses was reduced by AlCl 3 treatment. G6PDH administered prior to AlCl 3 resulted in a reversal of the effects of AlCl 3 on both biochemical and behavioural parameters. Strong immunohistochemical staining of transferrin receptors was found bilaterally in the FBCx and the hippocampus in all three study groups. In addition, very strong amyloid β staining was detected bilaterally in all structures in AlCl 3 -treated rats but was moderate in G6PDH/AlCl 3 -treated rats. Strong tau staining was noted bilaterally in AlCl 3 -treated rats. In contrast, tau staining was only moderate in G6PDH/AlCl 3 -treated rats. Interpretation & conclusions: Our findings indicated that the G6PDH alleviated the signs of behavioural and biochemical effects of AlCl 3 -treatment suggesting its involvement in the pathogenesis of Al neurotoxicity and its potential therapeutic benefit. The present model could serve as a useful tool in AD investigations. yes yes active avoidance; aluminium; Alzheimer′s disease; brain; glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase; neurotoxicity 2014-08-02 0971-5916 139 6 864 872 9 Human Health Therapeutics Thérapeutiques en santé humaine National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21275156 a887513d-2590-437c-9a1e-e6218be81663 Graham K. Farrington aut Nadia Caram-Salas aut HHT TSH Arsalan Haqqani Haqqani, Arsalan S. aut HHT TSH Eric Brunette aut HHT TSH John Eldredge aut Blake Pepinsky aut Giovanna Antognetti aut Ewa Baumann aut HHT TSH Wen Ding aut HHT TSH Ellen Garber aut Xiuxian (Susan) Jiang Jiang, Susan aut HHT TSH Christie Delaney aut HHT TSH Eve Boileau aut HHT TSH William P. Sisk aut Danica B Stanimirovic Stanimirovic, Danica B. aut HHT TSH text article 2015-07-28 eng The blood-brain barrier (BBB) prevents the access of therapeutic antibodies to central nervous system (CNS) targets. The engineering of bispecific antibodies in which a therapeutic “arm” is combined with a BBB-transcytosing arm can significantly enhance their brain delivery. The BBB-permeable single-domain antibody FC5 was previously isolated by phenotypic panning of a naive llama single-domain antibody phage display library. In this study, FC5 was engineered as a mono- and bivalent fusion with the human Fc domain to optimize it as a modular brain delivery platform. In vitro studies demonstrated that the bivalent fusion of FC5 with Fc increased the rate of transcytosis (Papp) across brain endothelial monolayer by 25% compared with monovalent fusion. Up to a 30-fold enhanced apparent brain exposure (derived from serum and cerebrospinal fluid pharmacokinetic profiles) of FC5- compared with control domain antibody-Fc fusions after systemic dosing in rats was observed. Systemic pharmacological potency was evaluated in the Hargreaves model of inflammatory pain using the BBB-impermeable neuropeptides dalargin and neuropeptide Y chemically conjugated with FC5-Fc fusion proteins. Improved serum pharmacokinetics of Fc-fused FC5 contributed to a 60-fold increase in pharmacological potency compared with the single-domain version of FC5; bivalent and monovalent FC5 fusions with Fc exhibited similar systemic pharmacological potency. The study demonstrates that modular incorporation of FC5 as the BBB-carrier arm in bispecific antibodies or antibody-drug conjugates offers an avenue to develop pharmacologically active biotherapeutics for CNS indications. yes yes single-domain antibody neuropeptides drug delivery blood-brain barrier 2014-07-28 Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology 0892-6638 1530-6860 28 11 4764 4778 15 10.1096/fj.14-253369 NRC-HHT-53254 Human Health Therapeutics Thérapeutiques en santé humaine National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21275155 710861bf-e0dc-46d5-a21b-110ea6a6997b Danica B Stanimirovic Stanimirovic, Danica B. aut HHT TSH Mahmud Bani-Yaghoub aut NRC CNRC Martin Perkins aut NRC CNRC Arsalan Haqqani Haqqani, Arsalan S. aut HHT TSH text article eng The majority of therapeutics, small molecule or biologics, developed for the CNS do not penetrate the blood–brain barrier (BBB) sufficiently to induce pharmacologically meaningful effects on CNS targets. To improve the efficiency of CNS drug discovery, several in vitro models of the BBB have been used to aid early selection of molecules with CNS exposure potential. However, correlative studies suggest relatively poor predictability of in vitro BBB models underscoring the need to combine in vitro and in vivo BBB penetration assessment into an integrated preclinical workflow. yes yes biomarkers; blood–brain barrier; in vitro blood–brain barrier models; stem cells 2014-11-12 Taylor & Francis Group 1746-0441 10 2 141 155 15 10.1517/17460441.2015.974545 NRC-HHT-53275 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Human Health Therapeutics Thérapeutiques en santé humaine 21275154 ba8b53a4-5b2c-4342-bb48-92ee7f85c7c1 J. Renaud aut A. Sarfehnia aut K. Marchant aut Malcolm McEwen McEwen, M. aut MSS SME Carl Ross Ross, C. aut MSS SME J. Seuntjens aut ESTRO 33, 4-8 April 2014, Vienna, Austria article eng In this work, electron quality conversion factors, K'R50, for both a cylindrical ion chamber and a parallel plate ion chamber are measured for electron beam energies of 6, 9, 12, 16, and 20 MeV, using a water calorimeter. The photon-electron conversion factor, k ecal, for the cylindrical chamber is derived from calorimetry measurements in 60 Co. The purpose of this work is to experimentally verify the accuracy of values included in current dosimetry protocols. yes yes 2014 0167-8140 111 Supplement 1 S62 10.1016/S0167-8140(15)30923-3 Measurement Science and Standards Science des mesures et étalons National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21275151 77d48b97-77e8-4048-a44d-7026e783b030 Paul Finnie aut SDT TSR Jianfu Ding aut SDT TSR Zhengyan Li Li, Zhao aut SDT TSR Christopher (Chris) Kingston Kingston, Christopher T. aut SDT TSR text article 2015-12-12 eng The purity of single-wall carbon nanotube (SWCNT) ensembles is critical, but assessing the purity in terms of metal vs semiconductor content is challenging at high purities. We describe possible bulk Raman spectroscopy based procedures to assess this metallicity and compare it to absorption procedures. A simple metric for metallicity is the G+ band peak intensity ratio at two appropriate wavelengths. Related metallic G– band area derived metrics extend to higher purities. The G band signal scales linearly over orders of magnitude in concentration. However, the ratio-derived metrics may still be nonlinear because of resonance. Therefore, they break down if the tube diameter distributions differ greatly between samples, and other complications are possible. Additionally, the absolute Raman cross sections for each type of SWCNT can be estimated, and the abundance of semiconductors and metals can be tracked independently. Raman-derived metallicity figures of merit can meaningfully evaluate samples of purities which are not otherwise easily accessible, but there are important limitations to this simple approach to metallicity assessment. yes yes single-wall carbon nanotube (SWCNT) Raman spectroscopy metallic G– band higher purities 2014-12-12 1932-7447 118 51 30127 30138 12 10.1021/jp506945f Security and Disruptive Technologies Technologies de sécurité et de rupture National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21275150 c3d40f34-3774-4ef5-b7b0-0260aa37a5ef Zhengfang C Lu Lu, Zuliang aut MSS SME Eddy So aut MSS SME Min Li aut Lei Wang aut Hongtao Huang aut Lijuan Liu aut The 2014 Conference on Precision Electromagnetic Measurements, 24-29 Aug. 2014, Rio de Janeiro text article 2014 eng The dynamic function of electrical energy meters is further analyzed and presented. It can be verified through a type approval. Test. The corresponding measurements and guidelines are discussed. Harmonic standards, and the sine modulated waveform can be used to verify the function. yes yes dynamic function electrical energy meter type approval verification uncertainty 2014 Measurement Science and Standards Science des mesures et étalons National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21275141 030190c5-3893-4e8f-8ed9-3d8ba0f7b919 Jingfen Bai aut Fantao Liu aut Da Lu aut Xiaohui Song aut Sha Zhao aut Haibo Yu aut Eddy So aut MSS SME The 2014 Conference on Precision Electromagnetic Measurements, 24-29 Aug. 2014, Rio de Janeiro text article 2014 eng The establishment of a DC power meter calibration system using a DC current comparator and a synchronous sampling technique at China Electric Power Research Institute (CEPRI) is described. Measurements can be made at DC voltages ranging from lOmV to IOOOV, and DC currents from lOrnA to SOOA. The system features a synchronous voltage/current sampling system and a multi-ratio DC current comparator. The uncertainty of the DC power meter calibration system is estimated to be not more than 120 JJ.WIW. Furthermore, a comparison of DC power meter calibration systems between CEPRI and National Institute of Metrology China (NIMC) is discussed and presented. yes yes DC power calibration system DC current comparator synchronous sampling 2014 978-1-4799-5205-2 408 409 2 0589-1485 10.1109/CPEM.2014.6898432 Measurement Science and Standards Science des mesures et étalons National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21275140 e1f2d232-3320-4cbe-8920-a7362d031be3 Lucia D'Ulivo aut MSS SME Lu Yang aut MSS SME Yong-Lai Feng aut John Murimboh aut Zoltan Mester aut MSS SME text article eng In analytical chemistry, improvement in instrument performances is always important for achieving better analytical results and obtaining more information on the target analytes. Gas chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (GC-ICPMS), which combines powerful separation ability and high sensitivity, has found broad applications in sensitive speciation of organometals such as methylmercury (MeHg), butyltin (BuSn), and seleniomethionine (SeMet). Unfortunately, GC-ICPMS is unable to provide molecular information of the analytes such as molecular fragmentations or isotopic patterns, which are very important for identifying target analytes. A method is reported for the simultaneous determination of organometals including MeHg, dibutyltin (DBT), tributyltin (TBT) and SeMet using a unique interface with gas chromatography-electron ionization mass spectrometry (GC-EIMS) and GC-ICPMS systems synchronously. The method was validated with measurements of MeHg, DBT, TBT and SeMet in the certified reference materials (CRMs) including dogfish liver (DOLT-4), marine sediments (PACS-2) and selenium-enriched yeast (SELM-1). Compared with EIMS, ICPMS achieved a remarkable gain in sensitivity for MeHg, DBT and SeMet (19-, 130- and 2850-fold S/N gain, respectively). The concentrations of MeHg (1.335 ± 0.033 μg g−1), DBT (1.171 ± 0.005 μg g−1) and TBT (0.834 ± 0.003 μg g−1) obtained with isotope dilution are in agreement with the certified values of the corresponding CRMs. With the proposed method, the ICPMS system can provide higher precision and sensitivity, and the EIMS system can provide information on the molecular structure, which is essential for identification of target analytes. yes yes Synchronizing GC-MS/ICPMS system Isotope dilution Organometals Sensitive speciation 2014-03-11 Royal Society of Chemistry 0267-9477 29 1132 1137 6 10.1039/c4ja00034j National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Measurement Science and Standards Science des mesures et étalons 21275138 a30dd667-7c42-497a-a79d-350ee16e311e National Research Council Canada. Construction aut text book 2014 eng The Alberta Fire Code 2014 (AFC) sets out the technical provisions regulating: •activities related to the construction, use or demolition of buildings and facilities •the condition of specific elements of buildings and facilities •the design or construction of specific elements of facilities related to certain hazards •protection measures for the current or intended use of buildings. L’Alberta Fire Code 2014 (AFC), publié en anglais seulement, renferme des dispositions techniques concernant: •les activités liées à la construction, à l’utilisation ou à la démolition de bâtiments et d’installations; •l’état d’éléments particuliers de bâtiments et d’installations; •la conception ou la construction d’éléments particuliers d’installations relativement à certains risques; et •les mesures de protection liées à l’utilisation actuelle ou prévue des bâtiments. yes yes buidling construction code fire NRC-CONST-56169 http://www.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/eng/publications/codes_centre/2014_alberta_fire_code.html National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Construction Construction National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 21275042 17e271d1-bc1e-4772-98b9-83e0fc0af51c National Research Council Canada. Construction aut text book 2014 eng The Alberta Building Code 2014 (ABC) sets out technical provisions for the design and construction of new buildings. It also applies to the alteration, change of use and demolition of existing buildings. The ABC complements the Alberta Fire Code 2014, and both are indispensable for building officials, educators and professionals in the construction industry. L’Alberta Building Code 2014 (ABC), publié en anglais seulement, renferme des dispositions techniques concernant la conception et la construction de bâtiments neufs et s’applique aussi à la transformation des bâtiments, à leur changement d’usage et à la démolition de bâtiments existants. L’ABC est un complément de l’Alberta Fire Code 2014, et les deux documents sont indispensables aux agents du bâtiment, aux éducateurs et aux professionnels de la construction. yes yes buidling construction code NRC-CONST-56170 http://www.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/eng/publications/codes_centre/2014_alberta_building_code.html National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Construction Construction National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 21275041 6d4b5784-a7d8-48d1-a1ff-091155280d08 Beach Daniel Beach, Daniel G. aut MSS SME Liu Hechun aut MSS SME Quilliam Michael A Quilliam, Michael A. aut MSS SME text article 2015-11-16 eng This paper describes a new method for sensitive determination of domoic acid (DA), the causative toxin of amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP), in shellfish. The method involves extraction of tissue homogenates with 50% methanol followed by a highly selective strong anion exchange solid phase extraction and a derivatization with dansyl chloride (DNS-Cl) to form the dansyl derivative of domoic acid (DNS-DA). Reaction times were very rapid and proceeded under ambient conditions to yield stable derivatives. A study of the collision-induced dissociation of ESI-produced protonated DNS-DA was carried out to identify the most sensitive transitions to use in development of a selected reaction monitoring detection method. Compared with un-derivatized DA, DNS-DA showed a 5-fold increase in sensitivity of MS/MS detection and improved retention on a reversed phase LC stationary phase. Resolution of DNS-DA and its isomers was achieved using isocratic elution in 15 min. yes yes 2014-11-28 1759-9660 10.1039/c4ay01853b National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Measurement Science and Standards Science des mesures et étalons 21274935 a8711077-7874-44ce-bc0a-5c6692b4fbf2 David J Lockwood Lockwood, D.J. aut MSS SME Nelson Rowell Rowell, N.L. aut MSS SME A. Benkouider aut A. Ronda aut L. Favre aut I. Berbezier aut text article eng We report on the optical properties of SiGe nanowires (NWs) grown by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) in ordered arrays on SiO2/ Si(111) substrates. The production method employs Au catalysts with self-limited sizes deposited in SiO2-free sites opened-up in the substrate by focused ion beam patterning for the preferential nucleation and growth of these well-organized NWs. The NWs thus produced have a diameter of 200 nm, a length of 200 nm, and a Ge concentration x = 0.15. Their photoluminescence (PL) spectra were measured at low temperatures (from 6 to 25 K) with excitation at 405 and 458 nm. There are four major features in the energy range of interest (980–1120 meV) at energies of 1040.7, 1082.8, 1092.5, and 1098.5 meV, which are assigned to the NW-transverse optic (TO) Si–Si mode, NW-transverse acoustic (TA), Si–substrate–TO and NW-no-phonon (NP) lines, respectively. From these results the NW TA and TO phonon energies are found to be 15.7 and 57.8 meV, respectively, which agree very well with the values expected for bulk Si1−xGex with x = 0.15, while the measured NW NP energy of 1099 meV would indicate a bulklike Ge concentration of x = 0.14. Both of these concentrations values, as determined from PL, are in agreement with the target value. The NWs are too large in diameter for a quantum confinement induced energy shift in the band gap. Nevertheless, NW PL is readily observed, indicating that efficient carrier recombination is occurring within the NWs. yes yes bandgap germanium nanowires near field silicon photoluminescence 2014-12-30 2190-4286 10.3762/bjnano.5.259 Measurement Science and Standards Science des mesures et étalons National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21274934 21e8a38a-d0c5-4984-89e1-02c6ead8806c Alex F. Bielajew aut Frédéric Tessier Tessier, Frederic aut MSS SME Islam El Gamal aut MSS SME text article 2015-10-23 eng The Nuclear Enterprises (Model 2575) 600 cc ionisation chamber is examined to discover the cause of its anomalous behaviour in inverse-square stability measurements. Measurements and Monte Carlo calculations are employed to isolate the cause of the discrepancy. It is found that most of the effect is due to the long photon attenuation pathlengths in the long side wall of the instrument. A phenomenological procedure, based on measurements, is proposed to correct for the anomaly. The procedure results in inverse-square stability to within 0.5% over a range of 1-7 meters. yes yes 2014-10-13 0144-8420 10.1093/rpd/ncu306 Measurement Science and Standards Science des mesures et étalons National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21274933 02126d7b-2628-4658-938b-ff44a94e578b Lu Yang aut MSS SME Lian Zhou aut Zhaochu Hu aut Shan Gao aut text article 2015-08-21 eng Silicon isotope ratios in natural waters and several commercial Si standards were determined by on-line ion exclusion chromatography (IEC) multicollector inductively couple plasma mass spectrometry (MC-ICPMS). As recent studies have shown that mass-independent fractionation (MIF) also exists in MC-ICPMS itself, e.g., Nd, Ce, W, Sr, Ge, Hg and Pb isotopes, the nature of mass bias for Si isotopes was thus investigated. MIF was observed for Si isotopes on both Neptune and Neptune plus MC-ICPMS instruments in this study. Therefore, a standard-sample-standard bracketing (SSB) mass bias correction model which is capable of correcting both mass-dependent and mass-independent bias was employed to obtain accurate Si isotope ratio results in all samples by using NBS28 Si standard as the bracketing standard. Medium resolution was used for all measurements in order to resolve polyatomic interferences on Si isotopes. NBS28 Si standard solutions prepared in nutrient-free seawater and 0.1% NaOH matrix, respectively, were used for the method validation and subjected to the on-line IEC-MC-ICPMS determination ofSi isotope ratios. Values of -0.01±0.06 and 0.00±0.06 %o (lSD, n=IO); and -0.01±0.03 and 0.01±0.06 %o (lSD, n=IO) for J29128 Si and J30128 Si, respectively, were obtained, confirming accurate results can be obtained using the proposed method for natural waters. yes yes Si isotope ratio multi-collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry Ion exclusion chromatography mass bias mass-independent fractionation mass-dependent fractionation 2014-08-21 0003-2700 86 18 9301 9308 7 10.1021/ac5025396 Measurement Science and Standards Science des mesures et étalons National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21274930 002d27d6-43cc-4150-9090-972608743b77 Ghislain Granger Granger, G. aut MSS SME Marina Gertsvolf Gertsvolf, M. aut MSS SME Barry M Wood Wood, B.M. aut MSS SME The 2014 Conference on Precision Electromagnetic Measurements, August 24-29, 2014 , Rio de Janeiro text article eng A 10 V programmable Josephson voltage standard system has been installed at the National Research Council Canada. The current margins for the first Josephson step at either current polarity are greater than 1 mA. Measurements are made to establish the frequency offset and leakage resistance components of the uncertainty budget. Measurements are made to establish the frequency offset and leakage resistance components of the uncertainty budget... yes yes DC voltage DC voltage calibration Josephson junctions programmable Josephson voltage standard hysteretic Josephson voltage standard Josephson system comparison volt­ age measurements 2014 Measurement Science and Standards Science des mesures et étalons National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21274929 cdb9e425-7495-43c7-8bc6-767ca284344b Branislav Djokic aut MSS SME 29th Conference on Precision Electromagnetic Measurements, CPEM 2014, 24 August 2014 through 29 August 2014 text article eng A new current-comparator-based dual-channel calibration system for AC currents and AC voltages in the millivolt range has been developed. The range of generated currents is 1 rnA - 5 A, and the range of generated voltages is 1 mV- 500 mV. The calibration system in-phase and quadrature expanded measurement uncertainties (k=2) are within 25·10"6 Although the system has been developed primarily for operation at power frequencies, it is also capable of operating at frequencies up to 1000 Hz with slightly increased uncertainties. The traceability to SI units is established through the calibration of AC voltage by means of AC/DC transfer and DC voltage reference, standard resistor, capacitor, and current comparator ratios. yes yes Terms-AC voltage measurement AC current measurement current comparator digital sampling calibration measurement uncertainty 2014 0018-9456 99 1 6 6 10.1109/TIM.2015.2408801 Measurement Science and Standards Science des mesures et étalons National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21274925 9b02d2a0-8d90-4a66-afdd-e5815c3562f3 Zuliang Lu aut Yan Yang aut Lu Huang aut Lei Wang aut Eddy So aut MSS SME 29th Conference on Precision Electromagnetic Measurements, CPEM 2014, 24 August 2014 through 29 August 2014 text article eng The advantage of the new sampling approach to overcome transient effect in staircase waveform is described. Based on this sampling approach, a general form is developed in this paper. In this form, more samples are used for calculations in the measurement. It provides a better basis to achieve a lower uncertainty as reduced noise impact and more information. A sine-wave experiment shows the advantage of the multi-point approach. When the more frequency components of the measured signal are asked, it faces a matter of unequal-interval sampling. It is found that the aliasing effect of sampling is solvable under the discussed condition. A novel method is developed to perform Fourier transform to extend application of Nyquist Theorem, in which the matrixes to solve the relative equation set are given out in the forms of digital and formula. Experiments for a non-sinusoidal wave validates that the higher frequency components can be analyzed, in which a differential sampling scheme is proposed. yes yes Terms-Differential measurement digital-analog conversion Transient effect discrete Fourier transform non-sinusoidal wave Nyquist Theorem sampling staircase waveform transient effect 2014 978-1-4799-5205-2 6898579 702 703 2 0589-1485 10.1109/CPEM.2014.6898579 Measurement Science and Standards Science des mesures et étalons National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21274922 28e66f8a-d407-4eda-b7b4-7ce2263f067e Jane Kilcoyne aut Ciara Nulty aut Thierry Jauffrais aut Pearse McCarron aut MSS SME Fabienne Herve aut Barry Foley aut Frode Rise aut Sheila Crain aut MSS SME Alistair L. Wilkins aut Michael J. Twiner aut Philipp Hess aut Christopher Owen Miles Miles, Christopher O. aut MSS SME text article eng We identified three new azaspiracids (AZAs) with molecular weights of 715, 815, and 829 (AZA33 (3), AZA34 (4), and AZA35, respectively) in mussels, seawater, and Azadinium spinosum culture. Approximately 700 μg of 3 and 250 μg of 4 were isolated from a bulk culture of A. spinosum, and their structures determined by MS and NMR spectroscopy. These compounds differ significantly at the carboxyl end of the molecule from known AZA analogues and therefore provide valuable information on structure–activity relationships. Initial toxicological assessment was performed using an in vitro model system based on Jurkat T lymphocyte cytotoxicity, and the potencies of 3 and 4 were found to be 0.22- and 5.5-fold that of AZA1 (1), respectively. Thus, major changes in the carboxyl end of 1 resulted in significant changes in toxicity. In mussel extracts, 3 was detected at low levels, whereas 4 and AZA35 were detected only at extremely low levels or not at all. The structures of 3 and 4 are consistent with AZAs being biosynthetically assembled from the amino end. yes yes 2014-10 0163-3864 1520-6025 77 11 2465 2474 10 10.1021/np500555k Measurement Science and Standards Science des mesures et étalons National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21274921 0826d1d5-8ccd-46cf-9361-5918d7b02826 Mahmoud Abou-Dakka aut MSS SME Refat AtefGhunem aut Douglas McIntyre Mcintyre, Douglas aut MSS SME 2014 IEEE Conference on Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena (CEIDP), 19-22 Oct. 2014, Des Moines, IA text article eng The evolution of space charges in Polypropylene (PP) filled with synthetic and natural nanoclay after aging with -25 kV/mm DC field under 50 °C were investigated. Following certain periods of aging, the space charge was measured by the PEA technique. The PP materials, bases for the two types of Polymer nanocomposites, i.e. PP were loaded with synthetic and natural nanoclay. The unfilled PP contains grafted maleic anhydride as compatibilizers. It was observed that the percentage amount of compatibilizers affects the charge distribution in the PP materials. The results indicated that aging with 50 °C temperature of the PNC with 2 and 4-wt% synthetic clay stocks high quantity of charges compared to the other filled materials. These two concentrations could not be optimal for aging under 50 °C. Insignificant accumulation of space charge and independent from aging time was observed for the PP loaded with 2-wt% of natural clay. This could be due to the smaller aspect ratio of natural nanoclay platelets compared to the synthetic nanoclay platelets. The clay platelets limit the molecular motion in the amorphous phase due to the interaction between the platelets and PP matrix. But, more work is required to investigate the effect of the percentage of compatibilizers on the charge accumulation property. Highly doped PNCs like the PP1-S8% and PP2-N6% can enhance overlapping of the diffuse double layer charge clouds around nanoparticles and promote movement of space charges, thereby leading to a sharp increase of the conductivity of PNCs. yes yes 2014 723 726 4 10.1109/CEIDP.2014.6995901 Measurement Science and Standards Science des mesures et étalons National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21274919 f9442043-482d-48c8-8733-da2e5c647900 Eddy So aut MSS SME David (Dave) Bennett Bennett, David aut MSS SME The 2014 Conference on Precision Electromagnetic Measurements (CPEM 2014), 24-29 Aug. 2014, Rio de Janeiro text article eng The development of a current-comparator-based high-voltage impedance bridge at the National Research Council of Canada (NRC) for the accurate measurements of high-voltage resistive (R), Inductive (L), and capacitive (C) impedances is described. The bridge has ratio uncertainties of les than 10 x 10-6 in both magnitude and phase. yes yes terms-accurate measurements current-comparator-based bridge high voltage impedance resistive uncertainty 2014-08-24 IEEE 0589-1485 978-1-4799-5205-2 6898230 4 5 2 0589-1485 10.1109/CPEM.2014.6898230 Measurement Science and Standards Science des mesures et étalons National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21274918 325bb47b-a727-4bd6-be1b-e6e89aef9b5c Pearse McCarron aut MSS SME Alan C. Loganb aut Sabrina Giddings aut MSS SME Michael A. Quilliama aut text article eng Over the last decade the amino acid P-N-methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA) has come under intense scrutiny. International laboratory and epidemiological research continues to support the hypothesis that environmental exposure to BMAA (e.g., through dietary practices, water supply) can promote the risk of various neurodegenenitive diseases. A wide variety of cyanobacteria spp. have previously been reported to produce BMAA, with production levels dependent upon species, strain and environmental conditions. Since spirulina (Arthrospira spp.) is a member of the cyanobacteria phylum frequently consumed via dietary supplements, the presence ofBMAA in such products may have public health implications. In the current work, we have analyzed ten spirulina-containing samples for the presence ofBMAA; six pure spirulina samples from two separate raw materials suppliers, and four commercially-available multi-ingredient products containing 1.45 grams of spirulina per serving. Because·of controversy surrounding the measurement of BMAA, we have used two complementary liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) methods: one based on reversed phase LC (RPLC) with derivatization and the other based on hydrophilic interaction LC (HILIC). Potential matrix effects were corrected for by internal standardization using a stable isotope labeled BMAA standard. BMAA was not detected at low limits of detection (80 ng/g dry weight) in any of these the product samples. Although these results are reassuring, BMAA analyses should be conducted on a wider sample selection and, perhaps, as part of ongoing spirulina production quality control testing and specifications. yes yes 2014-08 2046-9063 10 5 10.1186/2046-9063-10-5 Measurement Science and Standards Science des mesures et étalons National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21274917 7fe9ea69-3cbe-419c-bb94-2f6312ee7ddf Gert Rietveld aut Martin Fransen aut Nicolas Blanc aut Ernest Houtzager aut Eddy So aut MSS SME Precision Electromagnetic Measurements (CPEM 2014), 2014 Conference on, Date 24-29 Aug. 2014, Rio de Janeiro text article eng A reference setup for on-site calibration and validation of revenue metering systems is realized. The system consists of a three-phase power meter and high-accuracy current and voltage transformers (CTs and VTs). Measurements can be made up to 150 kV (system voltage) and line currents up to 5000 A. The power meter, the CTs, and the VTs were all calibrated. Based on the excellent results of the calibration of these components it is possible to predict the full system performance with an accuracy of 35 J.lWNA. This estimation was verified with a full system validation, showing that the system is much more accurate than required and that detrimental effects to the accuracy are well understood. yes yes power, revenue metering, billing, traceability, substation, high voltage (HV), high current, current transformer, voltage transformer, power meter, precision measurements 2014-08 IEEE 978-1-4799-5205-2 404 405 2 0589-1485 10.1109/CPEM.2014.6898430 Measurement Science and Standards Science des mesures et étalons National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21274914 c22963df-a587-4536-8eac-6511f8b59f0e Pierre Dubé Dube, Pierre aut MSS SME Alan Madej Madej, Alan A. aut MSS SME Maria Tibbot aut John Bernard Bernard, John E. aut MSS SME 2014 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium (FCS), 19 May - 22 May 2014, Taipei, Taiwan text article eng We present preliminary results on a method used to determine the differential scalar polarizability Aao of the clock transition of the 88Sr+ ion optical frequency standard. The method is based on the relation that exists between Aao and the trap frequency 00 at which the micromotion shifts cancel. Aa0 is important not only for cancellation of the micromotion shifts but also for the evaluation of the blackbody radiation shift. The decrease in the uncertainty of Aa0 obtained reduces the evaluated blackbody radiation shift uncertainty of the NRC 88Sr+ ion to the 1x 10-11 level. yes yes scalar polarizability clock transition 2014 Measurement Science and Standards Science des mesures et étalons National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21274913 b8e51b72-527a-4a10-8dbb-b663e8e2a24f Ernst Hanique aut Eddy So aut MSS SME Conference on Precision Electromagnetic Measurements (CPEM 2014), 24-29 August 2014, Rio de Janeiro text article eng This paper describes the diagnostic measurements involved while performing impulse tests. For most applications during impulse tests, the impulse voltage and impulse current are measured. Because of the nature of impulse test it is very common that Electro Magnetic Interference signals (EMI) are generated. This EMI will influence the measurement. Therefore these tests are done in well-shielded high voltage laboratories. Also the relevant sensors e.g. voltage dividers, current shunts and other components used for the measurements, including traceability issues, will be discussed in this paper. yes yes divider electro mechanical compatibility impulse measurement shunt and uncertainty 2014-08 IEEE 978-1-4799-5205-2 380 381 2 0589-1485 10.1109/CPEM.2014.6898418 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Measurement Science and Standards Science des mesures et étalons 21274911 2bd13769-7479-4541-86ef-02b9a07174b7 Huanlei Wang aut NINT INNT Zhi Li aut NINT INNT David Mitlin aut NINT INNT text article eng Supercapacitors are attracting intense scientific attention as they can bridge the energy-power gap between commercial batteries and electrolytic capacitors. High-surface area activated carbon remains the electrode material of choice for commercial systems due to the inherently lower cost relative to the more exotic alternatives such as graphene, carbon nanotubes, or their hybrids. However, activated carbon possesses an inferior electrochemical performance relative to these more open and electrically conductive structures. This limits its feasibility as electrodes for future high-performance devices. In this concept paper we summarized two case studies of creating unique biomass-derived carbons by preserving the precursors’ intrinsic structure or transforming the precursor structure into graphene-like materials that actually demonstrate electrochemical performance on par with, or even better than, their much costlier alternatives. yes yes biomass; carbon; electrochemistry; energy storage; supercapacitors 2014-02-11 1 2 332 337 6 10.1002/celc.201300127 National Institute for Nanotechnology Institut national de nanotechnologie National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21274908 5dcaa3b6-9c46-4be8-9376-65af23ac578f Erhan Dikel Dikel, Erhan E. aut CONST CONST Guy Newsham Newsham, G. R. aut CONST CONST text article 2015-12-01 eng Linking occupancy sensors to switches or dimmers is a well-established strategy yielding substantial lighting energy savings. Indeed the technology is considered proven enough that it is now mandated for many space types in most commercial buildings via all major energy codes. Current codes typically require a maximum 30-minute timeout or delay following the last detected occupancy before switching lights off. New codes may reduce this timeout to 20 minutes, promising more savings. It has been long recognized that reducing timeouts further, to 5 minutes or less, will deliver even greater savings [1, 2]. So, why aren’t energy codes more aggressive in mandating shorter timeouts? There are two principal answers to this: (1) prevailing sensor technology is not reliable enough to detect occupancy at such short timescales; (2) even if the sensors were reliable, shorter timeouts would mean more frequent switching, potentially reducing the lifetime of fluorescent lamps to an uneconomical degree. In this article we re-evaluate the potential energy savings of shorter timeout periods with two datasets, and discuss how such timeouts might be viable with LED technology. yes yes lighting; occupancy sensors; energy savings 2014-12-01 Offshore Technology Conference 44 12 54 56 3 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Construction Construction National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 21274863 9de16357-d013-41c3-a944-8e5d119f2170 Canadian Commission on Building and Fire Codes, National Research Council of Canada and Natural Resources Canada aut text book 2014-01-01 eng yes yes Codes and guides http://codes-guides.nrc.ca/IA/11NECB/intentframe.html National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Institute for Research in Construction Institut de recherche en construction du CNRC 21274741 9a8c33d5-a122-456f-b60f-7722fe932708 Canadian Commission on Building and Fire Codes, National Research Council Canada aut text book 2014-01-01 National Research Council Canada eng 129 p. This first edition of the User’s Guide to the National Energy Code of Canada for Buildings 2011 (NECB) is designed to complement the National Energy Code of Canada for Buildings 2011 (NECB) by providing additional background information as well as detailed examples and calculations. It describes the various compliance approaches in the NECB and presents examples of trade-off path calculations. The User’s Guide is an ideal training tool for educators and trainers and features checklists at the end of each Part to help designers verify that provisions in the NECB have been considered in their design. Code users familiar with the useful explanatory material in the appendices of the Model National Energy Code of Canada for Buildings 1997 (MNECB) will note that much of this material has been updated in the new User’s Guide and augmented with additional examples and information. This material includes calculation examples for thermal properties of building assemblies. yes yes Codes and guides NRC-IRC-56134 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Institute for Research in Construction Institut de recherche en construction du CNRC 21274739 d8d2b862-11ca-44e2-80ea-0aac1f7bad08 Commission canadienne des codes du bâtiment et de prévention des incendies, Conseil national de recherches Canada aut text book 2014 Conseil national de recherches Canada fre 641 p. Ce Guide de l’utilisateur combine deux publications antérieures, soit le Code national de construction de maisons et Guide illustré – Canada 1998 et le Guide de l'utilisateur – CNB 1995, Maisons et petits bâtiments (Partie 9), en un document complet qui décrit diverses méthodes de conformité, y compris des exemples et des formules à l’appui. Afin de faciliter la navigation, on a réorganisé le Guide de l’utilisateur afin que sa présentation corresponde à celle utilisée dans la partie 9 du Code national du bâtiment (CNB). Ce Guide illustré de l’utilisateur présente de nouvelles informations sur les exigences relatives à l’efficacité énergétique des maisons et des petits bâtiments et comprend des mises à jour visant à assurer l’uniformité avec les dispositions qui ont été modifiées ou introduites dans les éditions 2005 et 2010 du CNB. Le Guide de l’utilisateur illustre les principes essentiels des pratiques minimales reconnues et explique les motifs et le contexte scientifique des exigences de la partie 9. Bien que ce guide ne soit pas un guide pratique sur la construction des maisons, des renseignements pertinents tirés des codes y sont incorporés par renvoi et des sources statistiques y sont fournies. yes yes efficacité énergétique maison bâtiment partie 9 NRCC 56133F http://www.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/fra/publications/centre_codes/partie9_guide_utilisateur_cnb2010.html National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Construction Construction National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 21274681 fa36f70b-a091-4f5f-9c02-c56eb45bdc97 Canadian Commission on Building and Fire Codes, National Research Council Canada aut text book 2014 National Research Council Canada eng 641 p. This User’s Guide combines two earlier publications, the National Housing Code of Canada 1998 and Illustrated Guide and the User’s Guide – NBC 1995 Housing and Small Buildings (Part 9), into one comprehensive document that describes various compliance approaches, including examples and supporting formulas. To facilitate navigation, the User’s Guide has been reorganized to match the format used in Part 9 of the National Building Code of Canada (NBC). This illustrated User's Guide features new material on energy efficiency requirements for housing and small buildings and includes updates to match the provisions that were changed or introduced in the 2005 and 2010 editions of the NBC. The User’s Guide illustrates important principles of minimum accepted practice and explains the reasons and scientific background behind the Part 9 requirements. This is not a how-to guide on home construction; however, relevant code information is cross-referenced and statistical sources are provided. yes yes energy efficiency building construction part 9 NRC-CONST-56133 http://www.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/eng/publications/codes_centre/part9_user_guide_nbc2010.html National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Construction Construction National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 21274680 89e722df-cfbf-4968-83aa-51a2a9d496b8 David MacKinnon MacKinnon, David Kenneth aut MSS SME Luc Cournoyer aut MSS SME text article eng 2014 CMSC Adoption of 3D imaging systems is on the rise with the global market expected to exceed $450 million by 2016. An increasing number of users are expected to invest in high-accuracy/high-speed non-contact systems as their claimed performance approaches the claimed performance of tactile probing systems, particularly as the cost of non-contact systems has decreased significantly. To address the lack of published standards for 3D imaging systems, the National Research Council of Canada (NRCC) has been working closely with NIST on the ASTM E57 committee to develop two standards to evaluate the performance of medium-range (2 to 150 m) LiDAR systems. We present an overview of work completed to date by the WK12373 (Relative Range Error) and WK431218 (Volumetric Error) working groups and, in particular, present the results of experiments conducted at the NRCC in support of this work. yes yes 9 2 4 11 8 10.4224/23001773 Measurement Science and Standards Science des mesures et étalons National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21274274 85249783-5cc2-45d7-a538-ef16db7d9d42 Marc-Antoine Drouin aut ICT TIC Jean-Angelo (Angelo) Beraldin Beraldin, Jean-Angelo aut MSS SME Luc Cournoyer aut MSS SME David MacKinnon aut MSS SME Louis Borgeat aut ICT TIC Guy D Godin Godin, Guy aut ICT TIC Jonathan Fournier aut 2014 Workshop on 3D Computer Vision in the Built Environment, December 8-11, 2014, Tokyo, Japan article eng We propose a methodology for acquiring reference models with known uncertainty of complex building-sized objects. Those can be used to quantitatively evaluate the performance of passive 3D reconstruction when working at large scale. The proposed methodology combines the use of a time-of-flight scanner, a laser tracker, spherical artifacts and contrast targets. To demonstrate the soundness of the proposed approach, we built a reference model composed of a 3D model of exterior walls and courtyards of a 130m X 55m X 20m Building. The expanded uncertainty of the 3D reference model and the spatial resolution were calculated. yes yes 2014-12 IEEE 978-1-4799-7000-1 137 144 10.1109/3DV.2014.104 Information and Communication Technologies Technologies de l'information et des communications Measurement Science and Standards Science des mesures et étalons National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21274273 71595b3b-94db-4c81-b74d-80c60a3d4576 L. M. Skjolding aut K. Kern aut R. Hjorth aut N. Hartmann aut S. Overgaard aut Guibin Ma Ma, G. aut Jonathan Veinot Veinot, J. G. C. aut SDT TSR A. Baun aut text article eng This study presents a series of short-term studies (total duration 48 h) of uptake and depuration of engineered nanoparticles (ENP) in neonate Daphnia magna. Gold nanoparticles (Au NP) were used to study the influence of size, stabilizing agent and feeding on uptake and depuration kinetics and animal body burdens. 10 and 30 nm Au NP with different stabilizing agents [citrate (CIT) and mercaptoundecanoic acid (MUDA)] were tested in concentrations around 0.5 mg Au/L. Fast initial uptake was observed for all studied Au NP, with CIT stabilized Au NP showing similar rates independent of size and MUDA showing increased uptake for the smaller Au NP (MUDA 10 nm > CIT 10 nm, 30 nm > MUDA 30 nm). However, upon transfer to clean media no clear trend on depuration rates was found in terms of stabilizing agent or size. Independent of stabilizing agent, 10 nm Au NP resulted in higher residual whole-animal body burdens after 24 h depuration than 30 nm Au NP with residual body burdens about one order of magnitude higher of animals exposed to 10 nm Au NP. The presence of food (P. subcapitata) did not significantly affect the body burden after 24 h of exposure, but depuration was increased. While food addition is not necessary to ensure D. magna survival in the presented short-term test design, the influence of food on uptake and depuration kinetics is essential to consider in long term studies of ENP where food addition is necessary. This study demonstrates the feasibility of a short-term test design to assess the uptake and depuration of ENP in D. magna. The findings underlines that the assumptions behind the traditional way of quantifying bioconcentration are not fulfilled when ENPs are studied. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes Kinetics Feeding Size Test design Au 2014-05-27 0963-9292 23 7 1172 1183 12 10.1007/s10646-014-1259-x Security and Disruptive Technologies Technologies de sécurité et de rupture National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21274140 b5d73baa-f0b7-4ab1-98e4-8e9b43c236c4 Marc Genest aut AERO AERO Catalin Mandache aut AERO AERO 16th International Symposium on Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics (ISEM 2013), July 31-Aug. 2, 2013, Quebec City, Quebec text article eng In its current state, the wide acceptance of the Magneto-Optical Imaging (MOI) technique is hindered due to noise, lack of recordable results, and impossibility of data post-processing. This paper presents some add-ons made to a commercial MOI system to ease the image interpretation, archiving and reporting of the results. In addition, a few image processing techniques are also employed in an attempt to perform automatic flaw detection. The recording capability of the MOI instrument output images was addressed by digitizing the video signal in video or image files. To help with the identification of the damage location and distance between images, a rotary quadrature encoder was mounted onto the MOI scan head. The use of the encoder allowed the identification of the inspection location with respect to a reference position, such as the beginning of the scan. Moreover, it allowed saving images at fixed intervals, which were then stitched into a single image, thus simplifying the post inspection analysis process. Both live and post-inspection image processing capabilities were made available. Implemented image processing included background subtraction, de-noising, contrast adjustment and morphological operation, among others. Contrast stretching transform and background subtractions were found to be among the most powerful techniques that could be used in simplifying the image interpretation. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes Magneto-optical imaging Non destructive evaluation Image processing 2014-04-01 1383-5416 45 1-4 241 247 7 10.3233/JAE-141836 Aerospace Aérospatiale National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21274139 8a490ee3-8204-4c79-b513-5ed881bfda0c Francesco D'Elia D'Elia, F. aut C. Ravindran aut Dimitry G Sediako Sediako, D. aut SDT TSR text article eng Hot tearing continues to limit the industrial use of many aluminium casting alloys. The hot tearing susceptibility of an alloy is influenced by microstructure, solidification rate and the stress/strain conditions it experiences during solidification. In this study, a novel technique was used to quantify the residual strain associated with hot tearing in B206 aluminium alloy. Neutron diffraction strain mapping was carried out on three B206 castings with varying levels of titanium (i.e. unrefined, 0·02 and 0·05 wt-%). Titanium additions were effective in causing grain refinement of the alloy and eliminating hot tears. Neutron diffraction strain mapping was successfully used to demonstrate more uniform distribution of strain in the casting, resulting from grain refinement with consequent higher resistance to hot tearing. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes Grain refinement Neutron diffraction Hot tearing B206 aluminium alloy Residual strain 2014-04-01 0008-4433 53 2 151 159 9 10.1179/1879139513Y.0000000119 Security and Disruptive Technologies Technologies de sécurité et de rupture National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21274135 0a428feb-3821-4fa7-8c56-de20fdcedc37 P. Cerulo aut W. J. Couch aut C. Lidman aut L. Delaye aut R. Demarco aut M. Huertas-Company aut S. Mei aut Ruben Sanchez-Janssen Sánchez-Janssen, R. aut NSI ISN text article eng We present the results of a detailed analysis of galaxy properties along the red sequence in XMMU J1229+0151, an X-ray selected cluster at z = 0.98 drawn from the High AcuityWide field K-band Imager Cluster Survey. Taking advantage of the broad photometric coverage and the availability of 77 spectra in the cluster field, we fit synthetic spectral energy distributions, and estimate stellar masses and photometric redshifts, which we use to determine the cluster membership. We investigate morphological and structural properties of red sequence galaxies and find that elliptical galaxies populate the bright end, while S0 galaxies represent the predominant population at intermediate luminosities, with their fraction decreasing at fainter magnitudes. A comparison with the low-redshift sample of the Wide Field Nearby Galaxyclusters Survey cluster survey reveals that at z̃1 the bright end of the red sequence ofXMMU J1229+0151 is richer in S0 galaxies. The faint end of the red sequence inXMMUJ1229+0151 appears rich in disc-dominated galaxies, which are rarer in the low-redshift comparison sample at the same luminosities. Despite these differences between the morphological composition of the red sequence in XMMU J1229+0151 and in low-redshift samples, we find that to within the uncertainties, no such difference exists in the ratio of luminous to faint galaxies along the red sequence. galaxies: clusters: individual: XMMU J1229+0151 galaxies: elliptical and lenticular, cD galaxies: evolution galaxies: high redshift galaxies: spiral yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes 2014-02-19 0035-8711 439 3 2790 2812 23 10.1093/mnras/stu135 National Science Infrastructure Infrastructure scientifique nationale National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21274134 b5226101-3e66-4dfd-b081-8890d4767f35 Catalin Mandache aut AERO AERO 16th International Symposium on Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics (ISEM 2013), July 31-Aug. 2, 2013, Quebec City, Quebec text article eng In recent years, solid-state devices made their way in the development of electromagnetic non-destructive evaluation (NDE) probes. This fact was evidenced especially for pulsed eddy current, where magneto-resistive and Hall effect devices are used as sensing elements. Their low frequency range and small surface area are suitable to improve the detection of buried and small discontinuities. Although their properties are expected to enhance detectability over simple induction coils, this was still to be proven or demonstrated in a comparative study. This work compares the sensing capabilities of an induction coil to those of two solid-state devices: giant-magneto-resistive (GMR) and Hall effect sensors. All of them are used as detectors in pulsed eddy current probes that have the same excitation mechanism, a ring-type copper coil driven by a constant amplitude square waveform. While the excitation part of the probe is fixed, the sensing components are inter-changeable. Although both induction coils and solid-state sensors output a voltage value as an indication of the magnetic field they are detecting, the voltage for pick-up coils is directly proportional to the rate of change of the magnetic flux. For solid-state sensors the output is in direct relation to the detected magnetic field. Under this study, all three sensing elements are used to detect the driving coil's magnetic output (magnetic field or flux) in air, on planes perpendicular and parallel to the face of the driver coil. The results obtained by all three sensors are quantitatively compared. Then the sensing devices are inserted in the inner space of the driving coil and, subsequently, used for detection of artificially made defects. Finally, the results are compared in terms of magnetic field sensitivity and inspection performance. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes Comparative studies Magnetic sensing Non destructive evaluation Pulsed eddy current 2014-04-14 1383-5416 45 1-4 265 271 7 10.3233/JAE-141839 Aerospace Aérospatiale National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21274133 c0899a19-3603-4efb-b344-43d574395a4f Andrew (Andy) Pon Pon, Andy aut NSI ISN Douglas Johnstone Johnstone, Doug aut NSI ISN John Bally aut Carl Heiles aut text article eng The Orion-Eridanus superbubble, formed by the nearby Orion high-mass star-forming region, contains multiple bright Ha filaments on the Eridanus side of the superbubble. We examine the implications of the Hα brightnesses and sizes of these filaments, the Eridanus filaments. We find that either the filaments must be highly elongated along the line of sight or they cannot be equilibrium structures illuminated solely by the Orion star-forming region. The Eridanus filaments may, instead, have formed when the Orion-Eridanus superbubble encountered and compressed a pre-existing, ionized gas cloud, such that the filaments are nowout of equilibrium and slowly recombining. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes ISM: bubble ISM: cloud ISM: individual objects: Eridanus filments ISM: individual objects: Orion-Eridanus superbubble ISM: structu 2014-05-05 0035-8711 441 2 stu620 1095 1104 10 10.1093/mnras/stu620 National Science Infrastructure Infrastructure scientifique nationale National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21274132 9c95d6a5-210c-406c-a546-414a7355c987 Jacob Alexandre Burgess Burgess, J. A. J. aut SDT TSR Joseph Edwin Losby Losby, J. E. aut SDT TSR Mark Russell Freeman Freeman, M. R. aut SDT TSR text article eng A two-parameter analytical model is constructed to describe a thin, magnetically soft, circular disk in the vortex state. The model is capable of describing the change in evolution of net magnetization and of vortex core position when the core interacts with a magnetic pinning site. The basis of the two-parameter model is formed by a piecewise, physically continuous, magnetization distribution constructed with two regions described by different one-parameter models. Benchmarking against numerical simulations of ideal disks with and without pinning sites shows that the model provides accurate predictions of magnetization, hysteretic transitions, and 2-D displacement of the vortex core in the presence of pinning sites. The demonstrated accuracy of the model supports its use as an empirical tool to extract quantitative maps of vortex pinning energies from measurements of magnetization. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes Magnetic vortex Micromagnetic modeling Pinning 2014-03-01 0304-8853 361 140 149 10 10.1016/j.jmmm.2014.02.078 Security and Disruptive Technologies Technologies de sécurité et de rupture National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21274131 78102243-31a4-4d02-aa6f-b4e8f8567ad6 Makoto Hayashi aut John Harry Root Root, John H. aut SDT TSR text article eng Residual stress remarkably affects the fatigue strength of welded socket joint. In carbon and austenitic stainless steel the fatigue strength of socket welded joint is about half of base metal. This is caused by the high tensile residual stress at the root of socked weld. In this study the variation of residual stress distribution near the weld start and end points, effects of miss-alignment on the residual stress distribution and the principal strain and stress were examined using the neutron diffraction method. As a result, the effects of miss-alignment are negligibly small and the residual stress at the weld root is almost the same with that of normally welded joint. The deviations of principal axes from the specimen directions are not so much large and the principal stresses almost agree with those of specimen axes. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes Neutron diffraction Residual stress Socket weld Carbon steel 2014-08-01 0514-5163 63 8 602 607 6 10.2472/jsms.63.602 Security and Disruptive Technologies Technologies de sécurité et de rupture National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21274130 058c0582-0c70-41af-8ab2-2e5ae0a4a421 Brendan T. McKeown aut Luke McDougall aut Adriana Elena Catalli Catalli, Adriana aut HHT TSH Robert A. R. Hurta aut text article eng Prostate cancer, one of the most common cancers in the Western world, affects many men worldwide. This study investigated the effects of magnolol, a compound found in the roots and bark of the magnolia tree Magnolia officinalis, on the behavior of 2 androgen insensitive human prostate cancer cell lines, DU145 and PC3, in vitro. Magnolol, in a 24-h exposure at 40 and 80 M, was found to be cytotoxic to cells. Magnolol also affected cell cycle progression of DU145 and PC3 cells, resulting in alterations to the cell cycle and subsequently decreasing the proportion of cells entering the G2/M-phase of the cell cycle. Magnolol inhibited the expression of cell cycle regulatory proteins including cyclins A, B1, D1, and E, as well as CDK2 and CDK4. Protein expression levels of pRBp107 decreased and pRBp130 protein expression levels increased in response to magnolol exposure, whereas p16INK4a, p21, and p27 protein expression levels were apparently unchanged post 24-h exposure. Magnolol exposure at 6 h did increase p27 protein expression levels. This study has demonstrated that magnolol can alter the behavior of androgen insensitive human prostate cancer cells in vitro and suggests that magnolol may have potential as a novel anti-prostate cancer agent. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes 2014-09-29 0163-5581 66 7 1154 1164 11 10.1080/01635581.2014.951736 Human Health Therapeutics Thérapeutiques en santé humaine National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21274129 2167005d-82bf-425e-ad5e-5623a9c6a743 P. Tzanavaris aut S. C. Gallagher aut A. E. Hornschemeier aut Konstantin Fedotov Fedotov, K. aut NSI ISN M. Eracleous aut W. N. Brandt aut T. D. Desjardins aut J. C. Charlton aut C. Gronwall aut text article eng We present Chandra X-ray point source catalogs for 9 Hickson Compact Groups (HCGs, 37 galaxies) at distances of 34-89 Mpc. We perform detailed X-ray point source detection and photometry and interpret the point source population by means of simulated hardness ratios. We thus estimate X-ray luminosities (Lx ) for all sources, most of which are too weak for reliable spectral fitting. For all sources, we provide catalogs with counts, count rates, power-law indices (Γ), hardness ratios, and Lx , in the full (0.5-8.0 keV), soft (0.5-2.0 keV), and hard (2.0-8.0 keV) bands. We use optical emission-line ratios from the literature to re-classify 24 galaxies as star-forming, accreting onto a supermassive black hole (AGNs), transition objects, or low-ionization nuclear emission regions. Two-thirds of our galaxies have nuclear X-ray sources with Swift/UVOT counterparts. Two nuclei have L x, 0.5-8.0 keV >10^42 erg s-1, are strong multi-wavelength active galactic nuclei (AGNs), and follow the known αOX-νL ν (nearUV) correlation for strong AGNs. Otherwise, most nuclei are X-ray faint, consistent with either a low-luminosity AGN or a nuclear X-ray binary population, and fall in the "non-AGN locus" in αOX-νL ν (nearUV) space, which also hosts other normal galaxies. Our results suggest that HCG X-ray nuclei in high specific star formation rate spiral galaxies are likely dominated by star formation, while those with low specific star formation rates in earlier types likely harbor a weak AGN. The AGN fraction in HCG galaxies with MR ≤ -20 and L x, 0.5-8.0 keV ≥10^41 erg s-1 is 0.08 +0.035/-0.01, somewhat higher than the 5% fraction in galaxy clusters. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes catalogs galaxies: active galaxies: nuclei ultraviolet: galaxies X-rays: galaxies 2014-04-24 0067-0049 212 1 9 10.1088/0067-0049/212/1/9 National Science Infrastructure Infrastructure scientifique nationale National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21274128 e4ac7fb9-a702-40f1-b11e-77ba4cd126ab Jorge Peñarrubia aut Yin-Zhe Ma aut Matthew G. Walker aut Alan McConnachie aut NSI ISN text article eng We combine the equations of motion that govern the dynamics of galaxies in the local volume with Bayesian techniques in order to fit orbits to published distances and velocities of galaxies within 3 Mpc. We find a Local Group (LG) mass 2.3 ± 0.7 × 10^12 M⊙ that is consistent with the combined dynamical masses of M31 and the Milky Way, and a mass ratio 0.54+0.23 -0.17 that rules out models where our Galaxy is more massive than M31 with ~95 per cent confidence. The MilkyWay's circular velocity at the solar radius is relatively high, 245±23 km s-1, which helps to reconcile the mass derived from the local Hubble flow with the larger value suggested by the 'timing argument'. Adopting Planck's bounds on ΩΛ yields a (local) Hubble constant H0 = 67 ± 5 kms-1 Mpc-1 which is consistent with the value found on cosmological scales. Restricted N-body experiments show that substructures tend to fall on to the LG along the Milky Way-M31 axis, where the quadrupole attraction is maximum. Tests against mock data indicate that neglecting this effect slightly overestimates the LG mass without biasing the rest of model parameters.We also show that both the time dependence of the LG potential and the cosmological constant have little impact on the observed local Hubble flow. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes Galaxy: fundamental parameters Galaxy: kinematics and dynamics Local Group cosmological parameters dark energy dark matter 2014-07-29 0035-8711 443 3 2204 2222 19 10.1093/mnras/stu879 National Science Infrastructure Infrastructure scientifique nationale National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21274111 441e9827-054d-4ead-92c3-ec83e13eaa68 Peter B Stetson Stetson, P. B. aut NSI ISN Vittorio Braga Braga, V. F. aut M. Dall'Ora aut G. Bono aut R. Buonanno aut I. Ferraro aut G. Iannicola aut M. Marengo aut J. Neeley aut text article eng We present optical and near-infrared UBVRIJHK photometry of stars in the Galactic globular cluster M4 (NGC 6121) based upon a large corpus of observations obtained mainly from public astronomical archives. We concentrate on the RR Lyrae variable stars in the cluster, and make a particular effort to accurately reidentify the previously discovered variables. We have also discovered two new probable RR Lyrae variables in the M4 field: one of them by its position on the sky and its photometric properties is a probable member of the cluster, and the second is a probable background (bulge?) object. We provide accurate equatorial coordinates for all 47 stars identified as RR Lyraes, new photometric measurements for 46 of them, and new period estimates for 45.We have also derived accurate positions and mean photometry for 34 more stars previously identified as variable stars of other types, and for an additional five non-RR Lyrae variable stars identified for the first time here. We present optical and near-infrared color-magnitude diagrams for the cluster and show the locations of the variable stars in them. We present the Bailey (period-amplitude) diagrams and the period-frequency histogram for the RR Lyrae stars in M4 and compare them to the corresponding diagrams for M5 (NGC 5904). We conclude that the RR Lyrae populations in the two clusters are quite similar in all the relevant properties that we have considered. The mean periods, pulsation-mode ratios, and Bailey diagrams of these two clusters show support for the recently proposed "Oosterhoff-neutral" classification. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes 2014-06-17 0004-6280 126 940 521 543 23 10.1086/677195 National Science Infrastructure Infrastructure scientifique nationale National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21274110 e6d6018c-8cea-42a9-a516-a0bc3a3ff4f6 Marco Gruwel Gruwel, Marco L. H. aut ACRD DCRA text article eng Visualization of the root system architecture of plants is possible using a combination of magnetic resonance imaging of water mobility and trac-tography. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), a magnetic resonance application, was used to provide a three-dimensional map of water mobility inside a pot containing soil and roots. Tractography generates channels that constitute pathways of facilitated water movement, representing the roots, calculated from water diffusion properties obtained from DTI experiments. Examples of pea (Pisum sativum L.) and corn [Zea mays L. var. indentata (Sturtev.) L.H. Bailey] root growth are provided. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes Diffusion tensor imaging Plants (botany) Tensors Pisum sativum Root growth Root system Three-dimensional maps Tractography Water diffusion Water mobility Water movements Magnetic resonance imaging diffusion maize movement plant research root architecture root system visualization water 2014-03-14 1539-1663 13 3 10.2136/vzj2013.08.0158 Aquatic and Crop Resource Development Développement des cultures et des ressources aquatiques National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21274109 b1af95b7-f83e-4c7b-baa7-979c78dc17b9 Marcelo Horacio Wu Wu, Marcelo aut SDT TSR Aaron Christopher Hryciw Hryciw, Aaron C. aut SDT TSR Christopher Healey Healey, Chris aut SDT TSR David P. Lake aut Harishankar Jayakumar aut Mark Russell Freeman Freeman, Mark R. aut SDT TSR John Patrick Davis Davis, John P. aut SDT TSR Paul Edward Barclay Barclay, Paul E. aut SDT TSR text article eng Dissipative and dispersive optomechanical couplings are experimentally observed in a photonic crystal split-beam nanocavity optimized for detecting nanoscale sources of torque. Dissipative coupling of up to approximately 500 MHz/nm and dispersive coupling of 2 GHz/nm enable measurements of sub-pg torsional and cantileverlike mechanical resonances with a thermally limited torque detection sensitivity of 1.2 × 10-20 Nm/√Hz in ambient conditions and 1.3 × 10-21 Nm=/√Hz in low vacuum. Interference between optomechanical coupling mechanisms is observed to enhance detection sensitivity and generate a mechanical-mode-dependent optomechanical wavelength response. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes Physics Ambient conditions Coupling mechanism Detection sensitivity Dissipative coupling Limited torques Measurements of Mechanical resonance Wavelength response Dispersion (waves) 2014-06-19 2160-3308 4 2 21052-1-21052-11 10.1103/PhysRevX.4.021052 Security and Disruptive Technologies Technologies de sécurité et de rupture National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21274107 94e519b5-fe2a-43e5-aad1-d8d199ed0826 Else Starkenburg aut Matthew D. Shetrone aut Alan McConnachie McConnachie, Alan W. aut NSI ISN Kimberley Venn Venn, Kim A. aut text article eng A substantial fraction of the lowest metallicity stars show very high enhancements in carbon. It is debated whether these enhancements reflect the stars' birth composition, or if their atmospheres were subsequently polluted, most likely by accretion from an asymptotic giant branch binary companion. Here we investigate and compare the binary properties of three carbon-enhanced subclasses: The metal-poor CEMP-s stars that are additionally enhanced in barium; the higher metallicity (sg)CH-and Ba II stars also enhanced in barium; and the metal-poor CEMP-no stars, not enhanced in barium. Through comparison with simulations, we demonstrate that all barium-enhanced populations are best represented by a ̃100 per cent binary fraction with a shorter period distribution of at maximum ̃20 000 d. This result greatly strengthens the hypothesis that a similar binary mass transfer origin is responsible for their chemical patterns. For the CEMP-no group we present new radial velocity data from the Hobby-Eberly Telescope for 15 stars to supplement the scarce literature data. Two of these stars show indisputable signatures of binarity. The complete CEMP-no data set is clearly inconsistent with the binary properties of the CEMP-s class, thereby strongly indicating a different physical origin of their carbon enhancements. The CEMP-no binary fraction is still poorly constrained, but the population resembles more the binary properties in the solar neighbourhood. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes keywordA stars: abundance stars: AGB and post-AGB stars: chemically peculiar Galaxy: halo alaxies: formation 2014-05-05 0035-8711 441 2 stu623 1217 1229 13 10.1093/mnras/stu623 National Science Infrastructure Infrastructure scientifique nationale National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21274102 62dfc41f-99e9-45b3-b766-82c7e93741c1 Alex C Bwalya Bwalya, Alex aut CONST CONST Ahmed Kashef aut CONST CONST Gary D Lougheed Lougheed, Gary aut CONST CONST ASHRAE 2014 Annual Conference, June 28th to July 2nd, 2014, Seattle, WA, USA article eng Fire data on temporal combustion characteristics that define design fires, such as heat release rates, temperatures, radiant heat flux, smoke and composition of fire gases for different fire scenarios are indispensible in carrying out fire safety engineering analysis and design of buildings. This paper presents results from a project that was conducted at the National Research Council of Canada (NRC) in order to characterize fires in multi-family residential dwellings and develop information on design fires. Such information is currently lacking for dwellings containing modern furniture. yes yes 2014 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Construction Construction National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 21274098 08ee707c-0c3b-48c2-ab0c-c422a6f6b46d Jianyin Chen aut AST ATS Lijue Xue aut AST ATS 2014 TMS Annual Meeting and Exhibition, February 2014, San Diego CA, USA article eng Many industrial tools/equipment require superior surface properties such as high abrasive wear and corrosion resistances as compared to their bulk materials in order to meet harsh operating environments in automotive tooling manufacturing, mining and mineral processing. One strategy is to deposit a layer of hardfacing metal-matrix-composite (MMC) coating onto the working surface of the tool/equipment. This study is to coat Spherotene® spherical fused tungsten carbides (WC) premixed with nickel-based Inconel 625 alloy powders as a binder onto the surface of low carbon steel substrate using a 500W fibre laser which possesses better beam quality, high efficiency, affordable cost, and can easily scale-up, as compared with Nd:YAG and CO2 lasers; the produced coatings free of cracks and pores are expected to offer high surface resistances to abrasive wear as well as corrosion. In this paper, fibre laser cladability, cracking susceptibility, phases and microstructures of spherical fused WC/Inconel 625 coatings are investigated using optical microscopy (OM), scanning electronic microscopy equipped with energy dispersive spectrometry (SEM/EDS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) method. On CD-only volume yes yes Fiber laser cladding; composite coating; tungsten carbides; wear resistance; corrosion resistance 2014 Automotive and Surface Transportation Automobile et transport de surface National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21273919 fa4f2f3b-0a41-43bc-acbf-920662bf76ca Katie Elizabeth Dickinson Dickinson, K.E. aut ACRD DCRA William (Bill) Bjornsson Bjornsson, W.J. aut ACRD DCRA Laura Garrison Garrison, L.L. aut ACRD DCRA Crystal Gayle Elizabeth Whitney Whitney, C.G. aut ACRD DCRA Kyoung Chul Park Park, K.C. aut ACRD DCRA Arjun Hari Banskota Banskota, A.H. aut ACRD DCRA Patrick McGinn McGinn, P.J. aut ACRD DCRA text article eng The primary aim of this study was to investigate the capacity of a microalga, Scenedesmus sp. AMDD, to remediate nutrients from municipal wastewater, either as the sole nutrient source or after blending with wastewater obtained from the anaerobic digestion of swine manure. A complimentary aim was to study and define the effects of these wastewaters on microalgal growth, biomass productivity and composition which have important implications for a commercial biofuels production system. yes yes anaerobic digestate; biochemical composition; chemostat; microalgae; wastewater 2014-11-27 1364-5072 118 1 75 83 9 10.1111/jam.12681 NRC-ACRD-56090 Aquatic and Crop Resource Development Développement des cultures et des ressources aquatiques National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21273884 bb8b611c-97b3-4930-b836-518d3cb18e46 Sean Tibbetts Tibbetts, Sean M. aut ACRD DCRA Crystal Gayle Elizabeth Whitney Whitney, Crystal G. aut ACRD DCRA Margaret Jeanette (Jenny) MacPherson MacPherson, Margaret J. aut ACRD DCRA Shabana Bhatti aut ACRD DCRA Arjun Hari Banskota Banskota, Arjun H. aut ACRD DCRA Roumiana Stefanova aut ACRD DCRA Patrick McGinn McGinn, Patrick J. aut ACRD DCRA text article eng 2014-12-19 2015-12-19 Biochemical composition of freshwater microalgae isolates from Alberta, Canada was determined. Growth rate (0.98 ± 0.07 d− 1), biomass production (0.35 ± 0.03 g DW L− 1) and daily productivity (0.14 ± 0.01 g DW L− 1 d− 1) were the same for Chlorella vulgaris (AB02-C-U-BBM), Nannochloris bacillaris (AB03-C-F-PLM), Tetracystis sp. (AB04-C-F-PLM02) and Micractinium reisseri (AB05-C-U-BBM02). Whole algal biomass (WAB) contained low ash (~ 2 g 100 g DW− 1) and protein (13–15 g 100 g DW− 1), high esterifiable lipid (32–36 g 100 g DW− 1), carbohydrate (27–30 g 100 g DW− 1) and energy (26–28 MJ kg DW− 1). Oil fractionation was relatively ineffective for C. vulgaris and M. reisseri while oil was effectively extracted from N. bacillaris and Tetracystis sp. Accordingly, lipid-extracted biomass (LEB) from N. bacillaris and Tetracystis sp. contained higher protein (22 g 100 g DW− 1) and carbohydrate (43–44 g 100 g DW− 1) and lower residual esterifiable lipid (6–9 g 100 g DW− 1) than C. vulgaris and M. reisseri at 17–18 g 100 g DW− 1 (protein), 34–36 g 100 g− 1 DW (carbohydrate) and 28–32 g 100 g DW− 1 (residual esterifiable lipid). Biomass had favorable essential amino acid (EAA) profiles with high EAA indices (0.9–1.1); rich in first-limiting EAA lysine (0.9–1.5 g 100 g DW− 1). Fatty acids (% of total) were predominantly monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA; 40–53%), high in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA; 27–40%) and low in saturated fatty acids (14–24%). N. bacillaris and Tetracystis sp. were particularly rich (9–12%) in α-linolenic acid (18:3n − 3), had attractive n − 3:n − 6 ratios (0.5–0.7:1), were rich in iron (800–1616 mg kg DW− 1), had attractively low Ca:P ratios (0.6–0.9:1) and were virtually absent of contaminating heavy metals. yes yes article in press Microalgae; Composition; Amino acids; Fatty acids; Minerals; Carotenoids; Animal feed Elsevier 2211-9264 10.1016/j.algal.2014.11.011 Aquatic and Crop Resource Development Développement des cultures et des ressources aquatiques National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21273883 8213ff06-6821-4372-89dd-7fbeba7929d2 Liping Wang aut ACRD DCRA Mykhaylo Gennadigovich (Michael) Kazachkov Kazachkov, Michael aut ACRD DCRA Wenyun Shen aut ACRD DCRA Mei Bai aut Hong Wu aut Jitao Zou aut ACRD DCRA text article eng Phosphatidylcholine (PC) is a key intermediate in the metabolic network of glycerolipid biosynthesis. Lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase (LPCAT) and phosphatidic acid phosphatase (PAH) are two key enzymes of PC homeostasis. We report that LPCAT activity is markedly induced in the Arabidopsis pah mutant. The quadruple pah lpcat mutant, with dual defects in PAH and LPCAT, had a level of lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) that was much higher than that in the lpcat mutants and a PC content that was higher than that in the pah mutant. Comparative molecular profile analysis of monogalactosyldiacylglycerol and digalactosyldiacylglycerol revealed that both the pah and pah lpcat mutants had increased proportions of 34:6 from the prokaryotic pathway despite differing levels of LPCAT activity. We show that a decreased representation of the C16:0C18:2 diacylglycerol moiety in PC was a shared feature of pah and pah lpcat, and that this change in PC metabolic profile correlated with the increased prokaryotic contribution to chloroplast lipid synthesis. We detected increased PC deacylation in the pah lpcat mutant that was attributable at least in part to the induced phospholipases. Increased LPC generation was also evident in the pah mutant, but the phospholipases were not induced, raising the possibility that PC deacylation is mediated by the reverse reaction of LPCAT. We discuss possible roles of LPCAT and PAH in PC turnover that impacts lipid pathway coordination for chloroplast lipid synthesis. yes yes acyl editing; Arabidopsis thaliana; chloroplast lipid synthesis; LPCAT activity; PC deacylation; reverse reaction 2014-09-30 0960-7412 80 6 965 976 12 10.1111/tpj.12683 NRC-ACRD-56057 Aquatic and Crop Resource Development Développement des cultures et des ressources aquatiques National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 21273876 4e97430e-e780-426f-bc73-a6240143bd96 Mahla (Marali) Mirali Mirali, Mahla aut Stephen J (Steve) Ambrose Ambrose, Stephen J. aut ACRD DCRA Stephen Alan Wood Wood, Stephen A. aut ACRD DCRA Albert Vandenberg aut Randall (Randy) Purves Purves, Randy W. aut ACRD DCRA text article eng A systematic set of optimization experiments was conducted to design an efficient extraction and analysis protocol for screening six different sub-classes of phenolic compounds in the seed coat of various lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) genotypes. Different compounds from anthocyanidins, flavan-3-ols, proanthocyanidins, flavanones, flavones, and flavonols sub-classes were first optimized for use as standards for liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS) with UV detection. The effect of maceration duration, reconstitution solvent, and extraction solvent were investigated using lentil genotype CDC Maxim. Chromatographic conditions were optimized by examining column separation efficiencies, organic composition, and solvent gradient. The results showed that a 1. h maceration step was sufficient and that non-acidified solvents were more appropriate; a 70:30 acetone: water (v/v) solvent was ultimately selected. Using a Kinetex PFP column, the organic concentration, gradient, and flow rate were optimized to maximize the resolution of phenolic compounds in a short 30-min analysis time. The optimized method was applied to three lentil genotypes with different phenolic compound profiles to provide information of value to breeding programs. yes yes Acetone; Chromatography; Extraction; Flavonoids; High performance liquid chromatography; Mass spectrometry; Phenols; Solvents; Chromatographic conditions; Condition optimizations; Core-shell columns; Lens culinaris; Liquid chromatography - mass spectrometries; Liquid chromatography-Mass spectrometry; Organic compositions; Polyphenols; Drug isolation; Drug screening; Flow rate; Genotype; Lentil; Nonhuman; Plant breeding; Priority journal; Seed husk; Ultraviolet radiation 2014-08-12 1570-0232 969 149 161 13 10.1016/j.jchromb.2014.08.007 NRC-ACRD-56082 Aquatic and Crop Resource Development Développement des cultures et des ressources aquatiques National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 21273872 0b319d3c-ec03-47dc-b84d-0662d6b9db5b Aaron Barlow Barlow, Aaron M. aut SDT TSR Aaron Slepkov Slepkov, Aaron D. aut Andrew Ridsdale aut SDT TSR Patrick McGinn Mcginn, Patrick J. aut ACRD DCRA Albert Stolow aut SDT TSR text article eng We consider multi-modal four-wave mixing microscopies to be ideal tools for the in vivo study of carotenoid distributions within the important biofuel microalgae Haematococcus pluvialis. We show that hyperspectral coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy generates non-invasive, quantitative real-time concentrations maps of intracellular carotenoid distributions in live algae. yes yes Haematococcus pluvialis; HyperSpectral; Label free; Micro-algae; Nonlinear optical microscopy 2014-09-03 2156-7085 5 10 3391 3402 12 10.1364/BOE.5.003391 NRC-ACRD-56105 Security and Disruptive Technologies Technologies de sécurité et de rupture Aquatic and Crop Resource Development Développement des cultures et des ressources aquatiques National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 21273859 8a3c728a-828f-41c1-ad80-cbb31c78117b Edmond Lam aut ACRD DCRA John Luong Luong, John H. T. aut ACRD DCRA text article eng Carbon plays a dual role as a catalyst or a catalyst support for chemical and enzymatic biomass transformation reactions due to its large specific surface area, high porosity, excellent electron conductivity, and relative chemical inertness. Advantageously, carbon materials can be prepared from residual biomass, an attractive property for decreasing the so-called "carbon-footprint" of a biomass transformation process. Carbon can be chemically functionalized and/or decorated with metallic nanoparticles and enzymes to impart or improve novel catalytic activity. Sulfonated porous carbon materials exhibit high reactivity in diversified catalytic reactions compared to their nonporous counterparts. However, the SO3H groups prevent the incorporation of hydrophobic molecules into the bulk, thereby causing hydrophobic acid-catalyzed reactions to proceed only on the surface. Metal and enzymatic catalysts on carbon supports have significant advantages over other oxide materials for different types of reactions. The future success of biorefinery will require the design of a new generation of multifunctional catalysts, possibly derived from emerging carbon materials such as graphene, carbon nanotubes, and carbon monoliths, for the selective processing of carbohydrates and lignin. The most achievable and economical way is to convert lignocellulosic biomass directly, rather than pure cellulose, hemicellulose, or lignin using multifunctional catalysts. yes yes biocatalysis; biomass; carbon; catalysis; catalyst; graphene; monolith; nanotube 2014-08-25 2155-5435 4 10 3393 3410 18 10.1021/cs5008393 NRC-ACRD-56081 Aquatic and Crop Resource Development Développement des cultures et des ressources aquatiques National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 21273858 59abfd07-80c1-4720-8988-09b4417da257 Sandeep Kumar Vashist aut Edmond Lam aut ACRD DCRA Sabahudin Hrapovic aut ACRD DCRA Keith Male Male, Keith B. aut ACRD DCRA John Luong Luong, John H. T. aut text article 2015-10-09 eng Biosensing and diagnostic platforms with high sensitivity, specificity, and fast response time are based on immobilized biomolecules such as antibodies (Abs), aptamers, enzymes, nucleic acids, receptors, and whole cells for the detection of target analytes. Such sensing biomolecules should be bound to the surface of a signal transducer with a required specific chemical, electrical, or optical property. The biological recognition event generates a quantifiable signal, which is equated to the amount or concentration of the analyte. APTES can be deposited on solid materials, electrode materials, nanomaterials, and nanocomposites under variable conditions of concentration, solvent, temperature, and time. In addition, curing conditions such as air/heat drying might be necessary depending upon the intended application. Pertinent information on the thickness, morphology, and conformation of the APTES layer reported in the literature is often different and conflicting. yes yes Antibodies; Biomolecules; Chemical detection; Curing; Nucleic acids; Opitical properties; Bioanalytical platforms; Biological recognition; Curing condition; Electrode material; Fast response time; High sensitivity; Signal transducers; Variable conditions; Enzyme immobilization 2014-10-09 0009-2665 1520-6890 114 21 11083 11130 48 10.1021/cr5000943 NRC-ACRD-56084 Aquatic and Crop Resource Development Développement des cultures et des ressources aquatiques National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 21273796 4e64096b-57bc-477e-9d1b-ddb753d9f2cf Rickul Varshney aut Saul Frenkiel aut Lily H. P. Nguyen aut Meredith Young aut Rolando Del Maestro aut Anthony Zeitouni aut Marc A. Tewfik aut National Research Council of Canada aut text article 2014-08-01 2015-02-01 eng Background: The technical challenges of endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) and the high risk of complications support the development of alternative modalities to train residents in these procedures. Virtual reality simulation is becoming a useful tool for training the skills necessary for minimally invasive surgery; however, there are currently no ESS virtual reality simulators available with valid evidence supporting their use in resident education. Our aim was to develop a new rhinology simulator, as well as to define potential performance metrics for trainee assessment. Methods: The McGill simulator for endoscopic sinus surgery (MSESS), a new sinus surgery virtual reality simulator with haptic feedback, was developed (a collaboration between the McGill University Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, the Montreal Neurologic Institute Simulation Lab, and the National Research Council of Canada). A panel of experts in education, performance assessment, rhinology, and skull base surgery convened to identify core technical abilities that would need to be taught by the simulator, as well as performance metrics to be developed and captured. Results: The MSESS allows the user to perform basic sinus surgery skills, such as an ethmoidectomy and sphenoidotomy, through the use of endoscopic tools in a virtual nasal model. The performance metrics were developed by an expert panel and include measurements of safety, quality, and efficiency of the procedure. Conclusion: The MSESS incorporates novel technological advancements to create a realistic platform for trainees. To our knowledge, this is the first simulator to combine novel tools such as the endonasal wash and elaborate anatomic deformity with advanced performance metrics for ESS. yes yes Education; endoscopic sinus surgery; haptic; minimally invasive surgery; nasal model; performance metrics; resident; rhinology; simulation; technical abilities; training; virtual reality 1945-8924 1945-8932 28 4 330 334 5 10.2500/ajra.2014.28.4046 Medical Devices Dispositifs médicaux National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 21273143 4661f3f0-2d34-4c04-b054-a6587bd632e8 Zhi Li Li, Z. aut SDT TSR Y. Ji aut C. Cadigan aut R. M. Richards aut text article eng Gold nanoparticles supported on an alumina aerogel have been prepared through a simultaneous synthesis process in which the formation of the gold nanoclusters capped with (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES) and the hydrolyzation/co-condensation of the APTES and aluminum alkoxide occur concurrently. The obtained gold nanoparticles are trapped in and physically protected by the framework of the alumina aerogel providing excellent thermal stability with no observable sintering at 650 °C. In the catalysis test for the solvent-free aerobic benzyl alcohol oxidation, this catalyst exhibits significantly better activity than reference gold/alumina aerogel catalysts prepared through a deposition precipitation and conventional wet impregnation methods, especially at high temperature. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes 2014-05-01 2044-4753 4 8 2520 2525 6 10.1039/c3cy01064c National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) Security and Disruptive Technologies Technologies de sécurité et de rupture Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21273104 558391a8-3f25-4943-a122-fa1eed0879f6 Maryam Aramesh Aramesh, M. aut Y. Shaban aut M. Balazinski aut Mahmoud Helmi (Helmi) Attia Attia, H. aut AERO AERO H. A. Kishawy aut S. Yacout aut 6th CIRP International Conference on High Performance Cutting (HPC2014), June 23-25, 2014, Berkley, California text article eng Metal matrix composites (MMCs), as a new generation of materials; have proven to be viable materials in various industrial fields such as biomedical and aerospace. In order to achieve a valuable modification in various properties of materials, metallic matrices are reinforced with additional phases based on the chemical and/or physical properties required in the in-service operating conditions. The presence of the reinforcements in MMCs improves the physical, mechanical and thermal properties of the composite; however it induces significant issues in the domain of machining, such as high tool wear and inferior surface finish. The interaction between the tool and abrasive hard reinforcing particles induces complex deformation behaviour in the MMC structure. Sever tool wear is technically the most important drawback of machining MMCs. In this study a statistical model is developed to estimate the mean residual life (MRL) of the cutting tool during machining Ti-MMCs. Initial wear, steady wear and rapid wear regions in the tool wear curve are regarded as the different states in the statistical model. Hence, the valuable information regarding the estimated total time spent in each state, called the sojourn time, and the transition times between the states are obtained from the model. In this paper the standard cutting conditions, based on the recommendation of the tool supplier, are adopted. Based on a Weibull model, the reliability and hazard functions are obtained and are utilized in order to calculate the MRL and the sojourn times. © 2014 Published by Elsevier B.V. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes Metal matrix composites survival analysis reliability function 2014-06-11 2212-8271 14 605 609 5 10.1016/j.procir.2014.03.047 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) Aerospace Aérospatiale Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21273058 42dda8c5-2a4f-4ecd-b678-af3dfc89280b Robert McLeod McLeod, Robert A. aut SDT TSR Michael Eugene Bergen Bergen, Michael aut SDT TSR Marek Malac aut SDT TSR text article eng Off-axis electron holography is a method for the transmission electron microscope (TEM) that measures the electric and magnetic properties of a specimen. The electrostatic and magnetic potentials modulate the electron wavefront phase. The error in measurement of the phase therefore determines the smallest observable changes in electric and magnetic properties. Here we explore the summation of a hologram series to reduce the phase error and thereby improve the sensitivity of electron holography. Summation of hologram series requires independent registration and correction of image drift and phase wavefront drift, the consequences of which are discussed. Optimization of the electro-optical configuration of the TEM for the double biprism configuration is examined. An analytical model of image and phase drift, composed of a combination of linear drift and Brownian random-walk, is derived and experimentally verified. The accuracy of image registration via cross-correlation and phase registration is characterized by simulated hologram series. The model of series summation errors allows the optimization of phase error as a function of exposure time and fringe carrier frequency for a target spatial resolution. An experimental example of hologram series summation is provided on WS2 fullerenes. A metric is provided to measure the object phase error from experimental results and compared to analytical predictions. The ultimate experimental object root-mean-square phase error is 0.006rad (2π/1050) at a spatial resolution less than 0.615nm and a total exposure time of 900s. The ultimate phase error in vacuum adjacent to the specimen is 0.0037rad (2π/1700). The analytical prediction of phase error differs with the experimental metrics by +7% inside the object and -5% in the vacuum, indicating that the model can provide reliable quantitative predictions. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes Off-axis electron holography Transmission electron microscope Complex circular random variables Phase error Phase resolution Random-walk Quantitative electron microscopy TEM optimization Specimen drift Microscope instabilities 2014-03-09 0304-3991 141 38 50 13 10.1016/j.ultramic.2014.03.001 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) Security and Disruptive Technologies Technologies de sécurité et de rupture Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21273057 2809ab9f-a8bb-4c9f-a01e-a5322d04ec92 A. P. Huxor aut A. D. Mackey aut A. M. N. Ferguson aut M. J. Irwin aut N. F. Martin aut N. R. Tanvir aut J. Veljanoski aut Alan McConnachie McConnachie, A. aut NSI ISN C. K. Fishlock aut R. Ibata aut G. F. Lewis aut text article eng We report the discovery of 59 globular clusters (GCs) and two candidate GCs in a search of the halo of M31, primarily via visual inspection of Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope/MegaCam imagery from the Pan-Andromeda Archaeological Survey (PAndAS). The superior quality of these data also allows us to check the classification of remote objects in the Revised Bologna Catalogue (RBC), plus a subset of GC candidates drawn from Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) imaging. We identify three additional new GCs from the RBC, and confirm the GC nature of 11 SDSS objects (8 of which appear independently in our remote halo catalogue); the remaining 188 candidates across both lists are either foreground stars or background galaxies. Our new catalogue represents the first uniform census of GCs across the M31 halo - we find clusters to the limit of the PAndAS survey area at projected radii of up to Rproj ~ 150 kpc. Tests using artificial clusters reveal that detection incompleteness cuts in at luminosities below MV = -6.0; our 50 per cent completeness limit is MV ≈ -4.1. We construct a uniform set of PAndAS photometric measurements for all known GCs outside Rproj = 25 kpc, and any new GCs within this radius. With these data, we update results from Huxor et al., investigating the luminosity function (LF), colours and effective radii of M31 GCs with a particular focus on the remote halo.We find that the GCLF is clearly bimodal in the outer halo (Rproj > 30 kpc), with the secondary peak at MV ~ -5.5. We argue that the GCs in this peak have most likely been accreted along with their host dwarf galaxies. Notwithstanding, we also find, as in previous surveys, a substantial number of GCs with above-average luminosity in the outer M31 halo - a population with no clear counterpart in the Milky Way. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes galaxies: evolution galaxies: haloes galaxies: individual: M31 galaxies: star clusters: general 2014-06-18 0035-8711 442 3 2165 2187 23 10.1093/mnras/stu771 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) National Science Infrastructure Infrastructure scientifique nationale Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21273056 63b94182-0a92-4e63-828e-79043ed7cffe J. Veljanoski aut A. D. Mackey aut A. M. N. Ferguson aut A. P. Huxor aut Patrick J D (Pat) Côté Côté, P. aut NSI ISN M. J. Irwin aut N. R. Tanvir aut J. Peñarrubia aut E. J. Bernard aut M. Fardal aut N. F. Martin aut Alan McConnachie McConnachie, A. aut NSI ISN G. F. Lewis aut S. C. Chapman aut R. A. Ibata aut A. Babul aut text article eng We present a detailed kinematic analysis of the outer halo globular cluster system of the Andromeda galaxy (M31). Our basis for this is a set of new spectroscopic observations for 78 clusters lying at projected distances between Rproj ~ 20-140 kpc from the M31 centre. These are largely drawn from the recent Pan-Andromeda Archaeological Survey globular cluster catalogue; 63 of our targets have no previous velocity data. Via a Bayesian maximum likelihood analysis, we find that globular clusters with Rproj > 30 kpc exhibit coherent rotation around the minor optical axis ofM31, in the same direction as more centrally located globular clusters, but with a smaller amplitude of 86±17 km s-1. There is also evidence that the velocity dispersion of the outer halo globular cluster system decreases as a function of projected distance from the M31 centre, and that this relation can be well described by a power law of index ≈-0.5. The velocity dispersion profile of the outer halo globular clusters is quite similar to that of the halo stars, at least out to the radius up to which there is available information on the stellar kinematics. We detect and discuss various velocity correlations amongst subgroups of globular clusters that lie on stellar debris streams in the M31 halo. Many of these subgroups are dynamically cold, exhibiting internal velocity dispersions consistent with zero. Simple Monte Carlo experiments imply that such configurations are unlikely to form by chance, adding weight to the notion that a significant fraction of the outer halo globular clusters in M31 have been accreted alongside their parent dwarf galaxies. We also estimate the M31 mass within 200 kpc via the Tracer Mass Estimator (TME), finding (1.2-1.6) ± 0.2 × 1012M⊙. This quantity is subject to additional systematic effects due to various limitations of the data, and assumptions built in into the TME. Finally, we discuss our results in the context of formation scenarios for the M31 halo. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes globular clusters: general galaxies: haloes galaxies: individual: M31 galaxies: kinematics and dynamic Local Group 2014-06-29 0035-8711 442 4 stu1055 2929 2950 22 10.1093/mnras/stu1055 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) National Science Infrastructure Infrastructure scientifique nationale Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21273055 f3b754b3-a150-4404-b16f-8fe7935218c4 Gerrit (Gert) Rietveld Rietveld, Gert aut Martin Fransen aut Nicolas Blanc aut Ernest Houtzager aut Eddy So aut MSS SME 29th Conference on Precision Electromagnetic Measurements (CPEM 2014), August 24-29, 2014, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil text article eng A reference system for on-site calibration and validation of revenue metering systems is realized. The system consists of a three-phase power meter and high-accuracy current and voltage transformers (CTs and VTs). Measurements can be made up to 150 kV (system voltage) and line currents up to 5000 A. The power meter, the CTs, and the VTs were all calibrated. Based on the excellent results of the calibration of these components it is possible to predict the full system performance with an uncertainty of less than 100 μW/VA. This estimation was verified with a full system validation, showing that the system is much more accurate than required and that detrimental effects to the accuracy are well understood. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes billing High currents High voltage power Power meters Precision measurement substation traceability Voltage transformer Electric instrument transformers revenue metering 2014 0589-1485 9781479952052 6898430 404 405 2 10.1109/CPEM.2014.6898430 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) Measurement Science and Standards Science des mesures et étalons Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21273054 0a437437-eb31-4ffc-9e66-ffe5070971d6 Ya Zhou aut Huiying Sheng aut D Jed (Jed) Harrison Harrison, D. Jed aut SDT TSR text article eng We investigate the trapping mechanism of individual DNA molecules in ordered nanoporous structures generated by crystalline particle arrays. Two requisites for trapping are revealed by the dynamics of single trapped DNA, fully-stretched U/J shapes and hernia formation. The experimental results show there is a stronger possibility for hernias to lead the reorientation upon switching directions of the voltage at high field strengths, where trapping occurs. Fully stretched DNA has longer unhooking times than expected by a classic rope-on-pulley model. We propose a dielectrophoretic (DEP) force reduces the mobility of segments at the apex of the U or J, where field gradients are highest, based on simulations and observations of the trapping force dependence on field strength. A modified model for unhooking time is obtained after the DEP force is introduced. The new model explains the unhooking time data by predicting an infinite trapping time when the ratio of arm length differences (of the U or J) to molecule length Δx/L < β, where β is a DEP parameter that is found to strongly increase with electric field. The DNA polarizability calculated with the DEP model and experimental value of β is of the same magnitude of reported value. The results indicate the tension at the apex of U/J shape DNA is the primary reason for DNA trapping during pulsed field separation, instead of hernias. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes 2014-09-24 0003-2654 139 22 6044 6051 8 10.1039/c4an01364f National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) Security and Disruptive Technologies Technologies de sécurité et de rupture Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21273053 f17c13d5-8ff0-4537-9ce7-6326c506d124 P. P. Ferguson aut Andrew DW Todd Todd, A. D. W. aut MSS SME M. L. Martine aut J. R. Dahnd aut text article eng Samples of (Sn5oCo5o)1-yC100y for 0 ≤ y ≤ 0.8 have been prepared in increments of y = 0.1 using a vertical-axis attritor and a horizontal roller mill. The effect of the carbon content on the structure and performance as a negative electrode material of the Sn-Co-C composites was examined by X-ray diffraction (XRD), small angle neutron scattering (SANS) and electrochemical methods. These results were compared to similar alloys prepared by magnetron sputtering. XRD experiments of all of the prepared samples show diffraction patterns characteristic of nanostructured materials except for the samples made without carbon which show broad Bragg peaks of Co3Sn2. The nanostructured samples were best described as Co-Sn grains surrounded by a carbon matrix. SANS results showed that samples prepared by roller milling and by attriting had Co-Sn grains of about 45 Å and 75 Å, respectively, while those prepared by sputtering were either amorphous or had Co-Sn grains of about 10 Å. Excellent charge-discharge capacity retention was observed for samples with y > 0.3. It is believed that this concentration marks the point at which the Co-Sn grains become isolated in the matrix of carbon. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes 2014-01-01 0013-4651 161 3 A342 A347 10.1149/2.060403jes National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) Measurement Science and Standards Science des mesures et étalons Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21273051 2d462421-9286-4e54-8904-f684177131e8 Wesley (Wes) Fraser Fraser, Wesley C. aut NSI ISN Michael E. Brown aut Alessandro Morbidelli aut Alex Parker aut Konstantin Batygin aut text article eng Here we measure the absolute magnitude distributions (H-distribution) of the dynamically excited and quiescent (hot and cold) Kuiper Belt objects (KBOs), and test if they share the same H-distribution as the Jupiter Trojans. From a compilation of all useable ecliptic surveys, we find that the KBO H-distributions are well described by broken power laws. The cold population has a bright-end slope and break magnitude (r′-band). The hot population has a shallower bright-end slope of and break magnitude. Both populations share similar faint-end slopes of α2 0.2. We estimate the masses of the hot and cold populations are 0.01 and 3 × 10-4 M ⊕. The broken power-law fit to the Trojan H-distribution has α1 = 1.0 ± 0.2, α2 = 0.36 ± 0.01, and H B = 8.3. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test reveals that the probability that the Trojans and cold KBOs share the same parent H-distribution is less than 1 in 1000. When the bimodal albedo distribution of the hot objects is accounted for, there is no evidence that the H-distributions of the Trojans and hot KBOs differ. Our findings are in agreement with the predictions of the Nice model in terms of both mass and H-distribution of the hot and Trojan populations. Wide-field survey data suggest that the brightest few hot objects, with , do not fall on the steep power-law slope of fainter hot objects. Under the standard hierarchical model of planetesimal formation, it is difficult to account for the similar break diameters of the hot and cold populations given the low mass of the cold belt. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes Kuiper belt: general minor planets, asteroids: general 2014-02-03 0004-637X 782 2 100 1 14 14 10.1088/0004-637X/782/2/100 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) National Science Infrastructure Infrastructure scientifique nationale Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21273045 d3900628-8a06-4edc-9a98-9ec0b3b83320 Michelle L. M. Collins aut Scott C. Chapman aut R. M. Rich aut Rodrigo A. Ibata aut Nicolas F. Martin aut Michael J. Irwin aut Nicholas F. Bate aut Geraint F. Lewis aut Jorge Peñarrubia aut Nobuo Arimoto aut Caitlin M. Casey aut Annette M. N. Ferguson aut Andreas Koch aut Alan McConnachie McConnachie, Alan W. aut NSI ISN Nial Tanvir aut text article eng We investigate the claim that all dwarf spheroidal galaxies (dSphs) reside within halos that share a common, universal mass profile as has been derived for dSphs of the galaxy. By folding in kinematic information for 25 Andromeda dSphs, more than doubling the previous sample size, we find that a singular mass profile cannot be found to fit all of the observations well. Further, the best-fit dark matter density profile measured solely for the Milky Way dSphs is marginally discrepant with that of the Andromeda dSphs (at just beyond the 1σ level), where a profile with lower maximum circular velocity, and hence mass, is preferred. The agreement is significantly better when three extreme Andromeda outliers, And XIX, XXI, and XXV, all of which have large half-light radii (≳ 600 pc) and low-velocity dispersions (σ v <5 km s-1), are omitted from the sample. We argue that the unusual properties of these outliers are likely caused by tidal interactions with the host galaxy. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes dark matter galaxies: dwarf galaxies: fundamental parameter galaxies: kinematics and dynamics Local Group 2014 0004-637X 783 1 7 1 14 14 10.1088/0004-637X/783/1/7 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) National Science Infrastructure Infrastructure scientifique nationale Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21273042 63bf0022-72e4-49b4-9ef7-8ccdcf8044d6 Sepideh Sabouri aut Elhacene Matene aut Alain Vinet aut Louis-Philippe Richer aut HHT TSH René Cardinal aut J. Andrew Armour aut Pierre Pagé aut Teresa Kus aut Vincent Jacquemet aut text article eng Epicardial high-density electrical mapping is a well-established experimental instrument to monitor in vivo the activity of the atria in response to modulations of the autonomic nervous system in sinus rhythm. In regions that are not accessible by epicardial mapping, noncontact endocardial mapping performed through a balloon catheter may provide a more comprehensive description of atrial activity. We developed a computer model of the canine right atrium to compare epicardial and noncontact endocardial mapping. The model was derived from an experiment in which electroanatomical reconstruction, epicardial mapping (103 electrodes), noncontact endocardial mapping (2048 virtual electrodes computed from a 64-channel balloon catheter), and direct-contact endocardial catheter recordings were simultaneously performed in a dog. The recording system was simulated in the computer model. For simulations and experiments (after atrio-ventricular node suppression), activation maps were computed during sinus rhythm. Repolarization was assessed by measuring the area under the atrial T wave (ATa), a marker of repolarization gradients. Results showed an epicardial-endocardial correlation coefficients of 0.80 and 0.63 (two dog experiments) and 0.96 (simulation) between activation times, and a correlation coefficients of 0.57 and 0.46 (two dog experiments) and 0.92 (simulation) between ATa values. Despite distance (balloon-atrial wall) and dimension reduction (64 electrodes), some information about atrial repolarization remained present in noncontact signals. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes 2014-03-05 1932-6203 9 3 e91165 1 11 11 10.1371/journal.pone.0091165 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) Human Health Therapeutics Thérapeutiques en santé humaine Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21273041 c4375cb0-305f-4463-afe2-5b0f588c54ec Kimberly J. Ong aut Tyson J. MacCormack aut Rhett J. Clark aut James D. Ede aut Van A. Ortega aut Lindsey C. Felix aut Michael K. M. Dang aut Guibin Ma aut Hicham Fenniri aut SDT TSR Jonathan Veinot Veinot, Jonathan G. C. aut Greg Goss Goss, Gregg G. aut text article eng The evaluation of engineered nanomaterial safety has been hindered by conflicting reports demonstrating differential degrees of toxicity with the same nanoparticles. The unique properties of these materials increase the likelihood that they will interfere with analytical techniques, which may contribute to this phenomenon. We tested the potential for: 1) nanoparticle intrinsic fluorescence/absorbance, 2) interactions between nanoparticles and assay components, and 3) the effects of adding both nanoparticles and analytes to an assay, to interfere with the accurate assessment of toxicity. Silicon, cadmium selenide, titanium dioxide, and helical rosette nanotubes each affected at least one of the six assays tested, resulting in either substantial over- or under-estimations of toxicity. Simulation of realistic assay conditions revealed that interference could not be predicted solely by interactions between nanoparticles and assay components. Moreover, the nature and degree of interference cannot be predicted solely based on our current understanding of nanomaterial behaviour. A literature survey indicated that ca. 95% of papers from 2010 using biochemical techniques to assess nanotoxicity did not account for potential interference of nanoparticles, and this number had not substantially improved in 2012. We provide guidance on avoiding and/or controlling for such interference to improve the accuracy of nanotoxicity assessments. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes 2014-03-11 1932-6203 9 3 e90650 1 9 9 10.1371/journal.pone.0090650 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) Security and Disruptive Technologies Technologies de sécurité et de rupture Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21273040 84ecab09-382f-4114-8a8c-45c9590d986c I. S. Konstantopoulos aut P. N. Appleton aut P. Guillard aut G. Trancho aut M. E. Cluver aut N. Bastian aut J. C. Charlton aut Konstantin Fedotov Fedotov, K. aut NSI ISN S. C. Gallagher aut L. J. Smith aut C. J. Struck aut text article eng We present a Gemini-GMOS spectroscopic study of Hubble Space Telescope (HST)-selected Hα-emitting regions in Stephan's Quintet (HCG 92), a nearby compact galaxy group, with the aim of disentangling the processes of shock-induced heating and star formation in its intra-group medium. The ≈40 sources are distributed across the system, but most densely concentrated in the ∼kiloparsec-long shock region. Their spectra neatly divide them into narrow- and broad-line emitters, and we decompose the latter into three or more emission peaks corresponding to spatial elements discernible in HST imaging. The emission-line ratios of the two populations of Hα-emitters confirm their nature as H II regions (90% of the sample) or molecular gas heated by a shock front propagating at ≲300 km s-1. Their redshift distribution reveals interesting three-dimensional structure with respect to gas-phase baryons, with no H II regions associated with shocked gas, no shocked regions in the intruder galaxy NGC 7318B, and a sharp boundary between shocks and star formation. We conclude that star formation is inhibited substantially, if not entirely, in the shock region. Attributing those H II regions projected against the shock to the intruder, we find a lopsided distribution of star formation in this galaxy, reminiscent of pileup regions in models of interacting galaxies. The Hα luminosities imply mass outputs, star formation rates, and efficiencies similar to nearby star-forming regions. Two large knots are an exception to this, being comparable in stellar output to the prolific 30 Doradus region. We also examine Stephan's Quintet in the context of compact galaxy group evolution, as a paradigm for intermittent star formation histories in the presence of a rich, X-ray-emitting intra-group medium. All spectra are provided as supplemental materials. galaxies: groups: individual (HCG 92) galaxies: individual (NGC 7317, NGC 7318A, NGC 7318B, NGC 7319) galaxies: interactions galaxies: star formation intergalactic medium shock waves yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes 2014-02-25 0004-637X 784 1 1 1 15 15 10.1088/0004-637X/784/1/1 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) National Science Infrastructure Infrastructure scientifique nationale Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21273038 751cd29a-a249-42ba-ae59-20693719e162 Matthew Mitchell aut SDT TSR Aaron Christopher Hryciw Hryciw, Aaron C. aut SDT TSR Paul Edward Barclay Barclay, Paul E. aut SDT TSR text article eng We demonstrate gallium phosphide (GaP) microdisk optical cavities with intrinsic quality factors < 2.8 × 10⁵ and mode volumes <10(λ/n)³, and study their nonlinear and optomechanical properties. For optical intensities up to 8.0 × 10⁴intracavity photons, we observe optical loss in the microcavity to decrease with increasing intensity, indicating that saturable absorption sites are present in the GaP material, and that two-photon absorption is not significant. We observe optomechanical coupling between optical modes of the microdisk around 1.5 μm and several mechanical resonances, and measure an optical spring effect consistent with a theoretically predicted optomechanical coupling rate g₀/2π∼30 kHz for the fundamental mechanical radial breathing mode at 488 MHz. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes 2014-04-09 0003-6951 104 14 141104 1 5 10.1063/1.4870999 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) Security and Disruptive Technologies Technologies de sécurité et de rupture Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21273014 89d82e3a-6e29-40ef-a41f-2f1b4968306a Kyle B. Westfall aut David Andersen Andersen, David R. aut NSI ISN Matthew A. Bershady aut Thomas P. K. Martinsson aut Robert A. Swaters aut Mark A. W. Verheijen aut text article eng We study the relationship between the stability level of late-type galaxy disks and their star-formation activity using integral-field gaseous and stellar kinematic data. Specifically, we compare the two-component (gas+stars) stability parameter from Romeo & Wiegert (Q RW), incorporating stellar kinematic data for the first time, and the star-formation rate estimated from 21 cm continuum emission. We determine the stability level of each disk probabilistically using a Bayesian analysis of our data and a simple dynamical model. Our method incorporates the shape of the stellar velocity ellipsoid (SVE) and yields robust SVE measurements for over 90% of our sample. Averaging over this subsample, we find a meridional shape of for the SVE and, at 1.5 disk scale lengths, a stability parameter of Q RW = 2.0 ± 0.9. We also find that the disk-averaged star-formation-rate surface density () is correlated with the disk-averaged gas and stellar mass surface densities (Σ e, g and Σ e, *) and anti-correlated with Q RW. We show that an anti-correlation between and Q RW can be predicted using empirical scaling relations, such that this outcome is consistent with well-established statistical properties of star-forming galaxies. Interestingly, is not correlated with the gas-only or star-only Toomre parameters, demonstrating the merit of calculating a multi-component stability parameter when comparing to star-formation activity. Finally, our results are consistent with the Ostriker et al. model of self-regulated star-formation, which predicts . Based on this and other theoretical expectations, we discuss the possibility of a physical link between disk stability level and star-formation rate in light of our empirical results. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes galaxies: evolution galaxies: kinematics and dynamics galaxies: spiral galaxies: star formation 2014-03-25 0004-637X 785 1 43 1 14 14 10.1088/0004-637X/785/1/43 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) National Science Infrastructure Infrastructure scientifique nationale Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21273010 86a5bd34-8d23-4763-8519-8a16a051279d Tate Hauger Hauger, T. C. aut A. Zeberoff aut Brian Joseph Worfolk Worfolk, B. J. aut SDT TSR Anastasia Leila Elias Elias, A. L. aut SDT TSR Ken David Harris Harris, K. D. aut SDT TSR text article eng In this paper, we describe an apparatus capable of measuring electrical resistance and light transmission through a flexible transparent conductor (TC) as it is actively deformed. The measurements are performed in situ with time resolution on the order of ~100 ms, and the resistance/transmission data is further used to calculate TC figures-of-merit in real-time. With this instrument, we are able to track and compare the evolution of figures-of-merit for different TCs as they are actively deformed. To demonstrate the tool, we evaluate several common TCs including indium tin oxide, poly(3,4- ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS), and silver nanowires, as well as a more unconventional nanowire/PEDOT:PSS hybrid. As expected, indium tin oxide degrades rapidly with strain, while the more flexible PEDOT:PSS is far more strain tolerant. The nanowire/PEDOT:PSS composite is found to produce an advantageous effect, as the silver nanowires generate large figures-of-merit at low strain, and the addition of a PEDOT:PSS component vastly improves strain tolerance. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes Flexible electronics Stretchable electronics Transparent conductors Printable electronics Mechanical testing Strain tolerance 2014-03-06 0927-0248 124 247 255 9 10.1016/j.solmat.2014.02.007 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) Security and Disruptive Technologies Technologies de sécurité et de rupture Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21273009 22fccdd0-d22b-4e17-8174-366ab535c754 Curtis McCully aut Saubabh W. Jha aut Ryan J. Foley aut Ryan Chornock aut Jon A. Holtzman aut David Balam Balam, David D. aut NSI ISN David Branch aut Alexi V. Filippenko aut Joshua Frieman aut Johan Fynbo aut Lluis Galbany aut Mohan Ganeshalingam aut Peter M. Garnavich aut Melissa L. Graham aut Eric Hsiao Hsiao, Eric Y. aut Giorgos Leloudas aut Douglas C. Leonard aut Weidlong Li aut Adam G. Riess aut Masao Sako aut Donald P. Schneider aut Jeffrey M. Silverman aut Jesper Sollerman aut Thea N. Steele aut Rollin C. Thomas aut J. Craig Wheeler aut Chen Zheng aut text article eng We present Hubble Space Telescope (HST) and ground-based optical and near-infrared observations of SN 2005hk and SN 2008A, typical members of the Type Iax class of supernovae (SNe). Here we focus on late-time observations, where these objects deviate most dramatically from all other SN types. Instead of the dominant nebular emission lines that are observed in other SNe at late phases, spectra of SNe 2005hk and 2008A show lines of Fe II, Ca II, and FeI more than a year past maximum light, along with narrow [FeII] and [CaII] emission. We use spectral features to constrain the temperature and density of the ejecta, and find high densities at late times, with ne ≳ 109 cm-3. Such high densities should yield enhanced cooling of the ejecta, making these objects good candidates to observe the expected "infrared catastrophe," a generic feature of SN Ia models. However, our HSTphotometry of SN 2008A does not match the predictions of an infrared catastrophe. Moreover, our HST observations rule out a "complete deflagration" that fully disrupts the white dwarf for these peculiar SNe, showing no evidence for unburned material at late times. Deflagration explosion models that leave behind a bound remnant can match some of the observed properties of SNe Iax, but no published model is consistent with all of our observations of SNe 2005hk and 2008A. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes supernovae: general supernovae: individual (SN 2002cx, SN 2005hk, SN 2008A) 2014 0004-637X 786 2 134 1 19 19 10.1088/0004-637X/786/2/134 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) National Science Infrastructure Infrastructure scientifique nationale Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21273008 d701608f-16f1-42d3-be7a-ddfa63129585 P. P. Ferguson aut Dinh-Ba Le aut Andrew DW Todd Todd, A. D. W. aut MSS SME M. L. Martine aut S. Trussler aut M. N. Obrovac aut J. R. Dahn aut text article eng Horizontal roller milling was used to prepare Sn₃₀Co₃₀C₄₀ electrode materials. By varying the milling conditions, it was possible to obtain nanostructured materials whose X-ray diffraction patterns mimicked the diffraction pattern of the same material obtained by vertical-axis attritor milling or by co-sputtering. Electrochemical testing showed that composite electrodes made from each of the prepared materials showed stable charge-discharge capacity for at least 100 charge discharge cycles and displayed stable differential capacity versus potential profiles. Small angle neutron scattering results showed that samples prepared by roller milling and by attriting showed similar nanostructure with Co-Sn grains of about 60 Å in a carbon matrix. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes Alloy negative electrodes Roller milling Nanostructured materials Lithium-ion batteries 2014-02-01 0925-8388 595 138 141 4 10.1016/j.jallcom.2014.01.159 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) Measurement Science and Standards Science des mesures et étalons Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21273007 a96e1ee4-678e-47fe-b5d9-63b659095fb1 Nicholas F. Martin aut Rodrigo A. Ibata aut R. Michael Rich aut Michelle L. M. Collins aut Mark A. Fardal aut Michael J. Irwin aut Geraint F. Lewis aut Alan McConnachie McConnachie, Alan W. aut NSI ISN Arif Babul aut Nicholas F. Bate aut Scott C. Chapman aut Anthony R. Conn aut Denija Crnojević aut Annette M. N. Ferguson aut A. Dougal MacKey aut Julio F. Navarro aut Jorge Peñarrubia aut Nial T. Tanvir aut David Valls-Gabaud aut text article eng We reveal the highly structured nature of the Milky Way (MW) stellar halo within the footprint of the Pan-Andromeda Archaeological Survey (PAndAS) photometric survey from blue main sequence (MS) and MS turn-off stars. We map no fewer than five stellar structures within a heliocentric range of 5-30 kpc. Some of these are known (the Monoceros Ring, the Pisces/Triangulum globular cluster stream), but we also uncover three well-defined stellar structures that could be, at least partly, responsible for the so-called Triangulum/Andromeda and Triangulum/Andromeda 2 features. In particular, we trace a new faint stellar stream located at a heliocentric distance of 17 kpc. With a surface brightness of Σ V 32-32.5 mag arcsec-2, it follows an orbit that is almost parallel to the Galactic plane north of M31 and has so far eluded surveys of the MW halo as these tend to steer away from regions dominated by the Galactic disk. Investigating our follow-up spectroscopic observations of PAndAS, we serendipitously uncover a radial velocity signature from stars that have colors and magnitudes compatible with the stream. From the velocity of eight likely member stars, we show that this stellar structure is dynamically cold, with an unresolved velocity dispersion that is lower than 7.1 km s-1 at the 90% confidence level. Along with the width of the stream (300-650 pc), its dynamics point to a dwarf-galaxy-accretion origin. The numerous stellar structures we can map in the MW stellar halo between 5 and 30 kpc and their varying morphology is a testament to the complex nature of the stellar halo at these intermediate distances. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes Galaxy: halo Galaxy: structure Local Group 2014 0004-637X 787 1 19 1 10 10 10.1088/0004-637X/787/1/19 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) National Science Infrastructure Infrastructure scientifique nationale Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21273006 45468a09-da3b-4402-8c9f-96e9a3fd70c2 Jocelyn Nicole Westwood Westwood, J. N. aut Vincent Theol Karel Sauer Sauer, V. T. K. aut SDT TSR J. K. Kwan aut Wayne Hiebert Hiebert, W. K. aut SDT TSR J. C. Sit aut text article eng Nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS) coated with a high surface area thin film are fabricated. Glancing angle deposition (GLAD) is used to uniformly deposit high surface area, nanostructured SiO2 films on top of released NEMS. The resonance frequencies and quality factors are measured to assess the potential of the high surface area NEMS for sensing experiments. Resonance frequencies of coated cantilevers, although reduced by mass loading, can be predicted accurately using our derived model. Compressive stress makes the resonance frequencies of coated doubly-clamped beams difficult to predict. The quality factors of the coated NEMS are reduced by one order of magnitude by a quasi-continuous layer at the base of the GLAD film, which also introduces an estimated compressive stress of 5.3-9.3 MPa. The limit of detection is demonstrated to be ∼2 pg cm-2. With this successful proof-of-concept demonstration, we anticipate the future use of these devices as high surface area gravimetric mass sensors for applications such as gas chromatography. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes glancing angle deposition nanoelectromechanical systems thin films nanofabrication 2014-05-19 0960-1317 24 6 65021 1 12 10.1088/0960-1317/24/6/065021 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) Security and Disruptive Technologies Technologies de sécurité et de rupture Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21273005 0de506a4-785e-44fe-82a8-a869c24bfbbc Lofti Toubal aut Philippe Bocher aut Andre Moreau Moreau, André aut EME EME text article eng This study addresses cumulative damage and its evolution during the cold dwell fatigue of a near-α titanium alloy. An experimental study was undertaken to examine the evolution of life, strain, strength and damage of 13 titanium IMI 834 samples cut from a single disk forging. The samples were tested in the same dwell-fatigue loading conditions. In the dwell phase, the load is maintained at 80% of ultimate tensile strength (824 MPa, 90% of yield strength) for 30 s. The secant Young’s modulus and inelastic strain at minimum load were measured in order to document the evolution of the irreversible damage against the number of cycles for all specimens. Experimental observations show significant differences in dwell-fatigue life and damage behavior. This mechanical analysis and an analysis of the cumulative Weibull reliability distribution suggest a bimodal dwell-fatigue failure process. Some features of the mechanical behavior can be used to sort the samples according to each of the two failure modes and improve the reliability of the fatigue test campaign. yes yes Titanium alloy; dwell fatigue; bimodal Weibull distribution; damage; strain 2014-06-30 1056-7895 10.1177/1056789514541823 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Energy, Mining and Environment Énergie, mines et environnement 21273001 e1199fbd-fc3e-4099-9216-cb72bf2b046f Carol Lynn Ladner Ladner, Carol L. aut SDT TSR Bethany J. Griffith aut SDT TSR David Wishart Wishart, David S. aut SDT TSR text article eng The formation of β-sheet rich prion oligomers and fibrils from native prion protein (PrP) is thought to be a key step in the development of prion diseases. Many methods are available to convert recombinant prion protein into β-sheet rich fibrils using various chemical denaturants (urea, SDS, GdnHCl), high temperature, phospholipids, or mildly acidic conditions (pH 4). Many of these methods also require shaking or another form of agitation to complete the conversion process. We have identified that shaking alone causes the conversion of recombinant PrP to β-sheet rich oligomers and fibrils at near physiological pH (pH 5.5 to pH 6.2) and temperature. This conversion does not require any denaturant, detergent, or any other chemical cofactor. Interestingly, this conversion does not occur when the water-air interface is eliminated in the shaken sample. We have analyzed shaking-induced conversion using circular dichroism, resolution enhanced native acidic gel electrophoresis (RENAGE), electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thioflavin T fluorescence and proteinase K resistance. Our results show that shaking causes the formation of β-sheet rich oligomers with a population distribution ranging from octamers to dodecamers and that further shaking causes a transition to β-sheet fibrils. In addition, we show that shaking-induced conversion occurs for a wide range of full-length and truncated constructs of mouse, hamster and cervid prion proteins. We propose that this method of conversion provides a robust, reproducible and easily accessible model for scrapie-like amyloid formation, allowing the generation of milligram quantities of physiologically stable β-sheet rich oligomers and fibrils. These results may also have interesting implications regarding our understanding of prion conversion and propagation both within the brain and via techniques such as protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA) and quaking induced conversion (QuIC). yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes 2014 1932-6203 9 6 e98753 1 12 12 10.1371/journal.pone.0098753 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) Security and Disruptive Technologies Technologies de sécurité et de rupture Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21273000 ce5cbe6a-9eb7-4dde-909b-08edc1b9873f Kim A. Venn aut Thomas Puzia Puzia, Thomas H. aut Mike Divell aut Stéphanie Côté Côté, Stephanie aut NSI ISN David L. Lambert aut Else Starkenburg aut text article eng We examine the mid-infrared fluxes and spectral energy distributions for stars with iron abundances [Fe/H] <-5, and other metal-poor stars, to eliminate the possibility that their low metallicities are related to the depletion of elements onto dust grains in the formation of a debris disk. Six out of seven stars examined here show no mid-IR excesses. These non-detections rule out many types of circumstellar disks, e.g., a warm debris disk (T ≤ 290 K), or debris disks with inner radii ≤1 AU, such as those associated with the chemically peculiar post-asymptotic giant branch spectroscopic binaries and RV Tau variables. However, we cannot rule out cooler debris disks, nor those with lower flux ratios to their host stars due to, e.g., a smaller disk mass, a larger inner disk radius, an absence of small grains, or even a multicomponent structure, as often found with the chemically peculiar Lambda Bootis stars. The only exception is HE0107-5240, for which a small mid-IR excess near 10 μm is detected at the 2σ level; if the excess is real and associated with this star, it may indicate the presence of (recent) dust-gas winnowing or a binary system. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes dust, extinction stars: abundances stars: chemically peculiar stars: individual (HE0107-5240) 2014-08-01 0004-637X 791 2 98 1 9 9 10.1088/0004-637X/791/2/98 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) National Science Infrastructure Infrastructure scientifique nationale Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21272999 ebeb0965-4403-4a7a-aa37-cd90c6bfa797 Usha Devi Hemraz Hemraz, Usha D. aut SDT TSR Mounir El-Bakkari aut SDT TSR Takeshi Yamazaki aut SDT TSR Jae-Young Cho aut SDT TSR Rachel Lynn Beingessner Beingessner, Rachel L. aut SDT TSR Hicham Fenniri aut SDT TSR text article eng Rosette nanotubes are biologically inspired nanostructures, formed through the hierarchical organization of a hybrid DNA base analogue (G∧C), which features hydrogen-bonding arrays of guanine and cytosine. Several twin-G∧C motifs functionalized with chiral moieties, which undergo a self-assembly process under methanolic and aqueous conditions to produce helical rosette nanotubes (RNTs), were synthesized and characterized. The built-in molecular chirality in the twin-G∧C building blocks led to the supramolecular chirality exhibited by the RNTs, as evidenced by the CD activity. Depending on the motifs and environmental conditions, mirror-image supramolecular chirality due to absolute molecular chirality, solvent-induced and structure-dependent supramolecular chirality inversion, and pH-controlled chiroptical switching were observed. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes 2014-03-21 2040-3364 6 16 9421 9427 7 10.1039/c4nr00340c National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) Security and Disruptive Technologies Technologies de sécurité et de rupture Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21272998 93563f11-f912-4827-8369-8be2115409d5 D. Mawet aut J. Milli aut Z. Wahhaj aut D. Pelat aut O. Absil aut C. Delacroix aut A. Boccaletti aut M. Kasper aut M. Kenworthy aut Christian Marois Marois, C. aut NSI ISN B. Mennesson aut L. Pueyo aut text article eng In this paper, we review the impact of small sample statistics on detection thresholds and corresponding confidence levels (CLs) in high-contrast imaging at small angles. When looking close to the star, the number of resolution elements decreases rapidly toward small angles. This reduction of the number of degrees of freedom dramatically affects CLs and false alarm probabilities. Naively using the same ideal hypothesis and methods as for larger separations, which are well understood and commonly assume Gaussian noise, can yield up to one order of magnitude error in contrast estimations at fixed CL. The statistical penalty exponentially increases toward very small inner working angles. Even at 5-10 resolution elements from the star, false alarm probabilities can be significantly higher than expected. Here we present a rigorous statistical analysis that ensures robustness of the CL, but also imposes a substantial limitation on corresponding achievable detection limits (thus contrast) at small angles. This unavoidable fundamental statistical effect has a significant impact on current coronagraphic and future high-contrast imagers. Finally, the paper concludes with practical recommendations to account for small number statistics when computing the sensitivity to companions at small angles and when exploiting the results of direct imaging planet surveys. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes methods: statistical techniques: high angular resolution 2014-08-21 0004-637X 792 2 97 10.1088/0004-637X/792/2/97 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) National Science Infrastructure Infrastructure scientifique nationale Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21272997 c3818d46-3c49-4429-bd2e-779e271c2e39 Chung-Pei Ma aut Jenny E. Greene aut Nicholas McConnell aut Ryan Janish aut John Blakeslee Blakeslee, John P. aut NSI ISN Jens Thomas aut Jeremy D. Murphy aut text article eng Massive early-type galaxies represent the modern day remnants of the earliest major star formation episodes in the history of the universe. These galaxies are central to our understanding of the evolution of cosmic structure, stellar populations, and supermassive black holes, but the details of their complex formation histories remain uncertain. To address this situation, we have initiated the MASSIVE Survey, a volume-limited, multi-wavelength, integral-field spectroscopic (IFS) and photometric survey of the structure and dynamics of the ∼100 most massive early-type galaxies within a distance of 108 Mpc. This survey probes a stellar mass range M∗ ≳ 1011.5 M⊙ and diverse galaxy environments that have not been systematically studied to date. Our wide-field IFS data cover about two effective radii of individual galaxies, and for a subset of them, we are acquiring additional IFS observations on sub-arcsecond scales with adaptive optics. We are also acquiring deep K-band imaging to trace the extended halos of the galaxies and measure accurate total magnitudes. Dynamical orbit modeling of the combined data will allow us to simultaneously determine the stellar, black hole, and dark matter halo masses. The primary goals of the project are to constrain the black hole scaling relations at high masses, investigate systematically the stellar initial mass function and dark matter distribution in massive galaxies, and probe the late-time assembly of ellipticals through stellar population and kinematical gradients. In this paper, we describe the MASSIVE sample selection, discuss the distinct demographics and structural and environmental properties of the selected galaxies, and provide an overview of our basic observational program, science goals and early survey results. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes dark matter galaxies: elliptical and lenticular, cD galaxies: evolution galaxies: kinematics and dynamics galaxies: stellar content galaxies: structure 2014-10-28 0004-637X 795 2 158 1 18 18 10.1088/0004-637X/795/2/158 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) National Science Infrastructure Infrastructure scientifique nationale Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21272996 af19c279-bcd9-4ae7-b4fd-0ac1847d61e4 Yi Zhai aut Mita Dasog aut Ryan B. Snitynsky aut Tapas K. Purkait aut Maryam Aghajamali aut Allison H. Hahn aut Christopher B. Sturdy aut Todd L. Lowary aut Jonathan Veinot Veinot, Jonathan G. C. aut SDT TSR text article eng Herein, we report the straightforward synthesis, photoluminescent properties, and cell imaging studies of d-mannose and l-alanine functionalized silicon nanocrystals (SiNCs). Tailoring nanocrystal surface functionalization is essential to interfacing SiNCs with their environment and rendering them stable-surface modification also offers the opportunity to target specific cell types for imaging. A simple and versatile surface modification procedure was developed to tether biomolecules onto the SiNC surfaces and render them water-soluble. The presented approach is precious metal-catalyst free, straightforward, and provides carbohydrate and amino acid functionalized SiNCs. The functionalized SiNCs have been investigated by fluorescence microscopy and our results indicate that they can be internalized by MCF-7 human breast cancer cells as shown in the cell imaging studies. The obtained SiNCs were characterized using FTIR, XPS, PL, and TEM. This journal is yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes Cancer cells Functionalized L-alanine Silicon nanocrystals 2014-10-22 2050-7518 2 47 8427 8433 7 10.1039/c4tb01161a National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) Security and Disruptive Technologies Technologies de sécurité et de rupture Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21272995 bab39626-ec31-4b61-9866-fde20a9c6b93 Filippo Rossi aut Chau-Ching Chiong aut Huei Wang aut Ming-Tang Chen aut Nianhua (Frank) Jiang Jiang, Frank aut NSI ISN Poman So aut Stéphane Claude aut NSI ISN Jens Bornemann aut 2014 16th International Symposium on Antenna Technology and Applied Electromagnetics, ANTEM 2014, 13 July 2014 through 16 July 2014, Victoria, BC text article eng A two-stage MMIC low noise amplifier design is presented using series and shunt feedbacks to achieve simultaneously low noise, input matching and gain flatness performances across the frequency range of 4 to 12 GHz. The amplifier fits into a small die of 2×1 mm2, and achieves a flat gain of 20 dB and a minimum noise figure of 1.5 dB. yes yes Amplifiers (electronic) Broadband amplifiers Feedback Feedback amplifiers Monolithic microwave integrated circuits Noise figure Frequency ranges Gain flatness Input matching LNA Minimum noise figure Mmic low noise amplifiers Shunt feedback Wide-band Low noise amplifiers 2014-07 IEEE 9781479922253 6887707 10.1109/ANTEM.2014.6887707 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada National Science Infrastructure Infrastructure scientifique nationale 21272957 9783e449-4695-43be-b903-b3413b85728f Craig Davison Davison, Craig R. aut AERO AERO Timothy Allen Rutke Rutke, Timothy A. aut AERO AERO text article eng Multiple volcanoes erupt yearly propelling volcanic ash into the atmosphere and creating an aviation hazard. The plinian eruption type is most likely to create a significant aviation hazard. Plinian eruptions can eject large quantities of fine ash up to an altitude of 50,000 m (164,000 ft). While large airborne particles rapidly fall, smaller particles at reduced concentrations drift for days to weeks as they gradually descend and deposit on the ground. Very small particles, less than 1 μm, can remain aloft for years. An average of three aircraft encounters with volcanic ash was reported every year between 1973 and 2003. Of these, eight resulted in some loss of engine power, including a complete shutdown of all four engines on a Boeing 747. However, no crashes have been attributed to volcanic ash. The major forms of engine damage caused by volcanic ash are: (1) deposition of ash on turbine nozzles and blades due to glassification (2) erosion of compressor and turbine blades (3) carbon deposits on fuel nozzles. The combination of these effects can push the engine to surge and flame out. If a flame out occurs, engine restart may be possible. Less serious engine damage can also occur. In most cases the major damage will require an engine overhaul long before the minor damage becomes an operational issue, but under some conditions no sign of volcanic ash is evident and the turbine cooling system blockage could go unnoticed until an engine inspection is performed. Several organizations provide aircrew procedures to respond to encounters with a volcanic ash cloud. If a volcanic ash encounter is suspected, then an engine inspection, including borescope, should be performed with particular attention given to the turbine cooling system. yes yes Aircraft accidents Aviation Cooling systems Deposits Hazards Nozzles Thermoelectric equipment Turbomachine blades Volcanoes Airborne particle Aircraft encounters Carbon deposites Engine inspection Operational issues Plinian eruption Turbine cooling systems Volcanic ash clouds Engines 2014-03-14 ASME 0742-4795 136 8 81201 10.1115/1.4026810 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Aerospace Aérospatiale 21272958 254ed3a2-4b88-433e-a218-c28da8dd4e52 David S Backman Backman, David aut AERO AERO Eann A. Patterson aut text article eng Fatigue tests carried out on three configurations (unexpanded, cold expanded and riveted) of fiber metal laminate material clearly demonstrated the beneficial effect of riveting compared to cold expansion in zero load transfer joints, for an approximately equivalent level of interference. Digital image correlation was used to measure the in-plane surface strain on cold expanded and riveted coupons during fatigue loading, and for the first time, digital image correlation was combined with pressure sensitive films to measure the strains resulting from the application of the rivet, including those under the rivet head. A comparison of the resultant strain field showed that the application of a rivet significantly reduces the stress concentration at the central hole and is effective in extending fatigue life. Some rivet heads were removed by milling, and the results from subsequent fatigue tests were used together with closed-form calculations to explain the findings of this study. It was concluded that the beneficial effect of riveting was less as a result of interference hole filling on the part of the rivet shank, but more a combination of the effect of interference and compression through the joint thickness. yes yes Composite materials Fatigue of materials Fatigue testing Image analysis Laminates Riveting Strain measurement Stress concentration Beneficial effects Digital image correlations fastening Fatigue performance Fiber metal laminates Pressure films Pressure sensitive films Strain distributions 2014-08 SAGE Publications 0309-3247 49 3 141 153 13 10.1177/0309324713493082 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Aerospace Aérospatiale 21272961 ada7b12e-1201-403b-9f70-6b7df1de985a M. Hossein (Hossein) Babaei Babaei, M. H. aut OCRE GOCF G. Akhras aut text article eng In this paper we investigated a radially polarized piezoceramic cylinder with graded piezoelectric properties, and used a nonlinear model for piezoceramics subjected to high electric fields. We investigated the nonlinear behavior of this material by examining changes in its electric-field-dependent dielectric and piezoelectric coefficients caused by domain wall motion. The Galerkin finite-element method was used to solve the governing equations of the axisymmetrically loaded heterogeneous piezoceramic medium subjected to harmonic electrical loading. Stress, displacement, resonance, and frequency responses were compared for homogeneous and graded cylinders; additionally, we compared the results of linear and nonlinear studies. We showed that the effective stress was higher within the graded cylinder than within the homogeneous cylinder, and that the nonlinearity caused by domain wall motion was less pronounced for the graded cylinder than for the homogeneous cylinder. The frequency responses of homogeneous and heterogeneous piezocylinders were also compared with those of piezoelectric plates. We concluded that-unlike for graded plates, which have a more desirable frequency response than homogeneous plates-graded cylinders are not superior to homogeneous cylinders. The finite-element solution in this paper is verified by simulations using COMSOL Multiphysics software. yes yes Cylinders (shapes) Electric fields Finite element method Galerkin methods Piezoelectric ceramics Piezoelectric devices Piezoelectricity Domain wall motion Functionally graded High electric fields Nonlinear behaviours Piezoceramic cylinder Piezoelectric coefficient Piezoelectric cylinder Piezoelectric property Frequency response 2014-04-11 Springer International Publishing 0025-6455 49 6 1527 1538 12 10.1007/s11012-014-9935-8 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Ocean, Coastal and River Engineering Génie océanique, côtier et fluvial 21272936 cc554e29-06d1-49af-b901-c798c79585d4 Eddy So aut MSS SME Rob Verhoeven aut 29th Conference on Precision Electromagnetic Measurements, CPEM 2014, 24 August 2014 through 29 August 2014, Rio de Janeiro text article eng An overview of traceability issues of loss measurements of EHV 3-phase shunt reactors is presented. Loss measurements of a 345 kV - 55 MVAr three-phase shunt reactor at SMIT Transformers, including their uncertainties, are presented and discussed. The measurement results are confirmed with those obtained using a special HV inductance bridge. yes yes Extra high voltage Measurement uncertainty Shunt reactors Three phase traceability 2014-08 Elsevier 9781479952052 6898616 776 777 2 0589-1485 10.1109/CPEM.2014.6898616 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) Measurement Science and Standards Science des mesures et étalons 21272939 645eebc2-6856-4822-a74d-946f211b6862 Susana Merino aut Kelly Fulton Fulton, Kelly M. aut HHT TSH Susan (Sue) Twine Twine, Susan M. aut HHT TSH Markus Wilhelms aut Raquel Molero aut Juan M. Tomás aut text article eng Polar flagellin proteins from Aeromonas hydrophila strain AH-3 (serotype O34) were found to be O-glycosylated with a heterogeneous glycan. Mutants unable to produce WecP or Gne enzymes showed altered motility, and the study of their polar flagellin glycosylation showed that the patterns of glycosylation differed from that observed with wild type polar flagellin. This suggested the involvement of a lipid carrier in glycosylation. A gene coding for an enzyme linking sugar to a lipid carrier was identified in strain AH-3 (WecX) and subsequent mutation abolished completely motility, flagella production by EM, and flagellin glycosylation. This is the first report of a lipid carrier involved in flagella O-glycosylation. A molecular model has been proposed. The results obtained suggested that the N -acetylhexosamines are N-acetylgalactosamines and that the heptasaccharide is completely independent of the O34-antigen lipopolysaccharide. Furthermore, by comparing the mutants with differing degrees of polar flagellin glycosylation, we established their importance in A. hydrophila flagella formation and motility. yes yes ferredoxin nitrite reductase flagellin lipopolysaccharide Aeromonas hydrophila bacterial strain bacterium isolation biosynthesis cell motility controlled study DNA fragmentation enzyme specificity epimerization glycosylation microscopy molecular model molecular weight nucleotide sequence plasmid polymerase chain reaction protein analysis protein modification protein purification sequence alignment tandem mass spectrometry ubiquitination Acetylgalactosamine Amino Acid Sequence Carbohydrate Conformation Carbohydrate Sequence Carrier Proteins Gene Expression Lipid Metabolism Molecular Sequence Data Protein Processing, Post-Translational 2014-02-21 PLOS 1932-6203 9 2 e89630 10.1371/journal.pone.0089630 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Human Health Therapeutics Thérapeutiques en santé humaine 21272940 1e9c156f-d85b-47f0-a1e7-a50503ab5b56 Paul Hockett Hockett, P. aut SDT TSR M. Wollenhaupt aut C. Lux aut T. Baumert aut text article eng Photoelectron angular distributions (PADs) obtained from ionization of potassium atoms using moderately intense femtosecond IR fields (∼1012  W cm−2) of various polarization states are shown to provide a route to “complete” photoionization experiments. Ionization occurs by a net three-photon absorption process, driven via the 4s→4p resonance at the one-photon level. A theoretical treatment incorporating the intrapulse electronic dynamics allows for a full set of ionization matrix elements to be extracted from 2D imaging data. 3D PADs generated from the extracted matrix elements are also compared to experimental, tomographically reconstructed, 3D photoelectron distributions, providing a sensitive test of their validity. Finally, application of the determined matrix elements to ionization via more complex, polarization-shaped, pulses is demonstrated, illustrating the utility of this methodology towards detailed understanding of complex ionization control schemes and suggesting the utility of such “multiplexed” intrapulse processes as powerful tools for measurement. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes Experiments Photons Polarization Coherent control Electronic dynamics Ionization matrices Photoelectron angular distributions Polarization multiplexing Polarization state Theoretical treatments Three photon absorption Photoionization 2014-06-05 0031-9007 112 22 223001 1 5 5 10.1103/PhysRevLett.112.223001 Security and Disruptive Technologies Technologies de sécurité et de rupture National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21272941 c525d99f-5d59-46d3-b27f-dc06e1a3caf8 Sebastián Maldonado aut Richard Weber aut Abolfazl (Fazel) Famili Famili, Fazel aut ICT TIC text article eng Feature selection and classification of imbalanced data sets are two of the most interesting machine learning challenges, attracting a growing attention from both, industry and academia. Feature selection addresses the dimensionality reduction problem by determining a subset of available features to build a good model for classification or prediction, while the class-imbalance problem arises when the class distribution is too skewed. Both issues have been independently studied in the literature, and a plethora of methods to address high dimensionality as well as class-imbalance has been proposed. The aim of this work is to simultaneously explore both issues, proposing a family of methods that select those attributes that are relevant for the identification of the target class in binary classification. We propose a backward elimination approach based on successive holdout steps, whose contribution measure is based on a balanced loss function obtained on an independent subset. Our experiments are based on six highly imbalanced microarray data sets, comparing our methods with well-known feature selection techniques, and obtaining a better prediction with consistently fewer relevant features. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes Feature selection Imbalanced data set Dimensionality reduction Support vector machine Data mining 2014-07-30 0020-0255 286 228 246 19 10.1016/j.ins.2014.07.015 Information and Communication Technologies Technologies de l'information et des communications National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21272943 b2f7ea62-d0cc-4a85-b613-3f6a3d43e1eb Trystyn A. M. Berg aut Luc Simard aut NSI ISN J. Trevor Mendel aut Sara L. Ellison aut text article eng The relation between the stellar mass and size of a galaxy's structural subcomponents, such as discs and spheroids, is a powerful way to understand the processes involved in their formation. Using very large catalogues of photometric bulge+disc structural decompositions and stellar masses from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey Data Release Seven, we carefully define two large subsamples of spheroids in a quantitative manner such that both samples share similar characteristics with one important exception: the 'bulges' are embedded in a disc and the 'pure spheroids' are galaxies with a single structural component. Our bulge and pure spheroid subsample sizes are 76 012 and 171 243, respectively. Above a stellar mass of ̃1010M⊙, the mass-size relations of both subsamples are parallel to one another and are close to lines of constant surface mass density. However, the relations are offset by a factor of 1.4, which may be explained by the dominance of dissipation in their formation processes. Whereas the size-mass relation of bulges in discs is consistent with gas-rich mergers, pure spheroids appear to have been formed via a combination of 'dry' and 'wet' mergers. yes yes galaxies: bulges galaxies: elliptical and lenticular galaxies: evolution NOx 2014-02-24 Oxford University Press 1745-3925 440 1 L66 L70 10.1093/mnrasl/slu026 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada National Science Infrastructure Infrastructure scientifique nationale 21272944 3aa1d8d0-ceb1-4bb2-9f6f-c5bb8e7f8fa3 Ningnannan Zhang aut IBD IBD Xiaowei Song aut MD DM Robert Bartha aut Steven Beyea aut MD DM Ryan D'Arcy aut MD DM Yunting Zhang aut Kenneth Rockwood aut text article eng Alzheimer's disease (AD) affects several important molecules in brain metabolism. The resulting neurochemical changes can be quantified non-invasively in localized brain regions using in vivo single-voxel proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (SV 1H MRS). Although the often heralded diagnostic potential of MRS in AD largely remains unfulfilled, more recent use of high magnetic fields has led to significantly improved signal-to-noise ratios and spectral resolutions, thereby allowing clinical applications with increased measurement reliability. The present article provides a comprehensive review of SV 1H MRS studies on AD at high magnetic fields (3.0 Tesla and above). This review suggests that patterned regional differences and longitudinal alterations in several neurometabolites are associated with clinically established AD. Changes in multiple metabolites are identifiable even at early stages of AD development. By combining information of neurochemicals in different brain regions revealing either pathological or compensatory changes, high field MRS can be evaluated in AD diagnosis and in the detection of treatment effects. To achieve this, standardization of data acquisition and analytical approaches is needed. yes yes 4 aminobutyric acid glucose glutamic acid glutamine glutathione inositol lactic acid n acetylaspartylglutamic acid taurine aging Alzheimer disease disease course information processing magnetic field Medline metabolite nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy single voxel proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy 2014 Bentham Science 1567-2050 11 4 367 388 22 10.2174/1567205011666140302200312 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) NRC Institute for Biodiagnostics Institut du biodiagnostic du CNRC Medical Devices Dispositifs médicaux 21272946 7b3b6685-a3f3-4990-9b9f-03a01730b472 Xiaohui Sun aut Qingye Lu aut Mehmet Yaman (Yaman) Boluk Boluk, Yaman aut SDT TSR Yang Liu aut text article eng Deposition on silica surfaces of two Pseudomonas fluorescens strains (CHA0 and CHA19-WS) having different extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) producing capacities was studied in the absence and presence of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs). Batch (batch soaking) and continuous flow (quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation) methods were used to evaluate the impact of CNCs on bacterial initial adhesion. This study demonstrated that bacterial initial adhesion to solid surfaces can be significantly hindered by CNCs using both methods. In the presence of CNCs, it was observed that bacteria with more EPS aggregated more significantly compared to bacteria with less EPS, and that bacterial deposition under this condition decreased to a greater extent. The classic DLVO theory failed to predict bacterial adhesion behavior in this study. A detailed discussion is provided regarding potential antibacterial adhesion mechanisms of CNCs. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes Cellulose nano-crystals Initial adhesions Pseudomonas fluorescens bacteria 2014-09-10 1744-683X 10 44 8923 8931 9 10.1039/c4sm00946k Security and Disruptive Technologies Technologies de sécurité et de rupture National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21272947 206aaaaa-8530-49f4-95ad-daf1b361ff63 Amr M. El Zawily aut Markus Schwarzländer aut Iris Finkemeier aut Iain G. Johnston aut Abdelilah Benamar aut Yongguo Cao aut ACRD DCRA Clémence Gissot aut Andreas J. Meyer aut Ken Wilson aut Raju Datla aut ACRD DCRA David Macherel aut Nick S. Jones aut David C. Logan aut text article eng Mitochondria are defining components of most eukaryotes. However, higher plant mitochondria differ biochemically, morphologically, and dynamically from those in other eukaryotes. FRIENDLY, a member of the CLUSTERED MITOCHONDRIA superfamily, is conserved among eukaryotes and is required for correct distribution of mitochondria within the cell. We sought to understand how disruption of FRIENDLY function in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) leads to mitochondrial clustering and the effects of this aberrant chondriome on cell and whole-plant physiology. We present evidence for a role of FRIENDLY in mediating intermitochondrial association, which is a necessary prelude to mitochondrial fusion. We demonstrate that disruption of mitochondrial association, motility, and chondriome structure in friendly affects mitochondrial quality control and leads to mitochondrial stress, cell death, and strong growth phenotypes. yes yes 2014-08-01 The American Society of Plant Biologists 0032-0889 166 2 808 828 21 10.1104/pp.114.243824 NRC-ACRD-56104 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Aquatic and Crop Resource Development Développement des cultures et des ressources aquatiques 21272948 ba76eec2-845c-4435-ba34-1c648f349b1c K. Liu aut Xinjin Cao Cao, X. aut AERO AERO X.-G. Chen aut text article eng The Al-Cu 206 cast alloys with varying alloy compositions (i.e., different levels of Fe, Mn, and Si) were investigated to evaluate the effect of the iron-rich intermetallics on the tensile properties. It is found that the tensile strength decreases with increasing iron content, but its overall loss is less than 10 pct over the range of 0.15 to 0.5 pct Fe at 0.3 pct Mn and 0.3 pct Si. At similar iron contents, the tensile properties of the alloys with dominant Chinese script iron-rich intermetallics are generally higher than those with the dominant platelet phase. In the solution and artificial overaging condition (T7), the tensile strength of the 206 cast alloys with more than 0.15 pct Fe is satisfactory, but the elongation does not sufficiently meet the minimum requirement of ductility (>7 pct) for critical automotive applications. However, it was found that both the required ductility and tensile strength can be reached at high Fe levels of 0.3 to 0.5 pct for the alloys with well-controlled alloy chemistry and microstructure in the solution and natural aging condition (T4), reinforcing the motivation for developing recyclable high-iron Al-Cu 206 cast alloys. yes yes Aluminum Cast iron Copper alloys Ductility Intermetallics Iron Manganese Silicon Tensile strength Alloy chemistry Alloy compositions Automotive applications Cast alloys Chinese script Iron content Minimum requirements Natural aging Iron alloys 2014-05 Springer International Publishing 1073-5623 45 5 2498 2507 10 10.1007/s11661-014-2207-3 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Aerospace Aérospatiale 21272950 6aa6811a-05bc-4ad1-a205-3bf1a561e831 Branislav Djokic aut MSS SME 29th Conference on Precision Electromagnetic Measurements, CPEM 2014, 24 August 2014 through 29 August 2014 text article eng Rogowski coils are widely used as high pulsed current sensors in resistance welding. Their operating conditions reflect on requirements for their calibration. A new calibration system has been developed at NRC Canada for calibrating current sensing coils and weld current monitors for AC resistance welding. The calibration system, which includes a high current source and a coaxial copper cage, has been evaluated at peak pulsed currents of up to 80 kA, at 60 Hz. The best expanded measurement uncertainties (k=2) have been estimated to be within 250 μA/A for magnitude and 175 μrad for phase. yes yes AC current measurement Digital sampling Measurement uncertainty Pulsed currents Rogowski Coil Weld current Calibration 2014-08 IEEE 9781479952052 6898234 12 13 2 0589-1485 10.1109/CPEM.2014.6898234 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) Measurement Science and Standards Science des mesures et étalons 21272955 36a1bf98-80c6-4b32-a05f-31754a18cd1d Naghabushana K. Nayidu aut Sateesh Kagale aut ACRD DCRA Ali Taheri aut Thushan S. Withana-Gamage aut Isobel Parkin Parkin, Isobel A. P. aut ACRD DCRA Andrew (Andy) Sharpe Sharpe, Andrew G. aut ACRD DCRA Margaret Y. Gruber aut text article eng Coding sequences for major trichome regulatory genes, including the positive regulators GLABRA 1(GL1), GLABRA 2 (GL2), ENHANCER OF GLABRA 3 (EGL3), and TRANSPARENT TESTA GLABRA 1 (TTG1) and the negative regulator TRIPTYCHON (TRY), were cloned from wild Brassica villosa, which is characterized by dense trichome coverage over most of the plant. Transcript (FPKM) levels from RNA sequencing indicated much higher expression of the GL2 and TTG1 regulatory genes in B. villosa leaves compared with expression levels of GL1 and EGL3 genes in either B. villosa or the reference genome species, glabrous B. oleracea; however, cotyledon TTG1 expression was high in both species. RNA sequencing and Q-PCR also revealed an unusual expression pattern for the negative regulators TRY and CPC, which were much more highly expressed in trichomerich B. villosa leaves than in glabrous B. oleracea leaves and in glabrous cotyledons from both species. The B. villosa TRY expression pattern also contrasted with TRY expression patterns in two diploid Brassica species, and with the Arabidopsis model for expression of negative regulators of trichome development. Further unique sequence polymorphisms, protein characteristics, and gene evolution studies highlighted specific amino acids in GL1 and GL2 coding sequences that distinguished glabrous species from hairy species and several variants that were specific for each B. villosa gene. Positive selection was observed for GL1 between hairy and non-hairy plants, and as expected the origin of the four expressed positive trichome regulatory genes in B. villosa was predicted to be from B. oleracea. In particular the unpredicted expression patterns for TRY and CPC in B. villosa suggest additional characterization is needed to determine the function of the expanded families of trichome regulatory genes in more complex polyploid species within the Brassicaceae. © 2014 Nayidu et al. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes amino acid plant RNA vegetable protein Arabidopsis article Brassica oleracea Brassica villosa Brassicaceae controlled study cotyledon diploidy DNA polymorphism ENHANCER OF GLABRA gene gene expression profiling genetic variability GLABRA 1 gene GLABRA 2 gene molecular cloning molecular evolution nonhuman nucleotide sequence orthology plant development plant gene plant genome plant leaf prediction regulator gene RNA sequence RNA transcription TRANSPARENT TESTA GLABRA 1 gene trichome TRIPTYCHON gene 2014-04-22 1932-6203 9 4 e95877 1 12 12 10.1371/journal.pone.0095877 Aquatic and Crop Resource Development Développement des cultures et des ressources aquatiques National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21272959 dfc5402f-2519-4d72-a112-9b9cb91ace16 Felix A. Dingler aut Kristin Kemmerich aut HHT TSH Michael S. Neuberger aut Cristina Rada aut text article eng Excision of uracil introduced into the immunoglobulin loci by AID is central to antibody diversification. While predominantly carried out by the UNG uracil-DNA glycosylase as reflected by deficiency in immunoglobulin class switching in Ung-/- mice, the deficiency is incomplete, as evidenced by the emergence of switched IgG in the serum of Ung-/- mice. Lack of switching in mice deficient in both UNG and MSH2 suggested that mismatch repair initiated a backup pathway. We now show that most of the residual class switching in Ung-/- mice depends upon the endogenous SMUG1 uracil-DNA glycosylase, with in vitro switching to IgG1 as well as serum IgG3, IgG2b, and IgA greatly diminished in Ung-/-Smug1-/- mice, and that Smug1 partially compensates for Ung deficiency over time. Nonetheless, using a highly MSH2-dependent mechanism, Ung-/-Smug1-/- mice can still produce detectable levels of switched isotypes, especially IgG1. While not affecting the pattern of base substitutions, SMUG1 deficiency in an Ung-/- background further reduces somatic hypermutation at A:T base pairs. Our data reveal an essential requirement for uracil excision in class switching and in facilitating noncanonical mismatch repair for the A:T phase of hypermutation presumably by creating nicks near the U:G lesion recognized by MSH2. yes yes Class switching DNA deamination Somatic hypermutation Uracil Immunoglobulin A Immunoglobulin Class Switching Immunoglobulin G Mice Mutation MutS Homolog 2 Protein Uracil Uracil-DNA Glycosidase 2014-07 Wiley 0014-2980 44 7 1925 1935 11 10.1002/eji.201444482 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) Human Health Therapeutics Thérapeutiques en santé humaine 21272960 aee6faa5-6f06-4477-9c6e-4dc573dfc958 Alan D. Scott aut Patrick J D (Pat) Côté Cote, Patrick aut NSI ISN Neil Rowlands aut Olivier Daigle aut High Energy, Optical, and Infrared Detectors for Astronomy VI, 22 June 2014 through 25 June 2014, Montreal, QC text article eng The Cosmological Advanced Survey Telescope for Optical and UV Research (CASTOR) is a proposed Canadian Space Agency (CSA) mission that would provide panoramic, high-resolution imaging of 1/8th of the sky in the UV/optical (150-550 nm) spectral region. This small-satellite class mission would provide high angular resolution ultra-deep imaging in three broad filters to supplement data from planned international dark energy missions (Euclid, WFIRST) as well as from the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope (LSST). One of the leading technical risks on this mission is the UV sensitivity required to approach 26th magnitude in the near UV band. We are planning to characterize a selected candidate technology down to 150 nm. We will review the main scientific and technical drivers for the mission and show how they constrain the available detector options. We will compare the sensitivity and general applicability of CCD, EMCCD, hybridized and monolithic CMOS FPA options. yes yes Detectors Focal plane arrays Image reconstruction Infrared detectors Silicon Silicon detectors Space telescopes Surveys Canadian Space Agency High angular resolutions High-resolution imaging Large synoptic survey telescopes NUV Spectral region Technical drivers Technical risks Astronomy 2014 SPIE 0277-786X 9780819496225 9154 91542C 10.1117/12.2057033 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada National Science Infrastructure Infrastructure scientifique nationale 21272935 bdc58693-d4a7-4b13-8e46-bb6d24f7541d Rehan Sadiq aut CONST CONST Yehuda Kleiner aut CONST CONST Balvantrai (Balvant) Rajani Rajani, Balvant aut CONST CONST Solomon Tesfamariam aut CONST CONST Husnain Haider aut text article eng The impact of deteriorating pipes on water quality (WQ) in the distribution network has not been consistently taken into account in decision making related to pipe renewals. In this paper, a detailed modeling approach based on fuzzy cognitive maps is developed using fuzzy rule-based models and fuzzy measures theory to investigate potential of WQ (physical, chemical, and biological) failure in distribution networks. Based on information and data obtained from preliminary analysis, literature, and expert opinion, a decision support tool named Q-WARP (water quality - water main renewal planner) is developed to consider uncertain, subjective/linguistic and/or incomplete data. Q-WARP provides a plausible way to represent and comprehend ill-defined and complex relationships such as those that govern WQ in the distribution network. The proposed model has the capacity to perform the 'baseline analysis' that performs risk assessment and risk evaluation; and the 'decision analysis' that performs risk management and guides decision making. The developed model has also been applied to a case study in Stanley Street (Philadelphia) to evaluate the model's capability. The results manifested that the model can efficiently assess the 'potential' for WQ failures and can also be used in decision making for WQ improvements by making infrastructure changes in distribution systems. yes yes Electric power distribution Sensitivity analysis Water distribution systems Baseline analysis Development and applications Water mains Decision theory baseline survey decision making distribution system infrastructural development model test pipeline renewal policy risk assessment sensitivity analysis spatial cognition water quality Pennsylvania Philadelphia 2014 IWA Publishing 0003-7214 63 6 429 448 20 10.2166/aqua.2014.079 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) Construction Construction National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 21272942 4e6bd68b-a1e3-47e8-ae2f-c16818600e78 Alexander (Alex) Kobryn Kobryn, Alexander E. aut SDT TSR Dragan Nikolic Nikolić, Dragan aut SDT TSR Olga Olegovna Lyubimova Lyubimova, Olga aut SDT TSR Sergey Gusarov aut SDT TSR Andriy Kovalenko aut SDT TSR text article eng We present a method of DPD simulation based on a coarse-grained effective pair potential obtained from the DRISM-KH molecular theory of solvation. The theory is first used to calculate the radial distribution functions of all-atom solute monomers in all-atom solvent and then to invert them into an effective pair potential between coarse-grained beads such that their fluid without solvent accounts for molecular specificities and solvation effects in the all-atom system. Bonded interactions are sampled in relatively short MD of the all-atom system and modeled with best multi-Gaussian fit. Replacing the heuristically defined conservative force potential in DPD, the coarse-grained effective pair potential is free from the artificial restrictions on potential range and shape and on equal volume of solute and solvent blobs inherent in standard DPD. The procedure is flexible in specifying coarse-grained mapping and enormously increases computational efficiency by eliminating solvent. The method is validated on polystyrene chains of various length in toluene at finite concentrations for room and polystyrene glass transition temperature. It yields the chain elastic properties and diffusion coefficient in good agreement with experiment and all-atom MD simulations. DPD with coarse-grained effective pair potential is capable of predicting both structural and dynamic properties of polymer solutions and soft matter with high accuracy and computational efficiency. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes Dissipative particle dynamics Effective pair potentials Integral-equation theory Molecular liquids 2014-08-27 1520-6106 118 41 12034 12049 16 10.1021/jp503981p Security and Disruptive Technologies Technologies de sécurité et de rupture National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21272954 37ad3311-f534-4621-a375-5d3581e0b2df Evangelos D. Leonardos aut Shezad A. Rauf aut Sarathi M. Weraduwage aut Elizabeth F Marillia Marillia, Elizabeth-France aut ACRD DCRA David C Taylor Taylor, David C. aut ACRD DCRA Barry J. Micallef aut Bernard Grodzinski aut text article eng The balance between whole-plant net-photosynthesis (Pn) and dark-respiration (Rd) determines daily-C-gain (dC) and thus growth. However, in Arabidopsis thaliana, a well-studied organism, the contribution of the inflorescence as a respiring sink and a photosynthetic source has never been quantified together in either ambient CO2 (AC) or elevated CO2 (EC) conditions. When sink-strength is altered by modifying mitochondrial pyruvate metabolism increases in productivity can occur in both AC and EC. Rd and Pn during canopy transition from its rosette-leaf form to the highly branched inflorescence stages were quantified. Diel patterns of leaf and whole-plant gas exchange were measured at four critical developmental stages for controls (wild-type (WT) and plasmid (pBI121)) and two transgenics (3'1 and 10'4) Arabidopsis lines having partial constitutive repression of mitochondrial pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (mtPDHK) grown at AC and EC. In all lines the mature inflorescence structures, although having higher Rd than the rosette leaves, contributed over 90% of Pn and dC at both AC and EC. Expressed on a plant basis, Pn, Rd and dC were 700-900% higher and water-use-efficiency (WUE) was double when the inflorescence was mature as when the rosette-leaves alone sustained growth. On a dry-matter basis Pn, Rd and dC were 50-75% lower, but on a surface-area basis these traits were remarkably constant during development, reflecting the high photosynthetic strength and carbon-use-efficiency (CUE) of the inflorescence. All lines demonstrated greater Pn, Rd, dC and WUE under EC, however, at the rosette stage the controls responded more to EC, whereas, during the inflorescence 3rd-stage it was the transgenics that responded more to EC.These results underscore the need for measuring key phenotype traits such as whole-plant Pn, Rd and dC to assess how source and sink strengths change during the life-cycle, especially following genetic modification of a primary metabolic process. yes yes carbon dioxide dicotyledon dry matter enzyme activity gene expression growth rate life cycle nutrient use efficiency photosynthesis respiration source-sink dynamics transgenic plant 2014-11 Elsevier 0098-8472 107 84 97 14 10.1016/j.envexpbot.2014.05.007 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Aquatic and Crop Resource Development Développement des cultures et des ressources aquatiques 21272924 402e71dd-9a01-4709-89f3-83a65309829f C. Alonso-Ramos aut Pavel Cheben Cheben, P. aut IMS ISM A. Ortega-Moñux aut Jens Holger Schmid Schmid, J. H. aut IMS ISM Dan-Xia Xu Xu, D. -X. aut IMS ISM I. Molina-Fernández aut text article eng We propose a fiber-chip grating coupler that interleaves the standard full and shallow etch trenches in a 220 nm thick silicon layer to provide a directionality upward exceeding 95%. By adjusting the separation between the two sets of trenches, constructive interference is achieved in the upward direction independent of the bottom oxide thickness and without any bottom reflectors, overlays, or customized etch depths. We implement a transverse subwavelength structure in the first two grating periods to minimize back-reflections. The grating coupler has a calculated coupling efficiency of CE ~ -1.05 dB with a 1 dB bandwidth of 30 nm and minimum feature size of 100 nm, compatible with deep-UV lithography. yes yes Grating couplers 2014-09-09 OSA Publishing 0146-9592 39 18 5351 5354 4 10.1364/OL.39.005351 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Institute for Microstructural Sciences Institut des sciences des microstructures du CNRC 21272925 777f5949-2649-48bd-ac4d-c122e7010da9 Babak Samareh aut Javad Mostaghimi aut Christian Moreau aut AST ATS text article eng In the present study a parallel three dimensional Volume of Fluid (VOF) method is developed to simulate Marangoni convection in immiscible fluids with variable surface tension. Conservation equations are solved based on cell-averaged one-field volume tracking scheme. Evaluating the convective term in the energy equation along the boundary between the fluids highly depends on the position and orientation of the interface; hence, using average cell values simply ignores the interface shape and leads to computational uncertainty. As a remedy to this issue, the original idea behind the volume tracking method is used not only to advect mass and momentum but also energy across cells. To verify the proposed algorithm, results are compared against theoretically predicted thermocapillary migration velocity of a droplet at the limit of zero Marangoni number. However, at relatively high Marangoni numbers, thermal boundary layers are very thin and challenging to resolve. To demonstrate the capabilities of the heat transfer module, simulation of a Fluorinert droplet moving in silicon oil under applied temperature gradient is compared against the available experimental results and the migration velocity of the droplet in microgravity is reported. yes yes Capillary flow Heat convection Surface tension Computational uncertainties Interfacial heat transfer Marangoni convection Position and orientations Thermal boundary layer Thermocapillary migration Three-dimensional volume Variable surface tension Drops 2014-06 Elsevier 0017-9310 73 616 626 11 10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2014.02.022 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Automotive and Surface Transportation Automobile et transport de surface 21272927 b5923d21-b687-415b-9431-8f71b92c9635 M W C (Chandre) Dharma-Wardana Dharma-Wardana, M. W. C. aut SDT TSR S. L. Amarasiri aut N. Dharmawardene aut C. R. Panabokke aut text article eng High incidence of chronic kidney disease of unknown aetiology (CKDU) in Sri Lanka is shown to correlate with the presence of irrigation works and rivers that bring-in 'nonpoint source' fertilizer runoff from intensely agricultural regions. We review previous attempts to link CKDU with As, Cd and other standard toxins. Those studies (e.g. the WHO-sponsored study), while providing a wealth of data, are inconclusive in regard to aetiology. Here, we present new proposals based on increased ionicity of drinking water due to fertilizer runoff into the river system, redox processes in the soil and features of 'tank'-cascades and aquifers. The consequent chronic exposure to high ionicity in drinking water is proposed to debilitate the kidney via a Hofmeister-type (i.e. protein-denaturing) mechanism. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes article in press 2014 0269-4042 7 2 221 231 11 10.1007/s10653-014-9641-4 Security and Disruptive Technologies Technologies de sécurité et de rupture National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21272928 b0dc53f7-00e5-4f5b-bc87-8bf20c17dc6e Enea Pagliano aut MSS SME Massimo Onor aut Margaret (Peggy) McCooeye McCooeye, Margaret aut MSS SME Alessandro D'Ulivo aut Ralph Edward Sturgeon Sturgeon, Ralph E. aut MSS SME Zoltan Mester aut MSS SME text article 2014-08-08 eng Direct analysis in real time (DART) has been applied in conjunction with high-resolution Orbitrap mass spectrometry to characterize the aqueous reduction of monomethylarsenate by tetrahydroborate (B/As molar ratio ≈ 4 mol/mol). Under these conditions, the reaction gives rise to a complex mixture of arsenic compounds which result in the formation of a reddish precipitate. The use of the DART revealed the presence of a number of polymeric arsanes - up to eight arsenic atoms - associated with the liquid/solid phase of this reaction system. From a reactivity point-of-view, these polymers exhibit an uncommon ionization pathway. In fact, similar to the alkanes, the action of the DART results in the generation of [M - H]+ ions. Furthermore, for each oligomer MeHAs-(AsMe)n-AsHMe (n = 0-8), a series of oxidation products [(M + nO) - H]+ were also identified and their formation has been discussed. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes 2014-08-08 1387-3806 371 42 46 5 10.1016/j.ijms.2014.07.048 Measurement Science and Standards Science des mesures et étalons National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21272930 b2cf5a0f-d84f-4227-a16a-fc05178fd6e0 Branislav Djokic aut MSS SME 29th Conference on Precision Electromagnetic Measurements, CPEM 2014, 24 August 2014 through 29 August 2014 text article eng A new current-comparator-based dual-channel calibration system for AC voltages in the millivolt range for operation at power frequencies has been developed. The range of generated voltages is 1 mV - 100 mV. The calibration system in-phase and quadrature expanded measurement uncertainties (k=2) are estimated to be within 25·106. The traceability to SI units is established through the calibration of standard resistor, capacitor, and current comparator ratios. yes yes Ac voltage Current comparators Digital sampling Measurement uncertainty New calibration system Power frequency Calibration 2014-08 IEEE 9781479952052 6898613 770 771 2 0589-1485 10.1109/CPEM.2014.6898613 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) Measurement Science and Standards Science des mesures et étalons 21272931 72896525-6c2a-40b5-b885-d32c7cce8997 Xiao-Zi (Riny) Yuan Yuan, Xiao-Zi aut EME EME Vanesa Alzate aut EME EME Zhong Xie aut EME EME Douglas G. Ivey aut Eben Dy aut Wei Qua aut NRC CNRC text article eng In this work, we have investigated the conductivity, electrochemical window (ECW) and oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in various bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (TFSI)-based room temperature ionic liquids (RTILs). In an attempt to improve ORR activity in RTILs, water and/or dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) are added to one TFSI-based RTIL, 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (BMP-TFSI), and the effect of additives on its conductivity, ECW and ORR is explored. The results show that as-received TFSI-based ionic liquids (ILs) have a low conductivity due to their large constituent ions. The addition of water and/or DMSO has considerable effect on the conductivity of the IL mixture. The studied TFSI-based RTILs have wide ECWs and the presence of water and/or DMSO causes an apparent narrowing of the observed potential window. For all TFSI-based ILs, the oxygen redox peaks can be assigned to an O2/O2-* one-electron transfer process. By adding water, the O2/O2-* redox potential shifts in a more positive direction in BMP-TFSI; e.g., about 0.27 V more positive in BMP-TFSI with 1 wt% water addition, due to its high acceptor number (AN) and the proton effect. The addition of DMSO also contributes to the improvement in ORR activity in BMP-TFSI through enhanced conductivity and redox reversibility. yes yes Bis(trifluoromethane sulfonyl)imide Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) Electrochemical window Enhanced conductivity One-electron transfer Oxygen reduction reaction Room temperature ionic liquids Electrolytic reduction Ionic liquids Redox reactions Organic solvents 2014-01-22 The Electrochemical Society 0013-4651 161 4 A458 A466 10.1149/2.010404jes Energy, Mining and Environment Énergie, mines et environnement National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21272932 17345a45-0edb-4aff-adbf-e0b11f8617bf Robert Adrian Stutz Stutz, R. A. aut Eric Rosolowsky Rosolowsky, E. W. aut Roland Kothes Kothes, R. aut NSI ISN Thomas L (Tom) Landecker Landecker, T. L. aut NSI ISN text article eng Angular power spectra are calculated and presented for the entirety of the Canadian Galactic Plane Survey polarization data set at 1.4 GHz covering an area of 1060 deg2. The data analyzed are a combination of data from the 100 m Effelsberg Telescope, the 26 m Telescope at the Dominion Radio Astrophysical Observatory, and the Synthesis Telescope at the Dominion Radio Astrophysical Observatory, allowing all scales to be sampled down to arcminute resolution. The resulting power spectra cover multipoles from ℓ 60 to ℓ 104 and display both a power-law component at low multipoles and a flattening at high multipoles from point sources. We fit the power spectrum with a model that accounts for these components and instrumental effects. The resulting power-law indices are found to have a mode of 2.3, similar to previous results. However, there are significant regional variations in the index, defying attempts to characterize the emission with a single value. The power-law index is found to increase away from the Galactic plane. A transition from small-scale to large-scale structure is evident at b = 9°, associated with the disk-halo transition in a 15° region around l = 108°. Localized variations in the index are found toward H II regions and supernova remnants, but the interpretation of these variations is inconclusive. The power in the polarized emission is anticorrelated with bright thermal emission (traced by Hα emission) indicating that the thermal emission depolarizes background synchrotron emission. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes 2014-05-01 0004-637X 787 1 34 1 15 15 10.1088/0004-637X/787/1/34 National Science Infrastructure Infrastructure scientifique nationale National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21272937 67ae40a1-1ae2-40b3-a6a2-0a489260ee18 Dan Cristian Tulpan Tulpan, Dan aut ICT TIC Nabil Belacel aut ICT TIC Abolfazl (Fazel) Famili Famili, Fazel aut ICT TIC Kristopher D (Kris) Ellis Ellis, Kristopher aut AERO AERO 2014 International Conference on Unmanned Aircraft Systems, ICUAS 2014, 27 May 2014 through 30 May 2014, Orlando, FL text article eng Feature detection for Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) sense and avoid scenarios is a crucial preliminary step for target detection. Its importance culminates when distant (pixel size) targets representing incoming aircraft are considered. This paper presents an experimental evaluation of four popular feature detection methods using flight test data and based on evaluation criteria such as first detection distance and percentage of frames with detected target features. Our results show that for close range targets all four methods have similar performance, while for distant (pixel-size) targets, the Shi and Tomasi method outperforms the other three methods (Harris-Stephens-Plessey, SUSAN and FAST). yes yes Aircraft Pixels Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) Airborne target Evaluation criteria Experimental evaluation Feature detection Flight test data Sense and avoid Target feature Unmanned aircraft system Aircraft detection 2014-05 IEEE 9781479923762 6842384 1267 1273 7 10.1109/ICUAS.2014.6842384 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Information and Communication Technologies Technologies de l'information et des communications Aerospace Aérospatiale 21272938 888a9904-d1ed-43c5-a16d-04938df8fcb3 Aitor V. Velasco aut Pavel Cheben aut IMS ISM Miroslaw (Mirek) Florjanczyk Florjańczyk, Mirosław aut IMS ISM Maria L. Calvo aut text article eng Overcoming current resolution limits of optical spectroscopy could revolutionize research in diverse fields such as atomic and molecular spectroscopy, bio-chemistry, and astronomy. In this chapter, we explore the opportunities opened by spatial heterodyne Fourier-transform spectroscopy, presenting both its early bulk-optics implementations and its latest applications in waveguide optics and silicon photonics. Spatial heterodyne Fourier-transform spectrometers provide a plurality of simultaneous interferometric measurements, from which the source spectrum is retrieved in a single capture. Independent access to each interferometric measurement enables spectral retrieval algorithms to correct fabrication and experimental deviations from ideal behavior without any hardware modifications. Furthermore, the straightforward scalability of these devices represents a significant milestone toward pushing current resolution boundaries of stationary spectroscopy. yes yes Spectroscopy Fourier transform Integrated optics Silicon on insulator Spectral retrieval 2014-05-08 Elsevier 0079-6638 59 159 208 50 10.1016/B978-0-444-63379-8.00003-9 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Institute for Microstructural Sciences Institut des sciences des microstructures du CNRC 21272945 69ee290e-62f7-4525-aee1-0f40c24945b5 Yasser Shaban aut Mouhab Meshreki aut AERO AERO Soumaya Yacout aut Marek Balazinski aut Mahmoud Helmi (Helmi) Attia Attia, Helmi aut AERO AERO text article eng Carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) is an important composite material. It has many applications in aerospace and automotive fields. The little information available about the machining process of this material, specifically when routing process is considered, makes the process control quite difficult. In this paper, we propose a new process control technique and we apply it to the routing process for that important material. The measured machining conditions are used to evaluate the quality and the geometric profile of the machined part. The machining conditions, whether controllable or uncontrollable are used to control part accuracy and its quality. We present a pattern-based machine learning approach in order to detect the characteristic patterns, and use them to control the quality of a machined part at specific range. The approach is called logical analysis of data (LAD). LAD finds the characteristic patterns which lead to conforming products and those that lead to nonconforming products. As an example, LAD is used for online control of a simulated routing process of CFRP. We introduce the LAD technique, we apply it to the high speed routing of woven carbon fiber reinforced epoxy, and we compare the accuracy of LAD to that of an artificial neural network, since the latter is the most known machine learning technique. By using experimental results, we show how LAD is used to control the routing process by tuning autonomously the routing conditions. We conclude with a discussion of the potential use of LAD in manufacturing. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes article in press Machining Pattern recognition Process control Carbon fiber reinforced polymer Knowledge extraction Logical analysis of data Carbon fiber reinforced plastics 2014-09-11 0956-5515 1 15 15 10.1007/s10845-014-0968-6 Aerospace Aérospatiale National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21272951 6c99345f-abc2-43fe-9491-ed5723e01ffd S. A. Mala aut L. Tsybeskov aut David J Lockwood Lockwood, D. J. aut MSS SME Xuan (Sean) Wu Wu, X. aut MSS SME Jean-Marc Baribeau Baribeau, J. -M. aut ICT TIC text article eng Photoluminescence (PL) measurements were performed in Si/Si1-xGex nanostructures with a single Si0.92Ge0.08 nanometer-thick layer incorporated into Si/Si0.6Ge0.4 cluster multilayers. Under pulsed laser excitation, the PL decay associated with the Si0.92Ge0.08 nano-layer is found to be nearly a 1000 times faster compared to that in Si/Si0.6Ge0.4 cluster multilayers. A model considering Si/SiGe hetero-interface composition and explaining the fast and slow time-dependent recombination rates is proposed. yes yes Carrier recombination Si/SiGe Photoluminescence 2014-11-15 Elsevier 0921-4526 453 29 33 5 10.1016/j.physb.2014.03.084 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Measurement Science and Standards Science des mesures et étalons Information and Communication Technologies Technologies de l'information et des communications 21272952 2abb46bb-2fed-4a97-8fc7-460640ffc2fe Vahid Dehnavi aut Xing Yang Mark (Mark) Liu Liu, Xing Yang aut AST ATS Ben Li Luan aut AST ATS David W. Shoesmith aut Sohrab Rohani aut text article eng Oxide coatings were produced on a 6061 aluminum alloy using a pulsed unipolar plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) process. The effect of electrical parameters including pulse frequency, duty cycle and current density on phase formation in the coatings was revealed using conventional and glancing angle X-ray diffraction. The results show that PEO coatings are mainly composed of γ-Al2O3. Depending on the electrical parameters employed, the coatings can also contain α-Al2O3 and mullite with varying concentrations. Higher current densities and higher duty cycle were found to favor the formation of mullite. Under the experimental conditions used, the ratio of the integrated XRD peaks for α- and γ-Al2O3 varied from 0 to about 0.6, indicating that the relative content of α-Al2O3 in the PEO coatings varied over a wide range. Longer pulse on-times and higher current densities promoted the gamma to alpha-alumina phase transformation. Depth profiling of PEO ceramic coatings using glancing angle XRD with different incident beam angles revealed that mullite was more concentrated in the top surface of the coatings. No significant variation in α-Al2O3 concentration across the coatings could be concluded in this study, unlike the results of some other studies. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes Plasma electrolytic oxidation; Phase transformation; Alpha alumina; Gamma alumina; Electrical parameters 2014-04-13 0257-8972 251 106 114 9 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2014.04.010 Automotive and Surface Transportation Automobile et transport de surface National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21272956 ec32c324-7ff2-4fb6-ade5-79324828c015 Jenny Rustmann Atwood Atwood, Jenny aut NSI ISN Warren Skidmore aut G. C. Anupama aut Ramya M. Anche aut Krishna Reddy aut Asoke Sen aut Modeling, Systems Engineering, and Project Management for Astronomy VI, 22 June 2014 through 24 June 2014, Montreal, QC text article eng The Thirty Meter Telescope (TMT) will be called upon to support a polarimetric observing capability. Many different observing programs covering a range of different science areas are being considered for the TMT and a model of the overall polarization characteristics is being developed. The instrument development program will provide a means for polarimetric instruments to be developed, however the telescope itself and the AO system must be able to support polarimetric instruments. As a first step to defining the necessary polarimetric technical requirements we have created an international working group to carry out a study in which technical and cost implications will be balanced with scientific impact; new requirements will be generated with supporting science cases. We present here initial results of the instrumental polarization sensitivity of TMT with NFIRAOS, the first-light adaptive optics system. yes yes Analytic equipment Optical telescopes Polarimeters Polarization Project management Systems engineering Telescopes First-light adaptive optics system Instrument development Instrumental polarization NFIRAOS Polarization characteristics Technical requirement Thirty Meter Telescope TMT Astronomy 2014-08-04 SPIE 0277-786X 9780819496188 9150 915013 10.1117/12.2056965 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada National Science Infrastructure Infrastructure scientifique nationale 21272953 ac227c3f-508f-4bb9-a112-ad9cb6463fcd Yulong Zou aut Xianbin Wang aut Weiming Shen aut CONST CONST Lajos Hanzo aut text article eng Physical-layer security is emerging as a promising paradigm of securing wireless communications against eavesdropping between legitimate users, when the main link spanning from a source to a destination has better propagation conditions than the wiretap link from a source to an eavesdropper. In this paper, we identify and analyze the tradeoffs between the security and reliability of wireless communications in the presence of eavesdropping attacks. Typically, the reliability of the main link can be improved by increasing the source's transmit power (or decreasing its date rate) to reduce the outage probability (OP), which unfortunately increases the risk that an eavesdropper succeeds in intercepting the source message through the wiretap link, since the OP of the wiretap link also decreases when a higher transmit power (or lower date rate) is used. We characterize the security-reliability tradeoffs (SRT) of conventional direct transmission from the source to the destination in the presence of an eavesdropper, where the security and reliability are quantified in terms of the intercept probability (IP) by an eavesdropper and the OP experienced at the destination, respectively. To improve the SRT, we then propose opportunistic relay selection (ORS) and quantify the attainable SRT improvement upon increasing the number of relays. It is shown that given the maximum tolerable IP, the OP of our ORS scheme approaches zero for N → ∞, where N is the number of relays. Conversely, given the maximum tolerable OP, the IP of our ORS scheme tends to zero for N → ∞. yes yes Cooperative communication Outages Reliability Security systems Wireless telecommunication systems Eavesdropping attacks Opportunistic relay selections Opportunistic relaying Outage probability Physical-layer securities Security and reliabilities Security-reliability tradeoff Wireless communications Network security 2014-07 IEEE 0018-9545 63 6 6675858 2653 2661 9 10.1109/TVT.2013.2292903 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Construction Construction National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 21272933 d70e5ea9-69b7-4f0d-a3a2-67ffb86093bf Hongyu Gao aut Alberto Otero de la Roza Otero-de-la-Roza, Alberto aut SDT TSR Samir M. Aouadi aut Ashlie Martini aut Erin Johnson Johnson, Erin R. aut text article eng 2014-07-11 The chemical properties of a surface determine the friction and wear behavior of a material during sliding. In this article, we study the mechanisms underlying the sliding behavior of the AgTaO3 perovskite material, a promising high-temperature solid lubricant that presents excellent friction properties and is chemically inert. In particular, by employing a combination of molecular dynamics simulations and density-functional theory calculations, we show that the low friction of AgTaO3 at high temperature is explained by silver aggregation on the surface, which is enabled by the low energy barriers associated with silver migration. Two different surface terminations (AgO and TaO2) are studied, and we show that the migration barrier on the AgO surface is smaller, favoring silver aggregation, which affects both friction and wear. Regardless of the termination, the formation of soft silver clusters dominates the sliding behavior when enough energy (mechanical or thermal) is imparted to the surface. This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes yes Friction Molecular dynamics Silver oxides Solid lubricants Wear of materials Density-functional theory calculations Friction and wear Friction and wear behaviors Friction properties Migration barriers Molecular dynamics simulations Surface termination Tribological properties Agglomeration 1932-7447 118 31 17577 17584 8 10.1021/jp503673k Security and Disruptive Technologies Technologies de sécurité et de rupture National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21272949 1bea3584-1d2b-4e62-95a2-b71f26c218eb Oliver Schalk aut SIMS ISSM Michael S Schuurman Schuurman, Michael S. aut SDT TSR Guorong Wu aut NRC CNRC Peter Lang aut Melanie Mucke aut Raimund Feifel aut Albert Stolow aut SDT TSR text article eng We investigate the competition between intersystem crossing (ISC) and internal conversion (IC) as nonradiative relaxation pathways in cyclic α,β-unsaturated enones following excitation to their lowest lying 1ππ* state, by means of time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy and ab initio computation. Upon excitation, the 1ππ* state of 2-cyclopentenone decays to the lowest lying 1nπ* state within 120 ± 20 fs. Within 1.2 ± 0.2 ps, the molecule subsequently decays to the triplet manifold and the singlet ground state, with quantum yields of 0.35 and 0.65, respectively. The corresponding dynamics in modified derivatives, obtained by selective methylation, show a decrease in both IC and ISC rates, with the quantum yields of ISC varying between 0.35 and 0.08. The rapid rates of ISC are explained by a large spin orbit coupling of 45-60 cm-1 over an extended region of near degeneracy between the singlet and triplet state. Furthermore, the rate of IC is depressed by the existence of a well-defined minimum on the 1nπ* potential energy surface. The nonadiabatic pathways evinced by the present results highlight the fact that these molecular systems conceptually represent "intermediate cases" between ultrafast dynamics mediated by vibrational motions at conical intersections versus those by statistical decay mechanisms. yes yes Alkylation Photoelectron spectroscopy Quantum chemistry Quantum yield Ab initio computations Conical intersection Inter-system crossings Internal conversions Non-radiative relaxation Singlet and triplet state Singlet ground state Time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy Quantum theory 2014-03-06 ACS Publications 1089-5639 118 12 2279 2287 9 10.1021/jp4124937 NRC Steacie Institute for Molecular Sciences Institut Steacie des sciences moléculaires du CNRC Security and Disruptive Technologies Technologies de sécurité et de rupture National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21272921 36f80283-c080-4d5b-b6d4-7f3021ca6cf9 Sean Tibbetts Tibbetts, Sean M. aut ACRD DCRA Joyce Milley Milley, Joyce E. aut ACRD DCRA Santosh Lall Lall, Santosh P. aut ACRD DCRA text article eng Proximate, amino acid and elemental composition, total phenolic content (TPC), and in vitro protein digestibility (IVPD) of microalgal biomass were determined. Microalgae contained low to moderate ash (5–17 %), moderate to high carbohydrate (18–46 %), crude protein (18–46 %), high crude lipid (12–48 %), and energy (19–27 MJ kg−1). Characteristic of microalgae, non-essential amino acids (AAs), aspartic and glutamic acids, were predominant (20–30 % of protein; 8–12 % of dry weight). Microalgae had favorable essential AA profiles with high essential amino acid (EAA) indices (0.9–1.2). Expressed as g EAA 100 g protein−1, Porphyridium aerugineum was rich in leucine (11.9), lysine (8.0), arginine (8.6), and tryptophan (3.3); Nannochloropsis granulata (A) in leucine (11.0), lysine (8.5), and tryptophan (2.8); Tetraselmis chuii and Botryococcus braunii in arginine (9.4 and 20.5, respectively); and Phaeodactylum tricornutum in lysine (6.4) and tryptophan (2.6). Mineral compositions (%) were calcium (0.1–3.0), magnesium (0.3–0.7), phosphorous (0.7–1.5), potassium (0.7–2.4), sodium (0.8–2.7), and sulfur (0.4–1.4), and trace element compositions (mg kg−1) were copper (18–102), iron (1,395–11,101), manganese (45–454), selenium (0–0.5), and zinc (28–64). Microalgae contained low TPC (6–13 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE) g−1 DW), except T. chuii (20 mg GAE g−1 DW). IVPD was high (>90 %) for B. braunii (A), P. aerugineum, and lipid-extracted N. granulata (B); mid-range (80–89 %) for P. tricornutum, N. granulata (A), B. braunii (B), Neochloris oleoabundans, T. chuii, and whole N. granulata (B); and lower (<80 %) for Acutodesmus dimorphus. Microalgal species P. tricornutum, B. braunii, N. granulata, and T. chuii had high protein (40–52 %), IVPD (82–97 %), and digestible protein (35–50 %), comparable to plant proteins used in animal feeds and aquaculture. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes article in press Microalgae; Composition; Amino acids; In vitro protein digestibility; Total phenolic content 2014 0921-8971 27 3 1109 1119 11 10.1007/s10811-014-0428-x Aquatic and Crop Resource Development Développement des cultures et des ressources aquatiques National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21272919 b8564d17-860a-4eb5-80c6-fd741c419b07 Elmira Memarzadeh Lotfabad aut SDT TSR Jia Ding aut SDT TSR Kai Cui aut SDT TSR Alireza Kohandehghan aut SDT TSR Willem Peter (Peter) Kalisvaart Kalisvaart, W. Peter aut SDT TSR Mike Hazelton Hazelton, Michael aut SDT TSR David Mitlin aut SDT TSR text article eng Banana peel pseudographite (BPPG) offers superb dual functionality for sodium ion battery (NIB) and lithium ion battery (LIB) anodes. The materials possess low surface areas (19-217 m2 g-1) and a relatively high electrode packing density (0.75 g cm-3 vs ∼1 g cm -3 for graphite). Tested against Na, BPPG delivers a gravimetric (and volumetric) capacity of 355 mAh g-1 (by active material ∼700 mAh cm-3, by electrode volume ∼270 mAh cm-3) after 10 cycles at 50 mA g-1. A nearly flat ∼200 mAh g-1 plateau that is below 0.1 V and a minimal charge/discharge voltage hysteresis make BPPG a direct electrochemical analogue to graphite but with Na. A charge capacity of 221 mAh g-1 at 500 mA g-1 is degraded by 7% after 600 cycles, while a capacity of 336 mAh g-1 at 100 mAg -1 is degraded by 11% after 300 cycles, in both cases with ∼100% cycling Coulombic efficiency. For LIB applications BPPG offers a gravimetric (volumetric) capacity of 1090 mAh g-1 (by material ∼2200 mAh cm-3, by electrode ∼900 mAh cm-3) at 50 mA g -1. The reason that BPPG works so well for both NIBs and LIBs is that it uniquely contains three essential features: (a) dilated intergraphene spacing for Na intercalation at low voltages; (b) highly accessible near-surface nanopores for Li metal filling at low voltages; and (c) substantial defect content in the graphene planes for Li adsorption at higher voltages. The <0.1 V charge storage mechanism is fundamentally different for Na versus for Li. A combination of XRD and XPS demonstrates highly reversible Na intercalation rather than metal underpotential deposition. By contrast, the same analysis proves the presence of metallic Li in the pores, with intercalation being much less pronounced. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes Carbon graphite graphene battery capacitor SIB NIB NAB 2014-06-04 1936-0851 8 7 7115 7129 15 10.1021/nn502045y Security and Disruptive Technologies Technologies de sécurité et de rupture National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21272920 ae47870c-af02-4d54-a9fe-27189ab0a0cf Piyush Kar aut Samira Farsinezhad aut Xiaojiang Zhang aut Karthik Shankar aut NINT INNT text article eng Copper sulfide semiconductors made from earth-abundant elements have an optical absorption edge at ca. 1.2 eV, nearly ideal for solar energy harvesting. We report the growth and formation mechanism of vertically oriented arrays of copper sulfide nanostructures formed by electrochemical anodization. Key parameters that affect the morphology and phase of the nanostructures are type and strength of electrolyte, anodization voltage and duration. Cu2S and CuS nanostructures were obtained on both copper foil and copper-coated flexible Kapton substrates, and depending on the anodization parameters, consisted of vertically oriented arrays of nanowalls, nanoleafs or rods with branched nanodendrites. The anodization parameters also controlled the phase and stoichiometry of the nanostructures. p-type conduction for Cu2S nanostructures and n-type conduction for CuS nanostructures were revealed by admittance spectroscopy and Mott Schottky analysis. We also observed a weak, but nevertheless promising and previously unnoticed, photocatalytic action in copper sulfide nanorod and platelet arrays for the sunlight-driven conversion of CO2 into CH4. Under irradiation by AM 1.5G simulated sunlight at room temperature, a CH4 production rate as high as 38 μmol m-2 h-1 was obtained using the copper sulfide nanostructure arrays as stand-alone photocatalysts for CO2 photoreduction. yes yes Nanowalls Photo-reduction 2014-09-29 Royal Society of Chemistry 2040-3364 6 23 14305 14318 14 10.1039/c4nr05371k National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) National Institute for Nanotechnology Institut national de nanotechnologie 21272917 ad1f4f67-8790-479c-a893-b304de76b524 Himabindu Kudapa aut Sarwar Azam aut Andrew (Andy) Sharpe Sharpe, Andrew G. aut ACRD DCRA Bunyamin Taran aut Rong Li aut ACRD DCRA Benjamin Deonovic aut Connor Cameron aut Andrew D. Farmer aut Steven B. Cannon aut Rajeev K. Varshney aut text article eng A comprehensive transcriptome assembly of chickpea has been developed using 134.95 million Illumina single-end reads, 7.12 million single-end FLX/454 reads and 139,214 Sanger expressed sequence tags (ESTs) from >17 genotypes. This hybrid transcriptome assembly, referred to as Cicer arietinum Transcriptome Assembly version 2 (CaTA v2, available at http://data.comparative-legumes.org/ transcriptomes/cicar/lista-cicar-201201), comprising 46,369 transcript assembly contigs (TACs) has an N50 length of 1,726 bp and a maximum contig size of 15,644 bp. Putative functions were determined for 32,869 (70.8%) of the TACs and gene ontology assignments were determined for 21,471 (46.3%). The new transcriptome assembly was compared with the previously available chickpea transcriptome assemblies as well as to the chickpea genome. Comparative analysis of CaTA v2 against transcriptomes of three legumes - Medicago, soybean and common bean, resulted in 27,771 TACs common to all three legumes indicating strong conservation of genes across legumes. CaTA v2 was also used for identification of simple sequence repeats (SSRs) and intron spanning regions (ISRs) for developing molecular markers. ISRs were identified by aligning TACs to the Medicago genome, and their putative mapping positions at chromosomal level were identified using transcript map of chickpea. Primer pairs were designed for 4,990 ISRs, each representing a single contig for which predicted positions are inferred and distributed across eight linkage groups. A subset of randomly selected ISRs representing all eight chickpea linkage groups were validated on five chickpea genotypes and showed 20% polymorphism with average polymorphic information content (PIC) of 0.27. In summary, the hybrid transcriptome assembly developed and novel markers identified can be used for a variety of applications such as gene discovery, marker-trait association, diversity analysis etc., to advance genetics research and breeding applications in chickpea and other related legumes. yes yes contig chickpea expressed sequence tag gene sequence genetic conservation genetic polymorphism genetic transcription genotype intron Medicago next generation sequencing Phaseolus vulgaris plant chromosome plant genome Sanger sequencing simple sequence repeat soybean species comparison Cicer Gene Expression Profiling Genes, Plant Genetic Linkage Genetic Markers High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing Microsatellite Repeats Molecular Sequence Annotation Plant Proteins Sequence Analysis, DNA Synteny transcriptome 2014-01-23 PLOS 1932-6203 9 1 e86039 10.1371/journal.pone.0086039 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Aquatic and Crop Resource Development Développement des cultures et des ressources aquatiques 21272918 6651f7cf-8278-4724-8472-9ac75fbf3b79 Li Li aut ICT TIC J A (George) Dobrowolski Dobrowolski, J. A. aut ICT TIC Michael Jacobson aut Catherine Cooksey aut text article eng A broadband transmission filter from 400 to 1100 nm was selected for the manufacturing problem contest. The purpose of the contest is to test the state of the art of current optical thin film manufacturing capabilities. A total of 37 people from 15 teams participated in the contest and submitted 17 samples. Diverse approaches were taken by participants to tackle the problem. A range of different solutions was obtained where the number of layers varied from 22 to 608, and the total layer thickness ranged from 1.859 to 23.099 μm. Two independent laboratories performed sample evaluation measurements. Three teams shared the best result with the lowest average measured merit function. yes yes Broadband transmission Optical interference coatings 2014-01-10 The Optical Society 1559-128X 53 4 A248 A258 10.1364/AO.53.00A248 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Information and Communication Technologies Technologies de l'information et des communications 21272922 1643cb6b-b7ef-43fd-84c4-2ecf1fab27bb J. Stuart Grossert aut NRC CNRC Lisandra Cubero Herrera aut NRC CNRC Louis Ramaley aut ACRD DCRA Jeremy Melanson Melanson, Jeremy E. aut MSS SME text article eng Analysis of triacylglycerols (TAGs), found as complex mixtures in living organisms, is typically accomplished using liquid chromatography, often coupled to mass spectrometry. TAGs, weak bases not protonated using electrospray ionization, are usually ionized by adduct formation with a cation, including those present in the solvent (e.g., Na+). There are relatively few reports on the binding of TAGs with cations or on the mechanisms by which cationized TAGs fragment. This work examines binding efficiencies, determined by mass spectrometry and computations, for the complexation of TAGs to a range of cations (Na+, Li+, K+, Ag+, NH 4 +). While most cations bind to oxygen, Ag+ binding to unsaturation in the acid side chains is significant. The importance of dimer formation, [2TAG + M]+ was demonstrated using several different types of mass spectrometers. From breakdown curves, it became apparent that two or three acid side chains must be attached to glycerol for strong cationization. Possible mechanisms for fragmentation of lithiated TAGs were modeled by computations on tripropionylglycerol. Viable pathways were found for losses of neutral acids and lithium salts of acids from different positions on the glycerol moiety. Novel lactone structures were proposed for the loss of a neutral acid from one position of the glycerol moiety. These were studied further using triple-stage mass spectrometry (MS3). These lactones can account for all the major product ions in the MS3 spectra in both this work and the literature, which should allow for new insights into the challenging analytical methods needed for naturally occurring TAGs. yes yes Binding efficiencies of cations to triacylglycerols; Breakdown curves; Lithiated triglycerides; MS/MS/MS product ions; Solvent-cation interactions in ESI 2014-05-28 Springer International Publishing 1044-0305 25 8 1421 1440 20 10.1007/s13361-014-0917-9 NRC-ACRD-56074 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Aquatic and Crop Resource Development Développement des cultures et des ressources aquatiques Measurement Science and Standards Science des mesures et étalons 21272923 f2b7c569-50ea-4cf9-9f6e-a83849b5aeb7 Maryam Dini aut Tahereh Mousavand aut Pierre J. Carreau aut Musa R. Kamal aut Minh-Tan Ton-That aut AUTO AUTO text article eng Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET)/Cloisite 30B (C30B) nanocomposites containing different concentrations of the organoclay were prepared using two different twin-screw extrusion processes: conventional melt mixing and water-assisted melt mixing. The reduction of the molecular weight of the PET matrix, caused by hydrolysis during the water-assisted extrusion, was compensated by subsequent solid-state polymerization (SSP). X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy analyses showed intercalated/exfoliated morphology in all PET/C30B nanocomposites, with a higher degree of intercalation and delamination for the water-assisted process. Rheological, thermal, mechanical, and gas barrier properties of the PET nanocomposites were also studied. Enhanced mechanical and barrier properties were obtained in PET-C30B nanocomposites compared to the neat PET. The nanocomposites exhibited higher tensile modulus and lower oxygen permeability after SSP. The elongation at break was significantly higher for SSP nanocomposites than for nanocomposites processed by conventional melt mixing. yes yes Extrusion Mixing Organoclay Polyethylene terephthalates Scanning electron microscopy Transmission electron microscopy X ray diffraction Elongation at break Gas barrier properties Mechanical and barriers Microstructure and properties Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) Solid state polymerization Transmission electron Twin screw extrusion Nanocomposites 2014-08 Wiley 0032-3888 54 8 1879 1892 14 10.1002/pen.23736 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) Automotive Automobile 21272926 fed594be-4ad3-41cd-959e-306d015ac63b Ahmad Chamanfar Chamanfar, A. aut Mohammad Jahazi Jahazi, M. aut Javad Gholipour Baradari Gholipour, J. aut AERO AERO Priti Wanjara Wanjara, P. aut AERO AERO Sheng Yue Yue, S. aut text article eng The evolution of the flow stress and microstructure for Waspaloy was studied in the 950-1140°C temperature range under constant true strain rate conditions of 0.001-1s-1 up to a true strain of 0.83 using isothermal hot compression testing. The impact of friction at the sample/anvil interface and adiabatic heating during deformation on the flow stress evolution was also examined. Mathematical models relating the flow stress to the deformation temperature and strain rate were derived using a power-law relationship. The strain rate sensitivity and the activation energy for hot deformation of Waspaloy were found to be considerably different for deformation in the subsolvus and supersolvus temperature ranges. According to the microstructural investigations, at 950°C dynamic recovery (DRV) was the main softening mechanism. By contrast, dynamic recrystallization (DRX), partial or complete, occurred at temperatures above 950°C and resulted in flow softening. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes Waspaloy Isothermal hot compressions Friction Adiabatic heating Flow stress Microstructure 2014-07-31 0921-5093 615 497 510 14 10.1016/j.msea.2014.07.093 Aerospace Aérospatiale National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21272934 817e8aa5-ae1b-4d22-b189-c3e4ceca0f91 P. Pourbeik aut James J (Jim) Beaudoin Beaudoin, J. J. aut CONST CONST R. Alizadeh aut Laila Raki Raki, L. aut CONST CONST text article eng Dynamic mechanical thermoanalysis (DMTA) was conducted on compacted specimens of calcium silicate hydrates (C-S-H), 1.4 nm tobermorite, jennite, and compacted hydrated Portland cement paste powders, as well as hardened cement paste. The synthetic silicates are key elements for compositional models of the hydrated calcium silicates present in cement paste. The study focuses on the nanostructural effects due to the removal of water from the 11 % RH condition. The DMTA results (E and tan versus temperature curves) in the 25-110 °C range mimicked those of DMA (E and tan versus mass loss curves) conducted at room temperature for C-S-H and cement paste. In addition, the DMTA curves for 1.4 nm tobermorite and jennite in the temperature range 110-300 °C were sensitive to phase changes including the transition of 1.4 nm tobermorite to 1.1 nm tobermorite and other forms, as well as the transition of jennite to metajennite. The DMTA curves of a 50/50 mixture of 1.4 nm tobermorite and jennite exhibit similarities and differences to that of hydrated cement paste that are influenced by porosity and the amorphous nature of C-S-H in the cement paste. The study provides useful data for evaluating Taylor's concept of a possible tobermorite-jennite model for the C-S-H present in hydrated cement paste. yes yes C-S-H Cement paste Dynamic mechanical Jennite Tobermorite 2014-10 Springer International Publishing 1388-6150 118 1 1 14 14 10.1007/s10973-014-3954-5 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) Construction Construction 21272929 e3637a88-6f7b-4cea-9aa3-ac6da7b362db Jianshe Wang aut Ranran Shi aut Xun Guo aut Jingyu Xi aut Jianhong Zhao aut Chengying Song aut Liucheng Wang aut Jiujun (JJ) Zhang Zhang, Jiujun aut EME EME text article eng Several Pt-on-Au/SnO2-CNTs catalysts with different Pt loadings are synthesized through site-selective electrodeposition for catalytic methanol oxidation reaction (MOR) in alkaline media. The catalysts are tested to exhibit extremely high Pt mass activity towards MOR, and the catalytic mechanism is proposed based on the synergetic effect between Pt and Au, in which the Pt entities provide Pt-OH for oxidation of alkoxide (CH3O-) while the Au surfaces provide adsorption sites for alkoxide. It is expected that this mechanism could be extended to developing high performance non-Pt catalysts for MOR in alkaline media. yes yes Adsorption site Catalytic mechanisms Methanol Oxidation Methanol oxidation reactions Site selective Synergetic effect Synergism Synergistic interaction Catalysts Electrodeposition Excitons Methanol Platinum 2014-03-20 Elsevier 0013-4686 123 309 316 8 10.1016/j.electacta.2014.01.044 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Energy, Mining and Environment Énergie, mines et environnement 21272894 6ca83bb5-3e4c-417e-8a59-1092d3f099da Chenjie Hou aut Marianna Kulka aut NINT INNT Junzeng Zhang aut ACRD DCRA Yiming Li aut Fujiang Guo aut text article eng As important members of the terpenes family, sesquiterpenes represent a group of natural compounds with diverse skeletal types. Among them, the eremophilane-type sesquiterpenes, widely present in several genera (such as Ligularia, Senecio, Cacalia) of Asteraceae, account for a small number of natural compounds and form differently from other sesquiterpenes because they challenged the isoprene rule of biosynthesis. Due to the unique structural features and various functional groups, these compounds possess a number of biological activities such as anti-tumor, anti-bacterial and anti-inflammatory, having received increasing interest in the recent years. This review summarizes the occurrence of eremophilane-type sesquiterpenes and research progresses on their biological activities since the 1990s. yes yes anti-tumor anti-microbial anti-inflammatory anti-allergy eremophilane-type sesquiterpenes 2014 Bentham Science Publishers 1389-5575 14 8 664 677 14 10.2174/1389557514666140820105422 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada National Institute for Nanotechnology Institut national de nanotechnologie Aquatic and Crop Resource Development Développement des cultures et des ressources aquatiques 21272896 ad4a0b78-e41e-4a26-a341-be232dd7b40b Benjamin Thomas (Ben) Perry Perry, Benjamin aut ACRD DCRA Junzeng Zhang aut ACRD DCRA Tarek Saleh aut Yanwen Wang aut ACRD DCRA text article eng Objective To investigate the anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative stress, and adipokine-ameliorating effects of Liuwei Dihuang (LWDH), a traditional Chinese herbal formula, in obese rats. Methods After 2 weeks of acclimation with free access to regular rodent chow and water, obese-prone-caesarean-derived (OP-CD) rats were fed a modified AIN-93G diet containing 60% energy from fat. Treatment was performed twice daily by gavage feeding with 500, 1 500, or 3 500 mg/kg body weight LWDH suspended in water (n=12 rats per group). Twelve obese-resistant-CD (OR-CD) rats were fed the atherogenic diet and gavaged with water, and served as the normal control. Blood biomarkers of inflammation, oxidative stress and adiponectin were measured post-sacrifice and used to determine the treatment effect of LWDH and assess the suitability of OR/OP-CD rats for studying these parameters. Results After 9 weeks of treatment, LWDH lowered serum C-reactive protein (CRP) and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels. Serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels showed a tendency towards reduction, but were not significantly different from the OP-CD control. Liver superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was increased in response to all three doses of LWDH, while the levels of reduced (GSH) and oxidized glutathione (GSSG) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) were unchanged. Serum adiponectin levels were increased in response to oral administration of LWDH at the dose of either 500 or 1 500 mg/kg body weight. In addition, comparisons between OR-CD and OP-CD rats revealed differential, and for some biomarkers, conflicting characteristics of high-fat diet-fed OP-CD rats in reference to obese human subjects in terms of inflammatory and oxidative stress biomarkers and circulating adiponectin levels. Conclusion The results show, for the first time, the anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative stress and adiponectin-ameliorating effects of LWDH in obese rats. The suitability of the OR/OP-CD rat model as a research tool to study inflammation, oxidative stress, and adipokine production requires further investigation. yes yes adiponectin; durgs, Chinese herbal; inflammation; Liuwei Dihuang; obesity; oxidative stress; rats 2014-10-27 Elsevier 2095-4964 12 5 447 454 8 10.1016/S2095-4964(14)60044-3 NRC-ACRD-56063 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Aquatic and Crop Resource Development Développement des cultures et des ressources aquatiques 21272898 78fee213-e1f2-4e02-9e23-7ce99427714a Kwanghsi Wang aut Vincent McKoy aut Paul Hockett aut SDT TSR Michael S Schuurman Schuurman, Michael S. aut SDT TSR text article eng We report results of the application of a fully ab initio approach for simulating time-resolved molecular-frame photoelectron angular distributions around conical intersections in CS2. The technique employs wave packet densities obtained with the multiple spawning method in conjunction with geometry- and energy-dependent photoionization matrix elements. The robust agreement of these results with measured molecular-frame photoelectron angular distributions for CS2 demonstrates that this technique can successfully elucidate, and disentangle, the underlying nuclear and photoionization dynamics around conical intersections in polyatomic molecules. yes yes Photoionization Ab initio approach Conical intersection Energy dependent Matrix elements Photoelectron angular distributions Photoelectron spectrum Photoionization dynamics Polyatomic molecules Photoelectrons 2014-03-24 American Physical Society 0031-9007 112 11 113007 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Security and Disruptive Technologies Technologies de sécurité et de rupture 21272899 1ce9da72-5ac4-43ea-9b41-dc50a3ce6a9b S. Abbasi aut Abdessalem (Salim) Derdouri Derdouri, A. aut AST ATS P. J. Carreau aut text article eng We investigated the electrical conductivity and percolation behavior of binary and ternary nanocomposites based on multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNs) using polypropylene (PP) and a blend of PP with cyclic butylene terephthalate (CBT). The nanocomposites were prepared by diluting a commercial 20 %wtMWCNT PP masterbatch using optimized melt-mixing conditions. The concentration of carbon nanotubes in the diluted PP samples was as low as 0.5% and as high as 15 % in weight. For the PP/CBT blend CBT concentration was varied up to 40 %wt while the loading of CNT was from 0 to 5 %wt. SEM and TEM techniques were used to examine the quality of the dispersion and the formation of nanotube networks within the polymer matrix. TEM and Raman spectroscopy results showed that for the diluted PP/MWCNT composites the nanotubes are well aligned in samples obtained the microinjection molding process, although the level of alignment is less with crystalline PP than in an amorphous matrix such as polycarbonate (PC). FTIR and XRD results revealed that the orientation of both polymer chains and crystals decreased with the incorporation of nanotubes into PP. The electrical conductivity was also significantly altered by the nanotube alignment in a PP matrix, as was previously observed for PC/MWCNT composites; the conductivity decreased and the percolation threshold rose in highly sheared samples; however, the presence of a crystalline phase improved the conductivity even for high shear conditions through the phenomenon of double percolation threshold. This last concept refers to the requirement that the filler-rich phase be continuous and conductive and not to the existence of two percolation thresholds at two different CNT concentrations. The electrical conductivity of PP/CBT blends was also improved through a double percolation that is the basic requirement for the conductivity of the ternary nanocomposites. yes yes Amorphous matrices Conductive networks Cyclic butylene terephthalates Electrical conductivity Micro-injection molding Percolation behavior Percolation thresholds Ternary nanocomposites Crystal orientation Crystalline materials Electric conductivity of solids Multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCN) Nanocomposites Percolation (computer storage) Percolation (fluids) Polypropylenes 2014-03 Carl Hanser Verlag 0930-777X 29 1 13 27 15 10.3139/217.2778 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Automotive and Surface Transportation Automobile et transport de surface 21272902 eb71edbe-11c9-4bb7-87aa-5328e9da1167 R. Carranza aut S. Campos aut A. Castruita aut T. Nelson aut A. Ribeiro aut Eddy So So, E. aut MSS SME L. Di Lillo aut A. Spaggiari aut D. Slomovitz aut Daniel Izquierdo aut Carlos Faverio aut H. Postigo aut H. Sanchez aut J. Gonzalez aut G. Porras aut 29th Conference on Precision Electromagnetic Measurements, CPEM 2014, 24 August 2014 through 29 August 2014 text article eng From years 2010 to 2012, a key comparison of power standards at 50/60 Hz was conducted in the SIM region. The comparison included measurements of active and reactive power at three frequencies, aiming at providing support to high accuracy measurement needs of reactive power. This paper presents the results of the SIM.EM-K5 comparison and the assessment of the link between this comparison and the CCEM-K5 key comparison on 50/60 Hz power completed in 2001. yes yes Key comparison Measurement standards Regression fitting Reproducibilities Uncertainty 2014 IEEE 0589-1485 9781479952052 6898379 302 303 2 0589-1485 10.1109/CPEM.2014.6898379 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Measurement Science and Standards Science des mesures et étalons 21272903 9e797a99-7217-4e72-acb1-2ebd34c8ea88 Anthony Lombardi aut Comondore Ravindran aut Dimitry G Sediako Sediako, Dmitry aut SDT TSR Robert Mackay aut text article eng In recent years, stringent government legislation on vehicle fuel efficiency has pushed the automotive industry to replace steel and cast iron power train components with light weight Al alloys. However, unlike their ferrous-based equivalents, Al-Si alloy engine blocks are prone to permanent dimensional distortion in critical locations such as the cylinder bore regions. Understanding the mechanisms that cause distortion will promote the use of Al alloys over ferrous alloys for power train applications and enable automotive manufacturers to meet emission standards and reduce fuel consumption. In this study, neutron diffraction was used to evaluate residual stress along the Al cylinder bridge and the gray cast iron liners of distorted and undistorted engine blocks. Microstructural analysis was carried out using OM, SEM, and TEM, while mechanical testing was accomplished via ambient and elevated temperature [~453 K (180 °C)] tensile testing. The results suggest that the distorted engine block had high tensile residual stress in the Al cylinder bridge, reaching a maximum of 170 MPa in the hoop direction, which triggered permanent dimensional distortion in the cylinders when exposed to service conditions. In addition, the middle of the cylinder had the highest magnitude of distortion since this region had a combination of high tensile residual stress (hoop stress of 150 MPa) and reduced strength compared with the bottom of the cylinder. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes article in press Aluminum engines Gray irons 2014-09-30 1073-5623 45 13 6291 6303 13 10.1007/s11661-014-2580-y Security and Disruptive Technologies Technologies de sécurité et de rupture National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21272905 f6532c42-99ad-4aee-a46b-c83c2d5a2772 Evgueni Bordatchev aut AST ATS Mohammed Tauhiduzzaman aut AST ATS Rajat Dey aut IMI IMI text article eng The solar energy industry strives to produce more efficient and yet cost effective solar panels each consisting of an array of photovoltaic (PV) cells. The goal of this study was to enhance the performance of PV cells through increasing the cells' optical efficiency defined as a percentage of surface incident light that reaches the PV material. This was achieved through the reduction of waveguide decoupling loss and Fresnel reflection losses by integrating specific nonimaging micro-optical structures on the top surface of existing PV cells. Due to this integration, optical efficiency and performance were increased through the enhancement of light trapping, light guiding, and in-coupling functionalities. Periodic triangular gratings (PTGs) were designed, nonsequentially modeled, optimized, and fabricated in polydimethylsiloxane as proposed micro-optical structures. Then the performance of PV cells with and without integrated PTGs was evaluated and compared. Initial optical simulation results show that an original PV cell (without PTG) exhibits an average optical efficiency of 32.7% over a range of incident light angles between 15 and 90 deg. Integration of the PTG allows the capture of incoming sunlight by total internal reflection (TIR), whence it is reflected back onto the PV cell for multiple consecutive chances for absorption and PV conversion. Geometry of the PTG was optimized with respect to an angle of light incidence of {15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90} deg. Optical efficiency of the geometrically optimized PTGs was then analyzed under the same set of incident light angles and a maximum optical efficiency of 54.1% was observed for a PV cell with integrated PTG optimized at 90 deg. This is a 53.3% relative improvement in optical performance when compared to an original PV cell. Functional PTG prototypes were then fabricated with optical surface quality (below 10 nm Ra) and integrated with PV cells demonstrating an increase in maximum power by 1.08 mW/cm2 (7.6% improvement in PV performance) and in short circuit current by 2.39 mA/cm 2 (6.4% improvement). yes yes Cells Cytology Efficiency Micromachining Optimization Periodic structures Photoelectrochemical cells Refractive index Silicones Solar energy Micro-optical structure Optical efficiency Optical modeling Photovoltaic cell performance Photovoltaic performance Solar energy industries Total internal reflections Triangular gratings Photovoltaic cells 2014-04-02 SPIE 1947-7988 4 1 44599 10.1117/1.JPE.4.044599 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Automotive and Surface Transportation Automobile et transport de surface NRC Industrial Materials Institute Institut des matériaux industriels du CNRC 21272911 3a0be4d9-4086-418a-a881-886479fa2652 Victor Chabot aut Drew Higgins aut Aiping Yu aut Xingcheng Xiao aut Zhongwei Chen aut Jiujun (JJ) Zhang Zhang, Jiujun aut EME EME text article eng This paper gives a comprehensive review about the most recent progress in synthesis, characterization, fundamental understanding, and the performance of graphene and graphene oxide sponges. Practical applications are considered including use in composite materials, as the electrode materials for electrochemical sensors, as absorbers for both gases and liquids, and as electrode materials for devices involved in electrochemical energy storage and conversion. Several advantages of both graphene and graphene oxide sponges such as three dimensional graphene networks, high surface area, high electro/thermo conductivities, high chemical/electrochemical stability, high flexibility and elasticity, and extremely high surface hydrophobicity are emphasized. To facilitate further research and development, the technical challenges are discussed, and several future research directions are also suggested in this paper. yes yes Elasticity Electrochemical energy storage Energy and the environment Future research directions Material synthesis Research and development Surface hydrophobicity Technical challenges Three-dimensional graphene Graphene carbon composite electrical power electrode hydrophobicity oxide sensor storage structure technological development 2014-02-11 Royal Society of Chemistry 1754-5692 7 5 1564 1596 33 10.1039/c3ee43385d National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Energy, Mining and Environment Énergie, mines et environnement 21272914 49291b64-1742-4b8d-a2bd-71250730c802 Jin Li aut Enbo Shangguan aut Dan Guo aut Meng Tian aut Yanbin Wang aut Quanmin Li aut Zhaorong Chang aut Xiao-Zi (Riny) Yuan Yuan, Xiao-Zi aut EME EME Haijiang Wang Wang, Haijing aut EME EME text article eng Positive electrode active materials, Al-substituted α-Ni(OH) 2, with a high tap-density and high performance for alkaline nickel-based rechargeable batteries have successfully been synthesized using a polyacrylamide (PAM) assisted two-step drying method and subsequent hydrothermal treatment at 140 °C for 2 h. X-ray diffraction (XRD), infrared spectroscopy (IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), laser particle size analysis, tap-density measurement, cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and charge-discharge test are used to characterize the physical and electrochemical properties of the synthesized material. The tap-density of the resulting powders reaches 1.84 g cm-3, which is significantly higher than that of α-Ni(OH)2 powders obtained by the conventional co-precipitation (CCP) and hydrothermal (HT) methods. Compared with commercial spherical β-Ni(OH)2, the resulting sample is electrochemically more active, providing discharge capacities of 315.0 and 255.2 mAh g-1, and volume capacities of 579.6 and 469.6 mAh cm -3 at rates of 0.2 C and 5 C, respectively. It is also found that although the hydrothermal treatment has a slight negative effect on the tap-density, it can improve the crystallinity of α-Ni(OH)2 and promote the anion exchange of NO3 - by OH-, resulting in a much better electrochemical performance. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes α-Nickel hydroxide High tap-density Nickel-based rechargeable batteries Cathode materials 2014-07-23 0378-7753 270 121 130 10 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2014.07.098 Energy, Mining and Environment Énergie, mines et environnement National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21272915 ee4af9c5-2198-44d9-9744-76f76862ebf7 Adrian Shaun Culf Culf, Adrian S. aut Miroslava Cuperlovic-Culf Čuperlović-Culf, Miroslava aut ICT TIC Daniel A. Léger aut Andreas Decken aut text article eng A convenient and efficient methodology for the head-to-tail macrocyclization of small 3-mer, 4-mer, and 5-mer α-peptoid acids (9-, 12-, and 15-atom N-substituted glycine oligomers) is described. The cyclic trimer has a ccc amide sequence in the crystal structure, whereas the tetramer has ctct and the pentamer has ttccc stereochemistry. NMR analysis reveals rigid structures in solution. These synthetic macrocycles may prove useful in medicinal and materials applications. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes glycine peptoid article chemical structure chemistry conformation nuclear magnetic resonance protein folding protein secondary structure stereoisomerism synthesis X ray crystallography Crystallography, X-Ray Glycine Models, Molecular Molecular Conformation Molecular Structure Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Biomolecular Peptoids Protein Folding Protein Structure, Secondary Stereoisomerism 2014-05-05 1523-7060 16 10 2780 2783 4 10.1021/ol501102b Information and Communication Technologies Technologies de l'information et des communications National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21272916 ccd5d298-55f4-45a3-a97e-b10454a3e1c9 J. P. Marshall aut F. Kirchschlager aut S. Ertel aut J. -C. Augereau aut G. M. Kennedy aut M. Booth aut S. Wolf aut B. Montesinos aut C. Eiroa aut Brenda Matthews Matthews, B. aut NSI ISN text article eng Context. Cool debris discs are a relic of the planetesimal formation process around their host star, analogous to the solar system's Edgeworth-Kuiper belt. As such, they can be used as a proxy to probe the origin and formation of planetary systems like our own. Aims. The Herschel open time key programmes "DUst around NEarby Stars" (DUNES) and "Disc Emission via a Bias-free Reconnaissance in the Infrared/Submillimetre" (DEBRIS) observed many nearby, sun-like stars at far-infrared wavelengths seeking to detect and characterize the emission from their circumstellar dust. Excess emission attributable to the presence of dust was identified from around ~20% of stars. Herschel's high angular resolution (~7′′ FWHM at 100 μm) provided the capacity for resolving debris belts around nearby stars with radial extents comparable to the solar system (50-100 au). Methods. As part of the DUNES and DEBRIS surveys, we obtained observations of three debris disc stars, HIP 22263 (HD 30495), HIP 62207 (HD 110897), and HIP 72848 (HD 131511), at far-infrared wavelengths with the Herschel PACS instrument. Combining these new images and photometry with ancilliary data from the literature, we undertook simultaneous multi-wavelength modelling of the discs' radial profiles and spectral energy distributions using three different methodologies: single annulus, modified black body, and a radiative transfer code. Results. We present the first far-infrared spatially resolved images of these discs and new single-component debris disc models. We characterize the capacity of the models to reproduce the disc parameters based on marginally resolved emission through analysis of two sets of simulated systems (based on the HIP 22263 and HIP 62207 data) with the noise levels typical of the Herschel images. We find that the input parameter values are recovered well at noise levels attained in the observations presented here. yes yes Circumstellar matters Debris discs Host-stars Infrared: star Stars: individual 2014-10 EDP Sciences 0004-6361 570 A114 10.1051/0004-6361/201424517 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada National Science Infrastructure Infrastructure scientifique nationale 21272910 5bc1585e-9fdf-479c-bd4e-58a5843f444f Danica B Stanimirovic Stanimirovic, Danica aut HHT TSH Kristin Kemmerich Kemmerich, Kristen aut HHT TSH Arsalan Haqqani Haqqani, Arslan S. aut HHT TSH Graham K. Farrington aut text chapter eng The development and approval of antibody-based therapeutics have progressed rapidly over the past decade. However, poor blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability hinders the progress of antibody therapies for conditions in which the target is located in the central nervous system (CNS). Increased brain penetration of therapeutic antibodies can be achieved by engineering bispecific antibodies in which one antibody binding specificity recognizes a BBB receptor that undergoes receptor-mediated transcytosis (RMT) from the circulatory compartment into brain parenchyma, and the second binding specificity recognizes a therapeutic target within the CNS. These bispecific antibodies can be built using various antibody fragments as "building blocks," including monomeric single-domain antibodies, the smallest antigen-binding fragments of immunoglobulins. The development of BBB-crossing bispecific antibodies requires targeted antibody engineering to optimize multiple characteristics of "BBB carrier" and therapeutic arms, as well as other antibody properties impacting pharmacokinetics and effector function. Whereas several BBB-crossing bispecific antibodies have been developed using transferrin receptor antibodies as BBB carriers, the principal obstacle for capitalizing on the future promise of CNS-active antibodies remains the scarcity of known, characterized RMT receptors which could be exploited for the development of BBB carriers. This chapter reviews the recent advances and guiding principles for designing, engineering, and evaluating BBB-crossing bispecific antibodies and discusses approaches to identify and characterize novel BBB-crossing antibodies and RMT receptors. yes yes Bispecific antibodies; Single-domain antibodies; Receptor-mediated transcytosis; Blood–brain barrier 2014-08-23 Elsevier 9780128003381 0128003383 301 335 35 Volume 71 1054-3589 NRC-HHT-53245 10.1016/bs.apha.2014.06.005 Human Health Therapeutics Thérapeutiques en santé humaine National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21272912 0bf1a895-4b29-408c-877b-f87734062da1 B. Fofana aut D. Main aut K. Ghose aut M. Grimmett aut R. D. Peters aut R. A. Martin aut Zoltan Mester Mester, Z. aut MSS SME Lu Yang Yang, L. aut MSS SME Steven J Locke Locke, S. aut ACRD DCRA M. Sweeney aut text article eng Crop biofortification with Se is widely accepted. However, little is known about the efficiency of selenomethionine (Se-Met) incorporation into the seed and tuber protein fraction of crops. Here, we report on the efficiency of Se incorporation into the seed and tuber protein fraction of soybean, flax, and potato and the putative identity of some of the proteins that are likely targets for this random pretranslation modification. Soybean, flax, and potato plants received Se using different sodium selenate application methods and rates, and Se-Met was determined in seed, tuber, and their protein fractions. Selenium content in seed and tuber tissues and in protein fractions was increased by 2 to 86 times. The methionine (Met) pool was increased, as was the proportion of Se-Met in the Met pool, but the ratio of Se-Met:total Met was well conserved (1:1) between the treated and nontreated plants. After two-dimensional (2D) protein electrophoresis, five protein spots were identified as glycinin, trypsin inhibitor (soybean), patatin-3-Kuras-1, patain-B2, and phosphoenol carboxy kinase (potato), none of which showed S to Se substitution in their primary structure. Linking Se and three stress markers in fresh tuber extracts, glutathione (GSH) level, glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and glutathione reductase (GR) activities were increased by 20 to 35%. The data showed low protein modification in these non-Se-accumulator crops and indicated that rates of 5 to 10 g ha-1 Se, through foliar application, may ensure not only an adequate daily intake levels for humans but may also activate antioxidant enzyme systems within the tuber tissue. yes yes 2014-06-30 ACSESS 0011-183X 54 5 2251 2261 11 10.2135/cropsci2013.10.0711 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Measurement Science and Standards Science des mesures et étalons Aquatic and Crop Resource Development Développement des cultures et des ressources aquatiques 21272913 b1d56079-5060-4789-8545-ee9e276f9519 Islam Y. Elnasharty aut François Doucet Doucet, François R. aut EME EME Jean-François Gravel Gravel, Jean-Francois Y. aut EME EME Paul Bouchard aut EME EME Mohamad Sabsabi aut EME EME text article eng The present study investigates the collinear double-pulse LIBS (DP-LIBS) configuration using microjoule nanosecond pulses. It is shown that this approach can achieve typical double pulse improvement in the analytical performances for elemental analysis of aluminium alloys. In addition, the effect of the chronological sequence of the short and long nanosecond pulses in the collinear DP-LIBS experiment was also studied. The results show a significant increase of the intensity and repeatability of the emission signals in the double pulse configuration. Standard DP-LIBS signal improvement over the signal-to-noise ratio and the signal-to-background ratio for the analytical lines of different elements has been observed in comparison to single pulse LIBS of equal energy. Limits of detection in the low μg g-1 range have been obtained for the different elements studied. The improvement resulting from the use of DP-LIBS was about 2-4 fold when compared to SP-LIBS in all cases. These results are useful in the context of studies investigating how the μLIBS will assist in the development of portable LIBS systems and improve the utility of this spectroscopy technique for field applications. Finally, the plasma temperature is found to be approximately less than 15% higher with the double-pulse. yes yes Spectrometry Analytical performance Chronological sequences Double-pulse LIBS Field application Limits of detection Nanosecond pulse Plasma temperature Signal-to-background ratio Measurements 2014-06-20 Royal Society of Chemistry 0267-9477 29 9 1660 1666 7 10.1039/c4ja00099d National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) Energy, Mining and Environment Énergie, mines et environnement 21272883 d62eed44-b5f7-45b9-911a-35e309494d86 Andrew (Andy) Sharpe Sharpe, Andrew aut ACRD DCRA Darrin Klassen aut ACRD DCRA International Wheat Genome Sequencing Consortium aut text article eng An ordered draft sequence of the 17-gigabase hexaploid bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) genome has been produced by sequencing isolated chromosome arms. We have annotated 124,201 gene loci distributed nearly evenly across the homeologous chromosomes and subgenomes. Comparative gene analysis of wheat subgenomes and extant diploid and tetraploid wheat relatives showed that high sequence similarity and structural conservation are retained, with limited gene loss, after polyploidization. However, across the genomes there was evidence of dynamic gene gain, loss, and duplication since the divergence of the wheat lineages. A high degree of transcriptional autonomy and no global dominance was found for the subgenomes. These insights into the genome biology of a polyploid crop provide a springboard for faster gene isolation, rapid genetic marker development, and precise breeding to meet the needs of increasing food demand worldwide. yes yes chromosome gene expression genetic marker genome polyploidy wheat diploidy gene duplication gene locus gene loss gene sequence genetic conservation plant chromosome plant genome polyploidy sequence homology tetraploidy Triticum aestivum 2014-07-18 0036-8075 345 6194 1251788 10.1126/science.1251788 NRC-ACRD-56011 Aquatic and Crop Resource Development Développement des cultures et des ressources aquatiques National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21272884 1b1bdc02-3b35-4804-8cf8-69093ac64bed L. Fossati aut T. R. Ayres aut C. A. Haswell aut J. S. Jenkins aut D. Bisikalo aut David A Bohlender Bohlender, D. aut NSI ISN L. Flöer aut O. Kochukhov aut text article eng Near-UV (NUV) Hubble Space Telescope (HST) observations of the extreme hot-Jupiter WASP-12b revealed the presence of diffuse exospheric gas extending beyond the planet’s Roche lobe. Furthermore the NUV observations showed a complete lack of the normally bright core emission of the Mg ii h&k resonance lines, in agreement with the measured anomalously low stellar activity index (logR′HK). Comparisons with other distant and inactive stars, and the analysis of radio and optical measurements of the intervening interstellar medium (ISM), led us to the conclusion that the system is surrounded by a circumstellar gas cloud, likely formed of material lost by the planet. Similar anomalous logR′HK index deficiencies might therefore signal the presence of translucent circumstellar gas around other stars hosting evaporating planets; we identified five such systems and WASP-18 is one of them. Both radio and optical observations of the region surrounding WASP-18 point towards a negligible ISM absorption along the WASP-18 line of sight. Excluding the unlikely possibility of an intrinsic anomalously low stellar activity, we conclude that the system is probably surrounded by a circumstellar gas cloud, presumably formed of material lost by the planet. Nevertheless only a far-UV spectrum of the star would provide a definite answer. Theoretical modelling suggests WASP-18b undergoes negligible mass loss, in contrast to the probable presence of a circumstellar gas cloud formed of material lost by the planet. The solution might be the presence either of an extra energy source driving mass loss (e.g., the reconnection of the stellar and planetary magnetic fields inside the planet atmosphere) or of an evaporating third body (e.g., moon). yes yes 2014-11 Springer International Publishing 0004-640X 354 1 21 28 8 10.1007/s10509-014-2016-6 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada National Science Infrastructure Infrastructure scientifique nationale 21272887 7c477c11-2c05-469d-a07c-3fed15fa4f7c Wei Hu aut Mingyao Zhang aut Minh-Tan Ton-That aut NRC CNRC Tri-Dung Ngo Ngo, Tri-dung aut AST ATS text article eng In this study, flax shive (FS) and extracted flax shive (EFS) were fully characterized. The results showed that EFS presented lower noncellulose content, smaller porous tunnels and better thermal stability than FS. The 5 % weight loss temperature of EFS was over 200 °C, which can meet the requirements of the processing conditions for the natural fiber reinforced polymer composites. Consequently, the flax shive and extracted flax shive reinforced PP composites were prepared and characterized. It was found that the thermal stability of EFS/PP composites was better than that of FS/PP composites, and both FS and EFS behaved as nucleation agents, which could accelerate the crystallization process of PP in the composites. Mechanical test showed that EFS could be used as a reinforcing material for PP composite when compatibilizer was applied. The flexural strength and modulus of the composites containing 30 % EFS were about 8 % and 100 % higher than that of pure polypropylene, respectively. yes yes 2014-08 Springer International Publishing 1229-9197 15 8 1722 1728 7 10.1007/s12221-014-1722-6 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Automotive and Surface Transportation Automobile et transport de surface 21272888 f3d99617-e968-4bf4-b148-885f82bfb984 Ronny Shalev aut Madhusudhana Gargesha aut David Prabhu aut Kentaro Tanaka aut Andrew M. Rollins aut Marco Costa aut Hiram G. Bezerra aut Guy Lamouche aut EME EME David L. Wilson aut Medical Imaging 2014: Image Perception, Observer Performance, and Technology Assessment, 16 February 2014 through 17 February 2014, San Diego, CA text article eng In this paper we present a new process for assessing optical properties of tissues from 3D pullbacks, the standard clinical acquisition method for iOCT data. Our method analyzes a volume of interest (VOI) consisting of about 100 A-lines spread across the angle of rotation (θ) and along the artery, z. The new 3D method uses catheter correction, baseline removal, speckle noise reduction, alignment of A-line sequences, and robust estimation. We compare results to those from a more standard, gold standard stationary acquisition where many image frames are averaged to reduce noise. To do these studies in a controlled fashion, we use a realistic optical artery phantom containing of multiple tissue types. Precision and accuracy for 3D pullback analysis are reported. Our results indicate that when implementing the process on a stationary acquisition dataset, the uncertainty improves at each stage while the uncertainty is reduced. When comparing stationary acquisition dataset to pullback dataset, the values were as follows: calcium: 3.8±1.09mm -1 in stationary and 3.9±1.2 mm-1 in a pullback; lipid: 11.025±0.417 mm-1 in stationary and 11.27±0.25 mm-1 in pullback; fibrous: 6.08±1.337 mm-1 in stationary and 5.58±2.0 mm-1. These results indicates that the process presented in this paper introduce minimal bias and only a small change in uncertainty when comparing a stationary and pullback dataset, thus paves the way to a highly accurate clinical plaque type discrimination, enabling automatic classification. yes yes Medical imaging Noise abatement Optical properties Optical tomography Tissue Automatic classification Intravascular imaging IOCT OCT Optical parameter Parameter estimation method Speckle noise reduction Volume of interest Tissue engineering 2014 SPIE 1605-7422 9780819498304 9037 90371D 10.1117/12.2043654 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Energy, Mining and Environment Énergie, mines et environnement 21272891 26278b9d-35ab-473d-8558-9daff23bec65 Yunli Wang aut ICT TIC Youlian Pan aut ICT TIC text article eng Background: Simple clustering methods such as hierarchical clustering and k-means are widely used for gene expression data analysis; but they are unable to deal with noise and high dimensionality associated with the microarray gene expression data. Consensus clustering appears to improve the robustness and quality of clustering results. Incorporating prior knowledge in clustering process (semi-supervised clustering) has been shown to improve the consistency between the data partitioning and domain knowledge. Methods. We proposed semi-supervised consensus clustering (SSCC) to integrate the consensus clustering with semi-supervised clustering for analyzing gene expression data. We investigated the roles of consensus clustering and prior knowledge in improving the quality of clustering. SSCC was compared with one semi-supervised clustering algorithm, one consensus clustering algorithm, and k-means. Experiments on eight gene expression datasets were performed using h-fold cross-validation. Results: Using prior knowledge improved the clustering quality by reducing the impact of noise and high dimensionality in microarray data. Integration of consensus clustering with semi-supervised clustering improved performance as compared to using consensus clustering or semi-supervised clustering separately. Our SSCC method outperformed the others tested in this paper. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes Semi-supervised clustering Consensus clustering Semi-supervised consensus clustering Gene expression 2014-05-08 1756-0381 7 1 7 1 13 13 10.1186/1756-0381-7-7 Information and Communication Technologies Technologies de l'information et des communications National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21272892 4944bde4-ab82-453a-8eed-4442ede4f74d Sarmita Majumder aut Donna Hohertz aut James McNeil aut Anthony John (Tony) SpringThorpe Springthorpe, Anthony aut ICT TIC Karen L. Kavanagh aut text article eng We report spin transport in electrodeposited Fe/n-GaAs tunnel diodes via three-terminal Hanle measurements. For temperatures between 20K and 150K, the spin resistance was up to 20 times higher than expected from theoretical calculations and 1000 times larger compared to a vacuum-deposited counterpart. This higher spin resistance was correlated with a higher contact resistance, and a higher concentration of oxygen impurities in the electrodeposited Fe film and interface, as detected via x-ray photoelectron and Auger spectroscopies, and inferred from Fe film nucleation rates. These results can be explained via a small effective tunnel-contact area of 5%, but extra spin filtering via interfacial states or magnetic oxide layers cannot be ruled out. The spin diffusion times (8.5 ± 0.4ns to 1.8 ± 0.4ns, for 20K to 150K) extracted from Lorentzian fits were in good agreement with values obtained from earlier 4-terminal Hanle measurements (7.8 ± 0.4ns to 3.2 ± 0.4ns, for 25K to 77K), both 10 times slower than reported vacuum-deposited contacts. yes yes Interfaces (materials) Iron Metallic films Vacuum Auger spectroscopy Interfacial state Magnetic oxides Nucleation rate Theoretical calculations Tunnel contacts X-ray photoelectrons Electrodeposition 2014-03-28 AIP Publishing 0021-8979 115 12 123709 10.1063/1.4869777 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Information and Communication Technologies Technologies de l'information et des communications 21272897 d5b9f471-2f94-4835-85b3-dcd62618f842 Eric Paquet Paquet, E. aut ICT TIC H. L. Viktor aut text chapter eng Acquisition systems based on laser triangulation or structured light are becoming commonplace in anthropometry. Such systems allow one to capture very detailed data to be used when addressing the sizing problem. This chapter introduces state-of-the-art approaches to describe, to segment and to cluster the data acquired by such systems. We describe methods used to address the deformable nature of human bodies. We introduce isometry-invariant descriptor creation algorithms that are suitable for indexing regions that contain soft tissues. Further, we describe how to cluster a specific population, found in a so-called human body space, into partitions of similar individuals. yes yes anthropometry clustering diffusion distance geodesic distance heat kernel invariance Isomap Laplacian multidimensional scaling (MDS) segmentation spherical harmonics Zernike 2014-04-17 Woodhead Publishing Limited 9780857096814 123 140 18 10.1533/9780857096890.2.123 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Information and Communication Technologies Technologies de l'information et des communications 21272900 e5273d32-e0ba-4f6b-81c6-475e86ae7278 Arash Mohammadpour aut SDT TSR Karthik Shankar aut SDT TSR text article eng We present a magnetic field-assisted oxidation and etching process that transforms Ti thin films on arbitrary substrates into self-organized TiO 2 nanotube arrays without the direct application of an anodization voltage between the cathode and the Ti film/substrate. In effect, the Ti film/substrate electrode is at a floating potential determined by the ionic Hall voltage. The development of such a magnetic field-assisted electroless anodization process, frees the anodization technique of forming nanostructured semiconductors and metal oxides from the constraints of substrate conductivity and film continuity imposed by the traditional anodization process, and allows the creation of uniform anodic nanostructures on pre-existing high-aspect ratio patterns as well as on substrates containing both conductive and non-conductive areas. Using magnetic field assisted electroless anodization, we demonstrate the formation of microscale patterns of high quality TiO2 nanotubes from discontinuous Ti films deposited on thermal oxide-coated Si substrates and patterned by a lift-off process. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes Anodic oxidation Aspect ratio Electrodes Magnetic fields Nanotubes Oxide films Titanium Anodization process Anodization techniques Anodization voltages Floating potentials High-aspect ratio Microscale patterns Nanostructured semiconductor Substrate conductivity Substrates 2014 2050-7488 2 34 13810 13816 7 10.1039/c4ta02448f Security and Disruptive Technologies Technologies de sécurité et de rupture National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21272901 9f118d0f-7567-4c58-8bae-9e92b2cddc65 Yong He aut ACRD DCRA Lingling Hou aut Hong Wang aut Kelin Hu aut Brian McConkey aut text article eng Soil surface texture is an important environmental factor that influences crop productivity because of its direct effect on soil water and complex interactions with other environmental factors. Using 30-year data, an agricultural system model (DSSAT-CERES-Wheat) was calibrated and validated. After validation, the modelled yield and water use (WU) of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) from two soil textures (silt loam and clay) under rain-fed condition were analyzed. Regression analysis showed that wheat grown in silt loam soil is more sensitive to WU than wheat grown in clay soil, indicating that the wheat grown in clay soil has higher drought tolerance than that grown in silt loam. Yield variation can be explained by WU other than by precipitation use (PU). These results demonstrated that the DSSAT-CERES-Wheat model can be used to evaluate the WU of different soil textures and assess the feasibility of wheat production under various conditions. These outcomes can improve our understanding of the long-term effect of soil texture on spring wheat productivity in rain-fed condition. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes 2014-07-30 2045-2322 4 5736 1 10 10 10.1038/srep05736 Aquatic and Crop Resource Development Développement des cultures et des ressources aquatiques National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21272904 e36fd5b5-a6ba-4761-84b4-f7a858a83c1e Jeremy Adrian Bau Bau, Jeremy A. aut NINT INNT Peng Li aut NINT INNT Armando J. Marenco aut Simon Trudel aut Brian Charles Olsen Olsen, Brian C. aut NINT INNT Erik Jason Luber Luber, Erik J. aut NINT INNT Jillian Buriak Buriak, Jillian M. aut NINT INNT text article 2015-06-24 eng Mixed nickel iron oxide nanomaterials have great potential for use in fields as wide-ranging as optics, water oxidation catalysis, and biomedical applications; large-scale deployment for any of these applications is possible due to the abundance of iron and nickel in the earth's crust. Here, we describe single-crystal mixed nickel iron oxide nanoparticles with a rocksalt crystal structure and an iron content greater than >10 at%. The nanoparticles were synthesized via thermal decomposition of nickel and iron oleates, yielding monodisperse nanoparticles <12 nm in size. A range of compositions were accessible, ranging from iron-poor to iron-rich. Despite the predicted poor solubility of iron in the NiO lattice, as based upon the equilibrium phase diagram, and the general tendency of pure FexO to oxidize, the single-crystal nanoparticles are nonetheless kinetically persistent even at elevated temperatures (200 °C). Furthermore, by controlling the drying conditions and decomposition time of the oleate precursors as well as the initial ratio of nickel to iron in the precursor oleate mixture a variety of nanoparticle shapes-namely stars, cubes, and spheres-were formed. This control of shape and composition affords tunability of physical properties, exemplified by magnetic properties herein. yes yes Decomposition Iron Medical applications Nanoparticles Nickel Single crystals Structural geology Biomedical applications Elevated temperature Equilibrium phase diagrams Large-scale deployment Monodisperse nanoparticles Non-equilibrium phase Oxide nanocrystals Poor solubilities Synthesis (chemical) 2014-06-24 American Chemical Society 0897-4756 26 16 4796 4804 9 10.1021/cm501881a National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) National Institute for Nanotechnology Institut national de nanotechnologie 21272906 1ad07b5e-194b-42c9-919b-bf98553736f7 Alain Michaud aut MSS SME 29th Conference on Precision Electromagnetic Measurements, CPEM 2014, 24 August 2014 through 29 August 2014 text article eng We compare the accuracy of different techniques to measure guided RF power at 6.83 GHz. The transmission line is a standard rectangular metallic waveguide IEC: R-70 (WR-138). We used three calculable standards including a waveguide calorimeter, a coaxial calorimeter, and an atomic (quantum based) power meter based on laser cooled rubidium atoms. yes yes Accurate measurement Microcalorimeter Microwave power Rabi oscillations Radio frequency power Waveguide transmission line Laser cooling 2014-08 IEEE 9781479952052 6898604 752 753 2 0589-1485 10.1109/CPEM.2014.6898604 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) Measurement Science and Standards Science des mesures et étalons 21272907 d2577925-4037-4066-94a8-06870f0c58c7 Maziar Shah Mohammadi aut Florencia Chicatun aut Christoph Stähli aut Naser Muja aut Martin Bureau Bureau, Martin N. aut EME EME Showan N. Nazhat aut text article eng Sodium-free phosphate-based glasses (PGs) doped with both SiO2 and TiO2 (50P2O5-40CaO-xSiO2-(10-x)TiO2, where x=10, 7, 5, 3, and 0mol%) were developed and characterised for controlled ion release applications in bone tissue engineering. Substituting SiO2 with TiO2 directly increased PG density and glass transition temperature, indicating a cross-linking effect of Ti on the glass network which was reflected by significantly reduced degradation rates in an aqueous environment. X-ray diffraction confirmed the presence of Ti(P2O7) in crystallised TiO2-containing PGs, and nuclear magnetic resonance showed an increase in Q1 phosphate species with increasing TiO2 content. Substitution of SiO2 with TiO2 also reduced hydrophilicity and surface energy. In biological assays, MC3T3-E1 pre-osteoblasts effectively adhered to the surface of PG discs and the incorporation of TiO2, and hence higher stability of the PG network, significantly increased cell viability and metabolic activity indicating the biocompatibility of the PGs. Addition of SiO2 increased ionic release from the PG, which stimulated alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity in MC3T3-E1 cells upon ion exposure. The incorporation of 3mol% TiO2 was required to stabilise the PG network against unfavourable rapid degradation in aqueous environments. However, ALP activity was greatest in PGs doped with 5-7mol% SiO2 due to up-regulation of ionic concentrations. Thus, the properties of PGs can be readily controlled by modifying the extent of Si and Ti doping in order to optimise ion release and osteoblastic differentiation for bone tissue engineering applications. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes Calcium phosphate-based glass Silica Osteoinduction Alkaline phosphatase Cell–material interaction Bone repair Ions 2014-06-04 0927-7765 121 82 91 10 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2014.05.037 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Energy, Mining and Environment Énergie, mines et environnement 21272909 ab710305-f4e9-43ef-8443-b128fbbdddd6 Gino A DiLabio Dilabio, Gino A. aut SDT TSR Mohammad Koleini aut SDT TSR text article eng Dispersion-correcting potentials (DCPs) are atom-centered Gaussian functions that are applied in a manner that is similar to effective core potentials. Previous work on DCPs has focussed on their use as a simple means of improving the ability of conventional density-functional theory methods to predict the binding energies of noncovalently bonded molecular dimers. We show in this work that DCPs developed for use with the LC-ωPBE functional along with 6-31+G(2d,2p) basis sets are capable of simultaneously improving predicted noncovalent binding energies of van der Waals dimer complexes and covalent bond dissociation enthalpies in molecules. Specifically, the DCPs developed herein for the C, H, N, and O atoms provide binding energies for a set of 66 noncovalently bonded molecular dimers (the "S66" set) with a mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.21 kcal/mol, which represents an improvement of more than a factor of 10 over unadorned LC-ωPBE/6-31+G(2d,2p) and almost a factor of two improvement over LC-ωPBE/6-31+G(2d,2p) used in conjunction with the "D3" pairwise dispersion energy corrections. In addition, the DCPs reduce the MAE of calculated X-H and X-Y (X,Y = C, H, N, O) bond dissociation enthalpies for a set of 40 species from 3.2 kcal/mol obtained with unadorned LC-ωPBE/6-31+G(2d,2p) to 1.6 kcal/mol. Our findings demonstrate that broad improvements to the performance of DFT methods may be achievable through the use of DCPs. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes Chemical bonds Density functional theory Dimers Dispersions Van der Waals forces Bond dissociation enthalpies Dispersion energies Effective core potential Gaussian functions Mean absolute error Molecular dimers Noncovalent binding Van der Waals dimer Binding energy 2014-05-06 0021-9606 140 18 18A542 10.1063/1.4872036 Security and Disruptive Technologies Technologies de sécurité et de rupture National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21272893 e39d477f-77cf-4c95-a31c-260a00212b0e Peter B Stetson Stetson, Peter B. aut NSI ISN Giuliana Fiorentino aut Giuseppe Bono aut Edouard J. Bernard aut Matteo Monelli aut Giacinto Iannicola aut Carme Gallart aut Ivan Ferraro aut text article eng From archival ground-based images of the Leo I dwarf spheroidal galaxy, we have identified and characterized the pulsation properties of 164 candidate RR Lyrae variables and 55 candidate anomalous and/or short-period Cepheids. We have also identified 19 candidate long-period variable stars and 13 other candidate variables whose physical nature is unclear, but due to the limitations of our observational material we are unable to estimate reliable periods for them. On the basis of its RR Lyrae star population, Leo I is confirmed to be an Oosterhoff-intermediate type galaxy, like several other dwarf spheroidals. From the RR Lyrae stars we have derived a range of possible distance moduli for Leo I: 22.06 ± 0.08 ≲ μ0 ≲ 22.25 ± 0.07 mag depending on the metallicity assumed for the old population ([Fe/H] from -1.43 to -2.15). This is in agreement with previous independent estimates. We show that in their pulsation properties, the RR Lyrae stars-representing the oldest stellar population in the galaxy-are not significantly different from those of five other nearby, isolated dwarf spheroidal galaxies. A similar result is obtained when comparing them to RR Lyrae stars in recently discovered ultra-faint dwarf galaxies. We are able to compare the period distributions and period-amplitude relations for a statistically significant sample of ab-type RR Lyrae stars in dwarf galaxies (~1300 stars) with those in the Galactic halo field (~14, 000 stars) and globular clusters (~1000 stars). Field RRLs show a significant change in their period distribution when moving from the inner (dG ≲ 14 kpc) to the outer (dG ≳ 14 kpc) halo regions. This suggests that the halo formed from (at least) two dissimilar progenitors or types of progenitor. Considered together, the RR Lyrae stars in classical dwarf spheroidal and ultra-faint dwarf galaxies-as observed today-do not appear to follow the well defined pulsation properties shown by those in either the inner or the outer Galactic halo, nor do they have the same properties as RR Lyraes in globular clusters. In particular, the samples of fundamental-mode RR Lyrae stars in dwarf galaxies seem to lack High Amplitudes and Short Periods ("HASP": AV≥1.0 mag and P ≲ 0.48 d) when compared with those observed in the Galactic halo field and globular clusters. The observed properties of RR Lyrae stars do not support the idea that currently existing classical dwarf spheroidal and ultra-faint dwarf galaxies are surviving representative examples of the original building blocks of the Galactic halo. yes yes 2014-07 The Astronomical Society of the Pacific 0004-6280 126 941 616 641 26 10.1086/677352 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada National Science Infrastructure Infrastructure scientifique nationale 21272867 06d53627-d85a-40d3-a3c5-da4ac620ae85 Kui Yu aut SDT TSR Xiangyang Liu aut SDT TSR Yong Yi (Queena) Chen Chen, Queena Y. aut SDT TSR Huaqing Yang aut Mingli Yang aut Xinqin Wang aut Xin Wang aut Hong Cao aut SDT TSR Dennis M Whitfield Whitfield, Dennis M. aut HHT TSH Changwei Hu aut Ye Tao aut ICT TIC text article eng Primary alkyl amines (RNH2) have been empirically used to engineer various colloidal semiconductor nanocrystals (NCs). Here, we present a general mechanism in which the amine acts as a hydrogen/proton donor in the precursor conversion to nanocrystals at low temperature, which was assisted by the presence of a secondary phosphine. Our findings introduce the strategy of using a secondary phosphine together with a primary amine as new routes to prepare high-quality NCs at low reaction temperatures but with high particle yields and reproducibility and thus, potentially, low production costs. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes Amines Nanocrystals Phosphorus compounds Colloidal quantum dots Colloidal semiconductor nanocrystals phosphines Precursor conversion Reaction temperature Secondary phosphines Semiconductor nanocrystals Semiconductor particles Semiconductor quantum dots 2014-05-22 1433-7851 53 27 6898 6904 7 10.1002/anie.201403714 Security and Disruptive Technologies Technologies de sécurité et de rupture Human Health Therapeutics Thérapeutiques en santé humaine Information and Communication Technologies Technologies de l'information et des communications National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21272870 8cc47818-fe44-4ec0-beb7-e501962bdea3 F. Pailloux aut Martin Couillard Couillard, M. aut EME EME S. Fusil aut F. Bruno aut W. Saidi aut V. Garcia aut C. Carrétéro aut E. Jacquet aut M. Bibes aut A. Barthélémy aut G. A. Botton aut J. Pacaud aut text article eng We revisit the atomic structure and microstructure of the so-called supertetragonal phases of highly strained epitaxial BiFeO3 thin films. Quantitative atomic resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy is used to directly image the atomic positions. A crystallographic phase suggested by electron diffraction and predicted by ab initio calculations is evidenced. Microtwins are reported in thickest films. Electron energy loss spectroscopy is further employed to reveal subtle electronic structure features, which, interpreted in a framework of antiferrodistortive distortions coupling with the substrate, point towards a phase closer to the P4mm purely tetragonal phase. yes yes 2014-03-12 American Physical Society 1098-0121 89 10 104106 10.1103/PhysRevB.89.104106 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Energy, Mining and Environment Énergie, mines et environnement 21272873 ea5b7be2-d43b-4599-bce8-c3a0ed1403c7 Irena Radovanovic aut Vicki Leung aut Alexandra Iliescu aut Silayuv E. Bongfen aut Alaka Mullick aut HHT TSH David Langlais aut Philippe Gros aut text article eng In the immunocompromised host, invasive infection with the fungal pathogen Candida albicans is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Sporadic cases in otherwise normal individuals are rare, and they are thought to be associated with genetic predisposition. Using a mouse model of systemic infection with C. albicans, we identified the SM/J mouse strain as unusually susceptible to infection. Genetic linkage studies in informative [C57BL/6JxSM/J]F2 mice identified a major locus on distal chromosome 15, given the appellation Carg5, that regulates C. albicans replication in SM/J mice. Cellular and molecular immunophenotyping experiments, as well as functional studies in purified cell populations from SM/J and C57BL/6J, and in [C57BL/ 6JxSM/J]F2 mice fixed for homozygous or heterozygous Carg5 alleles, indicate that Carg5-regulated susceptibility in SM/J is associated with a complex defect in the myeloid compartment of these mice. SM/J neutrophils express lower levels of Ly6G, and importantly, they show significantly reduced production of reactive oxygen species in response to stimulation with fMLF and PMA. Likewise, CD11b+Ly6G2Ly6Chi inflammatory monocytes were present at lower levels in the blood of infected SM/J, recruited less efficiently at the site of infection, and displayed blunted oxidative burst. Studies in F2 mice establish strong correlations between Carg5 alleles, Ly6G expression, production of serum CCL2 (MCP-1), and susceptibility to C. albicans. Genomic DNA sequencing of chromatin immunoprecipitated for myeloid proinflammatory transcription factors IRF1, IRF8, STAT1 and NF-kB, as well as RNA sequencing, were used to develop a "myeloid inflammatory score" and systematically analyze and prioritize potential candidate genes in the Carg5 interval. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes 2014-05-26 0022-1767 193 3 1290 1300 11 10.4049/jimmunol.1400783 Human Health Therapeutics Thérapeutiques en santé humaine National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21272876 ea068946-d74f-4d48-9e5b-441f7fbccc11 L. Durdina aut B. T. Brem aut M. Abegglen aut P. Lobo aut T. Rindlisbacher aut Kevin Thomson Thomson, K. A. aut MSS SME Gregory J (Greg) Smallwood Smallwood, G. J. aut MSS SME D.E. Hagen aut B. Sierau aut J. Wang aut text article eng Inventories of particulate matter (PM) emissions from civil aviation and air quality models need to be validated using up-to-date measurement data corrected for sampling artifacts. We compared the measured black carbon (BC) mass and the total PM mass determined from particle size distributions (PSD) and effective density for a commercial turbofan engine CFM56-7B26/3. The effective density was then used to calculate the PM mass losses in the sampling system. The effective density was determined using a differential mobility analyzer and a centrifugal particle mass analyzer, and increased from engine idle to take-off by up to 60%. The determined mass-mobility exponents ranged from 2.37 to 2.64. The mean effective density determined by weighting the effective density distributions by PM volume was within 10% of the unit density (1000kg/m3) that is widely assumed in aircraft PM studies. We found ratios close to unity between the PM mass determined by the integrated PSD method and the real-time BC mass measurements. The integrated PSD method achieved higher precision at ultra-low PM concentrations at which current mass instruments reach their detection limit. The line loss model predicted ~60% PM mass loss at engine idle, decreasing to ~27% at high thrust. Replacing the effective density distributions with unit density lead to comparable estimates that were within 20% and 5% at engine idle and high thrust, respectively. These results could be used for the development of a robust method for sampling loss correction of the future PM emissions database from commercial aircraft engines. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes Aviation Aircraft Emissions Particulate matter Effective density Black carbon 2014-10-12 1352-2310 99 500 507 8 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.10.018 Measurement Science and Standards Science des mesures et étalons National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21272878 e40da252-7052-4c8c-84d0-d1d71b8f6c99 A. Benkouider aut A. Ronda aut A. Gouyé aut C. Herrier aut L. Favre aut David J Lockwood Lockwood, D. J. aut MSS SME Nelson Rowell Rowell, N. L. aut MSS SME A. Delobbe aut P. Sudraud aut I. Berbezier aut text article eng Selective growth and self-organization of silicon-germanium (SiGe) nanowires (NWs) on focused ion beam (FIB) patterned Si(111) substrates is reported. In its first step, the process involves the selective synthesis of Au catalysts in SiO2-free areas; its second step involves the preferential nucleation and growth of SiGe NWs on the catalysts. The selective synthesis process is based on a simple, room-temperature reduction of gold salts (Au3+Cl?/4 ) in aqueous solution, which provides well-organized Au catalysts. By optimizing the reduction process, we are able to generate a bidimensional regular array of Au catalysts with self-limited sizes positioned in SiO2 -free windows opened in a SiO /Si2 (111) substrate by FIB patterning. Such Au catalysts subsequently serve as preferential nucleation and growth sites of well-organized NWs. Furthermore, these NWs with tunable position and size exhibit the relevant features and bright luminescence that would find several applications in optoelectronic nanodevices. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes nanowires (NWs); ordering; molecular beam epitaxy (MBE); selective growth; focused ion beam (FIB) patterning; photoluminescence 2014 0957-4484 25 33 335303 10.1088/0957-4484/25/33/335303 Measurement Science and Standards Science des mesures et étalons National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21272879 c1ff37d8-aef1-4549-abea-7d6c8fc544a2 Michael Jakubinek Jakubinek, Michael B. aut SDT TSR Behnam Ashrafi aut AERO AERO Jingwen Guan aut SDT TSR Michel B. Johnson aut Mary Anne White aut Benoit Simard aut SDT TSR text article eng Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) covalently modified with OH functional groups were assembled into buckypapers through solvent dispersion and vacuum filtration. These SWCNT-OH buckypaper sheets were subsequently crosslinked by wetting with bifunctional linkers followed by hot compression causing reaction between the functional groups of the reagent and OH functional groups on the side-walls of SWCNTs to create three-dimensional (3D) covalently cross-linked buckypapers. Cross-linking also was performed using SWCNTs encapsulated with a functionalized polymer wrapping in a core-shell structure, where OH or/and NH2 groups are available on the surface of the polymeric shell for reaction. The 3D cross-linked SWCNT buckypapers retain the porous character typical of buckypaper, and were characterized for their tensile properties and thermal and electrical conductivities. Several cross-linking approaches dramatically improved the mechanical properties. The strongest and stiffest papers (32 MPa, E = 3.1 GPa), which approach 10× stronger and stiffer than the pristine non-crosslinked buckypaper, were obtained at the expense of a loss of electrical conductivity. In other cases, such as cross-linking using a high-performance epoxy resin monomer, improvements in strength and stiffness of ∼5× were obtained while retaining electrical and thermal conductivity. Therefore, the optimal cross-linking approach would be determined by the desired, multifunctional properties. Additionally, the approach can be used in the preparation buckypaper composites and it is demonstrated that cross-linking using a multifunctional epoxy resin prior to impregnation with the same epoxy resin results in substantially better mechanical properties in comparison to just epoxy-impregnation of pristine buckypaper. yes yes Bucky paper 2014-11-04 Royal Society of Chemistry 2046-2069 4 101 57564 57573 10 10.1039/c4ra12026d National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Security and Disruptive Technologies Technologies de sécurité et de rupture Aerospace Aérospatiale 21272882 8f9b7f93-fc75-4249-ba5e-25584f6561e0 Basanta Kumar Biswal aut Ramzi Khairallah aut Kareem Bibi aut Alberto Mazza aut EME EME Ronald Gehr aut Luke Masson aut HHT TSH Dominic Frigon aut text article eng Wastewater discharges may increase the populations of pathogens, including Escherichia coli, and of antimicrobial-resistant strains in receiving waters. This study investigated the impact of UV and peracetic acid (PAA) disinfection on the prevalence of virulence and antimicrobial resistance genes in uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC), the most abundant E. coli pathotype in municipal wastewaters. Laboratory disinfection experiments were conducted on wastewater treated by physicochemical, activated sludge, or biofiltration processes; 1,766 E. coli isolates were obtained for the evaluation. The target disinfection level was 200 CFU/100 ml, resulting in UV and PAA doses of 7 to 30 mJ/cm2 and 0.9 to 2.0 mg/liter, respectively. The proportions of UPECs were reduced in all samples after disinfection, with an average reduction by UV of 55% (range, 22% to 80%) and by PAA of 52% (range, 11% to 100%). Analysis of urovirulence genes revealed that the decline in the UPEC populations was not associated with any particular virulence factor. A positive association was found between the occurrence of urovirulence and antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs). However, the changes in the prevalence of ARGs in potential UPECs were different following disinfection, i.e., UV appears to have had no effect, while PAA significantly reduced the ARG levels. Thus, this study showed that both UV and PAA disinfections reduced the proportion of UPECs and that PAA disinfection also reduced the proportion of antimicrobial resistance gene-carrying UPEC pathotypes in municipal wastewaters. yes yes Effluents Escherichia coli Genes Microorganisms Pathogens Population statistics Wastewater treatment Activated sludge Antimicrobial resistances Biofiltration process Municipal wastewaters Uropathogenic Escherichia coli Virulence factors Wastewater discharge Wastewater effluents Disinfection 2014-06 American Society for Microbiology 0099-2240 80 12 3656 3666 11 10.1128/AEM.00418-14 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Energy, Mining and Environment Énergie, mines et environnement Human Health Therapeutics Thérapeutiques en santé humaine 21272885 3a4849cf-2ce2-4bbe-80ee-9d5abceb880c Sarah Ilana Sadavoy Sadavoy, S. I. aut NSI ISN James Di Francesco Di Francesco, J. aut NSI ISN PH. André aut S. Pezzuto aut J.-P. Bernard aut A. Maury aut A. Men'Shchikov aut F. Motte aut Q. Nguỹên-Lu'O'Ng aut N. Schneider aut D. Arzoumanian aut M. Benedettini aut S. Bontemps aut D. Elia aut M. Hennemann aut T. Hill aut V. Könyves aut F. Louvet aut N. Peretto aut A. Roy aut G. J. White aut text article eng We use PACS and SPIRE continuum data at 160 μm, 250 μm, 350 μm, and 500 μm from the Herschel Gould Belt Survey to sample seven clumps in Perseus: B1, B1-E, B5, IC 348, L1448, L1455, and NGC 1333. Additionally, we identify and characterize the embedded Class 0 protostars using detections of compact Herschel sources at 70 μm as well as archival Spitzer catalogs and SCUBA 850 μm photometric data. We identify 28 candidate Class 0 protostars, four of which are newly discovered sources not identified with Spitzer. We find that the star formation efficiency of clumps, as traced by Class 0 protostars, correlates strongly with the flatness of their respective column density distributions at high values. This correlation suggests that the fraction of high column density material in a clump reflects only its youngest protostellar population rather than its entire source population. We propose that feedback from either the formation or evolution of protostars changes the local density structure of clumps. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes dust, extinction; ISM: individual objects (Perseus); stars: formation; stars: protostars 2014-05-09 2041-8205 787 2 L18 1 6 6 10.1088/2041-8205/787/2/L18 National Science Infrastructure Infrastructure scientifique nationale National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21272886 c4ae70c7-8daa-4411-a8c7-8ebca600b01e Adnane Sellam aut Marius (Marco) Van Het Hoog van het Hoog, Marco aut HHT TSH Faiza Tebbji aut Cecile Beaurepaire Beaurepaire, Cécile aut HHT TSH Malcolm Whiteway aut André Nantel aut HHT TSH text article eng We determined the changes in transcriptional profiles that occur in the first hour following the transfer of Candida albicans to hypoxic growth conditions. The impressive speed of this response is not compatible with current models of fungal adaptation to hypoxia that depend on the depletion of sterol and heme. Functional analysis using Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) identified the Sit4 phosphatase, Ccr4 mRNA deacetylase, and Sko1 transcription factor (TF) as potential regulators of the early hypoxic response. Cells mutated in these and other regulators exhibit a delay in their transcriptional responses to hypoxia. Promoter occupancy data for 29 TFs were combined with the transcriptional profiles of 3,111 in vivo target genes in a Network Component Analysis (NCA) to produce a model of the dynamic and highly interconnected TF network that controls this process. With data from the TF network obtained from a variety of sources, we generated an edge and node model that was capable of separating many of the hypoxia-upregulated and -downregulated genes. Upregulated genes are centered on Tye7, Upc2, and Mrr1, which are associated with many of the gene promoters that exhibit the strongest activations. The connectivity of the model illustrates the high redundancy of this response system and the challenges that lie in determining the individual contributions of specific TFs. Finally, treating cells with an inhibitor of the oxidative phosphorylation chain mimics most of the early hypoxic profile, which suggests that this response may be initiated by a drop in ATP production. yes yes 2014-05 The American Society for Microbiology 1535-9778 13 5 675 690 16 10.1128/EC.00292-13 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Human Health Therapeutics Thérapeutiques en santé humaine 21272889 154b9fe5-cff2-4b66-89fd-4dd8a3da40d2 L. Zhu aut R. J. Long aut S. Mao aut E. W. Peng aut C. Liu aut N. Caldwell aut B. Li aut John P Blakeslee Blakeslee, J. P. aut NSI ISN Patrick J D (Pat) Côté Côté, P. aut NSI ISN J.-C. Cuillandre aut P. Durrell aut E. Emsellem aut Laura Ferrarese Ferrarese, L. aut NSI ISN Stephen Gwyn Gwyn, S. aut NSI ISN A. Jordán aut A. Lançon aut S. Mei aut R. Muñoz aut T. Puzia aut text article eng We study the dynamics of the giant elliptical galaxy M87 from the central to the outermost regions with the made-to-measure (M2M) method. We use a new catalog of 922 globular cluster line-of-sight velocities extending to a projected radius of 180 kpc (equivalent to 25 M87 effective radii), and SAURON integral field unit data within the central 2.4 kpc. There are 263 globular clusters, mainly located beyond 40 kpc, newly observed by the Next Generation Virgo Survey. For the M2M modeling, the gravitational potential is taken as a combination of a luminous matter potential with a constant stellar mass-to-light ratio and a dark matter potential modeled as a logarithmic potential. Our best-fit dynamical model returns a stellar mass-to-light ratio in the I band of M/LI = 6.0 ± 0.3 with a dark matter potential scale velocity of 591 ± 50 km s-1 and scale radius of 42 ± 10 kpc. We determine the total mass of M87 within 180 kpc to be (1.5 ± 0.2) × 1013 M. The mass within 40 kpc is smaller than previous estimates determined using globular cluster kinematics that did not extend beyond ∼45 kpc. With our new globular cluster velocities at much larger radii, we see that globular clusters around 40 kpc show an anomalously large velocity dispersion which affected previous results. The mass we derive is in good agreement with that inferred from ROSAT X-ray observation out to 180 kpc. Within 30 kpc our mass is also consistent with that inferred from Chandra and XMM-Newton X-ray observations, while within 120 kpc it is about 20% smaller. The model velocity dispersion anisotropy β parameter for the globular clusters in M87 is small, varying from -0.2 at the center to 0.2 at ∼40 kpc, and gradually decreasing to zero at ∼120 kpc. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes 2014-08-14 0004-637X 792 1 59 1 18 18 10.1088/0004-637X/792/1/59 National Science Infrastructure Infrastructure scientifique nationale National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21272890 f97b4f00-ffb9-4646-9627-59d27249f604 Christa Homenick Homenick, Christa M. aut SDT TSR Alexander (Alex) Rousina-Webb Rousina-Webb, Alexander aut SDT TSR Fuyong Cheng aut SDT TSR Michael Jakubinek Jakubinek, Michael B. aut SDT TSR Patrick Malenfant Malenfant, Patrick R. L. aut SDT TSR Benoit Simard aut SDT TSR text article eng Electronic type separation of SWCNT material is necessary to facilitate the development of carbon nanotube electronics. A convenient, high-yield, single-step separation of metallic and semiconducting SWCNTs has been developed using block copolymers and density gradient ultracentrifugation. In particular by varying the centrifugation temperature and dissolved oxygen content under acidic conditions, extraction efficiencies of up to 65% were achieved with both metallic and semiconducting SWCNT electronic purity exceeding 99% as determined by absorption spectroscopy. It was demonstrated that lowering the temperature during the DGU separation, which is expected to increase the difference in densities between metallic and semiconducting nanotube complexes, results in higher purity and yield. Semiconducting and metallic bands are separated simply with a disposable pipet such that specialized fractioning equipment is not required for effective isolation of enriched SWCNTs. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes Centrifugation Acidic conditions Carbon nanotube electronics Density gradients Dissolved oxygen contents Extraction efficiencies Semi-conducting nanotubes Semiconducting-SWCNTs Ultracentrifugation Block copolymers 2014-06-03 1932-7447 118 29 16156 16164 9 10.1021/jp5030476 Security and Disruptive Technologies Technologies de sécurité et de rupture National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21272875 39054571-4882-4f46-8273-3b86ace64065 Allison Sherratt Sherratt, Allison R. aut MD DM Mariya Chigrinova aut MD DM Craig McKay McKay, Craig S. aut MD DM Louis-Philippe B. Beaulieu aut NRC CNRC Yanouchka Rouleau aut MD DM John Paul Pezacki aut MD DM text article eng An adapted biocompatible version of the Kinugasa reaction, the copper-catalysed alkyne-nitrone cycloaddition followed by rearrangement (CuANCR), was developed for live-cell labelling. CuANCR labelling was demonstrated for both mammalian and bacterial cells. A method for metabolic incorporation of the nitrone group is also described. This journal is yes yes Bioorthogonal labelling Cycloaddition reaction Living cell Nitrones 2014-10-17 Royal Society of Chemistry 2046-2069 4 87 46966 46969 4 10.1039/c4ra07851a Medical Devices Dispositifs médicaux National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21272856 1cc5bfa9-378c-4370-91e6-7f7b11e24d07 Judy W. L. Pang aut Aleksandr Chernatynskiy aut Bennett C. Larson aut William J L (Bill) Buyers Buyers, William J. L. aut SDT TSR Douglas L. Abernathy aut Kenneth J. McClellan aut Simon R. Phillpot aut text article eng Phonon density of states (PDOS) measurements have been performed on polycrystalline UO2 at 295 and 1200 K using time-of-flight inelastic neutron scattering to investigate the impact of anharmonicity on the vibrational spectra and to benchmark ab initio PDOS simulations performed on this strongly correlated Mott insulator. Time-of-flight PDOS measurements include anharmonic linewidth broadening, inherently, and the factor of ∼7 enhancement of the oxygen spectrum relative to the uranium component by the increased neutron sensitivity to the oxygen-dominated optical phonon modes. The first-principles simulations of quasiharmonic PDOS spectra were neutron weighted and anharmonicity was introduced in an approximate way by convolution with wave-vector-weighted averages over our previously measured phonon linewidths for UO2, which are provided in numerical form. Comparisons between the PDOS measurements and the simulations show reasonable agreement overall, but they also reveal important areas of disagreement for both high and low temperatures. The discrepancies stem largely from a ∼10 meV compression in the overall bandwidth (energy range) of the oxygen-dominated optical phonons in the simulations. A similar linewidth-convoluted comparison performed with the PDOS spectrum of Dolling et al. obtained by shell-model fitting to their historical phonon dispersion measurements shows excellent agreement with the time-of-flight PDOS measurements reported here. In contrast, we show by comparisons of spectra in linewidth-convoluted form that recent first-principles simulations for UO2 fail to account for the PDOS spectrum determined from the measurements of Dolling et al. These results demonstrate PDOS measurements to be stringent tests for ab inito simulations of phonon physics in UO2 and they indicate further the need for advances in theory to address the lattice dynamics of UO2. yes yes 2014-03-28 American Physical Society 1098-0121 89 11 115132 10.1103/PhysRevB.89.115132 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Security and Disruptive Technologies Technologies de sécurité et de rupture 21272857 2597cc3b-fa5e-49ee-8d17-947555bd9148 Stuart Ainsworth aut Irina Sadovskaya aut Evguenii Vinogradov aut HHT TSH Pascal Courtin aut Yann Guerardel aut Jennifer Mahony aut Thierry Grard aut Christian Cambillau aut Marie-Pierre Chapot-Chartier aut Douwe van Sinderen aut text article eng Analysis of the genetic locus encompassing a cell wall polysaccharide (CWPS) biosynthesis operon of eight strains of Lactococcus lactis, identified as belonging to the same CWPS type C genotype, revealed the presence of a variable region among the strains examined. The results allowed the identification of five subgroups of the C type named subtypes C1 to C5. This variable region contains genes encoding glycosyltransferases that display low or no sequence homology between the subgroups. In this study, we purified an acidic polysaccharide from the cell wall of L. lactis 3107 (subtype C2) and confirmed that it is structurally different from the previously established CWPS of subtype C1 L. lactis MG1363. The CWPS of L. lactis 3107 is composed of pentasaccharide repeating units linked by phosphodiester bonds with the structure 6-α-Glc-3-β-Galf-3-β-GlcNAc-2-β-Galf-6-α-GlcNAc-1-P. Combinations of genes from the variable region of subtype C2 were introduced into a mutant of subtype C1 L. lactis NZ9000 deficient in CWPS biosynthesis. The resulting recombinant mutant synthesized a polysaccharide with a composition characteristic of that of subtype C2 L. lactis 3107 and not wild-type C1 L. lactis NZ9000. By challenging the recombinant mutant with various lactococcal phages, we demonstrated that CWPS is the host cell surface receptor of tested bacteriophages of both the P335 and 936 groups and that differences between the CWPS structures play a crucial role in determining phage host range. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes bacterial polysaccharide cell surface receptor cell wall polysaccharide pentasaccharide unclassified drug article bacterial cell wall bacterial genome bacterial strain bacteriophage bacterium mutant biochemical composition biosynthesis controlled study gene cluster genetic association genetic complementation genetic variability host cell host range Lactococcus lactis nonhuman nucleotide sequence priority journal sensitivity analysis structure analysis 2014-05-06 2161-2129 5 3 1 11 11 10.1128/mBio.00880-14 Human Health Therapeutics Thérapeutiques en santé humaine National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21272859 a5da84fd-8636-4874-b20e-62c20cd0e685 Hamid Hadavi aut Herna L. Viktor aut Eric Paquet aut ICT TIC 2014 IEEE International Symposium on Innovations in Intelligent Systems and Applications, INISTA 2014, 23 June 2014 through 25 June 2014, Alberobello text article eng Finding correspondences between deformable objects has wide application in many domains. In information retrieval, researchers may be interested in finding similar objects, while computer animation experts may be considering ways to morph shapes. The correspondence problem is especially challenging when the objects under consideration are suspect to non-rigid deformations, noise and/or distortions. In this paper, a novel method using Quantum Particle Swarm Optimization (QPSO) and Genetic Algorithms (GA) is presented to address this issue. In our QPSO-GA algorithm we formulate the problem of correspondence detection as an optimization problem over all possible mapping in between the geodesic distance matrices associated with two sets of point clouds. We proceed to identify the optimal mapping, by first applying Quantum Particle Swarm Optimization to the permutation matrices associated with their geodesic distance matrices and then employing Genetic Algorithms in order to guide the search. Experimental results suggest that our QPSO-GA algorithm is fast, scalable, and robust. Our method accurately identifies the correspondences between objects, even in the presence of noise and distortion. yes yes Algorithms Animation Deformation Geodesy Intelligent systems Mapping Particle swarm optimization (PSO) Correspondence Deformable object Isometry Markovian process Mutation Genetic algorithms 2014-06 IEEE 9781479930197 6873622 226 233 8 10.1109/INISTA.2014.6873622 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Information and Communication Technologies Technologies de l'information et des communications 21272861 4e42a936-61ee-4447-aa95-8dad3dc8eed8 Zheng Jia aut Geping Yin aut Jiujun (JJ) Zhang Zhang, Jiujun aut EME EME text chapter eng In this chapter, the importance of rotating ring-disk electrode (RRDE) fundamentals and practical usage in an oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) study is emphasized in terms of both the electron-transfer process on electrode surface, diffusion-convection kinetics near the electrode, and the ORR mechanism, particularly the detection of intermediate such as peroxide. One of most important parameters of RRDE, the collection efficiency, is extensively described including its concept, theoretical expression as well as experiment calibration. Its usage in evaluating the ORR kinetic parameters, the apparent electron transfer, and percentage of peroxide formation is also presented. In addition, the measurement procedure including RRDE preparation, current-potential curve recording, and the data analysis are also discussed in this chapter. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes 2014-03-31 9780444632784 199 229 31 10.1016/B978-0-444-63278-4.00006-9 Energy, Mining and Environment Énergie, mines et environnement National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21272863 7883ddce-9883-45a5-9f72-bec3ec7033c3 Alan Madej Madej, A. A. aut MSS SME Pierre Dubé Dubé, P. aut MSS SME Maria Sarah Tibbo Tibbo, M. aut MSS SME John Bernard Bernard, J. E. aut MSS SME 29th Conference on Precision Electromagnetic Measurements, CPEM 2014, 24 August 2014 through 29 August 2014 text article eng We describe recent experiments and results which show the effective cancellation of micromotion induced systematic shifts for the 445-THz reference transition in a trapped and laser cooled 88Sr+ single ion reference. Using two different ion trap systems based on a Paul and endcap design, the critical or magic frequency at which micromotion effects cancel has been effectively measured at 14.4 MHz. This work also allows an improved determination of the polarizability difference of the ground and excited states and an improvement in the evaluated blackbody shifts to the low 10-17 level. yes yes Electric frequency control Ions Lasers Spectroscopy Stark effect Strontium Experimental confirmation Laser stability Micromotion Optical frequency standard Precision measurement Systematic uncertainties Clocks 2014 IEEE 9781479952052 6898259 62 63 2 0589-1485 10.1109/CPEM.2014.6898259 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) Measurement Science and Standards Science des mesures et étalons 21272865 031c9c7a-62ea-4ca3-9c65-d1a2797e4bd2 Timothy (Tim) Davidge Davidge, T. J. aut NSI ISN text article eng The properties of asymptotic giant branch (AGB) stars in the Local Group galaxy M32 are investigated using ground- and space-based observations that span the 1-8 μm wavelength interval, with the goal of demonstrating the utility of infrared observations as probes of stellar content. Comparisons with isochrones indicate that the brightest resolved stars in M32 have ages of a few gigayears and are younger on average than AGB stars with the same intrinsic brightness in the outer disk of M31. Accounting for stellar variability is shown to be essential for modeling AGB luminosity functions (LFs). Model LFs that assume the star-forming history measured by Monachesi et al. and the variability properties of Galactic AGB stars match both the K and [5.8] LFs of M32. Models also suggest that the slope of the [5.8] LF between M [5.8] = -8.5 and -10.0 is sensitive to the mix of stellar ages, and a sizeable fraction of the stars in M32 must have an age older than 7 Gyr in order to match the [5.8] LF. The structural properties of M32 in the infrared are also investigated. The effective radii that are computed from near-infrared and mid-infrared isophotes are similar to those measured at visible wavelengths, suggesting that the stellar content of M32 is well mixed. However, isophotes at radii >16″ (>60 pc) in the near- and mid-infrared are flatter than those at visible wavelengths. The coefficient of the fourth-order cosine term in the Fourier expansion of isophotes changes from "boxy" values at r < 16″ to "disky" values at r > 48″in [3.6] and [4.5]. The mid-infrared colors near the center of M32 do not vary systematically with radius, providing evidence of a well mixed stellar content in this part of the galaxy. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes galaxies: dwarf; galaxies: evolution; galaxies: individual (M32); Local Group 2014-07-28 0004-637X 791 1 66 1 23 23 10.1088/0004-637X/791/1/66 National Science Infrastructure Infrastructure scientifique nationale National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21272866 a0921156-1ef7-4882-857d-190368ed9f12 Hamed Azarnoush aut Gmaan Alzhrani aut Alexander Winkler-Schwartz aut Fahad Alotaibi aut Nicholas Gélinas-Phaneuf Gelinas-Phaneuf, Nicholas aut Valérie Pazos aut MD DM Nusrat (Nushi) Choudhury Choudhury, Nusrat aut MD DM Jawad Fares aut Robert Diraddo DiRaddo, Robert aut MD DM Rolando Del Maestro Del Maestro, Rolando F. aut text article eng Purpose Virtual reality simulator technology together with novel metrics could advance our understanding of expert neurosurgical performance and modify and improve resident training and assessment. This pilot study introduces innovative metrics that can be measured by the state-of-the-art simulator to assess performance. Such metrics cannot be measured in an operating room and have not been used previously to assess performance. Methods Three sets of performance metrics were assessed utilizing the NeuroTouch platform in six scenarios with simulated brain tumors having different visual and tactile characteristics. Tier 1 metrics included percentage of brain tumor resected and volume of simulated "normal" brain tissue removed. Tier 2 metrics included instrument tip path length, time taken to resect the brain tumor, pedal activation frequency, and sum of applied forces. Tier 3 metrics included sum of forces applied to different tumor regions and the force bandwidth derived from the force histogram. Results The results outlined are from a novice resident in the second year of training and an expert neurosurgeon. The three tiers of metrics obtained from the NeuroTouch simulator do encompass the wide variability of technical performance observed during novice/expert resections of simulated brain tumors and can be employed to quantify the safety, quality, and efficiency of technical performance during simulated brain tumor resection. Tier 3 metrics derived from force pyramids and force histograms may be particularly useful in assessing simulated brain tumor resections. Conclusion Our pilot study demonstrates that the safety, quality, and efficiency of novice and expert operators can be measured using metrics derived from the NeuroTouch platform, helping to understand how specific operator performance is dependent on both psychomotor ability and cognitive input during multiple virtual reality brain tumor resections. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes article in press Performance metrics; Virtual reality neurosurgical simulation; Haptic feedback; Brain tumor resection; Neurosurgical oncology; NeuroTouch 2014 1861-6410 10 5 603 618 16 10.1007/s11548-014-1091-z National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Medical Devices Dispositifs médicaux 21272868 b6747aaf-1142-4bf5-9447-1670e375da7c Allan F. Brown aut Gad G. Yousef aut Kranthi K. Chebrolu aut Robert W. Byrd aut Koyt W. Everhart aut Aswathy Thomas aut Robert W. Reid aut Isobel Parkin Parkin, Isobel A. P. aut Andrew (Andy) Sharpe Sharpe, Andrew G. aut ACRD DCRA Rebekah Oliver aut Ivette Guzman aut Eric W. Jackson aut text article eng Key message A high-resolution genetic linkage map ofB. oleraceawas developed from aB. napusSNP array. The work will facilitate genetic and evolutionary studies inBrassicaceae. A broccoli population, VI-158 × BNC, consisting of 150 F2:3 families was used to create a saturated Brassica oleracea (diploid: CC) linkage map using a recently developed rapeseed (Brassica napus) (tetraploid: AACC) Illumina Infinium single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array. The map consisted of 547 non-redundant SNP markers spanning 948.1 cM across nine chromosomes with an average interval size of 1.7 cM. As the SNPs are anchored to the genomic reference sequence of the rapid cycling B. oleracea TO1000, we were able to estimate that the map provides 96 % coverage of the diploid genome. Carotenoid analysis of 2 years data identified 3 QTLs on two chromosomes that are associated with up to half of the phenotypic variation associated with the accumulation of total or individual compounds. By searching the genome sequences of the two related diploid species (B. oleracea and B. rapa), we further identified putative carotenoid candidate genes in the region of these QTLs. This is the first description of the use of a B. napus SNP array to rapidly construct high-density genetic linkage maps of one of the constituent diploid species. The unambiguous nature of these markers with regard to genomic sequences provides evidence to the nature of genes underlying the QTL, and demonstrates the value and impact this resource will have on Brassica research. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes article in press 2014-08-14 0040-5752 127 9 2051 2064 14 10.1007/s00122-014-2360-5 Aquatic and Crop Resource Development Développement des cultures et des ressources aquatiques National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21272869 58109087-04bd-4374-ba30-75c2769fbc0b Hosnay Hosnay (Md) Mobarok Mobarok, Md Hosnay aut SDT TSR Jillian Buriak Buriak, Jillian M. aut SDT TSR text article eng Zn3P2 nanoparticles, a potential earth abundant nanomaterial for photovoltaic applications, are prepared via a solution-based synthesis and end up capped with weakly bound phosphine ligands. These ligands are easily displaced from the nanoparticle surface, leading to an irreversible aggregation of particles. In this work, we elaborate the chemistry of Zn 3P2 nanoparticles both to elucidate the surface functionalities present after synthesis, and to enable the production of stable solutions of Zn3P2 colloidal solutions. Three different types of anionic type ligands, formed from their neutral precursors of oleic acid, n-decylphosphonic acid, and 1-octadecanethiol, were shown to be effective in yielding soluble functionalized nanoparticles. The functionalized Zn 3P2 nanoparticles were thoroughly characterized by electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction analyses, and FTIR spectroscopy. A combination of FTIR and multinuclear solution NMR spectroscopic studies on the starting agglomerated Zn3P 2 nanoparticles and the functionalized particle solutions reveals that the particle surface is terminated by Zn-CH3 and -PH x(SiMe3)3-x groups. Using oleic acid as the workhorse ligand, it was shown that addition of oleic acid to agglomerated nanoparticles led to a homogeneous dispersion of Zn3P2 nanoparticles, in toluene, along with production of CH4 and C 17H33COOSiMe3 as byproducts, as determined by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. FTIR spectroscopy of the ligand-exchanged particles indicated oleate coordination, along with the appearance of what has been assigned as a P-H stretch. Similar reaction chemistry was observed during ligand exchange with n-decylphosphonic acid and 1-octadecanethiol. On the basis of these data, a general mechanism for ligand exchange chemistry on the Zn3P2 nanoparticle surface was proposed to enable both the production of zinc phosphide nanoparticle solutions and the determination of various routes to surface functionalization of this material. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes Agglomeration Byproducts Chelation Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy Ligands Nanoparticles Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy Oleic acid Phosphorus compounds Spectroscopic analysis Surface chemistry X ray diffraction X ray diffraction analysis X ray photoelectron spectroscopy Zinc Agglomerated nanoparticles Functionalized nanoparticles Functionalized particles Homogeneous dispersions Irreversible aggregation Photovoltaic applications Surface functionalities Surface Functionalization Synthesis (chemical) 2014-07-21 0897-4756 26 15 4653 4661 9 10.1021/cm502234k Security and Disruptive Technologies Technologies de sécurité et de rupture National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21272872 95606f4d-3e7b-4a88-acda-372302d363fb Douglas MacKenzie MacKenzie, Douglas A. aut MD DM Allison Sherratt Sherratt, Allison R. aut MD DM Mariya Chigrinova aut MD DM Lawrence Leun-Wah Cheung Cheung, Lawrence L. W. aut MD DM John Paul Pezacki aut MD DM text article eng The development and applications of strain-promoted alkyne-nitrone cycloaddition (SPANC) reactions have brought about new tools for rapid and specific functionalization of biomolecules in different settings. While a number of strain-promoted reactions have been successfully developed, SPANC reactions offer high reactivity with bimolecular rate constants of k2 that are as fast as 60M-1s-1. SPANC reactions also offer stability of starting materials, particularly in the case of endocyclic nitrones, as well as stereoelectronic tunability of the nitrone moiety to optimize reactivity towards different alkyne reaction partners. Herein we discuss recent advances in the development of SPANC reactions and their applications in bioorthogonal labeling. yes yes alkyne derivative nitrone derivative chemical reaction kinetics cycloaddition strain promoted alkyne nitrone cycloaddition 2014-08 Elsevier 1367-5931 21 81 88 8 10.1016/j.cbpa.2014.05.023 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Medical Devices Dispositifs médicaux 21272874 faea30eb-c180-4c9c-bf46-e720941580de Rénald Gilbert aut HHT TSH Claire Guilbault aut HHT TSH David Gagnon aut HHT TSH Alice Bernier aut HHT TSH Lucie Bourget aut HHT TSH Seyyed Mehdy Elahi aut HHT TSH Amine Kamen aut HHT TSH Bernard Massie aut HHT TSH text article 2015-08-23 eng E1-deleted adenovirus vectors (AdV) are important gene transfer vehicles for gene therapy and vaccination. Amplification of AdV must take place in cells that express the adenovirus E1A and E1B genes. Sequence homology between AdV and the E1 genes integrated within the complementing cells should be minimal to reduce the odds of generating replication-competent adenovirus (RCA). The present study describes the establishment of AdV complementing cells constructed by stable transfection of the minimal E1A and E1B genes into human lung carcinoma (A549). Because some transgene products can be cytotoxic, the cells were engineered to stably express the repressor of the cumate-switch (CymR) to silence transgene transcription during vector growth. For regulatory compliance and to facilitate the scale-up, the resulting complementing cells (SF-BMAdR) were adapted to serum-free suspension culture. The best clone of SF-BMAdR produced AdV carrying an innocuous transgene to the same level as 293 cells, but titers were better for AdV carrying transgene for a cytotoxic product. Elevated titers were maintained for at least two months in suspension culture in the absence of selective agent and the cells did not produce RCA. Because of their advantageous properties, SF-BMAdR cells should become an important tool for developing large-scale production processes of AdV for research and clinical applications. yes yes Adenovirus vectors; Suspension culture; Serum-free medium; Cell line; Replication-competent adenovirus 2014-08-23 Elsevier 0166-0934 208 177 188 12 NRC-HHT-53257 10.1016/j.jviromet.2014.08.013 Human Health Therapeutics Thérapeutiques en santé humaine National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21272877 55d1e495-a328-4708-8aee-eee63968a47d Eric Steinbring aut NSI ISN text article eng Near-infrared integral-field spectroscopy of redshifted [O III], Hβ, and optical continuum emission from the z = 3.8 radio galaxy 4C+41.17 is presented, obtained with the laser-guide-star adaptive optics facility on the Gemini North telescope. Employing a specialized dithering technique, a spatial resolution of 0″.10, or 0.7 kpc, is achieved in each spectral element, with a velocity resolution of ∼70 km s-1. Spectra similar to local starbursts are found for bright knots coincident in archival Hubble Space Telescope ( HST) rest-frame ultraviolet images, which also allows a key line diagnostic to be mapped together with new kinematic information. There emerges a clearer picture of the nebular emission associated with the jet in 8.3 GHz and 15 GHz Very Large Array maps, closely tied to a Lyα-bright shell-shaped structure seen with HST. This supports a previous interpretation of that arc tracing a bow shock, inducing ∼1010-11 M⊙ star formation regions that comprise the clumpy broadband optical/ultraviolet morphology near the core. yes yes active galaxies galaxy jets galaxy nuclei starburst adaptive optics 2014-05-28 IOP Publishing 0004-6256 148 1 10 10.1088/0004-6256/148/1/10 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada National Science Infrastructure Infrastructure scientifique nationale 21272880 2efe6e94-573a-4969-bf06-70c445884f2e Ranran Shi aut Jianshe Wang aut Niancai Cheng aut Xueliang Sun aut Lei Zhang aut EME EME Jiujun (JJ) Zhang Zhang, Jiujun aut EME EME Liucheng Wang aut text article eng For optimizing both the activity and stability of Pt-based catalysts for methanol oxidation reaction (MOR), several carbon nanotubes(CNTs)-supported catalysts such as Pt-on-Au/CNTs, Pd-on-Au/CNTs, Pt-on-Pdon- Au/CNTs, Pt-on-Pd/CNTs, and Pd-on-Pt/CNTs catalysts are synthesized mainly through electrodeposition method. The activity and stability comparisons show that Pt-on-Au/CNTs has a higher MOR activity but a lower stability than Pd-on-Au/CNTs. To utilize the merits of the Pt and Pd components, Pt-on-Pd-on- Au/CNTs and Pt-on-Pd/CNTs catalysts are synthesized. The Pt-on-Pd-on-Au/CNTs and Pt-on-Pd/CNTs catalysts shows higher MOR activity than Pd-on-Au/CNTs and Pd/CNTs catalysts and higher stability than Pt-on-Au/CNTs, suggesting a synergistic interaction between Pt and Pd in catalyzing methanol oxidation reaction. Calculation shows that the total mass activity of Pt-on-Pd/CNTs with quite low Pt amount is on a similar level as that of Pt/CNTs for MOR oxidation, indicating the Pt-on-Pd catalyst could have promising potential as a low-Pt catalyst for MOR in alkaline media. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes methanol oxidation low-Pt catalysts stability activity Pt-on-Pd 2014-10-14 0013-4686 148 1 7 7 10.1016/j.electacta.2014.10.036 Energy, Mining and Environment Énergie, mines et environnement National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21272881 8a48ff8a-b0cc-4ea7-8de5-a32e3869f1fc Heather E. Wright Beatty Wright-Beatty, Heather E. aut AERO AERO Stephen G. Hardcastle aut Pierre Boulay aut Joanie Larose aut Glen P. Kenny aut text article eng Purpose The effectiveness of increased air velocity in reducing hydration shifts and physiological strain during work in the heat was examined in young and older males. Methods Ten young (mean ± SE, 24 ± 1 years) and 10 older (59 ± 1 years) males, matched for height, mass, and body surface area, cycled 4 × 15-min at moderate-to-heavy heat production (400 W), with 15-min rest separations between exercise bouts (final recovery 30 min), while wearing work clothing in humid heat (35 °C, 60 % relative humidity) under low (~0.5 m s-1) and high (~3.0 m s-1) air velocity. Rectal temperature (Tre) and heart rate were measured continuously, whereas hydration indices and interleukin (IL)-6 were measured at rest (PRE) and following the final recovery (POST). Results Young and older males experienced similar thermal and cardiovascular strain within the low (Tre end-exercise: young = 38.28 ± 0.11, older = 38.31 ± 0.08 °C) and high (Tre end-exercise: young = 37.94 ± 0.08, older = 37.87 ± 0.08 °C) air velocity conditions, with a reduced increase in both groups in high compared to low. Percent changes in plasma volume were similarly greater during the low (young = -10.9 ± 1.2, older = -10.8 ± 0.9 %) compared to high (young = -5.7 ± 0.6, older = -6.9 ± 0.7 %) condition for both groups. Despite elevated IL-6 at PRE in the older males, the IL-6 absolute change was similar between young (low = +4.10 ± 0.95, high = +0.99 ± 0.32 pg mL-1) and older (low = +3.58 ± 0.83, high = +1.24 ± 0.28 pg mL-1) males yet greater during the low compared to high condition. Conclusions Increased air velocity was effective in reducing the increase in hydration shifts and physiological strain (i.e. IL-6, thermal and cardiovascular strain) equally in young and older males. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes article in press 2014-06-19 Springer 1439-6319 114 10 2081 2092 12 10.1007/s00421-014-2931-9 Aerospace Aérospatiale National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21272871 54a47592-fce3-44ef-9955-5da7f0b47caf Marek Z Zgierski Zgierski, Marek Z. aut SDT TSR Edward C. Lim aut Takashige Fujiwara aut text article eng The time-dependent DFT calculations for the low-lying excited electronic states of 4- and 3-di-tert-butylaminobenzonitrile, and 2,4,6-tricyano-N,N-dimethylaniline and 2,4,6-tricyanoaniline have been performed to investigate the mechanism of photo-induced intramolecular charge transfer (ICT). In addition, CC2-RI calculations were performed for TCDMA. For di-tert-butylaminobenzonitriles, we found evidence for the πσ *-state mediated mechanism associated with the sequential state-switches: ππ * → πσ * → ICT. It is predicted that 2,4,6-tricyano-N,N-dimethylaniline (TCDMA), but not 2,4,6-tricyanoaniline, possesses two ICT states, one of which shows the ICT-characterized quinoidal geometry and lies below the initially photo-excited S1(ππ *) state. The ππ * → ICT formation in TCDMA feasibly occurs in accord with the observed time-resolved excited-state absorption spectra and the biexponential fluorescence decay from the mixed S1(ππ *)/ICT state of TCDMA. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes Intramolecular charge transfer; TDDFT calculations; Di-tert-butylaminobenzonitriles; 2,4,6-Tricyanoanilines; CC2-RI calculations 2014-05-13 2210-271X 1036 1 6 6 10.1016/j.comptc.2014.02.029 Security and Disruptive Technologies Technologies de sécurité et de rupture National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21272850 19f7a0d4-da83-48bc-b7d7-e230d1ca905c Yule Xiong aut IMS ISM Dan-Xia Xu aut IMS ISM Jens Holger Schmid Schmid, Jens H. aut IMS ISM Pavel Cheben aut IMS ISM Siegfried Janz aut IMS ISM Winnie N. Ye aut text article eng We propose a fabrication tolerant polarization splitter and rotator (PSR) on the silicon-on-insulator platform based on the mode-coupling mechanism. The PSR consists of a silicon wire waveguide coupled to a taper-etched waveguide. Compared to previously reported PSRs based on directional couplers which are sensitive to fabrication variations, the partially etched taper structure can compensate for fabrication inaccuracies. In addition, the taper-etched geometry breaks both the horizontal and vertical symmetries of the waveguide, introducing an additional degree of design freedom to accommodate different upper cladding layers. The proposed PSR can be readily integrated in a planar waveguide circuit using e.g. SiO2 cladding, making it compatible with typical metal back-end-ofline processes. Our simulation results show that the PSR has a low TM-to-TE polarization conversion loss of -0.09 dB in the C-band (or a conversion efficiency of 98%). A low TE-to-TE through insertion loss (-0.07 dB) and a very low polarization crosstalk (-30 dB) over a wide wavelength range exceeding 160 nm with a large fabrication tolerance (>50 nm) are numerically demonstrated. yes yes Directional couplers Optical waveguides Polarization Silicon oxides Waveguides Fabrication tolerances Planar waveguide circuit Polarization conversion Polarization crosstalk Polarization splitters Silicon wire waveguides Silicon-on-insulator platforms Upper cladding layers 2014-07-10 The Optical Society 1094-4087 22 14 17458 17465 8 10.1364/OE.22.017458 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) NRC Institute for Microstructural Sciences Institut des sciences des microstructures du CNRC 21272852 91dc4dc6-630f-4c66-b6ff-240baf91119f Yonghan He aut ACRD DCRA Wen Li aut Ying Li aut Shuocheng Zhang aut ACRD DCRA Yanwen Wang aut ACRD DCRA Changhao Sun aut text article eng Background: Ursolic acid (UA), a triterpenoid compound, is reported to have a glucose-lowering effect. However, the mechanisms are not fully understood. Adipose tissue is one of peripheral tissues that collectively control the circulating glucose levels.Objective: The objective of the present study was to determine the effect and further the mechanism of action of UA in adipocytes.Methods and Results: The 3T3-L1 preadipocytes were induced to differentiate and treated with different concentrations of UA. NBD-fluorescent glucose was used as the tracer to measure glucose uptake and Western blotting used to determine the expression and activity of proteins involved in glucose transport. It was found that 2.5, 5 and 10 μM of UA promoted glucose uptake in a dose-dependent manner (17%, 29% and 35%, respectively). 10 μM UA-induced glucose uptake with insulin stimulation was completely blocked by the phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor wortmannin (1 μM), but not by SB203580 (10 μM), the inhibitor of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), or compound C (2.5 μM), the inhibitor of AMP-activated kinase (AMPK) inhibitor. Furthmore, the downstream protein activities of the PI3K pathway, phosphoinositide-dependent kinase (PDK) and phosphoinositide-dependent serine/threoninekinase (AKT) were increased by 10 μM of UA in the presence of insulin. Interestingly, the activity of AS160 and protein kinase C (PKC) and the expression of glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) were stimulated by 10 μM of UA under either the basal or insulin-stimulated status. Moreover, the translocation of GLUT4 from cytoplasm to cell membrane was increased by UA but decreased when the PI3K inhibitor was applied.Conclusions: Our results suggest that UA stimulates glucose uptake in 3T3-L1 adipocytes through the PI3K pathway, providing important information regarding the mechanism of action of UA for its anti-diabetic effect. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes glucose adipocytes insulin glucose metabolism insulin resistance adipocyte differentiation membrane proteins adipose tissue 2014-10-20 1932-6203 9 10 e110711 1 8 8 10.1371/journal.pone.0110711 Aquatic and Crop Resource Development Développement des cultures et des ressources aquatiques National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21272853 4234b41c-e040-4a90-991b-a8bbcf3fbae7 Thomas A. Germer aut Joanne C Zwinkels Zwinkels, Joanne C. aut MSS SME Benjamin K. Tsai aut text chapter eng yes yes 2014-06-30 Elsevier 1079-4042 46 xxi xxv 10.1016/B978-0-12-386022-4.10000-7 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Measurement Science and Standards Science des mesures et étalons 21272854 868e631a-e707-4ff7-b154-bd346dbee93b Michael Woodside Woodside, Michael T. aut SDT TSR John Lambert aut Kevin S. D. Beach aut text article eng The conformational diffusion coefficient for intrachain motions in biopolymers, D, sets the timescale for structural dynamics. Recently, force spectroscopy has been applied to determine D both for unfolded proteins and for the folding transitions in proteins and nucleic acids. However, interpretation of the results remains unsettled. We investigated how instrumental effects arising from the force probes used in the measurement can affect the value of D recovered via force spectroscopy. We compared estimates of D for the folding of DNA hairpins found from measurements of rates and energy landscapes made using optical tweezers with estimates obtained from the same single-molecule trajectories via the transition path time. The apparent D obtained from the rates was much lower than the result found from the same data using transition time analysis, reflecting the effects of the mechanical properties of the force probe. Deconvolution of the finite compliance effects on the measurement allowed the intrinsic value to be recovered. These results were supported by Brownian dynamics simulations of the effects of force-probe compliance and bead size. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes 2014-08-07 0006-3495 107 7 1647 1653 7 10.1016/j.bpj.2014.08.007 Security and Disruptive Technologies Technologies de sécurité et de rupture National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21272851 ae6ea2a5-b511-4a63-8861-b1de740d8f40 Weiwei Cai aut Xiao Zhao aut Changpeng Liu aut Wei Xing aut Jiujun (JJ) Zhang Zhang, Jiujun aut EME EME text chapter eng In this chapter, to facilitate understanding and preparing the basic knowledge for rotating electrode theory, both the electron-transfer and reactant transport theories at the interface of electrode/electrolyte are presented. Regarding the reactant transport, three transportation modes such as diffusion, migration, and convection are described. A focusing discussion is given to the reactant diffusion near the electrode surface using both Fick's first and second laws. In addition, based on the approach in literature, the kinetics of reactant transport near and within a porous matrix electrode layer and its effect on the electron-transfer process is also presented using a simple equivalent electrode/electrolyte interface. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes 2014 9780444632784 33 65 33 10.1016/B978-0-444-63278-4.00002-1 Energy, Mining and Environment Énergie, mines et environnement National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21272858 d053b310-0027-4245-bfc9-c1be48ca836d David Bardelang aut SDT TSR Andreas Brinkmann aut MSS SME Christopher I (Chris) Ratcliffe Ratcliffe, Christopher I. aut SDT TSR John A Ripmeester Ripmeester, John A. aut SDT TSR Victor Terskikh Terskikh, Victor V. aut MSS SME Konstantin A (Kostia) Oudatchin Udachin, Konstantin A. aut SDT TSR text article eng Solid state 13C NMR spectra of several cucurbituril materials, CB[n] where n = 5, 6, 7 and 8, have been analysed in detail. Where crystal structures are known the complex splitting patterns for the CO, CH and CH 2 resonances can be directly related to the different site symmetries imposed on the CB molecule by the crystal. Conversely, where the structure is not known the NMR splitting patterns can be used to suggest possible symmetries for the CB, and these could conceivably aid in solving crystal structures. The fact that each structure produces a uniquely different 13C NMR splitting pattern makes it a useful fingerprinting tool which can be used to detect new phases. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes 2014-02-04 1466-8033 16 18 3788 3795 8 10.1039/c3ce42467g Security and Disruptive Technologies Technologies de sécurité et de rupture Measurement Science and Standards Science des mesures et étalons National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21272860 0c1c056e-f71e-4fb8-bdea-d3f313c6efed Sarah Hatzig aut L. Irina (Irina) Zaharia Zaharia, L. Irina aut ACRD DCRA Suzanne Abrams aut Marie Hohmann aut Laurie Legoahec aut Alain Bouchereau aut Nathalie Nesi aut Rod J. Snowdon aut text article eng The impact of osmotic stress on growth, physiology, and metabolism of winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) was investigated by detailed analysis of biomass traits, hormone metabolites and osmolytes in two genetically unrelated drought-tolerant genotypes and two unrelated drought-sensitive genotypes. Seedlings were grown in vitro under controlled conditions and osmotic stress was simulated by applying a gradual treatment with polyethylene glycol (PEG 6000), followed by hypo-osmotic treatment of variants used for metabolite determination. The results provide a basis for the identification of reliable selection criteria for drought resistance in oilseed rape. The in vitro cultivation system established during this study enabled effective discrimination of early osmotic stress responses between drought-resistant and -susceptible oilseed rape genotypes that also show large differences in relative seed yield under drought conditions in the field. Clear physiological and metabolic differences were observed between the drought-resistant and drought-sensitive genotypes, suggesting that osmotic adjustment is a key component of drought response in oilseed rape. Unexpectedly, however, the drought-resistant genotypes did not show typical hormonal adjustment and osmolyte accumulation, suggesting that they possess alternative physiological mechanisms enabling avoidance of stress symptoms. yes yes Abscisic acid; Brassica napus; Drought; Hormones; Metabolites 2014-03-25 Wiley 1672-9072 56 8 797 809 13 10.1111/jipb.12199 NRC-ACRD-56109 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Aquatic and Crop Resource Development Développement des cultures et des ressources aquatiques 21272862 55c384d7-0259-4d12-a87b-e22a000e63c8 Xiaoming Yu aut Qiumei Bian aut Zenghu Chang aut Paul B Corkum Corkum, P. B. aut SDT TSR Shuting Lei aut Laser-Based Micro- and Nanoprocessing VIII, February 4-6, 2014, San Francisco, CA, USA text article eng We report on the experimental results of micro- and nanostructures fabricated on the surface of fused silica by a train of two femtosecond laser pulses, a tightly focused 266 nm (ultraviolet, UV) pulse followed by a loosely focused 800 nm (infrared, IR) pulse. By controlling the fluence of each pulse below the damage threshold, micro- and nanostructures are fabricated using the combined beams. The resulting damage size is defined by the UV pulse, and a reduction of UV damage threshold is observed when the two pulses are within ∼ 1 ps delay. The effects of IR pulse duration on the UV damage threshold and shapes are investigated. These results suggest that the UV pulse generates seed electrons through multiphoton absorption and the IR pulse utilizes these electrons to cause damage by avalanche process. A single rate equation model based on electron density can be used to explain these results. It is further demonstrated that structures with dimensions of 124 nm can be fabricated on the surface of fused silica using 0.5 NA objective. This provides a possible route to XUV (or even shorter wavelength) laser nano-machining with reduced damage threshold. yes yes Fabrication Multiphoton processes Nanostructures Ultrafast lasers Ultrashort pulses Avalanche ionization Avalanche process Damage threshold Micro and nanostructures Multi-photon absorption On-electron density Shorter wavelength Ultraviolet , uv Pulse generators 2014-03-06 SPIE 9780819498816 89680G 0277-786X 8968 10.1117/12.2035290 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Security and Disruptive Technologies Technologies de sécurité et de rupture Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21272864 3f8e32cb-7394-4f5b-8c67-d3bf81ffd52a Xiaohui Su aut Lin Yu aut Gao Cheng aut Huanhua Zhang aut Ming Sun aut Lei Zhang aut EME EME Jiujun (JJ) Zhang Zhang, Jiujun aut EME EME text article eng The δ-MnO2 and Cu-doped δ-MnO2 grown on Ni foams are synthesized by a simple hydrothermal method for supercapacitor electrode application. The samples are characterized by XRD, ICP-AES, SEM, and BET for its composition, structure/morphology, and BET surface area. The electrochemical properties of the electrodes are studied by cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge/discharge and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) in 1M Na2SO4 solution. The results show that copper addition can vary the self-assembly of δ-MnO2 nanosheets, inducing the formation of flower-like structure. The morphology and electrochemical performance of the formed δ-MnO2 electrodes can be controlled by simply tuning the copper doping concentration. The 2at.% Cu-doped δ-MnO2 film obtains the maximum specific capacitance as high as 296Fg-1 at 1Ag-1, which is 80% higher than that of the pure δ-MnO2 film. Furthermore, it also shows a better cyclic stability than undoped δ-MnO2 film. The enhanced electrochemical properties may be attributed to its optimized hybrid nanosheet network and flow-like structure. A possible explanation for such enhancement in electrochemical properties of Cu-doped δ-MnO2 films has been discussed in this paper. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes Copper doping Flow-like structure Birnessite MnO2 (d-MnO2) Supercapacitor Electrochemical properties 2014 0306-2619 134 439 445 7 10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.08.050 Energy, Mining and Environment Énergie, mines et environnement National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21272832 c9242b27-c2a0-4ce7-8b64-739637beced8 Marc Auffret Auffret, Marc. D. aut EME EME Étienne Yergeau aut EME EME Diane Labbé aut EME EME Francoise Fayolle-Guichard aut Charles Greer Greer, Charles W. aut EME EME text article eng A bacterial consortium (Mix3) composed of microorganisms originating from different environments (soils and wastewater) was obtained after enrichment in the presence of a mixture of 16 hydrocarbons, gasoline, and diesel oil additives. After addition of the mixture, the development of the microbial composition of Mix3 was monitored at three different times (35, 113, and 222 days) using fingerprinting method and dominant bacterial species were identified. In parallel, 14 bacteria were isolated after 113 days and identified. Degradation capacities for Mix3 and the isolated bacterial strains were characterized and compared. At day 113, we induced the expression of catabolic genes in Mix3 by adding the substrate mixture to resting cells and the metatranscriptome was analyzed. After addition of the substrate mixture, the relative abundance of Actinobacteria increased at day 222 while a shift between Rhodococcus and Mycobacterium was observed after 113 days. Mix3 was able to degrade 13 compounds completely, with partial degradation of isooctane and 2-ethylhexyl nitrate, but tert-butyl alcohol was not degraded. Rhodococcus wratislaviensis strain IFP 2016 isolated from Mix3 showed almost the same degradation capacities as Mix3: these results were not observed with the other isolated strains. Transcriptomic results revealed that Actinobacteria and in particular, Rhodococcus species, were major contributors in terms of total and catabolic gene transcripts while other species were involved in cyclohexane degradation. Not all the microorganisms identified at day 113 were active except R. wratislaviensis IFP 2016 that appeared to be a major player in the degradation activity observed in Mix3. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes article in press Bacterial consortium Diesel oil Metatranscriptomic analysis Mixture of hydrocarbons Rhodococcus Dynamics of gene expression Bacterial enrichment 2014-10-16 0175-7598 99 5 2419 2430 12 10.1007/s00253-014-6159-8 Energy, Mining and Environment Énergie, mines et environnement National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21272834 2dea6aa4-3aa8-478e-8cbc-a5089bd7b197 Eddy So aut MSS SME David (Dave) Bennett Bennett, David aut MSS SME 29th Conference on Precision Electromagnetic Measurements, CPEM 2014, 24 August 2014 through 29 August 2014 text article eng The development of a current-comparator-based high-voltage reference inductor at the National Research Council of Canada (NRC) for calibrating loss measurement systems of large high voltage shunt reactors is presented. The high voltage reference inductor features an adjustable loss angle equivalent to a power factor from zero to 0.01. It has an uncertainty of less than 10×10-6 in both magnitude and phase. yes yes Current-comparator-based High-voltages Loss angle reference inductor Shunt reactors uncertainty 2014-08 IEEE 9781479952052 6898229 2 3 2 0589-1485 10.1109/CPEM.2014.6898229 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) Measurement Science and Standards Science des mesures et étalons 21272835 75e201ba-6781-4460-a6fb-5e7d18bd6486 Eric G. Barbagiovanni aut David J Lockwood Lockwood, David J. aut MSS SME Peter J. Simpson aut Lyudmila V. Goncharova aut text article eng The role of quantum confinement (QC) in Si and Ge nanostructures (NSs) including quantum dots, quantum wires, and quantum wells is assessed under a wide variety of fabrication methods in terms of both their structural and optical properties. Structural properties include interface states, defect states in a matrix material, and stress, all of which alter the electronic states and hence the measured optical properties. We demonstrate how variations in the fabrication method lead to differences in the NS properties, where the most relevant parameters for each type of fabrication method are highlighted. Si embedded in, or layered between, SiO2, and the role of the sub-oxide interface states embodies much of the discussion. Other matrix materials include Si3N4 and Al2O3. Si NSs exhibit a complicated optical spectrum, because the coupling between the interface states and the confined carriers manifests with varying magnitude depending on the dimension of confinement. Ge NSs do not produce well-defined luminescence due to confined carriers, because of the strong influence from oxygen vacancy defect states. Variations in Si and Ge NS properties are considered in terms of different theoretical models of QC (effective mass approximation, tight binding method, and pseudopotential method). For each theoretical model, we discuss the treatment of the relevant experimental parameters. yes yes Fabrication Interface states Interfaces (materials) Optical properties Quantum confinement Semiconducting germanium Effective mass approximation Experimental parameters Fabrication method Oxygen vacancy defects Pseudopotential method Structural and optical properties Theoretical modeling Tight binding methods Silicon 2014-06-01 AIP Publishing 1931-9401 1 1 11302 10.1063/1.4835095 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Measurement Science and Standards Science des mesures et étalons 21272837 1af738ea-a199-4323-bd47-94870e6c3859 Kyu-Tae Kim aut Jae Kap Jung aut YoungSup Lee aut Eddy So aut MSS SME 29th Conference on Precision Electromagnetic Measurements, CPEM 2014, 24 August 2014 through 29 August 2014 text article eng The application of a simple binary step up method for possible calibration of high current DC shunts up to a few thousand amperes in which a pair of HCDC shunts are used to evaluate the current dependence of the shunt resistance. It was found that a complex exponential linear model can be applied to separate the drifts in voltage measurements from the contribution of the current coefficient of the shunt. This approach allows one to extract the information on the current coefficient of the shunt and together with low current measurement of the shunt resistance to calibrate the current output of HCDC source, which in turn can be used as a reference for calibration of customer's shunts. In order to validate the step up method, the calibrated HCDC source was used to obtain DC current ratios which is to be compared with NRC's high current ratio measurements of a multi-ratio 3000 A reference DC CT. yes yes Voltage measurement Calibration system comparison Current ratios High currents Calibration 2014-08 IEEE 9781479952052 6898535 614 615 2 0589-1485 10.1109/CPEM.2014.6898535 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Measurement Science and Standards Science des mesures et étalons 21272838 5d225b5c-97d2-4d2d-8139-1c5546dd16a7 Xijia Wu aut AERO AERO Guangchung Quan aut Ryan MacNeil aut AERO AERO Zhong Zhang aut AERO AERO Clayton Sloss aut text article eng Strain-controlled low-cycle fatigue (LCF) tests were conducted on ductile cast iron (DCI) at strain rates of 0.02, 0.002, and 0.0002/s in the temperature range from room temperature to 1073 K (800 °C). A constitutive-damage model was developed within the integrated creep-fatigue theory (ICFT) framework on the premise of strain decomposition into rate-independent plasticity and time-dependent creep. Four major damage mechanisms: (i) plasticity-induced fatigue, (ii) intergranular embrittlement (IE), (iii) creep, and (iv) oxidation were considered in a nonlinear creep-fatigue interaction model which represents the overall damage accumulation process consisting of oxidation-assisted fatigue crack nucleation and propagation in coalescence with internally distributed damage (e.g., IE and creep), leading to final fracture. The model was found to agree with the experimental observations of the complex DCI-LCF phenomena, for which the linear damage summation rule would fail. yes yes Cracks Creep Failure (mechanical) Plasticity Strain rate Creep-fatigue interactions Damage accumulation Ductile cast irons Fatigue-crack nucleation Intergranular embrittlement Low cycle fatigues Rate-independent plasticities Time-dependent creeps Fatigue damage 2014-07-22 Springer International Publishing 1073-5623 45 11 5085 5097 13 10.1007/s11661-014-2468-x National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) Aerospace Aérospatiale 21272839 de7923f2-952d-4209-a440-76459ff5179c Mohommed Islam aut Brian J Veitch Veitch, Brian aut Pengfei Liu aut OCRE GOCF text article eng One of the fundamental aspects of any physical experiment is the uncertainty or error limits of the measurement. Unfortunately, majority of published model experimental results do not come with the much needed error analysis. It is imperative that a fundamental and rigorous uncertainty assessment is carried out for all measurements, especially for measurements using a newly designed apparatus. This paper presents the uncertainty analysis methodology and results for a newly designed fully functional podded propulsor performance measurement apparatus. The measurements include propeller thrust, torque, rotation rate and advance speed as well as global forces and moments of a pod unit. The facility and measurement systems are briefly described, and detailed uncertainty assessment methodologies with examples for each measurement are provided with descriptions of bias and precision limits and total uncertainties. The generalized methodology can also be used for other relevant measurements. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes Uncertainty analysis Error limits Bias error Precision error Podded propulsors Measurement uncertainty 2014-03-14 0029-8018 81 130 138 9 10.1016/j.oceaneng.2014.02.009 Ocean, Coastal and River Engineering Génie océanique, côtier et fluvial National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21272841 987405c6-7b60-4a18-b729-7ec8f278c14b J. Allan aut J. Ronholm aut N. C. S. Mykytczuk aut Charles Greer Greer, C. W. aut EME EME T. C. Onstott aut L. G. Whyte aut text article eng Increasing permafrost thaw, driven by climate change, has the potential to result in organic carbon stores being mineralized into carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) through microbial activity. This study examines the effect of increasing temperature on community structure and metabolic activity of methanogens from the Canadian High Arctic, in an attempt to predict how warming will affect microbially controlled CH4 soil flux. In situCO2 and CH4 flux, measured in 2010 and 2011 from ice-wedge polygons, indicate that these soil formations are a net source of CO2 emissions, but a CH4 sink. Permafrost and active layer soil samples were collected at the same sites and incubated under anaerobic conditions at warmer temperatures, with and without substrate amendment. Gas flux was measured regularly and indicated an increase in CH4 flux after extended incubation. Pyrosequencing was used to examine the effects of an extended thaw cycle on methanogen diversity and the results indicate that in situ methanogen diversity, based on the relative abundance of the 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) gene associated with known methanogens, is higher in the permafrost than in the active layer. Methanogen diversity was also shown to increase in both the active layer and permafrost soil after an extended thaw. This study provides evidence that although High Arctic ice-wedge polygons are currently a sink for CH4, higher arctic temperatures and anaerobic conditions, a possible result of climate change, could result in this soil becoming a source for CH4 gas flux. yes yes methane Arctic chemistry classification isolation and purification kinetics metabolism microbiology soil temperature bacteria soil microbiology 2014-01-23 Wiley 1758-2229 6 2 136 144 9 10.1111/1758-2229.12139 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Energy, Mining and Environment Énergie, mines et environnement 21272842 8c7a12d7-6860-4bea-885b-15b8e3fc3f49 Shirley Guzmán aut Silvia Marin aut Anibal Miranda aut Vitaly A. Selivanov aut Josep J. Centelles aut Romain Harmancey aut Fatima Smih aut Annie Turkieh aut Yves Durocher aut HHT TSH Antonio Zorzano aut Philippe Rouet aut Marta Cascante aut text article eng Background: It has been suggested that the adipokine resistin links obesity and insulin resistance, although how resistin acts on muscle metabolism is controversial. We aimed to quantitatively analyse the effects of resistin on the glucose metabolic flux profile and on insulin response in L6E9 myotubes at the metabolic level using a tracer-based metabolomic approach and our in-house developed software, Isodyn.Results: Resistin significantly increased glucose uptake and glycolysis, altering pyruvate utilisation by the cell. In the presence of resistin, insulin only slightly increased glucose uptake and glycolysis, and did not alter the flux profile around pyruvate induced by resistin. Resistin prevented the increase in gene expression in pyruvate dehydrogenase-E1 and the sharp decrease in gene expression in cytosolic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase-1 induced by insulin.Conclusions: These data suggest that resistin impairs the metabolic activation of insulin. This impairment cannot be explained by the activity of a single enzyme, but instead due to reorganisation of the whole metabolic flux distribution. yes yes Resistin; Insulin resistance; Glucose metabolism; Fluxomics; Bioinformatics; Tracer-based metabolomics 2014-09-14 BioMed Central 1752-0509 8 1 109 1 12 12 10.1186/s12918-014-0109-z Human Health Therapeutics Thérapeutiques en santé humaine National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21272845 5ed7c525-8610-4de2-98b8-b6fcc8e143d3 A. Fuente aut J. Cernicharo aut P. Caselli aut C. McCoey aut Douglas Johnstone Johnstone, D. aut NSI ISN M. Fich aut T. Van Kempen aut A. Palau aut U. A. Yildiz aut B. Tercero aut A. López aut text article eng Context. This paper is dedicated to the study of the chemistry of the intermediate-mass (IM) hot core NGC 7129 FIRS 2, probably the most compact warm core found in the 2-8 M⊙ stellar mass range. Aims. Our aim is to determine the chemical composition of the IM hot core NGC 7129 FIRS 2, and to provide new insights on the chemistry of hot cores in a more general context. Methods. NGC 7129 FIRS 2 (hereafter, FIRS 2) is located at a distance of 1250 pc and high spatial resolution observations are required to resolve the hot core at its center. We present a molecular survey from 218 200 MHz to 221 800 MHz carried out with the IRAM Plateau de Bure Interferometer (PdBI). These observations were complemented with a long integration single-dish spectrum taken with the IRAM 30 m telescope in Pico de Veleta (Spain). We used a local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE) single temperature code to model the whole dataset. Results. The interferometric spectrum is crowded with a total of 300 lines from which a few dozen remain unidentified. The spectrum has been modeled with a total of 20 species and their isomers, isotopologues, and deuterated compounds. Complex molecules like methyl formate (CH3OCHO), ethanol (CH3CH2OH), glycolaldehyde (CH2OHCHO), acetone (CH3COCH3), dimethyl ether (CH3OCH 3), ethyl cyanide (CH3CH2CN), and the aGg' conformer of ethylene glycol (aGg'-(CH2OH)2) are among the detected species. The detection of vibrationally excited lines of CH 3CN, CH3OCHO, CH3OH, OCS, HC3N, and CH3CHO proves the existence of gas and dust at high temperatures. The gas kinetic temperature estimated from the vibrational lines of CH 3CN, ∼405-67 +100 K, is similar to that measured in massive hot cores. Our data allow an extensive comparison of the chemistry in FIRS 2 and the Orion hot core. Conclusions. We find a quite similar chemistry in FIRS 2 and Orion. Most of the studied fractional molecular abundances agree within a factor of 5. Larger differences are only found for the deuterated compounds D2CO and CH2DOH and a few molecules (CH3CH2CN, SO2, HNCO and CH3CHO). Since the physical conditions are similar in both hot cores, only different initial conditions (warmer pre-collapse and collapse phase in the case of Orion) and/or different crossing times of the gas in the hot core can explain this behavior. We discuss these two scenarios. yes yes Acetone Deuterium Ethylene glycol Fuels Isomers Molecules Sulfur dioxide Astrochemistry Chemical compositions High spatial resolution ISM: individual objects: NGC 7129 Kinetic temperatures Local thermodynamic equilibrium Stars: formation Stars 2014-08-15 EDP Sciences 0004-6361 568 A65 10.1051/0004-6361/201323074 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) National Science Infrastructure Infrastructure scientifique nationale 21272846 117f9a5c-7769-425f-a1be-7e0512037547 Wei Xing aut Min Yin aut Qing Lv aut Yang Hu aut Changpeng Liu aut Jiujun (JJ) Zhang Zhang, Jiujun aut EME EME text chapter eng In this chapter, the necessary parameters for both rotating disk electrode/rotating ring-disk electrode analysis in oxygen reduction reaction study, such as O2 solubility, O2 diffusion coefficient and the viscosity of the aqueous electrolyte solutions are discussed in depth in terms of their definitions, theoretical background, and experiment measurements. The effects of type/concentration of electrolyte, temperature, and pressure on values of these parameters are also discussed. To provide the readers with useful information, the values of these parameters are collected from literature, and summarized in several tables. In addition, the values of both the O2 solubility and diffusion coefficient in Nafion® membranes or ionomers are also listed in the tables. Hopefully, this chapter would be able to serve as a data source for the later chapters of this book, and also the readers could find it useful in their experimental data analysis. yes yes Oxygen reduction reaction(ORR) Rotating disk electrode(RDE) Rotating ring-disk electrode(RRDE) temperature Nafion film ionomer Pressure and pH diffusion coefficient electrolyte type/concentration kinematic viscosity oxygen solubility 2014-03-31 Elsevier 9780444632784 1 31 31 10.1016/B978-0-444-63278-4.00001-X National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Energy, Mining and Environment Énergie, mines et environnement 21272848 3b76c98e-3b7a-4ee4-bc93-2fa6fd03f89b M. Shah Mohammadi aut Martin Bureau Bureau, M. N. aut BMS SGA S. N. Nazhat aut text chapter eng Porous scaffolds based on polylactic acid (PLA) and its copolymers have been extensively used as templates for potential tissue regeneration applications. This chapter discusses the techniques involved in creating PLA-based foams, focusing on gas foaming. It also covers the structure, physical and mechanical properties of the scaffolds. It then reviews some of the applications of PLA-based foams for the engineering of soft and hard tissues. It also provides an insight into future trends in the design of PLA foams for biomedical applications. © 2014 Woodhead Publishing Limited. All rights reserved. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes 2014 Elsevier 9780857096968 313 334 22 10.1533/9780857097033.2.313 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Business Management Support Soutien à la gestion des affaires 21272849 1d1b583e-8eb2-4a62-8d5b-539a10f1ca98 Mark Andrew Smith Smith, Mark A. aut ACRD DCRA Haixia Zhang aut ACRD DCRA Randall (Randy) Purves Purves, Randy W. aut ACRD DCRA text article eng Plant oils rich in oxygenated fatty acids (FAs) are of interest as renewable raw materials for industry. Previous studies reported unusual oxygenated FAs in the seed lipids of Plantago major and P. ovata. To determine if oxygenated FAs are a common component of Plantago seed oils, seed fatty acyl quality and quantity were determined for 23 Plantago species. Fatty acyl content, as a percentage of dry weight, ranged from 4.9 % in P. sempervirens to 18.8 % in P. coronopus. Oxygenated FAs were a frequent, but not ubiquitous component of Plantago seed lipids, reaching a level of almost 15 % in the seeds of P. nivalis. The oxygenated FAs were identified as isoricinoleic acid (9-hydroxy-cis-12-octadecenoic acid, IR) and 9-oxo-cis-12-octadecenoic acid (OX). When present, most species contained both IR and OX. FAs containing oxo groups have not been reported as components of the seed oil of other plant species that synthesize IR or ricinoleic acid (12-hydroxy-cis-9-octadecenoic acid), suggesting unique aspects to the pathway of oxygenated FA biosynthesis in Plantago. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) demonstrated that IR and OX are components of triacylglycerol, and triacylglycerol estolides are a minor component of the seed oil of P. lanceolata with secondary acylation by oxygenated FAs. yes yes Fatty acid methyl ester mass spectra; Isoricinoleic acid; MALDI-TOF MS; Oxo-fatty acid; Plantago lanceolata; Seed oil; Triacylglycerol estolide 2014-05-21 Springer International Publishing 0003-021X 91 8 1313 1322 10 10.1007/s11746-014-2478-2 NRC-ACRD-55936 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Aquatic and Crop Resource Development Développement des cultures et des ressources aquatiques 21272813 59d74f5a-c07c-4618-8350-77aa0f900986 J. Gonzalo Wangüemert-Pérez aut Pavel Cheben aut ICT TIC Alejandro Ortega-Moñux aut Carlos Alberto Alonso-Ramos Alonso-Ramos, Carlos aut ICT TIC Diego Pérez-Galacho aut Robert Halir aut Iñigo Molina-Fernández aut Dan-Xia Xu aut ICT TIC Jens Holger Schmid Schmid, Jens H. aut ICT TIC text article eng We explore, to the best of our knowledge, the potential of diffractionless subwavelength grating waveguides for sensing applications. We show that by subwavelength patterning of silicon-wire waveguides the field delocalization can be engineered to increase the sensitivity. Fully vectorial 3D-FDTD simulations confirm the sensitivity enhancement, achieving sensitivities of 0.83 RIU/RIU and 1.5 · 10-3 RIU/nm for bulk and surface sensing, respectively, which compare favorably to state-of-the-art sensing waveguides. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes Waveguides Delocalizations Evanescent field waveguides Sensing applications Sensitivity enhancements Sub-wave length grating Sub-wavelength Subwavelength grating waveguides Surface sensing Diffraction gratings 2014-07-23 0146-9592 39 15 4442 4445 4 10.1364/OL.39.004442 Information and Communication Technologies Technologies de l'information et des communications National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21272815 e667c438-322f-48c2-aaf7-17684329aae7 Bryan Richard Muir Muir, B. R. aut MSS SME David W (Dave) Rogers Rogers, D. W. O. aut text article eng Purpose: To provide a comprehensive investigation of electron beam reference dosimetry using Monte Carlo simulations of the response of 10 plane-parallel and 18 cylindrical ion chamber types. Specific emphasis is placed on the determination of the optimal shift of the chambers' effective point of measurement (EPOM) and beam quality conversion factors.Methods: The EGSnrc system is used for calculations of the absorbed dose to gas in ion chamber models and the absorbed dose to water as a function of depth in a water phantom on which cobalt-60 and several electron beam source models are incident. The optimal EPOM shifts of the ion chambers are determined by comparing calculations of R50 converted from I50 (calculated using ion chamber simulations in phantom) to R50 calculated using simulations of the absorbed dose to water vs depth in water. Beam quality conversion factors are determined as the calculated ratio of the absorbed dose to water to the absorbed dose to air in the ion chamber at the reference depth in a cobalt-60 beam to that in electron beams.Results: For most plane-parallel chambers, the optimal EPOM shift is inside of the active cavity but different from the shift determined with water-equivalent scaling of the front window of the chamber. These optimal shifts for plane-parallel chambers also reduce the scatter of beam quality conversion factors, kQ, as a function of R50. The optimal shift of cylindrical chambers is found to be less than the 0.5 rcav recommended by current dosimetry protocols. In most cases, the values of the optimal shift are close to 0.3 rcav. Values of kecal are calculated and compared to those from the TG-51 protocol and differences are explained using accurate individual correction factors for a subset of ion chambers investigated. High-precision fits to beam quality conversion factors normalized to unity in a beam with R50 = 7.5 cm (k′Q) are provided. These factors avoid the use of gradient correction factors as used in the TG-51 protocol although a chamber dependent optimal shift in the EPOM is required when using plane-parallel chambers while no shift is needed with cylindrical chambers. The sensitivity of these results to parameters used to model the ion chambers is discussed and the uncertainty related to the practical use of these results is evaluated.Conclusions: These results will prove useful as electron beam reference dosimetry protocols are being updated. The analysis of this work indicates that cylindrical ion chambers may be appropriate for use in low-energy electron beams but measurements are required to characterize their use in these beams. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes electron beam reference dosimetry EGSnrc kQ kecal beam quality conversion factors EPOM dosimetry protocols 2014-10-14 0094-2405 41 11 111701 10.1118/1.4893915 Measurement Science and Standards Science des mesures et étalons National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21272816 4a21b4cc-c0b9-400e-b156-f456874a60f4 Scott MacKay Mackay, Scott aut NINT INNT Jie Chen aut NINT INNT 2014 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems, ISCAS 2014, 1 June 2014 through 5 June 2014, Melbourne, VIC text article eng This article provides a brief overview and background on current biosensor designs for applications in genomics, proteomics and metabolomics. As research continues in many different aspects of biosensor design, new and better ways to recognize and detect low concentrations of a wide variety of different biomolecules are being developed for various applications. Biosensors can offer a simpler, faster and cheaper alternative to the testing that is often required to collect the large amounts of data for genomic, proteomic and metabolomic sensing. Recognition elements such as DNA aptamers make detecting very different types of biomolecules in the same system possible, while the use of signal-enhancing nanoparticle probes and microfabricated sensor arrays make it possible to test for a large number of different target biomolecules quickly and effectively. yes yes Antibodies Biomolecules Carbon nanotubes Chemical detection Aptamers ELectrochemical detection Genomics Metabolomics Optical detection SELEX Biosensors 2014-06 IEEE 0271-4310 9781479934324 6865104 217 220 4 10.1109/ISCAS.2014.6865104 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) National Institute for Nanotechnology Institut national de nanotechnologie 21272817 4482a5a6-1c87-458f-916b-35d985438b50 Sateesh Kagale aut ACRD DCRA Stephen J. Robinson aut John Nixon aut Rong Xiao aut Terry Huebert aut Janet A Condie Condie, Janet aut ACRD DCRA Dallas Kessler aut Wayne E. Clarke aut Patrick P. Edger aut Matthew G. Links aut Andrew (Andy) Sharpe Sharpe, Andrew G. aut ACRD DCRA Isobel A. P. Parkin aut text article eng The Brassicaceae (Cruciferae) family, owing to its remarkable species, genetic, and physiological diversity as well as its significant economic potential, has become a model for polyploidy and evolutionary studies. Utilizing extensive transcriptome pyrosequencing of diverse taxa, we established a resolved phylogeny of a subset of crucifer species. We elucidated the frequency, age, and phylogenetic position of polyploidy and lineage separation events that have marked the evolutionary history of the Brassicaceae. Besides the well-known ancient α (47 million years ago [Mya]) and β (124 Mya) paleopolyploidy events, several species were shown to have undergone a further more recent (~7 to 12 Mya) round of genome multiplication. We identified eight whole-genome duplications corresponding to at least five independent neo/mesopolyploidy events. Although the Brassicaceae family evolved from other eudicots at the beginning of the Cenozoic era of the Earth (60 Mya), major diversification occurred only during the Neogene period (0 to 23 Mya). Remarkably, the widespread species divergence, major polyploidy, and lineage separation events during Brassicaceae evolution are clustered in time around epoch transitions characterized by prolonged unstable climatic conditions. The synchronized diversification of Brassicaceae species suggests that polyploid events may have conferred higher adaptability and increased tolerance toward the drastically changing global environment, thus facilitating species radiation. yes yes 2014-07-14 ASPB Publications 1040-4651 26 7 2777 2791 15 10.1105/tpc.114.126391 NRC-ACRD-56106 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Aquatic and Crop Resource Development Développement des cultures et des ressources aquatiques 21272819 4b34af3e-7a58-4a49-b8a3-8eaf9dabcfba D. Massa aut L. Oskinova aut A. W. Fullerton aut R. K. Prinja aut David A Bohlender Bohlender, D. A. aut NSI ISN N. D. Morrison aut M. Blake aut W. Pych aut text article eng We analyse a 162 ks high energy transmission grating Chandra observation of the O7.5 III(n)((f)) star ξ Per, together with contemporaneous Hα observations. The X-ray spectrum of this star is similar to other single O stars, and not pathological in any way. Its UV wind lines are known to display cyclical time variability, with a period of 2.086 d, which is thought to be associated with corotating interaction regions (CIRs). We examine the Chandra and Hα data for variability on this time-scale. We find that the X-rays vary by ~15 per cent over the course of the observations and that this variability is out of phase with variable absorption on the blue wing of the Hα profiles (assumed to be a surrogate for the UV absorption associated with CIRs). While not conclusive, both sets of data are consistent with models where the CIRs are either a source of X-rays or modulate them. yes yes 2014-07-01 Oxford University Press 0035-8711 441 3 2173 2180 8 10.1093/mnras/stu565 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada National Science Infrastructure Infrastructure scientifique nationale 21272820 4996bc29-edc8-4d58-8772-8dde8e816f7d Lenoid Belostotski aut James W. Haslett aut Bruce George Veidt Veidt, Bruce aut NSI ISN Thomas L (Tom) Landecker Landecker, Thomas L. aut NSI ISN Andrew D Gray Gray, Andrew D. aut NSI ISN Gary J Hovey Hovey, Gary J. aut NSI ISN John Everett (Ev) Sheehan Sheehan, Ev aut NSI ISN Robert (Rob) Messing Messing, Rob. aut NSI ISN 2014 16th International Symposium on Antenna Technology and Applied Electromagnetics, ANTEM 2014, 13 July 2014 through 16 July 2014, Victoria, BC text article eng This paper reports on the world's first CMOS low noise amplifier (LNA) operating successfully on a radio telescope since October 15th, 2010. The radio telescope used in this work is the Synthesis Telescope operated by the Dominion Radio Astrophysical Observatory, NRC, and located near Penticton, BC, Canada. This paper describes the work that led to the installation of the LNA on the telescope and shows measurement results obtained with the telescope. yes yes Astrophysics CMOS integrated circuits Observatories Radio frequency amplifiers Radio telescopes Aperture synthesis Astrophysical observatory CMOS LNA CMOS low noise amplifiers Square Kilometre Array (SKA) Low noise amplifiers 2014 IEEE 9781479922253 6887719 1 3 3 10.1109/ANTEM.2014.6887719 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada National Science Infrastructure Infrastructure scientifique nationale 21272821 92ca9ad1-623f-4eeb-a179-bbb0b9b81fa6 E. N. Voyer aut A. Boselli aut S. Boissier aut S. Heinis aut L. Cortese aut Laura Ferrarese Ferrarese, L. aut NSI ISN Patrick J D (Pat) Côté Cote, P. aut NSI ISN J.-C. Cuillandre aut Stephen Gwyn Gwyn, S. D. J. aut NSI ISN E. W. Peng aut H. Zhang aut C. Liu aut text article eng In this paper we introduce the deepest and most extensive ultraviolet extragalactic source catalogs of the Virgo Cluster area to date. Archival and targeted GALEX imaging is compiled and combined to provide the deepest possible coverage over 120 deg2 in the NUV (eff = 231 6 Å) and ~40 deg2 in the FUV (eff = 1539 Å) between 180= RA =195 and 0° =Dec = 20°. We measure the integrated photometry of 1770 extended UV sources of all galaxy types anduse GALEX pipeline photometry for 1230855 point-like sources in the foreground, within, and behind the cluster. Extended source magnitudes are reliable to mUV ~ 22 showing a = ~ 0.01 = s difference from their asymptotic magnitudes. Point-like source magnitudes have a 1 = s standard deviation within = ~ 0.2 mag down to muv ~ 23. The point-like source catalog is cross-matched with large optical databases and surveys including the SDSS DR9 (> 1 million Virgo Cluster sources), the Next Generation Virgo Cluster Survey (NGVS; > 13 million Virgo Cluster sources),and the NED (~ 30000 sources in the Virgo Cluster). We find that 69% of the entire UV point-like source catalog has a unique optical counterpart, 11% of which are stars and 0.01% (129) are Virgo cluster members that are neither in the VCC nor part of the bright CGCG galaxy catalog (i.e., mpg < 14.5). These data are collected in three catalogs containing the UV extended sources, the UV point-like sources, and the most relevant optical parameters of UV-optically matched point-like sources for further studies from SDSS. The GUViCS catalogs provide a unique set of data for future work on UV and multiwavelength studies in the cluster and background environments. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes Catalogs Galaxies: clusters: individual: Virgo Galaxies: photometry Galaxies: star formation Ultraviolet: galaxies 2014-10-03 0004-6361 569 A124 1 51 51 10.1051/0004-6361/201322511 National Science Infrastructure Infrastructure scientifique nationale National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21272825 71f9c034-2833-4c6a-aa7a-4755e0fe2a9f Roland Kothes Kothes, R. aut NSI ISN X. H. Sun aut W. Reich aut Tyler Foster Foster, T. J. aut NSI ISN text article eng We report the discovery of the new pulsar wind nebula (PWN) G141.2+5.0 in data observed with the Dominion Radio Astrophysical Observatory's Synthesis Telescope at 1420 MHz. The new PWN has a diameter of about 3.′5, which translates to a spatial extent of about 4 pc at a distance of 4.0 kpc. It displays a radio spectral index of α ≈ -0.7, similar to the PWN G76.9+1.1. G141.2+5.0 is highly polarized up to 40% with an average of 15% in the 1420 MHz data. It is located in the center of a small spherical H I bubble, which is expanding at a velocity of 6 km s-1 at a systemic velocity of v LSR = -53 km s-1. The bubble could be the result of the progenitor star's mass loss or the shell-type supernova remnant (SNR) created by the same supernova explosion in a highly advanced stage. The systemic LSR velocity of the bubble shares the velocity of H I associated with the Cygnus spiral arm, which is seen across the second and third quadrants and an active star-forming arm immediately beyond the Perseus arm. A kinematical distance of 4 ± 0.5 kpc is found for G141.2+5.0, similar to the optical distance of the Cygnus arm (3.8 ± 1.1 kpc). G141.2+5.0 represents the first radio PWN discovered in 17 years and the first SNR discovered in the Cygnus spiral arm, which is in stark contrast with the Perseus arm's overwhelming population of shell-type remnants. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes 2014-03-14 2041-8205 784 2 L26 10.1088/2041-8205/784/2/L26 National Science Infrastructure Infrastructure scientifique nationale National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21272826 d487e0e1-a83e-4d2a-911a-65b7aecebea3 Derek Alsop aut Santosh Lall Lall, Santosh P. aut ACRD DCRA Chris M. Wood aut text article eng Nickel (Ni) concentrations in the environment can rise due to human industrial activities. The toxicity of waterborne Ni to aquatic animals has been examined in a number of previous studies; however, little is known about the impacts of elevated dietary Ni. In the present study, zebrafish were chronically fed diets containing two concentrations of Ni [3.7 (control) and 116 μg Ni/g diet]. Ni-exposed males, but not females, were significantly smaller (26%) compared to controls at 80 days. In addition, total egg production was decreased by 65% in the Ni treatment at 75-78 days of the experiment. Ni was ubiquitously distributed in control animals (similar to previous studies), and concentrations varied between tissues by 15-fold. Ni exposure resulted in modest but significant Ni accumulation in some tissues (increases were highest in brain, vertebrae and gut; 44%, 34% and 25%, respectively), an effect observed only at 80 days. The limited Ni accumulation may be due to (1) the lack of an acidified stomach in zebrafish and/or (2) the efficient upregulation of Ni transport and excretion mechanisms, as indicated by the 4.5-fold increase in waterborne 63Ni uptake by Ni-exposed fish. Eggs from Ni-exposed adults had Ni concentrations that were 5.2-fold higher than controls. However, by 4 days post fertilization, larvae had similar Ni concentrations as controls, demonstrating a capacity for rapid Ni depuration. Larvae from Ni-exposed adults were also more resistant to waterborne Ni (35% increase in the 96-h LC50 over controls). In conclusion, elevated dietary Ni significantly affected zebrafish reproduction despite only modest tissue Ni accumulation. There were also indications of adaptation, including increased Ni uptake rates and increased Ni tolerance of offspring from Ni-exposed adults. Ni concentrations were particularly elevated in the brain with exposure; possible relations to growth and reproductive impacts require further study. yes yes estradiol hydrocortisone nickel adaptation animal experiment animal tissue brain controlled study dietary intake egg production environmental exposure excretion growth intestine larva male metabolic rate nonhuman ovary follicle reproduction survival upregulation zebra fish 2014-09 Elsevier 1532-0456 165 67 75 9 10.1016/j.cbpc.2014.05.001 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Aquatic and Crop Resource Development Développement des cultures et des ressources aquatiques 21272827 dddbad09-1d5e-41da-a057-f6983c68d1e6 P.G. Keech aut Phuong Vo Vo, P. aut AST ATS S. Ramamurthy aut J. Chen aut R. Jacklin aut D. W. Shoesmith aut text article eng Within ongoing work, Canada's Nuclear Waste Management Organization (NWMO) is demonstrating that copper coatings can be developed as viable corrosion barriers for used fuel nuclear containers, emplaced in a deep geological repository. As a means of assessing container design and feasibility, coated samples, manufactured via cold spray and electro-deposition have been produced and characterised. Corrosion testing for coated samples and wrought samples reveals that cold spray samples behave similar to wrought samples in 3 mol L21NaCl solution at room temperature. When oxygen is absent, corrosion has not been observed. yes yes Electrodeposition Radioactive wastes Cold spray Copper coatings Deep geological repository Design and Development Long-term storage Copper corrosion 2014-10 Maney Publishing 1478-422X 49 6 425 430 6 10.1179/1743278214Y.0000000206 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Automotive and Surface Transportation Automobile et transport de surface 21272831 09234f84-85f8-4340-87c0-8864a6adee6f Duncan England England, D. G. aut SDT TSR Philip Bustard Bustard, P. J. aut SDT TSR Douglas J (Doug) Moffatt Moffatt, D. J. aut SDT TSR Joshua (Josh) Nunn Nunn, J. aut SDT TSR Rune Lausten Lausten, R. aut SDT TSR Benjamin (Ben) Sussman Sussman, B. J. aut SDT TSR text article eng The inherent uncertainty in quantum mechanics offers a source of true randomness which can be used to produce unbreakable cryptographic keys. We discuss the development of a high-speed random number generator based on the quantum phase fluctuations in spontaneously initiated stimulated Raman scattering (SISRS). We utilize the tight confinement and long interaction length available in a Potassium Titanyl Phosphate waveguide to generate highly efficient SISRS using nanojoule pulse energies, reducing the high pump power requirements of the previous approaches. We measure the random phase of the Stokes output using a simple interferometric setup to yield quantum random numbers at 145 Mbps. yes yes Optical pumping Quantum theory Waveguides Cryptographic key Interaction length Potassium titanyl phosphate Pulse energies Quantum phase fluctuations Raman generation Random number generators 2014-02-04 AIP Publishing 0003-6951 104 5 51117 10.1063/1.4864095 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Security and Disruptive Technologies Technologies de sécurité et de rupture 21272833 d1687214-b39b-4e60-a3e0-409465dcaf07 Guangyin Wang aut Junzeng Zhang aut ACRD DCRA Marianna Kulka aut SDT TSR Fujiang Guo aut Yiming Li aut text article eng Three new eremophilane glucosides, namely, petasitosides A-C, and seven known eremophilane-type sesquiterpenoids were isolated from the roots of Petasites japonicus. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic techniques including 1D- and 2D-NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. This is the first report on eremophilane glycosides from the genus Petasites. yes yes Eremophilane glucosides; Petasites japonicus; Petasitosides AC; Sesquiterpenoids 2014-07-15 Wiley 0018-019X 97 7 985 991 7 10.1002/hlca.201300368 NRC-ACRD-55942 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Aquatic and Crop Resource Development Développement des cultures et des ressources aquatiques Security and Disruptive Technologies Technologies de sécurité et de rupture 21272836 bfd88a1d-9cdb-4dfb-8dfc-363eb5c06c71 Ashoka Siddaramanna aut Saleema Noormohammed Saleema, N. aut AST ATS D. K. Sarkar aut text article eng Fabrication of highly ordered conducting polymers on metal surfaces has received a significant interest owing to their potential applications in organic electronic devices. In this context, we have developed a simple method for the synthesis of highly ordered polypyrrole (PPy) on copper modified aluminium surfaces via electrochemical polymerization process. A series of characteristic peaks of PPy evidenced on the infrared spectra of these surfaces confirm the formation of PPy. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern of PPy deposited on copper modified aluminium surfaces also confirmed the deposition of PPy as a sharp and intense peak at 2θ angle of 23° attributable to PPy is observed while this peak is absent on PPy deposited on as-received aluminium surfaces. An atomic model of the interface of PPy/Cu has been presented based on the inter-atomic distance of copper-copper of (1 0 0) plane and the inter-monomer distance of PPy, to describe the ordering of PPy on Cu modified Al surfaces. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes Electrodeposition; Ordered polypyrrole; X-ray diffraction; Infrared spectroscopy; Copper films; Aluminium alloy surface 2014-04-13 0169-4332 307 589 592 4 10.1016/j.apsusc.2014.04.077 Automotive and Surface Transportation Automobile et transport de surface National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21272844 0ee500df-fed8-440a-b5f9-ee0ebcbaf98e R. Sánchez aut Ghislain Granger Granger, G. aut MSS SME Louis Gaudreau Gaudreau, L. aut SDT TSR Alicia Patricia Kam Kam, A. aut ICT TIC M. Pioro-Ladrière aut Sergei Studenikin Studenikin, S.A. aut SDT TSR Piotr Zawadzki Zawadzki, P. aut SDT TSR Andrew (Andy) Sachrajda Sachrajda, A.S. aut SDT TSR G. Platero aut text article eng Tunneling in a quantum coherent structure is not restricted to only nearest neighbors. Hopping between distant sites is possible via the virtual occupation of otherwise avoided intermediate states. Here we report the observation of long-range transitions in the transport through three quantum dots coupled in series. A single electron is delocalized between the left and right quantum dots, while the center one remains always empty. Superpositions are formed, and both charge and spin are exchanged between the outermost dots. The delocalized electron acts as a quantum bus transferring the spin state from one end to the other. Spin selection is enabled by spin correlations. The process is detected via the observation of narrow resonances which are insensitive to Pauli spin blockade. © 2014 American Physical Society. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes Atomic physics Physics Coherent structure Delocalized electron Intermediate state Narrow resonances Nearest neighbors Single electron Spin correlations Spin selection Semiconductor quantum dots 2014-05-02 0031-9007 112 17 176803 10.1103/PhysRevLett.112.176803 Measurement Science and Standards Science des mesures et étalons Security and Disruptive Technologies Technologies de sécurité et de rupture Information and Communication Technologies Technologies de l'information et des communications National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21272847 f58ae6b3-c7cb-407b-a7c6-06cb4e354f10 Sai P. Pydi aut Tyler Sobotkiewicz aut Rohini Billakanti aut Rajinder P. Bhullar aut Michele Loewen Loewen, Michele C. aut ACRD DCRA Prashen Chelikani aut text article eng In humans, the 25 bitter taste receptors (T2Rs) are activated by hundreds of structurally diverse bitter compounds. However, only five antagonists or bitter blockers are known. In this study, using molecular modeling guided site-directed mutagenesis, we elucidated the ligand-binding pocket of T2R4. We found seven amino acids located in the extracellular side of transmembrane 3 (TM3), TM4, extracellular loop 2 (ECL2), and ECL3 to be involved in T2R4 binding to its agonist quinine. ECL2 residues Asn-173 and Thr-174 are essential for quinine binding. Guided by a molecular model of T2R4, a number of amino acid derivatives were screened for their ability to bind to T2R4. These predictions were tested by calcium imaging assays that led to identification of γ-aminobutryic acid (GABA) and Nα,Nα-bis(carboxymethyl)-L-lysine (BCML) as competitive inhibitors of quinine-activated T2R4 with an IC50of 3.2 ± 0.3 μM and 59 ± 18 nM, respectively. Interestingly, pharmacological characterization using a constitutively active mutant of T2R4 reveals that GABA acts as an antagonist, whereas BCML acts as an inverse agonist on T2R4. Site-directed mutagenesis confirms that the two novel bitter blockers share the same orthosteric site as the agonist quinine. The signature residues Ala-90 and Lys-270 play important roles in interacting with BCML and GABA, respectively. This is the first report to characterize a T2R endogenous antagonist and an inverse agonist. The novel bitter blockers will facilitate physiological studies focused on understanding the roles of T2Rs in extraoral tissues. yes yes Amino acid derivatives; Bitter blockers; Bitter taste receptors; Calcium imaging; G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR); Molecular modeling; Receptor structure-function; Site-directed mutagenesis; Taste receptors 2014-10-05 American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 0021-9258 289 36 25054 25066 13 10.1074/jbc.M114.576975 NRC-ACRD-56083 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Aquatic and Crop Resource Development Développement des cultures et des ressources aquatiques 21272843 4291d1f8-aa6d-400c-a07a-f0f94e11d702 Iain Wilkinson aut SDT TSR Andrey Boguslavskiy Boguslavskiy, Audrey E. aut SDT TSR Jochen Andreas (Jochen) Mikosch Mikosch, Jochen aut SDT TSR Julien Bertrand Bertrand, Julien B. aut SDT TSR Hans Jakob Worner Wörner, Hans Jakob aut SIMS ISSM David M Villeneuve Villeneuve, David M. aut SDT TSR Michael (Mike) Spanner Spanner, Michael aut SDT TSR Serguei Patchkovskii aut SDT TSR Albert Stolow aut SDT TSR text article eng The excited state dynamics of isolated sulfur dioxide molecules have been investigated using the time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy and time-resolved photoelectron-photoion coincidence techniques. Excited state wavepackets were prepared in the spectroscopically complex, electronically mixed (B̃)1B1/(Ã)1A2, Clements manifold following broadband excitation at a range of photon energies between 4.03 eV and 4.28 eV (308 nm and 290 nm, respectively). The resulting wavepacket dynamics were monitored using a multiphoton ionisation probe. The extensive literature associated with the Clements bands has been summarised and a detailed time domain description of the ultrafast relaxation pathways occurring from the optically bright (B̃)1B1 diabatic state is presented. Signatures of the oscillatory motion on the (B̃) 1B1/(Ã)1A2 lower adiabatic surface responsible for the Clements band structure were observed. The recorded spectra also indicate that a component of the excited state wavepacket undergoes intersystem crossing from the Clements manifold to the underlying triplet states on a sub-picosecond time scale. Photoelectron signal growth time constants have been predominantly associated with intersystem crossing to the (c̃)3B2 state and were measured to vary between 750 and 150 fs over the implemented pump photon energy range. Additionally, pump beam intensity studies were performed. These experiments highlighted parallel relaxation processes that occurred at the one- and two-pump-photon levels of excitation on similar time scales, obscuring the Clements band dynamics when high pump beam intensities were implemented. Hence, the Clements band dynamics may be difficult to disentangle from higher order processes when ultrashort laser pulses and less-differential probe techniques are implemented. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes Dynamics Excited states Photoelectron spectroscopy Photoelectrons Probes Sulfur dioxide Ultrashort pulses Wave packets Excited-state dynamics Inter-system crossings Multiphoton ionisation Photoelectron signals Photoelectron-photoion coincidence Time domain description Time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy Ultrafast relaxation Photons 2014 0021-9606 140 20 204301 1 5 5 10.1063/1.4875035 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Security and Disruptive Technologies Technologies de sécurité et de rupture NRC Steacie Institute for Molecular Sciences Institut Steacie des sciences moléculaires du CNRC 21272840 8e6b7e80-b29c-4847-9ef2-4f5df936e3df Christiane Seiler aut Vokkaliga T. Harshavardhan aut Palakolanu Sudhakar Reddy aut Götz Hensel aut Jochen Kumlehn aut Lennart Eschen-Lippold aut Kalladan Rajesh aut Viktor Korzun aut Ulrich Wobus aut Justin Lee aut Gopalan Selvaraj aut ACRD DCRA Nese Sreenivasulu aut text article eng Abscisic acid (ABA) is a central player in plant responses to drought stress. How variable levels of ABA under short-term versus long-term drought stress impact assimilation and growth in crops is unclear. We addressed this through comparative analysis, using two elite breeding lines of barley (Hordeum vulgare) that show senescence or stay-green phenotype under terminal drought stress and by making use of transgenic barley lines that express Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase (AtNCED6) coding sequence or an RNA interference (RNAi) sequence of ABA 8'-hydroxylase under the control of a drought-inducible barley promoter. The high levels of ABA and its catabolites in the senescing breeding line under long-term stress were detrimental for assimilate productivity, whereas these levels were not perturbed in the stay-green type that performed better. In transgenic barley, drought-inducible AtNCED expression afforded temporal control in ABA levels such that the ABA levels rose sooner than in wild-type plants but also subsided, unlike as in the wild type, to near-basal levels upon prolonged stress treatment due to down-regulation of endogenous HvNCED genes. Suppressing of ABA catabolism with the RNA interference approach of ABA 89-hydroxylase caused ABA flux during the entire period of stress. These transgenic plants performed better than the wild type under stress to maintain a favorable instantaneous water use efficiency and better assimilation. Gene expression analysis, protein structural modeling, and protein-protein interaction analyses of the members of the PYRABACTIN RESISTANCE1/PYRABACTIN RESISTANCE1-LIKE/REGULATORY COMPONENT OF ABA RECEPTORS, TYPE 2C PROTEIN PHOSPHATASE Sucrose nonfermenting1- related protein kinase2, and ABA-INSENSITIVE5/ABA-responsive element binding factor family identified specific members that could potentially impact ABA metabolism and stress adaptation in barley. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes 2014-03-07 0032-0889 164 4 1677 1696 20 10.1104/pp.113.229062 Aquatic and Crop Resource Development Développement des cultures et des ressources aquatiques National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21272818 7a2e354e-276a-4175-a5f2-cb08899d4670 Jian Wang aut MD DM Bo Xiang aut MD DM Hung-Yu Lin aut MD DM Hongyu Liu aut Darren H Freed Freed, Darren aut MD DM Rakesh Arora Arora, Rakesh C. aut MD DM Ganghong (Hong) Tian Tian, Ganghong aut MD DM text article eng Objectives: To evaluate possible mechanism for delayed hyperenhancement of scarred myocardium by investigating the relationship of contrast agent (CA) first pass and delayed enhancement patterns with histopathological changes. Materials and Methods: Eighteen pigs underwent 4 weeks ligation of 1 or 2 diagonal coronary arteries to induce chronic infarction. The hearts were then removed and perfused in a Langendorff apparatus. The hearts firstly experienced phosphorus 31 MR spectroscopy. The hearts in group I (n = 9) and II (n = 9) then received the bolus injection of Gadolinium diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (0.05 mmol/kg) and gadolinium-based macromolecular agent (P792, 15 mmol/kg), respectively. First pass T2* MRI was acquired using a gradient echo sequence. Delayed enhanced T1 MRI was acquired with an inversion recovery sequence. Masson's trichrome and anti- von Willebrand Factor (vWF) staining were performed for infarct characterization. Results: Wash-in of both kinds of CA caused the sharp and dramatic T2* signal decrease of scarred myocardium similar to that of normal myocardium. Myocardial blood flow and microvessel density were significantly recovered in 4-week-old scar tissue. Steady state distribution volume (ΔR1 relaxation rate) of Gd-DTPA was markedly higher in scarred myocardium than in normal myocardium, whereas ΔR1 relaxation rate of P792 did not differ significantly between scarred and normal myocardium. The ratio of extracellular volume to the total water volume was significantly greater in scarred myocardium than in normal myocardium. Scarred myocardium contained massive residual capillaries and dilated vessels. Histological stains indicated the extensively discrete matrix deposition and lack of cellular structure in scarred myocardium. Conclusions: Collateral circulation formation and residual vessel effectively delivered CA into scarred myocardium. However, residual vessel without abnormal hyperpermeability allowed Gd-DTPA rather than P792 to penetrate into extravascular compartment. Discrete collagen fiber meshwork and loss of cellularity enlarged extracellular space accessible to Gd-DTPA, resulting in the delayed hyper-enhanced scar. © 2014 Wang et al. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes collagen fiber contrast medium gadolinium pentetate gadomelitol von Willebrand factor animal experiment animal model animal tissue article capillary density cardiovascular magnetic resonance contrast enhancement controlled study coronary artery ligation domestic pig extracellular space heart disease heart infarction heart muscle blood flow histopathology isolated heart nonhuman phosphorus nuclear magnetic resonance scarred myocardium 2014-05-06 1932-6203 9 5 e96463 1 9 9 10.1371/journal.pone.0096463 Medical Devices Dispositifs médicaux National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21272822 82293cc6-cb81-4804-9707-559594368d52 George Leblanc Leblanc, G. aut AERO AERO M. Kalacska aut Raymond (Ray) Soffer Soffer, R. aut AERO AERO text article eng Airborne hyperspectral imaging (HSI) was assessed as a potential tool to locate single grave sites. While airborne HSI has shown to be useful to locate mass graves, it is expected the location of single graves would be an order of magnitude more difficult due to the smaller size and reduced mass of the targets. Two clearings were evaluated (through a blind test) as potential sites for containing at least one set of buried remains. At no time prior to submitting the locations of the potential burial sites from the HSI were the actual locations of the sites released or shared with anyone from the analysis team.The two HSI sensors onboard the aircraft span the range of 408-2524. nm. A range of indicators that exploit the narrow spectral and spatial resolutions of the two complimentary HSI sensors onboard the aircraft were calculated. Based on the co-occurrence of anomalous pixels within the expected range of the indicators three potential areas conforming to our underlying assumptions of the expected spectral responses (and spatial area) were determined. After submission of the predicted burial locations it was revealed that two of the targets were located within GPS error (10. m) of the true burial locations. Furthermore, due to the history of the TPOF site for burial work, investigation of the third target is being considered in the near future. The results clearly demonstrate promise for hyperspectral imaging to aid in the detection of buried remains, however further work is required before these results can justifiably be used in routine scenarios. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes Hyperspectral Grave detection Single burial Airborne remote sensing 2014-08-29 0379-0738 245 17 23 7 10.1016/j.forsciint.2014.08.020 Aerospace Aérospatiale National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21272824 53925cee-0cb6-40e8-b378-708245a12271 Patrick Rourke Rourke, P. M. C. aut MSS SME Kenneth D (Ken) Hill Hill, K. D. aut MSS SME text article eng Progress toward the development of a low-temperature microwave refractive index gas thermometry implementation for primary thermometry at NRC is reported. A prototype quasi-spherical copper resonator has been integrated into a cryogenic system with a 5 K base temperature, and preliminary microwave measurements in vacuum have been completed to characterize the resonator between 5 K and 297 K. The dependence of experimental results on spectral fitting background terms, 1st- and 2nd-order shape corrections, and waveguide corrections has also been explored. The current NRC results agree with previous room-temperature measurements on the same resonator at NIST, and indicate no significant change in resonator shape between room temperature and low temperature. The temperature dependences of the resonator electrical conductivity and linear thermal expansion coefficient, as obtained from the microwave resonances, agree with published literature values for oxygen-free high-conductivity copper measured using other techniques. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes article in press Electromagnetic resonance Gas thermometers Low temperatures Microwave refractive index Microwaves 2014-09-28 0195-928X 36 2 205 228 24 10.1007/s10765-014-1728-8 Measurement Science and Standards Science des mesures et étalons National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21272828 1c57847b-a15d-4dca-bad6-d82c8f5c9251 Ragunath Singaravelu aut MD DM Julie Marie Frances Delcorde Delcorde, Julie aut MD DM Rodney K. Lyn aut Rineke H. Steenbergen aut Daniel M. Jones aut David Lorne Tyrrell aut Rodney S. Russell aut John Paul Pezacki Pezacki, John P. aut MD DM text article eng Cell-death-inducing DFF45-like effector B (CIDEB) is an apoptotic host factor, which was recently found to also regulate hepatic lipid homeostasis. Herein we delineate the relevance of these dual roles of CIDEB in apoptosis and lipid metabolism in the context of hepatitis C virus (HCV) replication. We demonstrate that HCV upregulates CIDEB expression in human serum differentiated hepatoma cells. CIDEB overexpression inhibits HCV replication in HCV replicon expressing Huh7.5 cells, while small interfering RNA knockdown of CIDEB expression in human serum differentiated hepatoma cells promotes HCV replication and secretion of viral proteins. Furthermore, we characterize a CIDEB mutant, KRRA, which is deficient in lipid droplet clustering and fusion and demonstrate that CIDEB-mediated inhibition of HCV is independent of the protein's lipid droplet fusogenic role. Our results suggest that higher levels of CIDEB expression, which favour an apoptotic role for the host factor, inhibit HCV. Collectively, our data demonstrate that CIDEB can act as an anti-HCV host factor and contribute to altered triglyceride homeostasis. Here, we illustrate that hepatitis C virus (HCV) replication activates the expression of the liver abundant host factor CIDEB with known regulatory roles in hepatic lipid homeostasis and apoptosis. We demonstrate that siRNA mediated knockdown CIDEB overexpression increase HCV replication and CIDEB knockdown inhibits HCV replication and this inhibition is independent of CIDEB's role in lipid droplet clustering and fusion. yes yes cell death inducing DFF45 like effector b host factor small interfering RNA unclassified drug virus protein apoptosis controlled study hepatitis C lipid metabolism nucleotide sequence protein expression protein function protein secretion replicon upregulation virus inhibition virus replication CARS microscopy cell-inducing DFF45 like effector lipid droplet Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins Caspase 3 Caspase 7 Caspases Cell Line, Tumor Hepacivirus Homeostasis Host-Pathogen Interactions Lipid Metabolism Triglycerides 2014-07-23 Wiley 1742-464X 281 16 3751 3765 15 10.1111/febs.12901 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Medical Devices Dispositifs médicaux 21272829 3b0ef5cf-46ad-4905-87de-bee9b6f29379 Chunyu Du aut Qiang Tan aut Geping Yin aut Jiujun (JJ) Zhang Zhang, Jiujun aut EME EME text chapter eng In this chapter, to give readers the knowledge how to appropriately use rotating disk electrode (RDE) in their oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) study, fundamentals of both the electron transfer process on electrode surface and diffusion-convection kinetics near the rotating electrode are presented. Two kinds of RDE and their associated theories of the diffusion-convection kinetics and its coupling with the electron-transfer process are presented, one is the smooth electrode surface, and the other is the catalyst-layer-coated electrode. For measurements using the RDE method, the apparatus of RDE and its associated devices such as rotator and electrochemical cell are described to give the readers the basic sense about this technique. The measurement procedure including RDE preparation, catalyst layer fabrication, current-potential curve recording, the data analysis, as well as the cautions in RDE measurements are also discussed in this chapter. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes 2014-03-31 9780444632784 171 198 28 10.1016/B978-0-444-63278-4.00005-7 Energy, Mining and Environment Énergie, mines et environnement National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21272830 3d957598-a85f-472e-8de8-758653fae6a3 David Bardelang aut Michel Giorgi aut Virginie Hornebecq aut Anatoli Stepanov aut Micael Hardy aut Egon Rizzato aut Valerie Monnier aut Md. Badruz Zaman aut Gordon Wing Chan Chan, Gordon aut CONST CONST Konstantin Udachin aut NRC CNRC Gary Enright aut SDT TSR Paul Tordo aut Olivier Ouari aut text article eng The dinitroxide bis(TEMPO) bisketal (bTbk) was shown to crystallize into open frameworks whose structures were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. We show that bTbk can be used as a supramolecular building block for the hosting of a plethora of guests inside the 1D channels of its paramagnetic framework, including other radicals such as TEMPO or 2-azaadamantane-N-oxyl. C60 and C70 were also found to be easily included in this open framework during its crystallization. This resulted in well-defined, nanostructured assemblies of composite radical crystals (bTbk/toluene/C60 or C70) or (bTbk/toluene/TEMPO) by a very simple dissolution/crystallization process with tunable guest content. Selective C60 extraction was also demonstrated directly from fullerene soot. yes yes Building blockes Fullerene soot Nanostructured assembly Open frameworks Single crystal x-ray diffraction Free radicals Fullerenes X ray diffraction Paramagnetism 2014-12-10 ACS Publishing 1528-7483 14 2 467 476 10 10.1021/cg401097e Construction Construction National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Security and Disruptive Technologies Technologies de sécurité et de rupture 21272823 cf28f67c-dbdb-4e1a-81c2-e598cccae9bc Xi Ai aut Li Wu aut Mengni Zhang aut Xiandeng Hou aut Lu Yang aut MSS SME Chengbin Zheng aut text article eng A UV Fenton-like digestion method was developed first time for a complete digestion of milk samples by using 1.6 g L-1 Fe3O 4 magnetic nanoparticles, 0.2% (v/v) nitric acid, and 6% (w/w) H 2O2. During the digestion, the liberated As-, Sb-, and Bi-containing species were preconcentrated onto the surface of Fe 3O4 magnetic nanoparticles, which were conveniently separated with a hand-held magnet and subsequently dissolved in hydrochloric acid prior to hydride generation atomic fluorescence spectrometric detection. Owing to the integration of UV Fenton-like digestion, solid phase extraction, and magnetic separation into a single step, the developed method significantly simplifies sample preparation steps and reduces chemical consumption and hazardous waste. Limits of detection of 0.0015, 0.0022, and 0.0025 μg L -1 were obtained for As, Sb, and Bi, respectively, using a 50 mL milk sample. The method was applied to the determination of these elements in a Certified Reference Material and milk samples. yes yes Antimony Bismuth Effluent treatment Hydrides Magnetic separation Nanoparticles Phase separation Certified reference materials Chemical consumption Fenton reactions Hydride generations Magnetic nano-particles Sample pretreatment Solid-phase extraction Spectrometric detection Trace elements 2014-07-29 ACS Publications 0021-8561 62 34 8586 8593 8 10.1021/jf501638k National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) Measurement Science and Standards Science des mesures et étalons 21272802 f307ae90-7bbc-4e76-a3fe-69ad4fefa6fd Nianhua (Frank) Jiang Jiang, Frank aut NSI ISN Stéphane Claude aut NSI ISN Dominic Garcia aut NSI ISN 2014 16th International Symposium on Antenna Technology and Applied Electromagnetics, ANTEM 2014, 13 July 2014 through 16 July 2014, Victoria, BC text article eng Hybrid microwave integrated circuit technology is used to design and develop an L-band (900-2100 MHz) ultra-low noise amplifier for the MeerKAT array. This low noise amplifier achieved 2 K noise temperature, more than 40 dB gain, S11 & S22 better than -11 & -15 dB at 15 K ambient. Linearity and gain compression is verified. The noise performance is explored as the cooling temperature changes from 15 to 85 K. yes yes Amplifiers (electronic) Antenna arrays Cryogenics Microwave amplifiers Microwave integrated circuits Cooling temperature Cryogenic low noise amplifiers Hybrid microwave integrated circuits MeerKAT array Noise amplifiers Noise performance Noise temperature SKA Low noise amplifiers 2014-07 IEEE 9781479922253 6887699 10.1109/ANTEM.2014.6887699 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada National Science Infrastructure Infrastructure scientifique nationale 21272807 dc49d5bf-b45e-4cf0-9fe5-0b8d233b7ed5 Hiva Shahoei aut Dan-Xia Xu Xu, Dan-Xia. aut ICT TIC Jens Holger Schmid Schmid, Jens H. aut ICT TIC Jianping Yao aut text article eng Continuously tunable slow and fast light generation using a silicon-on-insulator microring resonator (MRR) incorporating a multimode interference (MMI) coupler is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. The MMI coupler is optimized for the transverse-magnetic mode. By changing the input polarization state, the self-coupling coefficient and the loss factor of the MRR are changed. The depth and the bandwidth of the MRR are tunable by tuning the self-coupling coefficient and the loss factor; thus, a tunable phase shift can be achieved at the resonance wavelength, which leads to the generation of a tunable slow and fast light. The proposed scheme is experimentally evaluated. A tunable slow light with a maximum time delay of 35 ps and a slow-to-fast light with a continuously tunable range of 102 ps are achieved for a 13.5-GHz Gaussian optical pulse by using a double-MMI coupler MRR and a single-MMI coupler MRR, respectively. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes Microring resonator Microring Resonator (MRR) Multimode interference couplers Silicon photonics Slow and fast light 2014-07-15 0733-8724 32 22 6856139 3677 3682 6 10.1109/JLT.2014.2339365 Information and Communication Technologies Technologies de l'information et des communications National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21272808 b2f2414a-c120-4f49-9bbd-ecf82fee8963 Jens Holger Schmid Schmid, J. H. aut IMS ISM Pavel Cheben Cheben, P. aut IMS ISM Jean Lapointe Lapointe, J. aut IMS ISM Dan-Xia Xu Xu, D. -X. aut IMS ISM Siegfried Janz Janz, S. aut IMS ISM Martin Vachon Vachon, M. aut IMS ISM Shurui Wang Wang, S. aut IMS ISM Przemek Bock Bock, P. aut IMS ISM D. Benedikovič aut R. Halir aut A. Ortega-Moñux aut C. A. Ramos aut J. G. W. Pérez aut I. Molina-Fernández aut 16th International Conference on Transparent Optical Networks, ICTON 2014, 6 July 2014 through 10 July 2014, Graz text article eng Subwavelength grating structures with a pitch smaller than the Bragg resonance length can be used for engineering the refractive index in silicon photonic waveguides. We discuss the principles, design, fabrication and applications of subwavelength nanostructures in silicon photonics and review our recent results on fiber-chip coupling structures, surface grating couplers, waveguide crossings, and athermal waveguides with a polymersilicon hybrid core. yes yes Photonics Refractive index Transparent optical networks Waveguides Athermal waveguides Fiber chip coupling Grating couplers Silicon photonics Sub-wave length grating Subwavelength nanostructures Surface grating couplers Waveguide crossings Photonic devices 2014-07 IEEE 2162-7339 9781479956005 6876506 10.1109/ICTON.2014.6876506 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Institute for Microstructural Sciences Institut des sciences des microstructures du CNRC 21272812 e8bcd5a4-ecb2-43b7-b0a4-937f02a4733d Priti Wanjara aut AERO AERO Elvi Dalgaard aut AERO AERO Javad Gholipour aut Xinjin Cao aut AERO AERO Jonathan Cuddy aut John J. Jonas aut text article eng Linear friction welding allows solid-state joining of near-beta (β) titanium alloy Ti-5553 (Ti-5Al-5V-5Mo-3Cr). In the as-welded condition, the weld zone (WZ) exhibits β grain refinement and marked softening as compared with Ti-5553 in the solution heat treated and aged condition. The softening of the weldment is attributed to the depletion of the strengthening alpha (α) phase in the WZ and the adjacent thermo-mechanically affected zone (TMAZ). Specifically, in near-β titanium alloys, the strength of the material mainly depends on the shape, size, distribution, and fraction of the primary α and other decomposition products of the β phase. Hence, a combination of pre- and post-weld heat treatments were applied to determine the conditions that allow mitigating the α phase depletion in the WZ and TMAZ of the welds. The mechanical response of the welded samples to the heat treatments was determined by performing microhardness measurements and tensile testing at room temperature with an automated 3D deformation measurement system. It was found that though the joint efficiency in the as-welded condition was high (96 pct), strain localization and failure occurred in the TMAZ. The application of post-weld solution heat treatment with aging was effective in restoring α, increasing the joint efficiency (97 to 99 pct) and inducing strain localization and failure in the parent material region. yes yes Friction welding Grain refinement Heat treatment Strength of materials Tensile testing Welding 3D deformation measurements Decomposition products Linear friction welding Microhardness measurement Post weld heat treatment Solution heat treated Solution heat treatment Thermomechanically affected zones Titanium alloys 2014-10 Springer International Publishing 1073-5623 45 11 5138 5157 20 10.1007/s11661-014-2475-y National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) Aerospace Aérospatiale 21272814 83e83dec-b6e9-4df6-8f2f-8114db9a6cd4 Tim Hardy Hardy, T. aut NSI ISN C. Willot aut NRC CNRC John Pazder Pazder, J. aut NSI ISN High Energy, Optical, and Infrared Detectors for Astronomy VI, 22 June 2014 through 25 June 2014, Montreal, QC text article eng We have repeated some of our previous measurements of the intra-pixel response of the infrared detector arrays for the Fine Guidance Sensor (FGS) instrument on the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST). This set of tests was performed on a 5 micron cutoff substrate-removed HAWAII-1RG from the new batch of devices produced for JWST. The measurements were done at wavelengths from 650 nm to 1550 nm. The results from these tests indicate that there are no significant differences in the intra-pixel response between the older JWST devices and the new ones. Modeling suggests that the primary contributor to the response profile is diffusion in the bulk detector material. yes yes Diffusion Infrared detectors Space telescopes 1550 nm Detector materials Fine guidance sensors Intra-pixel response James Webb space telescope Response profile Astronomy 2014-07 SPIE 0277-786X 9780819496225 9154 91542D 10.1117/12.2057114 National Science Infrastructure Infrastructure scientifique nationale National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21272805 7ecdff4f-bdc5-417a-92b1-94028ae69a3b Phalguni Mukhopadhyaya aut CONST CONST Minh-Tan Ton-That aut NRC CNRC Tri-Dung Ngo aut AST ATS Nathalie Legros aut AST ATS Jean-François Masson Masson, J. -F. aut CONST CONST Sladana Bundalo-Perc aut CONST CONST David Van Reenen van Reenen, David aut CONST CONST ASTM Symposium on Next-Generation Thermal Insulation Challenges and Opportunities, 23 October 2013 through 24 October 2013, Jacksonville, FL text article eng Bio-based renewable construction material is an old concept. Wood, straw, and other products of nature have been used for millennia around the world. However, in modern construction, the ratio of bio-based to non-renewable building materials is very low. This is primarily due to performance requirements. Purely bio-based construction materials sometimes have performance levels not quite equal to modern construction materials. The biggest challenge for the development of bio-based construction materials is to bring environmental friendliness and high engineering performance together in a single material. This paper presents results from a laboratory screening study on the development and the assessment of rigid partially bio-based polyurethane (PU) foams (seven different formulations) that contain lignin-based polyols, up to 20 % of polyol weight. The formulation strategy, morphology, and hygrothermal performance of rigid bio-based PU foams are presented and compared with the traditional petroleum-based reference PU foam. This study demonstrates that partially bio-based rigid PU foam with appropriate formulation can have characteristics that may be suitable for the construction industry applications. For market acceptance, further investigation is needed on long-term performance and durability. yes yes Alcohols Construction industry Industrial applications Rigid foamed plastics Thermal insulation Bio-based Bio-foam Engineering performance Environmental friendliness Hygrothermal performance Modern construction materials Performance requirements Polyurethane Foam Building materials 2014-01 ASTM International 0066-0558 9780803175938 1574 STP 131 141 11 10.1520/STP157420130107 Construction Construction National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Automotive and Surface Transportation Automobile et transport de surface 21272809 2f4bd601-06ea-4843-822f-80fe4dc7688a Philipp Gruene aut Burkhard Butschke aut Jonathan T. Lyon aut David M (Dave) Rayner Rayner, David M. aut SDT TSR André Fielicke aut text article eng Vibrational spectra of small neutral gold clusters containing up to 8 Au atoms are measured in the far-infrared (46-222 cm-1) via photodissociation of their complexes with krypton atoms. Comparisons with calculated IR spectra for bare Au n clusters using density functional theory allow for structural assignment. For these small sizes, all clusters are found to be planar and of comparably high symmetry. For Au6 no data is available, as this cluster size is not detected in the photoionization mass spectra due to its high ionization energy. The structures assigned are for n = 4: rhombus (D2h); 5: trapezoid (C2v); 7: edge-capped triangle (Cs), 8: 4-fold edge-capped square (D4h). yes yes 2014-02-07 de Gruyter 0942-9352 228 4-May 337 350 14 10.1515/zpch-2014-0480 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Security and Disruptive Technologies Technologies de sécurité et de rupture 21272810 953381ac-864f-4cb5-b097-ed5dd91cf641 Yanfeng Zhang aut IAR IRA Shuzhen Hu aut IAR IRA Xuefeng (George) Zhang Zhang, Xue-Feng aut AERO AERO Michael W Benner Benner, Michael aut AERO AERO Ali H Mahallati Mahallati, Ali aut AERO AERO Edward Vlasic aut text article eng This paper presents an experimental investigation of the flow mechanisms in an aggressive interturbine transition duct with and without low-profile vortex generators flow control. The interturbine duct had an area ratio of 1.53 and a mean rise angle of 35deg. Measurements were made inside the annulus at a Reynolds number of 150,000. At the duct inlet, the background turbulence intensity was raised to 2.3% and a uniform swirl angle of 20deg was established with a 48-airfoil vane ring. Results for the baseline case (no vortex generators) showed the flow structures within the duct were dominated by counter-rotating vortices and boundary layer separation in both the casing and hub regions. The combination of the adverse pressure gradient at the casing's first bend and upstream low momentum wakes caused the boundary layer to separate on the casing. The separated flow on the casing appears to reattach at the second bend. Counter-rotating and corotating vortex generators were installed on the casing. While both vortex generators significantly decreased the casing boundary layer separation with consequential reduction of overall pressure losses, the corotating configuration was found to be more effective. yes yes Boundary layers Flow control Reynolds number Transport aircraft Adverse pressure gradient Boundary-layer separation Casing boundary layer Co-rotating vortices Counter-rotating vortices Experimental investigations Overall pressure loss Turbulence intensity Ducts 2014-06-03 ASME 0742-4795 136 11 112604 10.1115/1.4027656 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Institute for Aerospace Research Institut de recherche aérospatiale du CNRC Aerospace Aérospatiale 21272811 be0cbbac-62bf-4c20-8dc1-daee51409019 Rita Mann Mann, Rita K. aut NSI ISN James Di Francesco aut NSI ISN Douglas Johnstone Johnstone, Doug aut NSI ISN Sean M. Andrews aut Jonathan P. Williams aut John Bally aut Luca Ricci aut A. Meredith Hughes aut Brenda Matthews Matthews, Brenda C. aut NSI ISN text article eng We present Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) observations of protoplanetary disks ("proplyds") in the Orion Nebula Cluster. We imaged five individual fields at 856 μm containing 22 Hubble Space Telescope (HST)-identified proplyds and detected 21 of them. Eight of those disks were detected for the first time at submillimeter wavelengths, including the most prominent, well-known proplyd in the entire Orion Nebula, 114-426. Thermal dust emission in excess of any free-free component was measured in all but one of the detected disks, and ranged between 1 and 163 mJy, with resulting disk masses of 0.3-79 M jup. An additional 26 stars with no prior evidence of associated disks in HST observations were also imaged within the 5 fields, but only 2 were detected. The disk mass upper limits for the undetected targets, which include OB stars, θ1 Ori C, and θ1 Ori F, range from 0.1 to 0.6 M jup. Combining these ALMA data with previous Submillimeter Array observations, we find a lack of massive (≳3 M jup) disks in the extreme-UV-dominated region of Orion, within 0.03 pc of θ1 Ori C. At larger separations from θ1 Ori C, in the far-UV-dominated region, there is a wide range of disk masses, similar to what is found in low-mass star forming regions. Taken together, these results suggest that a rapid dissipation of disk masses likely inhibits potential planet formation in the extreme-UV-dominated regions of OB associations, but leaves disks in the far-UV-dominated regions relatively unaffected. yes yes 2014-03-20 IOP Science 0004-637X 784 1 82 10.1088/0004-637X/784/1/82 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada National Science Infrastructure Infrastructure scientifique nationale 21272780 362e9441-9b69-4d0c-8e98-8564411d5d3c Kyuchul Shin aut MSS SME Igor Moudrakovski Moudrakovski, Igor L. aut MSS SME Mehdi D. Davari aut Saman Alavi-Shoushtari aut SDT TSR Christopher I (Chris) Ratcliffe Ratcliffe, Christophe I. aut SDT TSR John A Ripmeester Ripmeester, John A. aut SDT TSR text article eng There have been very few attempts to apply crystal engineering approaches to modify the clathrate lattice with the aim of modifying structure and properties. To this end, solutions of ammonium fluoride in water were used to prepare clathrate hydrates with ammonium fluoride replacing water molecules in the hydrate lattice. Both modified structure I Xe and structure II tetrahydrofuran/Xe hydrates were prepared, with the hydrate lattices consisting of NH4F-water solid solutions containing up to ~19 and 25 mole% NH4F, respectively. The lattice constants for both hydrates decreased with increase of the amount of NH4F incorporated, and guest positions and cage occupancies were determined from the PXRD patterns with direct space methods and Rietveld analysis. The 129Xe NMR spectra for Xe in the small cavities of each hydrate showed NH4F concentration-dependent fine structure, not evident in the pure water clathrates, and characteristic of the presence of cage configurations with different distributions of ions. Analysis of the spectra along with density functional theory calculations of the chemical shifts allowed reasonable assignments to be made of the ion distribution. As a test of the altered function of the clathrate upon modification, a clathrate of methanol was prepared, something which has not been possible to do with a pure water clathrate. Structural analysis of the PXRD pattern by direct space methods showed that the methanol OH was hydrogen-bonded to one or both of the NH 4 + and F- ions in the lattice, a conclusion corroborated by the absence of molecular motion (except for methyl group rotation) of the methanol guest in the clathrate cages, as determined by static 2H NMR and molecular dynamics simulations. The stability of the modified methanol clathrate can be attributed to the strong methanol CH 3OH⋯F- or CH3OH⋯NH 4 + hydrogen bonding which leaves the water-water hydrogen bonding network intact, as opposed to the situation in a pure water clathrate where the methanol-water hydrogen bonding disrupts the lattice and a stable clathrate cannot be made. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes 2014 1466-8033 16 31 7209 7217 9 10.1039/c3ce41661e Measurement Science and Standards Science des mesures et étalons Security and Disruptive Technologies Technologies de sécurité et de rupture National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21272782 d975d1cf-0c74-465b-8836-edf7417a760b Lyudmyla Dorosh aut NINT INNT Nandhakishore (Kishore) Rajagopalan Rajagopalan, Nandhakishore aut ACRD DCRA Michele Loewen Loewen, Michele C. aut ACRD DCRA Maria Stepanova aut NINT INNT text article eng Pyrabactin receptors (PYR) play a central role in abscisic acid (ABA) signal transduction; they are ABA receptors that inhibit type 2C protein phosphatases (PP2C). Molecular aspects contributing to increased basal activity of PYR against PP2C are studied by molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. An extensive series of MD simulations of the apo-form of mutagenized PYR1 as a homodimer and in complex with homology to ABA-insensitive 1 (HAB1) phosphatase are reported. In order to investigate the detailed molecular mechanisms mediating PYR1 activity, the MD data was analyzed by essential collective dynamics (ECD), a novel approach that allows the identification, with atomic resolution, of persistent dynamic correlations based on relatively short MD trajectories. Employing the ECD method, the effects of select mutations on the structure and dynamics of the PYR1 complexes were investigated and considered in the context of experimentally determined constitutive activities against HAB1. Approaches to rationally design constitutively active PYR1 constructs to increase PP2C inhibition are discussed. yes yes abscisic acid homodimer mutant protein pyrabactin receptor 1 in vitro study molecular dynamics mutation protein analysis protein function protein structure signal transduction simulation 2014-01-01 Wiley 2211-5463 4 496 509 14 10.1016/j.fob.2014.05.001 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada National Institute for Nanotechnology Institut national de nanotechnologie Aquatic and Crop Resource Development Développement des cultures et des ressources aquatiques 21272783 7bda731e-ce13-4b10-8501-8aca2f7de443 Aycan Yurtsever aut Martin Couillard Couillard, Martin M. aut EME EME Jerome K. Hyun aut David A. Muller aut text article eng Characteristic energies of photonic modes are a sensitive function of a nanostructures' geometrical parameters. In the case of translationally invariant planar waveguides, the eigen-energies reside in the infrared to ultraviolet parts of the optical spectrum and they sensitively depend on the thickness of the waveguide. Using swift electrons and the inherent Cherenkov radiation in dielectrics, the energies of such photonic states can be effectively probed via monochromated electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS). Here, by exploiting the strong photonic signals in EELS with 200 keV electrons, we correlate the energies of waveguide peaks in the 0.5-3.5 eV range with planar thicknesses of the samples. This procedure enables us to measure the thicknesses of cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy samples over a 1-500 nm range and with best-case accuracies below ±2%. The measurements are absolute with the only requirement being the optical dielectric function of the material. Furthermore, we provide empirical formulation for rapid and direct thickness estimations for a 50-500 nm range. We demonstrate the methodology for two semiconducting materials, silicon and gallium arsenide, and discuss how it can be applied to other dielectrics that produce strong optical fingerprints in EELS. The asymptotic form of the loss function for two-dimensional materials is also discussed. yes yes 2014-06 Cambridge University Press 1431-9276 20 3 723 730 8 10.1017/S1431927614000245 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Energy, Mining and Environment Énergie, mines et environnement 21272784 7773c538-be73-491e-8558-98878f51012c Yang Chunsheng aut NRC CNRC Lou Qingfeng aut Liu Jie aut Yang Yubin aut Bai Yun aut 27th International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Other Applications of Applied Intelligent Systems (IEA/AIE 2014), June 3-6, 2014, Kaohsiung, Taiwan text chapter eng 2014 Particle filter (PF)-based method has been widely used for machinery condition-based maintenance (CBM), in particular, for prognostics. It is employed to update the nonlinear prediction model for forecasting system states. In this work, we applied PF techniques to Auxiliary Power Unit (APU) prognostics for estimating remaining useful cycle to effectively perform APU health management. After introducing the PF-based prognostic method and algorithms, the paper presents the implementation for APU Starter prognostics along with the experimental results. The results demonstrated that the developed PF-based method is useful for estimating remaining useful cycle for a given failure of a component or a subsystem. yes yes Intelligent systems Machinery Maintenance Monte Carlo methods Systems engineering APU Starter prognostics Condition-based maintenance (CBM) Data-driven prognostics Particle filter (PF) remaining useful cycle (RUC) Auxiliary power systems Springer International Publishing 978-3-319-07454-2 978-3-319-07455-9 1 198 207 10 0302-9743 8481 10.1007/978-3-319-07455-9_21 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21272785 9e96282c-ed22-4ec2-b2dd-114de197bf15 Maghmeh Sarraf Sarraf, Naghmeh S. aut HHT TSH Rong Shi aut Laura McDonald aut HHT TSH Jason Baardsnes aut HHT TSH Linhua Zhang aut Miroslaw Cygler aut Irena Ekiel aut HHT TSH text article eng CbpA is one of the six E. coli DnaJ/Hsp40 homologues of DnaK co-chaperones and the only one that is additionally regulated by a small protein CbpM, conserved in γ-proteobacteria. CbpM inhibits the co-chaperone and DNA binding activities of CbpA. This regulatory function of CbpM is accomplished through reversible interaction with the N-terminal Jdomain of CbpA, which is essential for the interaction with DnaK. CbpM is highly specific for CbpA and does not bind DnaJ despite the high degree of structural and functional similarity between the J-domains of CbpA and DnaJ. Here we report the crystal structure of the complex of CbpM with the J-domain of CbpA. CbpM forms dimers and the J-domain of CbpA interacts with both CbpM subunits. The CbpM-binding surface of CbpA is highly overlapping with the CbpA interface for DnaK, providing a competitive model for regulation through forming mutually exclusive complexes. The structure also provides the explanation for the strict specificity of CbpM for CbpA, which we confirmed by making mutants of DnaJ that became regulated by CbpM. Interestingly, the structure of CbpM reveals a striking similarity to members of the MerR family of transcriptional regulators, suggesting an evolutionary connection between the functionally distinct bacterial cochaperone regulator CbpM and the transcription regulator HspR. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes CbpA protein CbpM protein chaperone heat shock protein 40 MerR like family protein DnaJ protein DnaK unclassified drug article binding competition binding site complex formation controlled study crystal structure enzyme specificity nonhuman protein binding protein domain protein protein interaction protein subunit regulatory mechanism 2014-06-19 1932-6203 9 6 e100441 1 10 10 10.1371/journal.pone.0100441 Human Health Therapeutics Thérapeutiques en santé humaine National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21272786 054260a5-9712-47cb-924b-5924ffd1c11d Stefanie Wuhrer aut Leonid Pishchulin aut Alan Brunton aut Chang Shu aut ICT TIC Jochen Lang aut text article eng Estimating the body shape and posture of a dressed human subject in motion represented as a sequence of (possibly incomplete) 3D meshes is important for virtual change rooms and security. To solve this problem, statistical shape spaces encoding human body shape and posture variations are commonly used to constrain the search space for the shape estimate. In this work, we propose a novel method that uses a posture-invariant shape space to model body shape variation combined with a skeleton-based deformation to model posture variation. Our method can estimate the body shape and posture of both static scans and motion sequences of human body scans with clothing that fits relatively closely to the body. In case of motion sequences, our method takes advantage of motion cues to solve for a single body shape estimate along with a sequence of posture estimates. We apply our approach to both static scans and motion sequences and demonstrate that using our method, higher fitting accuracy is achieved than when using a variant of the popular SCAPE model [2,18] as statistical model. yes yes Virtual reality Fitting accuracy Geometry processing Human subjects Motion sequences Posture modeling Search spaces Statistical modeling Statistical shapes Hosiery manufacture 2014-10 Elsevier 1077-3142 127 31 42 12 10.1016/j.cviu.2014.06.012 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Information and Communication Technologies Technologies de l'information et des communications 21272789 5919b8ca-dc39-45e4-ac12-e2ed2754a790 Zhongde Shi aut AERO AERO Changsheng Guo aut Mahmoud Helmi (Helmi) Attia Attia, Helmi aut AERO AERO ASME 2014 International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference, MSEC 2014 Collocated with the JSME 2014 International Conference on Materials and Processing and the 42nd North American Manufacturing Research Conference, 9 June 2014 through 13 June 2014 text article eng This paper is concerned with the reliable calibration of the grinding power model. The power model used in the present paper is expressed by formulae with grinding parameters as input arguments, and a number of model constants representing a given wheel, workpiece, and grinding fluid combination. The model constants are calibrated using measured grinding forces and power, taking into consideration of the chip formation, sliding, and plowing components of the power. These correspond to the constants of specific chip formation energy uch, the coefficient of friction μ and average contact pressure pa, and the plowing force per unit width F'pl, respectively. A new generalized experimental approach was developed in this study to reflect the physical meaning of the model. Compared with other approaches, this approach does not require a preknowledge of the wheel wear flat area value and the regime of the average contact pressure. The proposed approach includes measurements of forces and power from surface grinding tests with a fixed set of grinding parameters conducted at different wheel dullness levels for calibrating the constant μ, as well as tests with variable workspeeds at each of the wheel dullness level for calibrating the other constants. As an application example, it was applied to calibrating the power model for grinding of a nickel-based alloy with oil as grinding fluid and electroplated CBN wheels. The calibrated model was then validated through tests under different grinding conditions. yes yes Grinding power New approaches 2014 The American Society of Mechanical Engineers 9780791845813 2 V002T02A008 10.1115/MSEC2014-3975 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Aerospace Aérospatiale 21272790 f5bdb6bb-1f8e-417e-807b-379e4d3cf8da S. Sheybani-Deloui aut M. Yousefi aut J. Norooz Oliaee aut A Robert (Bob) McKellar McKellar, A. R. W. aut SDT TSR N. Moazzen-Ahmadi aut text article eng Infrared spectra of the lowest energy isomers of C2H2-(N2O)2 and (C2H2)2-N2O were observed in the region of the ν1 fundamental band of the N2O monomer (∼2224 cm-1) using a tunable diode laser and/or a CW quantum cascade laser to probe a pulsed supersonic slit jet expansion. One infrared band was measured for each trimer. The band for C2H2-(N2O)2 corresponds to the out-of-phase vibrations of the pair of equivalent N2O monomers. It is blue shifted by about 10 cm-1 with respect to the free N2O monomer. The band for (C2H2)2-N2O is slightly less blue shifted (centered at 2232.81 cm-1). It can be simulated as a predominately a-type band. In addition to the normal isotopologues, the corresponding bands for C2D2-(N2O)2 and (C2D2)2-N2O were also observed. The structures of these trimers are similar to those of the lowest energy isomers of the analogous OCS - acetylene trimers reported previously, that is, a twisted barrel with C2 symmetry for C2H2-(N2O)2 and a distorted T-shaped acetylene dimer with a coplanar N2O beside the stem of the T for (C2H2)2-N2O. Here, we present our observation and experimental results, which agree well with calculations based on distributed multipole pair potentials. yes yes Infrared spectrum Nitrous oxide Van der Waals clusters 2014-12 Elsevier 0022-2852 306 6 10 5 10.1016/j.jms.2014.10.001 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Security and Disruptive Technologies Technologies de sécurité et de rupture 21272792 0163535c-e3d9-4fd0-802c-959924160626 Canjun Mu aut Zhiyi Frank (Frank) Zhang Zhang, Zhiyi aut ICT TIC Min Lin aut Yan Du aut Xudong Cao aut text article eng Rapid detection of pathogenic bacteria in real-world samples, in which low concentration target bacteria usually coexist with a large quantity of interfering particles, is very important in many areas related to public health. In this study, we present our recent efforts in detecting low concentration bacteria in complex media that contain interfering particles and background noise using a microchip-based flow cytometer (i.e., microcytometer). To achieve this goal, low concentration 1.00 μm YG fluorescent beads, model particles for bacteria, were first detected in the presence of both a great number of polystyrene beads and fluorescence background noise using a microcytometer developed in this study. The microcytometer was further used to detect low concentrations of FITC labeled bacteria E. coli DH5α in the presence of a large quantity of interfering beads and FITC fluorescence background noise. We show that the FITC labeled E. coli DH5α cells at concentrations as low as 431 cells/mL were detected by the microcytometer with efficiencies of over 86% in complex media that contained high concentration (i.e., 4.89 × 10 7 particles/mL) blank interfering beads (d = 4.50 μm) with 0.5 μM FITC fluorescein as fluorescence background. This translates to detection of one target bacterial cell from approximately 1 × 105 interfering particles. Unlike other reports, this is the first report that studied detection of low concentration bacteria by a microcytometer in complex sample media. The outstanding detection performances of the microcytometer demonstrated by this study strongly suggest that microcytometers are indeed very promising candidate for detection of pathogenic bacteria in real-world samples. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes Bacteria detection Microcytometer Real-world samples Food safety 2014-07-21 0925-4005 202 1051 1057 7 10.1016/j.snb.2014.06.046 Information and Communication Technologies Technologies de l'information et des communications National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21272794 51ef70c7-5c01-4d5a-b68d-2f768ccbff06 Alberto Otero de la Roza Otero de la Roza, A. aut SDT TSR Victor Luana aut Edward R. T. Tiekink aut Julio Zukerman-Schpector aut text article eng Noncovalent interactions are prevalent in crystal packing and supramolecular chemistry. Directional noncovalent interactions such as donor-acceptor bonds (e.g., hydrogen, chalcogen, and pnictogen bonds) as well as nondirectional forces (such as dispersion) come together to stabilize supramolecular assemblies by striking a delicate energetic balance. Typically, a two-pronged approach employing experimental X-ray structures and gas phase quantum chemical modeling has been used to understand and design supramolecular architectures. Drawing from recent advances in molecular crystal modeling with dispersion corrected density functional theory (DFT), we propose in this article a combination of qualitative noncovalent index (NCI) analysis and periodic and gas phase DFT calculations on substitutional crystal analogues to unravel the dominant interactions in a particular crystal packing. We illustrate the possibilities of this approach by studying three crystal packings of epoxydihydroarsanthrene analogues that present a complex combination of donor-acceptor interactions including pnictogen-pnictogen, pnictogen-π, and pnictogen-chalcogen. We show that, in these crystals, the chalcogen-pnictogen interaction dominates over the pnictogen-pnictogen and pnictogen-π. In the latter, the role of donor and acceptor is reversed depending on the interacting moieties. Multiple chalcogen-pnictogen interactions necessitate larger donor atoms, such as sulfur. These observations explain and rationalize the experimentally observed crystal structures. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes 2014-10-09 1549-9618 10 11 5010 5019 10 10.1021/ct500832g Security and Disruptive Technologies Technologies de sécurité et de rupture National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21272795 d61a9e08-cc7f-4050-8a75-74a12e2eccd5 Holly A. E. Dole aut Luis F. Safady aut Spyridon Ntais aut Martin Couillard aut EME EME Elena A. Baranova aut text article eng An improved design for a catalytic reactor for electrochemical promotion of highly dispersed catalysts was presented and compared to that of a plug flow-type reactor for the model reaction of ethylene oxidation. Electrochemical cells were prepared with low particle size (1.1 nm) Ru nanoparticles (RuNPs) which were supported on a mixed ionic-electronic conductor, CeO2, with a low metal loading (1 wt%), interfaced with a YSZ electrolyte. Comparable catalytic performance between the two reactors was observed for both open-circuits measurements. However, the rate enhancement ratio in the single-chamber capsule (SCC) reactor was found to be 1.6 compared to 1.4 for the plug flow-type reactor for an applied current of -5μA. These results were attributed to better electrical contact to the isolated RuNPs. Furthermore, the SCC reactor is simple to assemble and provides an intimate contact between the RuNPs/CeO2 catalyst and the current collector (i.e., gold mesh). yes yes Catalysts Catalytic oxidation Ethylene Metal nanoparticles Catalytic performance Catalytic reactor Current collector Electrical contacts Electrochemical promotion Ethylene oxidation Flow-type reactor Mixed ionic-electronic conductors Ruthenium 2014 The Electrochemical Society 1938-5862 61 1 65 74 10 10.1149/06101.0065ecst National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Energy, Mining and Environment Énergie, mines et environnement 21272799 e350fa29-0ccd-40c0-ae77-15fbeb777b31 Amit A. Deokar aut Larissa Dawne Ramsay Ramsay, Larissa aut Andrew (Andy) Sharpe Sharpe, Andrew G. aut ACRD DCRA Marwan Diapari aut Anoop Sindhu aut Kirsten Bett aut Thomas D. Warkentin aut Bunyamin Tar'an aut text article eng Background: In the whole genome sequencing, genetic map provides an essential framework for accurate and efficient genome assembly and validation. The main objectives of this study were to develop a high-density genetic map using RAD-Seq (Restriction-site Associated DNA Sequencing) genotyping-by-sequencing (RAD-Seq GBS) and Illumina GoldenGate assays, and to examine the alignment of the current map with the kabuli chickpea genome assembly.Results: Genic single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) totaling 51,632 SNPs were identified by 454 transcriptome sequencing of Cicer arietinum and Cicer reticulatum genotypes. Subsequently, an Illumina GoldenGate assay for 1,536 SNPs was developed. A total of 1,519 SNPs were successfully assayed across 92 recombinant inbred lines (RILs), of which 761 SNPs were polymorphic between the two parents. In addition, the next generation sequencing (NGS)-based GBS was applied to the same population generating 29,464 high quality SNPs. These SNPs were clustered into 626 recombination bins based on common segregation patterns. Data from the two approaches were used for the construction of a genetic map using a population derived from an intraspecific cross. The map consisted of 1,336 SNPs including 604 RAD recombination bins and 732 SNPs from Illumina GoldenGate assay. The map covered 653 cM of the chickpea genome with an average distance between adjacent markers of 0.5 cM. To date, this is the most extensive genetic map of chickpea using an intraspecific population. The alignment of the map with the CDC Frontier genome assembly revealed an overall conserved marker order; however, a few local inconsistencies within the Cicer arietinum pseudochromosome 1 (Ca1), Ca5 and Ca8 were detected. The map enabled the alignment of 215 unplaced scaffolds from the CDC Frontier draft genome assembly. The alignment also revealed varying degrees of recombination rates and hotspots across the chickpea genome. Conclusions: A high-density genetic map using RAD-Seq GBS and Illumina GoldenGate assay was developed and aligned with the existing kabuli chickpea draft genome sequence. The analysis revealed an overall conserved marker order, although some localized inversions between draft genome assembly and the genetic map were detected. The current analysis provides an insight of the recombination rates and hotspots across the chickpea genome. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes Cicer arietinum; Genotyping-by-sequencing; Illumina GoldenGate and Genetic mapping; Restriction site associated DNA (RAD) markers 2014-08-23 1471-2164 15 1 708 1 19 19 10.1186/1471-2164-15-708 NRC-ACRD-56108 Aquatic and Crop Resource Development Développement des cultures et des ressources aquatiques National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21272800 f44e0662-c703-4463-a959-10c1dec08bc6 Carlos Sanchez Sanchez, C. A. aut MSS SME Barry M Wood Wood, B. M. aut MSS SME 29th Conference on Precision Electromagnetic Measurements, CPEM 2014, 24 August 2014 through 29 August 2014 text article eng We describe the modifications and improvements that have been made over the past two years to reduce the uncertainty of the NRC watt balance. yes yes Electronic kilogram Measurement uncertainty Planck's constants Watt balance 2014-08 IEEE 0589-1485 9781479952052 6898445 434 435 2 0589-1485 10.1109/CPEM.2014.6898445 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Measurement Science and Standards Science des mesures et étalons 21272801 c52036aa-f2ae-4e6a-aff1-e913ee08eb22 H. A. E. Dole aut L. F. Safady aut S. Ntais aut Martin Couillard Couillard, M. aut EME EME E. A. Baranova aut text article eng Small particle size (1.1 nm) Ru nanoparticles were supported on a mixed ionic-electronic conductor, CeO2, with a low metal loading (1 wt%), interfaced with a YSZ electrolyte. A pronounced enhancement (up to about 2.5 times) of the catalytic rate for the complete oxidation of ethylene was observed for negative polarization. The opposite effect was observed for positive polarization. Apparent Faradaic efficiencies up to 96 were determined, indicating a non-Faradaic effect. The modification of the cerium oxidation state (i.e., reduction from Ce4+ to Ce3+) is proposed to enhance the catalytic performance of the Ru nanoparticles. XPS analysis was performed to confirm this reduction of ceria. The enhancement of catalytic activity is attributed to the presence of more oxygen vacancies in the ceria interlayer causing a stronger metal-support interaction. Results demonstrate the feasibility of in-situ modification of the metal support-interaction between Ru nanoparticles and CeO2 catalytic support by a small current (-2 μA) application. yes yes Catalyst activity Catalytic oxidation Cerium compounds Ethylene Metal nanoparticles Metals Oxidation Polarization Reduction Yttria stabilized zirconia Catalytic performance Electrochemical promotion Ethylene oxidation Faradaic efficiencies Metal-support interactions Mixed ionic-electronic conductors Negative polarization Ru nanoparticles Ruthenium 2014-10 Elsevier 0021-9517 318 85 94 10 10.1016/j.jcat.2014.07.003 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Energy, Mining and Environment Énergie, mines et environnement 21272803 784bb68e-bd4a-4d5e-849f-bdfa6ed166e3 C. Bissonnette aut B. Fahlman aut K. M. Peru aut D. P. Khasa aut Charles Greer Greer, C. W. aut EME EME J. V. Headley aut S. Roy aut text article eng Canada's oil sands reserves found in an area of about 142,000km2 in Northern Alberta are estimated to be about 170 billion barrels. Extraction procedures generates oil sands process-affected materials (OSPM), a high pH, high salt and low nutrient residue which contains phytotoxic hydrocarbons. Efficient methods are needed to revegetate impacted landscapes in line with governmental standards. Actinorhizal alders could be used to provide nitrogen in a reclamation program as they are early successional species that naturally colonize harsh habitats and improve the soil conditions. In order to evaluate the extent to which alders can withstand OSPM-generated stress, the growth and development of both green (Alnus viridis (Chaix) DC. ssp. crispa) and speckled (Alnus incana (L.) Moench ssp. rugosa) alders in varying proportions of OSPM mixed with pristine sand (from 0 to 100%) was assessed both in the presence and the absence of their symbiont, Frankia sp. Alder survival was not impaired by the presence of OSPM, although symbiosis establishment was less efficient when the alders grew in pure OSPM residue. Actinorhizal alders are very tolerant to OSPM: when grown in pure OSPM (100%), their dry biomass was 15 times greater than that of non-nodulated alders. Moreover, symbiotic alders allocated a higher proportion of their biomass to aerial parts, regardless of the OSPM percentage, whereas non-symbiotic alders showed a greater biomass investment in roots. When symbiosis was present, the alders thrived and produced a large amount of biomass that was highly correlated to the total nodule biomass. The pre-inoculation of alder seedlings in commercial greenhouses prior to their outplanting on OSPM-affected reclamation sites could significantly accelerate their growth and development. yes yes Actinorhizal symbiosis Alder Early-successional Extraction procedure Frankia Naphthenic acid Oil sands industry bacterium biomass allocation ecological engineering growth rate host-symbiont interaction inoculation reclaimed land restoration ecology revegetation root system symbiosis tailings 2014-07 Elsevier 0925-8574 68 167 175 9 10.1016/j.ecoleng.2014.03.061 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Energy, Mining and Environment Énergie, mines et environnement 21272804 a0f5ad54-de79-42e2-9007-bf8cbb72c359 Moises Freitas-Andrade aut Jacqueline F Slinn Slinn, Jacqueline aut HHT TSH Claudie Charlebois aut HHT TSH Maria Moreno Moreno, Maria J. aut HHT TSH text article eng Angiogenesis, the sprouting of new capillaries from preexisting vessels, is an integral part of both normal development and numerous pathological conditions such as tumor growth, inflammation, and stroke. The development of angiogenesis assays has been critical in understanding this process in both the context of disease and normal physiology. With the growing availability of antibodies against angiogenic markers as well as advances in microscopy and imaging analysis software, a more comprehensive assessment of the angiogenesis process is beginning to take form (Milner et al., Stroke 39:191-197, 2008; Freitas-Andrade et al., J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 32:663-675, 2012; Li et al., Glia 58:1157-1167, 2010; Dore-Duffy and LaManna, Antioxid Redox Signal 9:1363-1371, 2007). This chapter describes an in vivo method of inducing brain angiogenesis in mice by chronic exposure to mild hypoxia. In addition, a detailed procedure of quantifying angiogenesis using multiple immunofluorescent labeling of mouse brain tissue sections is also presented. yes yes angiogenesis animal cell animal tissue antibody labeling brain tissue central nervous system confocal laser scanning microscope controlled study female fluorescence hypoxia image analysis immunofluorescence in vivo study mouse quantitative analysis tissue section Brain Cell Hypoxia Cerebrovascular Circulation Cryoultramicrotomy Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect Mice Microscopy, Fluorescence Neovascularization, Physiologic 2014 Springer International Publishing 1064-3745 9781493903191 1135 157 175 19 10.1007/978-1-4939-0320-7_14 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Human Health Therapeutics Thérapeutiques en santé humaine 21272806 a66537f2-aa73-4d56-ace9-b76e2e0aa181 Amina Mohammed Mohammed, Amina M. aut Husham Hammadi Almansour Almansour, Husham H. aut CONST CONST Beatriz Martin-Pérez Martín-Pérez, Beatriz aut text article 2016-05-01 eng A simplified hybrid linear/nonlinear dynamic finite element analysis (SHDFEA) based on visual inspection is introduced as part of a proposed semi-quantitative assessment approach of aged bridge columns. The focus is on the evaluation of the dynamic characteristics and behaviour of slab-on-girder bridges under moving trucks when their columns are subjected to severe corrosion damage. The proposed SHDFEA uses nonlinear finite element analysis to evaluate the damaged columns stiffness, mass and damping throughout the step-by-step time history analysis. The efficiency, accuracy and stability of the proposed SHDFEA are verified through different case studies, where very high numerical stability and fast convergence are achieved. The results show that the nonlinear dynamic analysis presents the most general approach to evaluate the effects of any level of corrosion damage in the column for any case of loading, boundary conditions and any progressive change in the column properties. However, linear dynamic analysis is found to be the most economical alternative when the columns are overdesigned. It is found that with severe local corrosion damage in traditionally designed slab-on-girder bridges columns, their static behaviour mostly remains in the elastic range, and the traffic load magnitude remains below their ultimate static capacity. It is also found that the changes in the bridge dynamic performance parameters are marginal when over-designed columns have severe corrosion damage and their safety and stability are critical. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes Semi-quantitative assessment approach Corrosion damage Slab-on-girder bridge Nonlinear dynamic analysis Finite element method 2014-02-10 0141-0296 66 159 172 14 10.1016/j.engstruct.2014.02.005 NRC-CONST-56155 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Construction Construction National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 21272781 c6d864fb-2015-4f30-9975-daadec358476 Laurel Sinclair aut Patrick Saull aut MSS SME David Hanna aut Henry Seywerd aut Audrey MacLeod aut Patrick Boyle aut text article eng A Compton gamma imager has been developed for use in consequence management operations and in security investigations. The imager uses solid inorganic scintillator, known for robust performance in field survey conditions. The design was constrained in overall size by the requirement that it be person transportable and operable from a variety of platforms. In order to introduce minimal dead material in the path of the incoming and scattered gamma rays, custom silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs), with a thin glass substrate, were used to collect the scintillation light from the scatter layers. To move them out of the path of the gamma rays, preamplification electronics for the silicon photomultipliers were located a distance from the imager. This imager, the Silicon photomultiplier Compton Telescope for Safety and Security (SCoTSS) is able to provide a one-degree image resolution in a ±45° field of view for a 10 mCi point source 40 m distant, within about one minute, for gamma-ray energies ranging from 344 keV to 1274 keV. Here, we present a comprehensive performance study of the SCoTSS imager. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes Compton Camera Compton imager Compton telescope Gamma cameras Gamma imager Silicon photomultiplier SiPM 2014-09-30 0018-9499 61 5 2356412 2745 2752 8 10.1109/TNS.2014.2356412 Measurement Science and Standards Science des mesures et étalons National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21272793 ba4f0a89-570e-4d2e-a33d-be45e30e8c1b Carlos Sanchez Sanchez, C. A. aut MSS SME Barry M Wood Wood, B. M. aut MSS SME text article eng This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the alignment uncertainties in the NRC watt balance. We show that, due to the use of a beam balance in both phases of the experiment, some of the alignment errors of the weighing phase are correlated with errors in the moving phase, which makes our watt balance insensitive to some forms of misalignment. These correlations become inexact in the presence of parasitic forces acting on the coil former. We present evidence of such forces and estimate their effect and contribution to the various uncertainty components. Finally we describe the techniques used to align the apparatus and we give an estimate of all relevant alignment uncertainty components. © 2014 BIPM & IOP Publishing Ltd. yes yes Alignment Errors Alignment error Comprehensive analysis kilogram Plancks constant Watt balance Uncertainty analysis 2014-03-31 IOP Publishing 0026-1394 51 2 51 S42 S53 10.1088/0026-1394/51/2/S42 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Measurement Science and Standards Science des mesures et étalons 21272797 d3324298-3ebf-45e1-9523-546d12ca6982 Allison Sherratt Sherratt, Allison R. aut MD DM Neda Nasheri Ardakan Nasheri ardakan, Neda aut MD DM Craig McKay McKay, Craig S. aut MD DM Shifawn O'Hara aut MD DM Ashley Hunt Hunt, Ashly aut MD DM Zhibin Ning aut Daniel Figeys aut Natalie Goto Goto, Nathalie K. aut John Paul Pezacki aut MD DM text article eng Phosphatidylinositol kinases (PIKs) are key enzymatic regulators of membrane phospholipids and membrane environments that control many aspects of cellular function, from signal transduction to secretion, through the Golgi apparatus. Here, we have developed a photoreactive "clickable" probe, PIK-BPyne, to report the activity of PIKs. We investigated the selectivity and efficiency of the probe to both inhibit and label PIKs, and we compared PIK-BPyne to a wortmannin activity-based probe also known to target PIKs. We found that PIK-BPyne can act as an effective in situ activity-based probe, and for the first time, report changes in PI4K-IIIβ activity induced by the hepatitis C virus. These results establish the utility of PIK-BPyne for activity-based protein profiling studies of PIK function in native biological systems. Active PIKs: Phosphatidylinositol kinases (PIKs) are key enzymatic regulators of membrane phospholipids and environments that control many aspects of cellular function, from signal transduction to secretion. We developed a photoreactive "clickable" probe, PIK-BPyne, to assess activity of PIKs in native biological systems and demonstrated its ability to monitor hepatitis C virus-induced changes in PIK-IIIβ activity. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase 110alpha phosphatidylinositol kinase phosphatidylinositol kinase 2alpha phosphatidylinositol kinase 3alpha phosphatidylinositol kinase 3beta unclassified drug wortmannin article breast cancer cell line cancer cell line chemical labeling competitive inhibition controlled study enzyme activity enzyme inhibition female genotype hepatitis C Hepatitis C virus human human cell liver cell carcinoma liver disease liver transplantation molecular probe nonhuman photoactivation photoreactivation PIK BPyne primed in situ labeling priority journal protein analysis protein function uterine cervix cancer virus replication Western blotting Hepatitis C virus 2014 1439-4227 15 9 1253 1256 4 10.1002/cbic.201402155 Medical Devices Dispositifs médicaux National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21272798 4f44d72f-257a-4b1e-b423-346b838f0840 Edmanuel Torres aut Gino A DiLabio Dilabio, Gino A. aut SDT TSR text article eng We studied (p × √3) gold (111) surface reconstructions within the DFT/PW91 approximation. Our findings clearly show that the reconstruction is energetically favorable in unreconstructed surfaces equal to or larger than the unit cell of the final reconstructed surface. Reconstructions in surfaces smaller than ∼2.95 nm in the [11̄0] direction are not more stable than the unreconstructed surface, and this may explain why (p × √3) type reconstructions have not been observed in subnanometer gold particles. We found that reconstructions with (22 × √3) and (23 × √3) unit cells, usually reported in experiments, are isoenergetic. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes Gold Density functional theory studies Gold particles Reconstructed surfaces Sub nanometers Type reconstruction Unit cells Repair 2014-07-04 1932-7447 118 29 15624 15629 6 10.1021/jp411368v Security and Disruptive Technologies Technologies de sécurité et de rupture National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21272796 40c87798-c5dd-4417-be28-be508c6f66e9 Corey M. Thompson aut Colin K. Blakely aut Roxana Flacau aut SDT TSR John E. Greedan aut Viktor V. Poltavets aut text article eng The oxyfluoride SrFeO2F has been prepared via a low temperature route involving the infinite-layer SrFeO2 and XeF2. SrFeO2F crystallizes in the cubic space group Pm-3m with disordered oxygen and fluorine atoms on the anion site. Recent reports demonstrated that SrFeO2F is antiferromagnetic at room temperature and the zero field cooled and field cooled curves diverge at ~150 K and ~60 K, suggesting that the material has a spin glassy magnetic state at low temperatures. In this article, variable-temperature neutron diffraction (4-723 K) was performed to clarify the magnetic behavior observed in this material. Neutron powder diffraction measurements confirmed the antiferromagnetic (AFM) ordering of the system at room temperature. Below 710(1) K, the magnetic structure is a G-type AFM structure characterized by a propagation vector k=(12, 12, 12). The ordered moments on Fe3+ are 4.35(6)μB at 4 K and 4.04(5)μB at 290 K. Our results indicate that the cubic structure is retained all the way to base temperature (4 K) in contrast to PbFeO 2F. These results are compared with those of Pb and Ba analogs which exhibit very similar magnetic behavior. Furthermore, the observation of magnetic reflections at 4 K in the diffraction pattern shows the absence of the previously proposed spin glassy behavior at low temperatures. Previous proposals to explain the ZFC/FC divergences are examined. yes yes Crystallography Lead Neutron diffraction Antiferromagnetic orders Antiferromagnetics Magnetic behavior Magnetic reflections Oxyfluorides Propagation vector Variable temperature Zero-field-cooled Antiferromagnetism 2014-11 Elsevier 0022-4596 219 173 178 6 10.1016/j.jssc.2014.07.019 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) Security and Disruptive Technologies Technologies de sécurité et de rupture 21272770 ce306c7f-d1cf-4a59-bc65-06be62ca62fd Fengzhan Si aut Yuwei Zhang aut Liang Yan aut Jianbing Zhu aut Meiling Xiao aut Changpeng Liu aut Wei Xing aut Jiujun (JJ) Zhang Zhang, Jiujun aut EME EME text chapter eng In this chapter, the fundamentals of oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) including thermodynamics and electrode kinetics are presented. The ORR kinetics including reaction mechanisms catalyzed by different electrode materials and catalysts including Pt, Pt alloys, carbon materials, and nonnoble metal catalysts are discussed based on the literature in terms of both experiment and theoretical approaches. It is emphasized that these fundamentals of ORR are necessary in order to perform the meaningful characterization of catalytic ORR activity using both rotating disk electrode and rotating ring-disk electrode methods. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes 2014-03-31 9780444632784 133 170 38 10.1016/B978-0-444-63278-4.00004-5 Energy, Mining and Environment Énergie, mines et environnement National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21272765 81a5e009-530a-447d-9c98-316df8189b5e Robert Halir aut Alejandro Ortega-Moñux aut Jens Holger Schmid Schmid, Jens H. aut ICT TIC Carlos Alberto Alonso-Ramos Alonso-Ramos, Carlos aut Jean Lapointe aut ICT TIC Dan-Xia Xu aut ICT TIC J. Gonzalo Wangüemert-Pérez aut Ínigo Molina-Fernández aut Siegfried Janz aut ICT TIC text article eng As most integrated optics platforms, silicon offers only a fixed set of material refractive indices for designing devices. The ability of sub-wavelength patterned structures to synthesize arbitrary equivalent index values between nSi ~ 3.5 and nair = 1 has thus enabled completely new design approaches that have led to silicon waveguide devices with breakthrough performance. This review covers the latest advances in sub-wavelength structured fiber-to-chip grating couplers and multimode interference couplers. We discuss, among others, single-etch grating couplers with high coupling efficiency -1.8 dB), and broad bandwidth (115 nm at 3 dB), as well as ultra-short, high performance multi-mode interference couplers. We furthermore introduce the concept of dispersion engineering with sub-wavelength structures, showing its potential to increase the bandwidth of waveguide devices, including multi-mode interference couplers covering a 450 nm wavelength span. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes Dispersion engineering Fiber-to-chip grating couplers Multimode interference couplers Silicon photonics Sub-wave length grating Diffraction gratings Fixed platforms Integrated optics Photonics Refractive index Silicon Waveguide components Wavelength Dispersion (waves) 2014-01-15 1077-260X 20 4 6678715 1 13 13 10.1109/JSTQE.2013.2293754 Information and Communication Technologies Technologies de l'information et des communications National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21272766 f97c0443-1c9c-46bb-854f-1136555c488c Arnold Gaertner Gaertner, Arnold A. aut MSS SME Howard W. Yoon aut Thomas A. Germer aut text article eng This chapter discusses dispersive means of obtaining spectral resolution in spectrophotometry. These methods are used to spatially disperse or separate the various wavelengths of optical electromagnetic radiation to enable analysis of material properties in wavelength bandwidths that are appropriate to the material, the material property, and the material application under consideration. The two predominant spectrometer types are based upon gratings or prisms to physically separate the different wavelengths of the radiation. We discuss characteristics of each spectrometer type that result in their particular advantages and disadvantages. Important characteristics include the spectral range, spectral bandpass, spectral resolution, system aperture, and system throughput. The effects of imperfections in ideal spectrometers, such as wavelength error, stray light, and polarization effects, will be considered. Issues important to the choice of radiation sources will be discussed. Some characteristics of radiation detectors, such as linearity and noise, will be discussed. The techniques that are used to identify the presence and effects of these spectrometer properties will be discussed, as well as methods that are used to mitigate and/or quantify their effect upon the validity and accuracy of our measured results. yes yes 2014 Elsevier 1079-4042 46 68 95 28 10.1016/B978-0-12-386022-4.00003-0 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Measurement Science and Standards Science des mesures et étalons 21272774 20c3b2ae-ea84-4e8f-b553-7a0e682abb5b Shuhan Liu aut Chun-Te (Alex) Ko Ko, Alex C.-T. aut MD DM Wenyan Li aut Wen Zhong aut Malcolm Xing aut text article eng In this work, we synthesized a pH sensitive poly(ethylene glycol)-doxorubicin (PEG-DOX) on single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWNTs). Using multimodal nonlinear optical imaging microscopy, we found that low power (1 mW cm-2) near-infrared radiation can initiate prodrug burst release from the carbon nanotubes in seconds. The successful SWNTs capping with PEG-DOX (denoted PEG-DOX@SWNT) was determined by transmission electron microscopy and FTIR results. The in vitro release of DOX from the PEG-DOX@SWNT was evaluated upon changes of pH values and NIR treating time. The cytotoxicity of the PEG-DOX@SWNT was also evaluated. This dual-sensitive delivery system based on SWNTs provides a facile approach to promote drug release and kill cancer cells. yes yes 2014-03 Royal Society of Chemistry 2050-7518 2 9 1125 1135 11 10.1039/c3tb21362e National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Medical Devices Dispositifs médicaux 21272775 95298f71-c9da-47df-8dd0-a46861557c1b Xiaoming Yu aut Zenghu Chang aut Paul B Corkum Corkum, P. B. aut SDT TSR Shuting Lei aut text article eng Circular craters with diameters of 500 nm are fabricated on the surface of fused silica by femtosecond ultraviolet-infrared (UV-IR) pulse trains with 0.8 nJ UV pulse energy. UV damage thresholds at different IR energies and UV-IR delays are measured. Diameters and depths of the ablated craters can be modified by adding the IR pulse and varying the UV-IR delays. These results demonstrate the feasibility of nanomachining using short wavelength lasers with pulse energy far below normal damage thresholds. yes yes Femtoseconds Infrared pulse Ultraviolet pulse 2014-09-24 OSA Publishing 0146-9592 39 19 5638 5640 3 10.1364/OL.39.005638 Security and Disruptive Technologies Technologies de sécurité et de rupture National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21272776 2cdfb7ed-d25a-4fcf-a92a-0a0ce6c24970 Dae Young (Dae) Kim Kim, Dae Young aut HHT TSH Gregory (Greg) Hussack Hussack, Greg aut HHT TSH Hiba Kandalaft aut HHT TSH Jamshid Tanha aut HHT TSH text article 2015-07-24 eng Monoclonal antibodies are a remarkably successful class of therapeutics used to treat a wide range of indications. There has been growing interest in smaller antibody fragments such as Fabs, scFvs and domain antibodies in recent years. In particular, the development of human VH and VL single-domain antibody therapeutics, as stand-alone affinity reagents or as "warheads" for larger molecules, are favored over other sources of antibodies due to their perceived lack of immunogenicity in humans. However, unlike camelid heavy-chain antibody variable domains (VHHs) which almost unanimously resist aggregation and are highly stable, human VHs and VLs are prone to aggregation and exhibit poor solubility. Approaches to reduce VH and VL aggregation and increase solubility are therefore very active areas of research within the antibody engineering community. Here we extensively chronicle the various mutational approaches that have been applied to human VHs and VLs to improve their biophysical properties such as expression yield, thermal stability, reversible unfolding and aggregation resistance. In addition, we describe stages of the VH and VL development process where these mutations could best be implemented. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Recent advances in molecular engineering of antibody. yes yes Aggregation; Mutation; Single-domain antibody; Stability; VH; VL 2014-07-24 Elsevier 1570-9639 1844 11 1983 2001 19 NRC-HHT-53236 10.1016/j.bbapap.2014.07.008 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Human Health Therapeutics Thérapeutiques en santé humaine 21272777 b4fa8836-fbba-4941-8e5e-301b44d5e52c Maryam Dini aut Tahereh Mousavand aut Pierre J. Carreau aut Musa R. Kamal aut Minh-Tan Ton-That aut NRC CNRC text article eng An melt-mixing process has been used to prepare Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET)/clay nanocomposites with high degree of clay delamination. In this method, steam was fed into a twin-screw extruder (TSE) to reduce the PET molecular weight and to facilitate their diffusion into the gallery spacing of organoclays. Subsequently, the molecular weight (MW) reduction of the PET matrix due to hydrolysis by water was compensated by solid-state polymerization (SSP). The effect of the thermodynamic compatibility of PET and organoclays on the exfoliated microstructure of the nanocomposites was also examined by using three different nanoclays. The dispersion of Cloisite 30B (C30B) in PET was found to be better than that of Nanomer I.28E (I28E) and Cloisite Na+. The effect of feeding rate and consequently residence time on the properties of PET nanocomposites was also investigated. The results reveal more delamination of organoclay platelets in PET-C30B nanocomposites processed at low feeding rate compared to those processed at high feeding rate. Enhanced mechanical and barrier properties were observed in PET nanocomposites after SSP compared to the nanocomposites prepared by conventional melt-mixing. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 54:1723-1736, 2014. yes yes Delamination Microstructure Molecular weight Organoclay Polymerization Clay delamination Cloisite 30b Mechanical and barriers Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) Residence time Solid state polymerization Thermodynamic compatibility Twin screw extruders Nanocomposites 2014-08 Wiley 0032-3888 54 8 1723 1736 14 10.1002/pen.23685 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) 21272778 11f3a4cc-b915-40b8-b00f-d7f7bd48e97e Elsa Gouix aut Alain Buisson aut André Nieoullon aut Lydia Kerkerian-Le Goff aut Joseph S (Joe) Tauskela Tauskela, Joseph S. aut HHT TSH Nicholas Blondeau aut Laurence Had-Aissouni aut text article eng Understanding the role of astrocytes in stroke is assuming increasing prominence, not only as an important component on its own within the neurovascular unit, but also because astrocytes can influence neuronal outcome. Ischemia may induce astrogliosis and other phenotypic changes, but these remain poorly understood, in part due to limitations in reproducing these changes in vitro. Dibutyryl cyclic AMP-differentiated cultured astrocytes are more representative of the in vivo astroglial cell phenotype, and were much more susceptible than undifferentiated astrocytes to an ischemic-like stress, oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD). OGD altered the expression/distribution and activity of glial glutamate transporters, impaired cellular glutamate uptake and decreased intracellular levels of glutathione preferentially in differentiated astrocytes. Resistance to OGD was conferred by inhibiting caspase-3 with DEVD-CHO and oxidative stress by the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC). The resistance of undifferentiated astrocytes to OGD may result from a transient but selective morphological transformation into Alzheimer type II astrocytes, an intermediary stage prior to transforming into reactive astrocytes. Co-culture of neurons with OGD-exposed astrocytes resulted in neurotoxicity, but at surprisingly lower levels with dying differentiated astrocytes. The antioxidant NAC or the 5-LOX inhibitor AA861 added upon co-culture delayed (day 1) but did not prevent neurotoxicity (day 3). Astrocytes undergoing apoptosis as a result of ischemia may represent a transient neuroprotective mechanism via ischemia-induced release of glutathione, but oxidative stress was responsible for neuronal demise when ischemia compromised astrocyte supportive functions. yes yes Astrocyte differentiation; Neuroprotection; Inflammation; ROS; Glutamate transporters, Ischemia 2014-06-11 Elsevier 1043-6618 87 8 17 10 NRC-HHT-53272 10.1016/j.phrs.2014.06.002 Human Health Therapeutics Thérapeutiques en santé humaine National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21272779 be35e92f-c78e-4663-aa40-ab36a18027db Alessandro H. A. Monteverde Videla aut Shuai Ban aut EME EME Stefania Specchia aut Lei Zhang aut EME EME Jiujun (JJ) Zhang Zhang, Jiujun aut EME EME text article eng In this paper, the reduced graphene oxide (rGO) is synthesized from graphite oxide (GO) via microwave exfoliation method, and used to support non-noble metal Fe-NX based electrocatalysts (Fe-NX/rGO) for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). Tripyridyl triazine (TPTZ) is used as a ligand for Fe-NX catalyst preparation. The obtained catalyst presents a high content of pyridinic (N1) and pyrrolic (N2) nitrogen types on the catalyst surface (40.0% and 52.3% atomic concentrations, respectively) with Fe atomic content of 0.7%. A catalyst loading of 0.5 mg cm- 2 with a ionomer-to-carbon (ITC) mass ratio of 0.2 deposited on the glassy carbon electrode allows the highest ORR activity with the specific current of -0.35 mA mg-1 at a cell voltage of 0.8 V (vs. RHE). The overall electron transfer number obtained is of 3.98. Stability tests in acidic solution for this catalyst are also performed. yes yes Electrolytic reduction Glass membrane electrodes Graphene Atomic concentration Catalyst preparation Catalyst surfaces Electron transfer Glassy carbon electrodes Oxygen reduction reaction Reduced graphene oxides Reduced graphene oxides (RGO) Electrocatalysts 2014-09 Elsevier 0008-6223 76 386 400 15 10.1016/j.carbon.2014.04.092 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Energy, Mining and Environment Énergie, mines et environnement 21272787 544c84a1-af09-4b3a-bafd-31f1792b1ef0 K. A. Marsh aut M. J. Griffin aut P. Palmeirim aut P. André aut J. Kirk aut D. Stamatellos aut D. Ward-Thompson aut A. Roy aut S. Bontemps aut James Di Francesco Di Francesco, J. aut NSI ISN D. Elia aut T. Hill aut V. Könyves aut F. Motte aut Q. Nguyen-Luong aut N. Peretto aut S. Pezzuto aut A. Rivera-Ingraham aut N. Schneider aut L. Spinoglio aut G. White aut text article eng The density and temperature structures of dense cores in the L1495 cloud of the Taurus starforming region are investigated using Herschel Spectral and Photometric Imaging Receiver and Photodetector Array Camera and Spectrometer images in the 70, 160, 250, 350 and 500 μm continuum bands. A sample consisting of 20 cores, selected using spectral and spatial criteria, is analysed using a new maximum likelihood technique, COREFIT, which takes full account of the instrumental point spread functions.We obtain central dust temperatures, T0, in the range 6-12K and find that, in the majority of cases, the radial density falloff at large radial distances is consistent with the asymptotic r-2 variation expected for Bonnor-Ebert spheres. Two of our cores exhibit a significantly steeper falloff, however, and since both appear to be gravitationally unstable, such behaviour may have implications for collapse models. We find a strong negative correlation between t0 and peak column density, as expected if the dust is heated predominantly by the interstellar radiation field. At the temperatures we estimate for the core centres, carbon-bearing molecules freeze out as ice mantles on dust grains, and this behaviour is supported here by the lack of correspondence between our estimated core locations and the previously published positions of H13CO+ peaks. On this basis, our observations suggest a sublimation-zone radius typically ~104 au. Comparison with previously published N2H+ data at 8400 au resolution, however, shows no evidence for N2H+ depletion at that resolution. yes yes methods: data analysis high angular resolution stars: formation protostars ISM: clouds submillimetre: ISM 2014-02-21 Oxford University Press 0035-8711 439 4 3683 3693 11 10.1093/mnras/stu219 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada National Science Infrastructure Infrastructure scientifique nationale 21272791 f29ddbae-709b-4555-a882-1158f6f05b36 Phalguni Mukhopadhyaya aut CONST CONST David Van Reenen aut CONST CONST Nicole Normandin aut CONST CONST ASTM Symposium on Next-Generation Thermal Insulation Challenges and Opportunities, 23 October 2013 through 24 October 2013, Jacksonville, FL text article eng 2014-01 ASTM International Buildings consume about 40 % of the national energy requirement in a developed country, and the addition of thermal insulation in building envelope construction is considered as the most primary and effective way to reduce energy consumption in buildings. Recent upgrades of energy codes in Europe and North America have also recommended higher levels of insulation in building envelopes. All these factors have provided a fresh impetus for the search for high-performance thermal insulation. Among various nonconventional insulations being introduced in the construction industry, as the next-generation thermal insulation, vacuum insulation panel (VIP) appears to be one of the most promising insulation materials, with the highest thermal insulating capacity (up to 10 times more thermally efficient than conventional thermal insulation materials). Quite naturally, the application of VIP in building envelope construction offers many advantages such as increased energy efficiency of exterior building envelopes, thinner wall thickness, optimum space use, reduced material consumption, etc. However, the acceptance of VIP in the construction industry is critically dependent on the cost and long-term performance. The expensive core material (e.g., precipitated silica or fumed silica) is one of the main reasons for the higher cost of VIPs that offer a satisfactory long-term service life in building envelope applications. To overcome this cost barrier for the mass application of VIPs in the building industry, researchers at the National Research Council Canada - Construction Portfolio have developed a low-cost fiber-powder composite core material for the VIP. This paper briefly introduces the concept of fiber-powder composite and present performance assessment data from laboratory-scale trial VIPs (300 mm by 300 mm) constructed with fiber-powder composite core materials. yes yes Construction industry Coremaking Costs Energy efficiency Energy utilization Fibers Silica Solar buildings Core material Nano-porous Performance assessment Reduce energy consumption Reduced material consumption Vacuum insulation panel Thermal insulation 0066-0558 9780803175938 1574 STP 1 10 10 10.1520/STP157420130105 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) Construction Construction National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 21272788 2914424a-f34c-4961-9345-79709bb2ab35 M. R. Sprague aut P. S. Michelberger aut T. F. M. Champion aut Duncan England England, D. G. aut SDT TSR J. Nunn aut X. -M. Jin aut W. S. Kolthammer aut A. Abdolvand aut P. S. J. Russell aut I. A. Walmsley aut text article eng Storing information encoded in light is critical for realizing optical buffers for all-optical signal processing and quantum memories for quantum information processing. These proposals require efficient interaction between atoms and a well-defined optical mode. Photonic crystal fibres can enhance light-matter interactions and have engendered a broad range of nonlinear effects; however, the storage of light has proven elusive. Here, we report the first demonstration of an optical memory in a hollow-core photonic crystal fibre. We store gigahertz-bandwidth light in the hyperfine coherence of caesium atoms at room temperature using a far-detuned Raman interaction. We demonstrate a signal-to-noise ratio of 2.6:1 at the single-photon level and a memory efficiency of 27 ± 1%. Our results demonstrate the potential of a room-temperature fibre-integrated optical memory for implementing local nodes of quantum information networks. yes yes Information services Particle beams Quantum optics Signal processing All-optical signal processing Efficient interaction Hollow-core photonic crystal fibre Hyperfine coherences Light-matter interactions Of quantum-information Quantum-information processing Single-photon level Photonic crystal fibers 2014-03-24 nature publishing group 1749-4885 8 4 287 291 5 10.1038/nphoton.2014.45 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Security and Disruptive Technologies Technologies de sécurité et de rupture 21272767 9e17f3e8-0c50-4955-af05-dc559b681a44 Lin Lin aut Zhaochu Hu aut Lu Yang aut MSS SME Wen Zhang aut Yongsheng Liu aut Shan Gao aut Shenghong Hu aut text article eng The effects of addition of nitrogen gas with use of three different combinations of sample and skimmer cones on the performance of LA-MC-ICP-MS for in situ B isotope ratio measurements were investigated in detail. Compared to the standard arrangement (H skimmer cone+standard sample cone), sensitivities of B isotopes were improved by a factor of 2.4 and 3.8 with use of X skimmer cone+standard sampler cone and the X skimmer cone+Jet sample cone, respectively. The best within-run precision (2s) of 11B/10B was approximately 50ppm for B4 reference material (B content=31,400μg/g) with use of X skimmer cone+Jet sample cone. It was found that different cone combinations had significant effects on the instrument mass bias, but had little effect on the precisions of B isotope ratios. Addition of nitrogen (2-4ml/min) in the central channel gas did not improve the sensitivity of B. However, significant wider ion axial distribution profile and more stable mass-bias for B isotope ratios were evident. Under selected optimum conditions, good agreements between the measured δ11B values and the reference values were obtained for the international reference minerals (B4, Dravite, Elbaite, IMMRB1 and Schorl), the NIST SRM 610-612 synthetic soda-lime glasses and the MPI-DING glasses (GOR-128-G, GOR-132-G, and StHs6/80). It was found that for low-B containing (11ppm and 31ppm) materials, the precisions (2s) of 11B/10B can be improved by a factor of 2-10 by using the newly designed X-skimmer cone and Jet sample cone, compared to that of using the standard cones. The international reference mineral Danburite (δ11B of -14.92±6.77 2SD, n=32) showed a significant non-uniformity of B isotope ratio distribution. Our first boron isotopic results from standards GSD-1G (δ11B: 11.92±1.03, n=30), GSE-1G (δ11B: 1.63±0.32, n=30), GP-4 (δ11B: -5.85±1.01, n=40) and DD-1 (δ11B: -13.21±0.56, n=35) showed these materials were fairly homogeneous in boron isotope ratios, making them as good candidates as reference materials. The proposed LA-MC-ICPMS method is suitable for the direct determination of B isotope ratio in a variety of geological materials. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes Boron isotopes Laser ablation MC-ICP-MS Nitrogen Signal enhancement Reference material Signal enhancement 2014-08-10 0009-2541 386 22 30 9 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2014.08.001 Measurement Science and Standards Science des mesures et étalons National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) 21272768 8d761097-a733-4411-a71b-c2f615c5ad53 Xiao-Zi (Riny) Yuan Yuan, Xiao-Z aut EME EME Vanesa Alzate aut EME EME Zhong Xie aut EME EME Douglas G. Ivey aut Wei Quaz aut NRC CNRC text article eng In this work, the physical and electrochemical behavior in a room temperature ionic liquid (RTIL), 1-butyl-1-methyl-pyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (BMP-TFSI) has been investigated. Water was added to BMP-TFSI and the effect of added water on conductivity, electrochemical window (ECW) and oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) was explored. The results show that for water amounts up to 1.0 wt%, water addition to BMP-TFSI slightly increases the conductivity of BMP-TFSI due to "shear relaxation" in the water-ionic liquid mixture. As a result of an "impurity effect", an increase in water addition to BMP-TFSI brings about a reduction in the ECW for the mixture. The rotating ring-disk electrode (RRDE) technique has confirmed that the ORR process in as-received BMP-TFSI can be assigned to one-electron transfer: O2 + e- h- O2-*. The reversibility of the O2/O2-* redox couple is greatly reduced with the addition of water. The suppressed anodic peak is likely attributable to the fact that the superoxide readily reacts with water. In water added BMP-TFSI, the ORR peak occurs at a more positive potential with an increased current density. The improved ORR activity is attributed to a proton effect and the increase in electron transfer number of the ORR in water added BMP-TFSI. yes yes Bis(trifluoromethane sulfonyl)imide Electrochemical behaviors Electrochemical window One-electron transfer Oxygen reduction reaction Positive potential Room temperature ionic liquids Rotating ring-disk electrode techniques Electron transitions Ionic liquids Mixtures Oxygen Protons Electrolytic reduction 2014-01-22 The Electrochemical Society 0013-4651 161 4 A451 A457 10.1149/2.008404jes Energy, Mining and Environment Énergie, mines et environnement National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21272769 cb630995-dc11-44f0-a3b1-323c4cee1b10 Marie Lindgren aut Linda Tancred aut Igor Golovliov aut Wayne Conlan aut HHT TSH Susan (Sue) Twine Twine, Susan M. aut HHT TSH Anders Sjöstedt aut text article eng Previously, we identified a spontaneous, essentially avirulent mutant, FSC043, of the highly virulent strain SCHU S4 of Francisella tularensis subsp. tularensis. We have now characterized the phenotype of the mutant and the mechanisms of its attenuation in more detail. Genetic and proteomic analyses revealed that the pdpE gene and most of the pdpC gene were very markedly downregulated and, as previously demonstrated, that the strain expressed partially deleted and fused fupA and fupB genes. FSC043 showed minimal intracellular replication and induced no cell cytotoxicity. The mutant showed delayed phagosomal escape; at 18 h, colocalization with LAMP-1 was 80%, indicating phagosomal localization, whereas the corresponding percentages for SCHU S4 and the ΔfupA mutant were <10%. However, a small subset of the FSC043-infected cells contained up to 100 bacteria with LAMP-1 colocalization of around 30%. The unusual intracellular phenotype was similar to that of the ΔpdpC and ΔpdpC ΔpdpE mutants. Complementation of FSC043 with the intact fupA and fupB genes did not affect the phenotype, whereas complementation with the pdpC and pdpE genes restored intracellular replication and led to marked virulence. Even higher virulence was observed after complementation with both double-gene constructs. After immunization with the FSC043 strain, moderate protection against respiratory challenge with the SCHU S4 strain was observed. In summary, FSC043 showed a highly unusual intracellular phenotype, and based on our findings, we hypothesize that the mutation in the pdpC gene makes an essential contribution to the phenotype. yes yes lysosome associated membrane protein 1 bacterial gene bacterial growth bacterial strain bacterial virulence bacterium mutant cell division cytotoxicity deletion mutant down regulation Francisella tularensis Francisella tularensis FSC043 Francisella tularensis SCHU S4 gene construct gene expression gene mutation gene replication genetic analysis macrophage microarray analysis microbial attenuation mouse phagosome phenotype protein analysis protein expression protein localization proteomics Bacterial Proteins Cell Line Mice, Inbred C57BL Tularemia 2014-09 ASM Journals 0019-9567 82 9 3622 3635 14 10.1128/IAI.01406-13 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) Human Health Therapeutics Thérapeutiques en santé humaine 21272756 18a2ea9a-1933-4412-b735-15646ac641ca B. Chalhoub aut F. Denoeud aut S. Liu aut Isobel Parkin Parkin, I. A. P. aut H. Tang aut X. Wang aut J. Chiquet aut H. Belcram aut C. Tong aut B. Samans aut M. Corréa aut C. Da Silva aut J. Just aut C. Falentin aut Chu Shin (Kevin) Koh Koh, C. S. aut ACRD DCRA I. Le Clainche aut M. Bernard aut P. Bento aut B. Noel aut K. Labadie aut A. Alberti aut M. Charles aut D. Arnaud aut H. Guo aut C. Daviaud aut S. Alamery aut K. Jabbari aut M. Zhao aut P. P. Edger aut H. Chelaifa aut D. Tack aut G. Lassalle aut I. Mestiri aut N. Schnel aut M.-C. Le Paslier aut G. Fan aut V. Renault aut P. E. Bayer aut A. A. Golicz aut S. Manoli aut T.-H. Lee aut V. H. D. Thi aut S. Chalabi aut Q. Hu aut C. Fan aut R. Tollenaere aut Y. Lu aut C. Battail aut J. Shen aut Christine Hazel Dorothy Sidebottom Sidebottom, C. H. D. aut ACRD DCRA A. Canaguier aut A. Chauveau aut A. Bérard aut G. Deniot aut M. Guan aut Z. Liu aut F. Sun aut Y. P. Lim aut E. Lyons aut C. D. Town aut I. Bancroft aut J. Meng aut J. Ma aut J. C. Pires aut G. J. King aut D. Brunel aut R. Delourme aut M. Renard aut J.-M. Aury aut K. L. Adams aut J. Batley aut R. J. Snowdon aut J. Tost aut D. Edwards aut Y. Zhou aut W. Hua aut Andrew (Andy) Sharpe Sharpe, Andrew G. aut ACRD DCRA A. H. Paterson aut C. Guan aut P. Wincker aut text article eng Oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) was formed ∼7500 years ago by hybridization between B. rapa and B. oleracea, followed by chromosome doubling, a process known as allopolyploidy. Together with more ancient polyploidizations, this conferred an aggregate 72x genome multiplication since the origin of angiosperms and high gene content.We examined the B. napus genome and the consequences of its recent duplication. The constituent An and Cn subgenomes are engaged in subtle structural, functional, and epigenetic cross-talk, with abundant homeologous exchanges. Incipient gene loss and expression divergence have begun. Selection in B. napus oilseed types has accelerated the loss of glucosinolate genes, while preserving expansion of oil biosynthesis genes. These processes provide insights into allopolyploid evolution and its relationship with crop domestication and improvement. yes Erratum published in Vol 345, no. 6202 September 2014 DOI: 10.1126/science.1260782 This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes article chromosome duplication cytology genetics molecular evolution plant genome plant seed polyploidy rapeseed Brassica napus Chromosome Duplication Evolution, Molecular Genome, Plant Polyploidy Seeds 2014-08-22 0036-8075 345 6199 950 953 4 10.1126/science.1253435 NRC-ACRD-56049 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Aquatic and Crop Resource Development Développement des cultures et des ressources aquatiques 21272762 fe675255-2695-4042-a736-97a04c55b3d4 Albert Stolow aut SDT TSR text article eng yes yes 2014-08-21 nature publishing group 1755-4330 6 9 759 760 2 10.1038/nchem.2037 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Security and Disruptive Technologies Technologies de sécurité et de rupture 21272772 f291f2e6-adb2-4c03-b040-e382d7af3565 Noureddine Bénichou aut CONST CONST Hossein Mostafaei aut CONST CONST Mark F. Green aut Kevin Hollingshead aut text article eng 2014-01-24 National Research Council Canada. Research Press yes yes 0315-1468 41 2 179 180 2 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Construction Construction National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 21272771 26361c48-0a3b-4850-8ad4-ae8a4507b712 S. A. Mala aut L. Tsybeskov aut David J Lockwood Lockwood, D. J. aut MSS SME Xiaohua Wu Wu, X. aut ICT TIC Jean-Marc Baribeau Baribeau, J.-M. aut ICT TIC text article eng 2014-07-02 We present a quantitative analysis of Raman scattering in various Si/Si1-xGex multilayered nanostructures with well-defined Ge composition (x) and layer thicknesses. Using Raman and transmission electron microscopy data, we discuss and model Si/SiGe intermixing and strain. By analyzing Stokes and anti-Stokes Raman signals, we calculate temperature and discuss heat dissipation in the samples under intense laser illumination. This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes yes Germanium Phonons Raman spectra Raman scattering Thermal conductivity 0021-8979 116 1 14305 10.1063/1.4886598 Measurement Science and Standards Science des mesures et étalons Information and Communication Technologies Technologies de l'information et des communications National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21272773 20665cc4-b9c8-4b5b-a19c-1a5e81424733 Oliver Schalk aut SIMS ISSM Andrey Boguslavskiy Boguslavskiy, Andrey E. aut SDT TSR Albert Stolow aut SDT TSR text article eng Two-photon absorption in systems with parity permits access to states that cannot be prepared by one-photon absorption. Here we present the first time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy study using this technique, applied to 1,3-butadiene, in which we investigated the dynamics of its dark valence, Rydberg, and superexcited states. The dark valence state dynamics are accessed via the Rydberg manifold, excited by two photons of 400 nm. We find that the 'dark' 21Ag state populated in this manner has a much longer lifetime than when accesses via the 11Bu 'bright' valence state when populated by one photon of 200 nm. In addition, we compared the dynamics of the 3sπ- and 3dπ-Rydberg states. These Rydberg states relax to the valence manifold on a subpicosecond time scale, with the 3sπ-Rydberg state decay rate being larger due to a stronger valence-Rydberg mixing. Finally, we investigated superexcited valence states that fragment or autoionize within 200 fs, likely without involving Rydberg states. yes yes Autoionization Conical intersection One photon absorption Subpicosecond time scale Superexcited state Time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy Two photon absorption Butadiene Decay (organic) Excited states Mixing Photoelectron spectroscopy Photons Rydberg states Two photon processes Dynamics 2014-01-22 ACS Publications 1948-7185 5 3 560 565 6 10.1021/jz402725u National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Steacie Institute for Molecular Sciences Institut Steacie des sciences moléculaires du CNRC Security and Disruptive Technologies Technologies de sécurité et de rupture 21272759 eea29a58-f58d-4ead-8935-0ac01bf7dbef Zheng Liu aut Yehuda Kleiner aut CONST CONST text article eng 2014-10-21 Water transmission and distribution systems are critical urban infrastructure. The aging of water mains can lead to increased breakage rate, decreased hydraulic capacity, and deterioration of water quality. Condition assessment of water mains encompasses building computational model of failures, discerning distress indicators from inspection, rating health condition, and forecasting future failures. In this process, computational intelligence helps to achieve high-level awareness of system condition and facilitates the decision making in water main renewal and rehabilitation using the combined information from field knowledge, historical records, inspection results, and sensory data. This paper reviews computational approaches to achieve condition assessment of water mains. Inspection and sensor technologies involved in the assessment process are also briefly discussed. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes Computational intelligence water pipe information fusion 1530-437X 14 12 6855316 4122 4133 12 10.1109/JSEN.2014.2336240 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Construction Construction National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 21272761 4ff847c4-1867-4c6d-8c41-478336da86f8 J. P. Marshall aut A. Moro-Martín aut C. Eiroa aut G. Kennedy aut A. Mora aut B. Sibthorpe aut J. -F. Lestrade aut J. Maldonado aut J. Sanz-Forcada aut M. C. Wyatt aut Brenda Matthews Matthews, B. aut NSI ISN J. Horner aut B. Montesinos aut G. Bryden aut C. Del Burgo aut J. S. Greaves aut R. J. Ivison aut G. Meeus aut G. Olofsson aut G. L. Pilbratt aut G. J. White aut text article eng Context. Stars form surrounded by gas-and dust-rich protoplanetary discs. Generally, these discs dissipate over a few (3-10) Myr, leaving a faint tenuous debris disc composed of second-generation dust produced by the attrition of larger bodies formed in the protoplanetary disc. Giant planets detected in radial velocity and transit surveys of main-sequence stars also form within the protoplanetary disc, whilst super-Earths now detectable may form once the gas has dissipated. Our own solar system, with its eight planets and two debris belts, is a prime example of an end state of this process. Aims. The Herschel DEBRIS, DUNES, and GT programmes observed 37 exoplanet host stars within 25 pc at 70, 100, and 160 μm with the sensitivity to detect far-infrared excess emission at flux density levels only an order of magnitude greater than that of the solar system's Edgeworth-Kuiper belt. Here we present an analysis of that sample, using it to more accurately determine the (possible) level of dust emission from these exoplanet host stars and thereafter determine the links between the various components of these exoplanetary systems through statistical analysis. Methods. We have fitted the flux densities measured from recent Herschel observations with a simple two parameter (Td, L IR/L) black-body model (or to the 3σ upper limits at 100 μm). From this uniform approach we calculated the fractional luminosity, radial extent and dust temperature. We then plotted the calculated dust luminosity or upper limits against the stellar properties, e.g. effective temperature, metallicity, and age, and identified correlations between these parameters. Results. A total of eleven debris discs are identified around the 37 stars in the sample. An incidence of ten cool debris discs around the Sun-like exoplanet host stars (29 ± 9%) is consistent with the detection rate found by DUNES (20.2 ± 2.0%). For the debris disc systems, the dust temperatures range from 20 to 80 K, and fractional luminosities (L IR/L) between 2.4 ×10-6 and 4.1 ×10 -4. In the case of non-detections, we calculated typical 3σ upper limits to the dust fractional luminosities of a few ×10 -6. Conclusions. We recover the previously identified correlation between stellar metallicity and hot-Jupiter planets in our data set. We find a correlation between the increased presence of dust, lower planet masses, and lower stellar metallicities. This confirms the recently identified correlation between cold debris discs and low-mass planets in the context of planet formation by core accretion. yes yes Astrophysics Debris Dust Extrasolar planets Luminance Solar system Circumstellar matters Dust temperatures Effective temperature Infrared: planetary systems Infrared: star Planet formation Planet-disk interactions Second generation Stars 2014-04-21 EDP Sciences 0004-6361 565 A15 10.1051/0004-6361/201323058 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada National Science Infrastructure Infrastructure scientifique nationale 21272746 0b5ca8b6-410f-422e-b031-10818e143e9b Christopher Onken Onken, Christopher A. aut HIA IHA Monica Valluri aut Jonathan S. Brown aut Peter J. McGregor aut Bradley M. Peterson aut Misty C. Bentz aut Laura Ferrarese aut NSI ISN Richard W. Pogge aut Marianne Vestergaard aut Thaisa Storchi-Bergmann aut Rogemar A. Riffel aut text article eng We present a revised measurement of the mass of the central black hole (M BH) in the Seyfert 1 galaxy NGC 4151. The new stellar dynamical mass measurement is derived by applying an axisymmetric orbit-superposition code to near-infrared integral field data obtained using adaptive optics with the Gemini Near-infrared Integral Field Spectrograph (NIFS). When our models attempt to fit both the NIFS kinematics and additional low spatial resolution kinematics, our results depend sensitively on how χ2 is computed - probably a consequence of complex bar kinematics that manifest immediately outside the nuclear region. The most robust results are obtained when only the high spatial resolution kinematic constraints in the nuclear region are included in the fit. Our best estimates for the black hole mass and H-band mass-to-light ratio are M BH ∼ 3.76 ± 1.15 × 107 M ⊙ (1σ error) and Υ⊙ H ∼ 0.34 ± 0.03 M ⊙/L ⊙ (3σ error), respectively (the quoted errors reflect the model uncertainties). Our black hole mass measurement is consistent with estimates from both reverberation mapping () and gas kinematics (; 1σ errors), and our best-fit mass-to-light ratio is consistent with the photometric estimate of Υ⊙ H = 0.4 ± 0.2 M ⊙/L ⊙. The NIFS kinematics give a central bulge velocity dispersion σc = 116 ± 3 km s-1, bringing this object slightly closer to the M BH-σ relation for quiescent galaxies. Although NGC 4151 is one of only a few Seyfert 1 galaxies in which it is possible to obtain a direct dynamical black hole mass measurement - and thus, an independent calibration of the reverberation mapping mass scale - the complex bar kinematics makes it less than ideally suited for this purpose. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes galaxies: active; galaxies: individual (NGC 4151); galaxies: kinematics and dynamics; galaxies: nuclei; galaxies: Seyfert; methods: numerical 2014-07-24 0004-637X 791 1 37 1 20 20 10.1088/0004-637X/791/1/37 NRC Herzberg Institute of Astrophysics Institut Herzberg d'astrophysique du CNRC National Science Infrastructure Infrastructure scientifique nationale National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21272748 b19c304b-96e6-4dfc-9388-683948f88065 Christophe Py aut ICT TIC Michael W (Mike) Denhoff Denhoff, Michael W. aut ICT TIC Nicaulas Sabourin aut ICT TIC John Weber aut ICT TIC Pun Pang (Matthew) Shiu Shiu, Matthew aut MD DM Ping Zhao aut ICT TIC text article eng We report on the systematic and automated priming and testing of silicon planar patch-clamp chips after their assembly in Plexiglas packages and sterilization in an air plasma reactor. We find that almost 90% of the chips are successfully primed by our automated setup, and have a shunt capacitance of between 10. pF and 30. pF. Blocked chips are mostly due to glue invasion in the well, and variability in the manual assembly process is responsible for the distribution in shunt capacitance value. Priming and testing time with our automated setup is less than 5. min per chip, which is compatible with the production of large series for use in electrophysiology experiments. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes Capacitance Plasma applications Silicon Air plasmas Automated setup Manual assembly Neuro-chips Patch-clamp Planar patch clamps Shunt capacitance Testing time Electrophysiology glue poly(methyl methacrylate) silicon accuracy air plasma reactor article automation biochip biocompatibility bioreactor controlled study electric potential electrophysiology instrument sterilization materials testing nanofabrication neurochip planar patch clamp priority journal 2014-04-26 1871-6784 31 5 430 435 6 10.1016/j.nbt.2014.04.003 Information and Communication Technologies Technologies de l'information et des communications Medical Devices Dispositifs médicaux National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21272750 bb6f67cd-4a0a-441d-8c79-226d4e78bbac D. Backman aut NRC CNRC text article eng yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes 2014 0309-3247 49 3 139 10.1177/0309324713516724 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) 21272751 1f3cd05c-3d55-44da-a7a3-f685cc6cef34 Kutluay Yüce aut Saul J Adelman Adelman, Saul J. aut NSI ISN text article eng Detailed analyses of high-dispersion, high signal-to-noise spectra enable astronomers to infer many stellar properties. We study nonmagnetic normal and chemically peculiar B, A, and F stars to understand the details of their optical region abundances via graphical techniques using two kinds of figures for 32 elements. By characterizing the anomalies of the mercury-manganese (HgMn) and the metallic-line (Am) stars, we provide major theoretical tests. We confirmed the known Hg dichotomy between HgMn stars, which are greatly overabundant, and the Am stars with normal abundances. Further P, Ga, Xe, Pt, and Au values were only overabundant for some HgMn stars, and lines of the rare earth elements, such as Sm and Eu, were seen only in some Am and normal stars. These observations might be due in some cases to changes in the major ionization state of atoms in the relevant stellar atmosphere. That some HgMn stars with large Ga overabundances have positions close in the H-R diagram to HgMn stars that lack Ga II lines in the optical region suggests a dichotomy similar to Hg with a boundary close to, but not identical, to that for Hg. The spread of the abundance anomalies for a given element tends to be smaller among the Am stars than among the HgMn stars. Star-to-star differences are superimposed upon abundance trends. yes yes 2014-04 The Astronomical Society of the Pacific 0004-6280 126 938 345 358 14 10.1086/676335 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada National Science Infrastructure Infrastructure scientifique nationale 21272752 62cc4004-bffb-438b-a41e-8526ba25d143 Rune Slot Thing aut Ernesto Mainegra-Hing aut MSS SME text article eng Purpose: Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) image quality suffers from contamination from scattered photons in the projection images. Monte Carlo simulations are a powerful tool to investigate the properties of scattered photons.egs-cbct, a recent EGSnrc user code, provides the ability of performing fast scatter calculations in CBCT projection images. This paper investigates how optimization of user inputs can provide the most efficient scatter calculations. Methods: Two simulation geometries with two different x-ray sources were simulated, while the user input parameters for the efficiency improving techniques (EITs) implemented inegs-cbct were varied. Simulation efficiencies were compared to analog simulations performed without using any EITs. Resulting scatter distributions were confirmed unbiased against the analog simulations. Results: The optimal EIT parameter selection depends on the simulation geometry and x-ray source. Forced detection improved the scatter calculation efficiency by 80%. Delta transport improved calculation efficiency by a further 34%, while particle splitting combined with Russian roulette improved the efficiency by a factor of 45 or more. Combining these variance reduction techniques with a built-in denoising algorithm, efficiency improvements of 4 orders of magnitude were achieved. Conclusions: Using the built-in EITs inegs-cbct can improve scatter calculation efficiencies by more than 4 orders of magnitude. To achieve this, the user must optimize the input parameters to the specific simulation geometry. Realizing the full potential of the denoising algorithm requires keeping the statistical uncertainty below a threshold value above which the efficiency drops exponentially. yes yes algorithm analytical parameters computed tomography scanner computer simulation cone beam computed tomography controlled study geometry imaging phantom intermethod comparison light scattering noise reduction process optimization thorax X ray 2014-06-09 AIP Publishing 0094-2405 41 7 71902 10.1118/1.4881142 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Measurement Science and Standards Science des mesures et étalons 21272754 5511ac5f-2788-4b42-8a68-13ae7e17eebc Ilaria Dal Prà aut Ubaldo Armato aut Franco Chioffi aut Raffaella Pacchiana aut James F (Jim) Whitfield Whitfield, James F. aut HHT TSH Balu Chakravarthy aut HHT TSH Li Gui aut Anna Chiarini aut text article eng The excess vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) produced in the Alzheimer's disease (AD) brain can harm neurons, blood vessels, and other components of the neurovascular units (NVUs). But could astrocytes partaking in networks of astrocyte-neuron teams and connected to blood vessels of NVUs contribute to VEGF production? We have shown with cultured cerebral cortical normal (i.e., untransformed) adult human astrocytes (NAHAs) that exogenous amyloid-β peptides (Aβs) stimulate the astrocytes to make and secrete large amounts of Aβs and nitric oxide by a mechanism mediated through the calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR). Here, we report that exogenous Aβs stimulate the NAHAs to produce and secrete even VEGF-A through a CaSR-mediated mechanism. This is indicated by the ability of Aβs to specifically bind the CaSR, and the capability of a CaSR activator, the "calcimimetic" NPS R-568, to imitate, and of the CaSR antagonist, "calcilytic" NPS 2143, to inhibit, the Aβs stimulation of VEGF-A production and secretion by the NAHAs. Thus, Aβs that accumulate in the AD brain may make the astrocytes that envelop and functionally collaborate with neurons into multi-agent AD-driving "machines" via a CaSR signaling mechanism(s). These observations suggest the possibility that CaSR allosteric antagonists such as NPS 2143 might impede AD progression. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes article in press Amyloid-β; Human adult; Astrocyte; Calcimimetic; Calcilytic; Calcium-sensing receptor; Vascular endothelial growth factor-A 2014-06-20 1535-1084 16 4 645 657 13 10.1007/s12017-014-8315-9 Human Health Therapeutics Thérapeutiques en santé humaine National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21272758 49bd8b67-237d-4b9e-970e-f9eefa232c32 Lu Zuliang aut Yang Yan aut Huang Lu aut Wang Lei aut Eddy So aut MSS SME 29th Conference on Precision Electromagnetic Measurements, CPEM 2014, 24 August 2014 through 29 August 2014 text article eng The advantage of the new sampling approach to overcome transient effect in staircase waveform is described. Based on this sampling approach, a general form is developed in this paper. In this form, more samples of the staircase waveform are used for calculations in the measurement. It provides a better basis to achieve a lower uncertainty. The necessary theoretical basis is analyzed with interesting characteristics. The experiment results are reported. yes yes Sampling Digital-analog conversion Transient effect Wave forms Discrete Fourier transforms 2014-08 IEEE 9781479952052 6898579 702 703 2 0589-1485 10.1109/CPEM.2014.6898579 Measurement Science and Standards Science des mesures et étalons National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21272763 ab99daff-f33d-49b3-bc81-903735563f25 Charles L. H. Hull aut Richard L. Plambeck aut Woojin Kwon aut Geoffrey C. Bower aut John M. Carpenter aut Richard M. Crutcher aut Jason Fiege Fiege, Jason D. aut Erica Franzmann aut Nicholas S. Hakobian aut Carl Heiles aut Martin Houde aut A. Meredith Hughes aut James W. Lamb aut Leslie W. Looney aut Daniel P. Marrone aut Brenda Matthews Matthews, Brenda C. aut NSI ISN Thushara Pillai aut Marc W. Pound aut Nurur Rahman aut Goran Sandell aut Ian W. Stephens aut John J. Tobin aut John E. Vaillancourt aut N. H. Volgenau aut Melvin C. H. Wright aut text article eng We present λ 1.3 mm Combined Array for Research in Millimeter-wave Astronomy observations of dust polarization toward 30 star-forming cores and eight star-forming regions from the TADPOL survey. We show maps of all sources, and compare the 2.″5 resolution TADPOL maps with 20″ resolution polarization maps from single-dish submillimeter telescopes. Here we do not attempt to interpret the detailed B-field morphology of each object. Rather, we use average B-field orientations to derive conclusions in a statistical sense from the ensemble of sources, bearing in mind that these average orientations can be quite uncertain. We discuss three main findings. (1) A subset of the sources have consistent magnetic field (B-field) orientations between large (20″) and small (2.″5) scales. Those same sources also tend to have higher fractional polarizations than the sources with inconsistent large-to-small-scale fields. We interpret this to mean that in at least some cases B-fields play a role in regulating the infall of material all the way down to the 1000 AU scales of protostellar envelopes. (2) Outflows appear to be randomly aligned with B-fields; although, in sources with low polarization fractions there is a hint that outflows are preferentially perpendicular to small-scale B-fields, which suggests that in these sources the fields have been wrapped up by envelope rotation. (3) Finally, even at 2.″5 resolution we see the so-called polarization hole effect, where the fractional polarization drops significantly near the total intensity peak. All data are publicly available in the electronic edition of this article. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes ISM: magnetic fields; magnetic fields; polarization; stars: formation; stars: magnetic field; stars: protostars 2014-07-03 0067-0049 213 1 13 10.1088/0067-0049/213/1/13 National Science Infrastructure Infrastructure scientifique nationale National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21272764 e343aa6d-1a31-4d7a-b7c2-792ba5e89114 Malcolm McEwen aut MSS SME Larry DeWerd aut Geoffrey Ibbott aut David Followill aut David W.O. Rogers aut Stephen Seltzer aut Jan Seuntjens aut text article eng An addendum to the AAPM's TG-51 protocol for the determination of absorbed dose to water in megavoltage photon beams is presented. This addendum continues the procedure laid out in TG-51 but new kQ data for photon beams, based on Monte Carlo simulations, are presented and recommendations are given to improve the accuracy and consistency of the protocol's implementation. The components of the uncertainty budget in determining absorbed dose to water at the reference point are introduced and the magnitude of each component discussed. Finally, the consistency of experimental determination of N D,w coefficients is discussed. It is expected that the implementation of this addendum will be straightforward, assuming that the user is already familiar with TG-51. The changes introduced by this report are generally minor, although new recommendations could result in procedural changes for individual users. It is expected that the effort on the medical physicist's part to implement this addendum will not be significant and could be done as part of the annual linac calibration. yes yes rotraxate water accuracy air temperature atmospheric pressure calibration dosimetry humidity ionization chamber linear accelerator megavoltage radiotherapy Monte Carlo method photon therapy practice guideline radiation beam radiation dose distribution radiation field water temperature 2014 American Association of Physicists in Medicine 0094-2405 41 4 41501 10.1118/1.4866223 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Measurement Science and Standards Science des mesures et étalons 21272744 a371d919-a33f-4b4a-9f5c-092c7ea751da Jacques P Vallée Vallée, Jacques P. aut NSI ISN text article eng From the Sun's location in the Galactic disk, one can use different arm tracers (CO, H I, thermal or ionized or relativistic electrons, masers, cold and hot dust, etc.) to locate a tangent to each spiral arm in the disk of the Milky Way. We present a master catalog of the astronomically observed tangents to the Galaxy's spiral arms, using different arm tracers from the literature. Some arm tracers can have slightly divergent results from several papers, so a mean value is taken - see the Appendix for CO, H II, and masers. The catalog of means currently consists of 63 mean tracer entries, spread over many arms (Carina, Crux-Centaurus, Norma, Perseus origin, near 3 kpc, Scutum, Sagittarius), stemming from 107 original arm tracer entries. Additionally, we updated and revised a previous statistical analysis of the angular offset and linear separation from the mid-arm for each different mean arm tracer. Given enough arm tracers, and summing and averaging over all four spiral arms, one could determine if arm tracers have separate and parallel lanes in the Milky Way. This statistical analysis allows a cross-cut of a Galactic spiral arm to be made, confirming a recent discovery of a linear separation between arm tracers. Here, from the mid-arm's CO to the inner edge's hot dust, the arm halfwidth is about 340 pc; doubling would yield a full arm width of 680 pc. We briefly compare these observations with the predictions of many spiral arm theories, notably the density wave theory. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes catalogs; Galaxy: disk; Galaxy: fundamental parameters; Galaxy: structure; ISM: kinematics and dynamics 2014-10-09 0067-0049 215 1 1 10.1088/0067-0049/215/1/1 National Science Infrastructure Infrastructure scientifique nationale National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21272747 1a3d6600-aaba-49ee-9945-6c516a0033f1 Andrew DW Todd Todd, A. D .W. aut MSS SME Donald (Don) Woods Woods, D. J. aut MSS SME text article eng Due to its high transition temperature relative to other fixed points defined in the International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90) and its relatively low cost compared to silver and gold, copper is often chosen as the fixed point used to define the ITS-90 above 1235 K at national measurement institutes. Measurement of the copper freezing point can be done in a variety of furnaces. Although there are a large number of copper fixed-point designs, we expect the freezing temperatures to be the same. The difference between realizing different sized fixed points and the use of different furnaces in which to realize them is explored here. A traditional, large aperture fixed-point containing over 600 g of copper is compared to a hybrid-type fixed point containing only 15 g of copper and a commercial fixed point. Three types of furnaces including a heat-pipe furnace, a compact furnace, and a high-temperature blackbody were used to realize the copper freezing point. Between the fixed-point types, only the length of the plateau differed. However, a significant difference was found between the freezing temperatures determined in the different furnaces, and this difference was independent of cell type. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes article in press Copper fixed-points; Heat pipe; Hybrid fixed points; Radiation thermometry 2014-07-30 0195-928X 35 6 1366 1377 12 10.1007/s10765-014-1666-5 Measurement Science and Standards Science des mesures et étalons National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21272749 d153900c-d4d5-422c-9d5a-5017b52ffdc4 Pearse McCarron aut MSS SME Sabrina Giddings Giddings, Sabrina D. aut MSS SME Kelley Reeves Reeves, Kelly L. aut MSS SME Philip Hess Hess, Phillip aut Michael A Quilliam Quilliam, Michael A. aut MSS SME text article eng Azaspiracids (AZAs) are lipophilic biotoxins produced by marine algae that can contaminate shellfish and cause human illness. The European Union (EU) regulates the level of AZAs in shellfish destined for the commercial market, with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) being used as the official reference method for regulatory analysis. Certified reference materials (CRMs) are essential tools for the development, validation, and quality control of LC-MS methods. This paper describes the work that went into the planning, preparation, characterization, and certification of CRM-AZA-Mus, a tissue matrix CRM, which was prepared as a wet homogenate from mussels (Mytilus edulis) naturally contaminated with AZAs. The homogeneity and stability of CRM-AZA-Mus were evaluated, and the CRM was found to be fit for purpose. Extraction and LC-MS/MS methods were developed to accurately certify the concentrations of AZA1 (1.16 mg/kg), AZA2 (0.27 mg/kg), and AZA3 (0.21 mg/kg) in the CRM. Quantitation methods based on standard addition and matrix-matched calibration were used to compensate for the matrix effects in LC-MS/MS. Other toxins present in this CRM at lower levels were also measured with information values reported for okadaic acid, dinophysistoxin-2, yessotoxin, and several spirolides.] yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes article in press Azaspiracids Matrix certified reference material Seafood safety Matrix effects Liquid chromatography mass spectrometry 2014-10-22 1618-2642 407 11 2985 2996 12 10.1007/s00216-014-8250-5 Measurement Science and Standards Science des mesures et étalons National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21272755 a2c96d5f-56b6-4748-abcc-85bf868c33f6 James Bernard (Jim) Johnston Johnston, James B. aut ACRD DCRA James Gary Nickerson Nickerson, James G. aut ACRD DCRA Janusz Daroszewski aut Trevor Mogg Mogg, Trevor J. aut Graham Burton Burton, Graham W. aut text article eng In animals carotenoids show biological activity unrelated to vitamin A that has been considered to arise directly from the behavior of the parent compound, particularly as an antioxidant. However, the very property that confers antioxidant activity on some carotenoids in plants also confers susceptibility to oxidative transformation. As an alternative, it has been suggested that carotenoid oxidative breakdown or metabolic products could be the actual agents of activity in animals. However, an important and neglected aspect of the behavior of the highly unsaturated carotenoids is their potential to undergo addition of oxygen to form copolymers. Recently we reported that spontaneous oxidation of ß-carotene transforms it into a product dominated by ß-carotene-oxygen copolymers. We now report that the polymeric product is biologically active. Results suggest an overall ability to prime innate immune function to more rapidly respond to subsequent microbial challenges. An underlying structural resemblance to sporopollenin, found in the outer shell of spores and pollen, may allow the polymer to modulate innate immune responses through interactions with the pattern recognition receptor system. Oxygen copolymer formation appears common to all carotenoids, is anticipated to be widespread, and the products may contribute to the health benefits of carotenoid-rich fruits and vegetables. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes 2014-10-31 1932-6203 9 10 e111346 10.1371/journal.pone.0111346 Aquatic and Crop Resource Development Développement des cultures et des ressources aquatiques National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21272760 809f13a0-17ce-4c4a-adb7-b675fce3e0ce Wendi Guo aut Kenneth J (Ken) Trischuk Trischuk, Ken aut CONST CONST Xiaotao Bi aut C. Jim Lim aut Shahab Sokhansanj aut text article eng 2014-04 Elsevier Wood pellets release heat and gases during storage. A TAM air isothermal calorimeter was used to measure the rate of heat release by bulk pellets at temperatures ranging from 30 to 50°C. The results showed that self-heating rate at the tested temperature range strongly depended on the reaction temperature and the age of pellets. Heat release rate increased as the reaction temperature increased but the rate was not sensitive to pellets moisture content. The activation energy of the self-heating reaction increased with the age of pellets. A simple global kinetic model for self-heating was developed from the experimental data. The model can be applied to simulate the self-heating process in pellets storage containers at different storage temperatures and age of stored pellets. yes yes Activation energy Calorimeters Digital storage Heating Isotherms Kinetic parameters Kinetic theory Spontaneous combustion Global kinetic modeling Heat Release Rate (HRR) Heat release rate measurement Isothermal calorimeter Isothermal calorimetry Kinetic modeling Storage temperatures Wood pellet Pelletizing activation energy bioenergy biomass power biotechnology calorimetry combustion heat flux isotherm numerical model reaction kinetics storage wood 0961-9534 63 1 9 9 10.1016/j.biombioe.2014.02.022 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Construction Construction National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 21272753 955e7a40-0860-49cc-a365-e6b906b81700 E. Alecian aut O. Kochukhov aut V. Petit aut J. Grunhut aut J. Landstreet aut M. E. Oksala aut G. A. Wade aut G. Hussain aut C. Neiner aut David A Bohlender Bohlender, D. aut NSI ISN text article eng Context. The Magnetism in Massive Stars (MiMeS) project aims at understanding the origin of the magnetic fields in massive stars as well as their impact on stellar internal structure, evolution, and circumstellar environment. Aims. One of the objectives of the MiMeS project is to provide stringent observational constraints on the magnetic fields of massive stars; however, identification of magnetic massive stars is challenging, as only a few percent of high-mass stars host strong fields detectable with the current instrumentation. Hence, one of the first objectives of the MiMeS project was to search for magnetic objects among a large sample of massive stars, and to build a sub-sample for in-depth follow-up studies required to test the models and theories of fossil field origins, magnetic wind confinement and magnetospheric properties, and magnetic star evolution. Methods. We obtained high-resolution spectropolarimetric observations of a large number of OB stars thanks to three large programs (LP) of observations that have been allocated on the high-resolution spectropolarimeters ESPaDOnS, Narval, and the polarimetric module HARPSpol of the HARPS spectrograph. We report here on the methods and first analysis of the HARPSpol magnetic detections. We identified the magnetic stars using a multi-line analysis technique. Then, when possible, we monitored the new discoveries to derive their rotation periods, which are critical for follow-up and magnetic mapping studies. We also performed a first-look analysis of their spectra and identified obvious spectral anomalies (e.g., surface abundance peculiarities, Hα emission), which are also of interest for future studies. Results. In this paper, we focus on eight of the 11 stars in which we discovered or confirmed a magnetic field from the HARPSpol LP sample (the remaining three were published in a previous paper). Seven of the fields were detected in early-type Bp stars, while the last field was detected in the Ap companion of a normal early B-type star. We report obvious spectral and multiplicity properties, as well as our measurements of their longitudinal field strengths, and their rotation periods when we are able to derive them. We also discuss the presence or absence of Hα emission with respect to the theory of centrifugally-supported magnetospheres. yes yes Magnetic fields Magnetosphere Analysis techniques Internal structure Longitudinal fields Spectral anomalies Spectropolarimeters Stars: chemically peculiar Stars: magnetic field Stars: massive Stars 2014-07 EDP Sciences 0004-6361 567 A28 10.1051/0004-6361/201323286 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada National Science Infrastructure Infrastructure scientifique nationale 21272738 c0f802d9-ed5e-47b0-828a-32509c6e32bc Jing Li aut Enbo Shangguan aut Dan Guo aut Quanmin Li aut Zhaorong Chang aut Xiao-Zi (Riny) Yuan Yuan, Xiao-Zi aut EME EME Haijiang Wang aut EME EME text article eng In this paper, a novel additive, calcium metaborate (CMB), is proposed to improve the high-temperature characteristics of the nickel electrodes for nickel-metal hydride batteries. As a soluble calcium salt, CMB can easily and uniformly be dispersed in the nickel electrodes. The effects of CMB on the nickel electrode are investigated via a combination of cyclability, capacity retention, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope and X-ray diffraction. Compared with conventional nickel electrodes, the electrode containing 0.5 wt.% CMB exhibits superior electrode properties including enhanced discharge capacity, improved high-rate discharge ability and excellent cycle stability at an elevated temperature (70 °C). The improved cell performance of the nickel electrode containing CMB additives can be attributable to the increased oxygen evolution overvoltage and slower oxygen evolution rate. Compared with insoluble calcium salts, such as Ca(OH) 2, CaCO3, and CaF2, CMB is more effective as a cathode additive to improve the high-temperature performance of Ni-MH batteries. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes Nickelemetal hydride battery High-temperature performance Soluble calcium salt Calcium metaborate Cycle stability 2014-04-18 0378-7753 263 110 117 8 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2014.03.134 Energy, Mining and Environment Énergie, mines et environnement National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21272739 d0349e0e-14da-47ca-96f6-559cce2d7409 Heather McShane McShane, Heather V. A. aut Geoffrey Sunahara Sunahara, Geoffrey I. aut ACRD DCRA Joann K. Whalen aut William H. Hendershot aut text article eng Soil toxicity tests for metal oxide nanoparticles often include micrometer-sized oxide and metal salt treatments to distinguish between toxicity from nanometer-sized particles, non-nanometer-sized particles, and dissolved ions. Test result will be confounded if each chemical form has different effects on soil solution chemistry. We report on changes in soil solution chemistry over 56 days-the duration of some standard soil toxicity tests-in three soils amended with 500 mg/kg Cu as nanometer-sized CuO (nano), micrometer-sized CuO (micrometer), or Cu(NO3)2 (salt). In the CuO-amended soils, the log Cu2+ activity was initially low (minimum -9.48) and increased with time (maximum -5.20), whereas in the salt-amended soils it was initially high (maximum -4.80) and decreased with time (minimum -6.10). The Cu2+ activity in the nano-amended soils was higher than in the micrometer-amended soils for at least the first 11 days, and lower than in the salt-amended soils for at least 28 d. The pH, and dissolved Ca and Mg concentrations in the CuO-amended soils were similar, but the salt-amended soils had lower pH for at least 14 d, and higher Ca and Mg concentrations throughout the test. Soil pretreatments such as leaching and aging prior to toxicity tests are suggested. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes Calcium Metal nanoparticles Micrometers Chemical forms Different effects Metal oxide nanoparticles Mg concentrations Nanometer-sized particles Reference material Soil solution chemistry Soil toxicity tests Soil moisture copper copper oxide copper compound nanotechnology particle size pH soil amendment toxicity test article light scattering particle size pH soil amendment soil analysis soil pollution transmission electron microscopy Cations Copper Hordeum Hydrogen-Ion Concentration Nanoparticles Particle Size Powders Reference Standards Soil Soil Pollutants Solubility Solutions Time Factors Toxicity Tests 2014-06-10 0013-936X 48 14 8135 8142 8 10.1021/es500141h Aquatic and Crop Resource Development Développement des cultures et des ressources aquatiques National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21272740 8603ab61-af75-4212-ae45-b99c5e982abb Keshav Dahal aut Sarathi M. Weraduwage aut Khalil Kane aut Shezad A. Rauf aut Evangelos D. Leonardos aut Winona Gadapati aut Leonid Savitch aut Jas Singh aut Elizabeth F Marillia Marillia, Elizabeth-France aut ACRD DCRA David C Taylor Taylor, David C. aut ACRD DCRA Malgre C. Micallef aut Vicki Knowles aut William Plaxton aut John Barron aut Fathey Sarhan aut Norman Hüner aut Bernard Grodzinski aut Barry J. Micallef aut text article eng Using four model plants, two members of the Gramineae, rye and wheat, and two Brassicaceae, Brassica napus and Arabidopsis thaliana, two fundamental approaches were exploited to determine how regulating source-sink development would alter photosynthesis, productivity and yield during long-term acclimation to elevated CO2. In one approach we exploited the cold acclimation response of winter wheat, rye and B. napus. In the other approach we modified the dark respiration in A. thaliana to alter availability of respiratory substrates required for anabolic processes, such as fatty acid metabolism, thus reducing sink limitations on canopy photosynthesis at elevated CO2. Taken together, the data show the importance of maintaining strong demand from active sinks when the aboveground canopy is being exposed to elevated levels of the primary substrate of photosynthesis, CO2. yes yes acclimation carbon dioxide cereal crop yield dicotyledon photosynthesis phytomass productivity source-sink dynamics 2014-08 Canadian Science Publishing 0008-4220 94 6 1075 1083 9 10.4141/CJPS2013-151 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Aquatic and Crop Resource Development Développement des cultures et des ressources aquatiques 21272741 05ac685b-cacb-4802-819a-0d87ea574fde Hasanat Zaman Zaman, M. Hasanat aut OCRE GOCF Emile R Baddour Baddour, Emile aut OCRE GOCF text article eng A study on the loading of an oblique surface wave and a surface current field on a fixed vertical slender cylinder in a 3D flow frame is illustrated in the present paper. The three dimensional expressions describing the characteristics of the combined wave-current field in terms of mass, momentum and energy flux conservation equations are formulated. The parameters before the interaction of the oblique wave-free uniform current and current-free wave are used to formulate the kinematics of the flow field. These expressions are also employed to formulate and calculate the loads imparted by the wave-current combined flow on a bottom mounted slender vertical cylinder. In the present study two different situations are assumed where current is uniform over depth and also acting over a layer of fluid that extends from the free surface to a specified finite depth. In this paper we extend the approach considered in Zaman and Baddour (2004) for the wave-current analysis. Morison et al. (1950) equation is deployed for the load computations in all cases. The above models are utilized to compute the loads and moments on a slender cylinder for a wave with varying range of incidence current field. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes 3D wave-current field Superposition model Wave–current loading Moments 2014-03-05 0029-8018 81 1 11 11 10.1016/j.oceaneng.2014.02.005 OCRE-PR-2014-003 Ocean, Coastal and River Engineering Génie océanique, côtier et fluvial National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21272743 6983cda3-0601-4456-a145-4e26917faa74 R. M. Bielby aut V. Gonzalez-Perez aut H. J. McCracken aut O. Ilbert aut E. Daddi aut O. Le Fèvre aut P. Hudelot aut J. -P. Kneib aut Y. Mellier aut Christopher (Chris) Willott Willott, C. aut NSI ISN text article eng We present an analysis of the clustering of galaxies from z ≈ 2 to the present day using the WIRCam Deep Survey (WIRDS). WIRDS combines deep optical data from the CFHTLS Deep fields with its own deep near-infrared data, providing a photometric data-set over an effective area of 2.4 deg2, from which accurate photometric redshifts and stellar masses can be estimated. We use the data to calculate the angular correlation function for galaxy samples split by star-formation activity, stellar mass and redshift. Using WIRDS with its large total area and multiple fields gives a low cosmic variance contribution to the error, which we estimate to be less than ~2.8%. Based on power-law fits, we estimate the real-space clustering for each sample, determining clustering lengths and power-law slopes. For galaxies selected by constant mass, we find that the clustering scale shows no evolution up to z ≈ 2. Splitting the galaxy sample by mass, we see a consistent trend for higher mass galaxies to have larger clustering scales at all redshifts considered. We use our results to test the galform semi-analytical model of galaxy formation and evolution. The observed trends are well matched by the model galaxies for both the redshift evolution and the mass dependence of the galaxy clustering. We split the galaxy population into passive and star-forming populations based on rest-frame dust-corrected NUV-r colours. We find that the passive galaxy populations show a significantly larger clustering scale at all redshifts than the star-forming population below masses of M~ 1011 h-1M⊙, showing that even at z ≈ 2 passive galaxies exist in denser environments than the bulk of the star-forming galaxy population. For star-forming galaxies with stellar masses of M ≳ 1011 h-1M⊙, we find a clustering strength of ~8 h-1 Mpc across all redshifts, comparable to the measurements for the passive population. Additionally, for star-forming galaxies we see that clustering strength increases for higher stellar mass systems, however little sign of a mass dependence in passive galaxies is observed over the range in stellar mass that is probed. Comparing our results to the model galaxy population produced by galform, we find a qualitative good agreement between the model predictions and the observed clustering. Finally, we investigate the connection between galaxy stellar mass and dark matter halo mass, showing a clear correlation between the two in both the WIRDS data and the galform predictions. yes yes Forecasting Photometry Stars Surveys Angular correlations Clustering strength Galaxies: evolutions Galaxies:high-redshift Galaxy formations Large scale structure of universe Semi-analytical model Star forming galaxy Galaxies 2014-08 EDP Sciences 0004-6361 568 A24 10.1051/0004-6361/201322814 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) National Science Infrastructure Infrastructure scientifique nationale 21272745 c7073309-71e3-4444-8ce8-f6c6e537581a P.R. Durrell aut Patrick J D (Pat) Côté Côte, P. aut NSI ISN E.W. Peng aut John P Blakeslee Blakeslee, J.P. aut NSI ISN Laura Ferrarese Ferrarese, L. aut NSI ISN J.C. Mihos aut T.H. Puzia aut A. Lançon aut C. Liu aut H. Zhang aut J.-C. Cuillandre aut Alan McConnachie McConnachie, A. aut NSI ISN A. Jordán aut K. Accetta aut S. Boissier aut A. Boselli aut S. Courteau aut P.-A. Duc aut E. Emsellem aut Stephen Gwyn Gwyn, S. aut NSI ISN S. Mei aut J.E. Taylor aut text article eng We report on a large-scale study of the distribution of globular clusters (GCs) throughout the Virgo cluster, based on photometry from the Next Generation Virgo Cluster Survey (NGVS), a large imaging survey covering Virgo's primary subclusters (Virgo A = M87 and Virgo B = M49) out to their virial radii. Using the g ′ o, (g ′ - i ′)o color-magnitude diagram of unresolved and marginally resolved sources within the NGVS, we have constructed two-dimensional maps of the (irregular) GC distribution over 100 deg2 to a depth of g ′ o =24.We present the clearest evidence to date showing the difference in concentration between red and blue GCs over the full extent of the cluster, where the red (more metal-rich) GCs are largely located around the massive early-type galaxies in Virgo, while the blue (metal-poor) GCs have a much more extended spatial distribution with significant populations still present beyond 83′ (~215 kpc) along the major axes of both M49 and M87. A comparison of our GC maps to the diffuse light in the outermost regions of M49 and M87 show remarkable agreement in the shape, ellipticity, and boxiness of both luminous systems. We also find evidence for spatial enhancements of GCs surrounding M87 that may be indicative of recent interactions or an ongoing merger history. We compare the GC map to that of the locations of Virgo galaxies and the X-ray intracluster gas, and find generally good agreement between these various baryonic structures.We calculate the Virgo cluster contains a total population of NGC = 67,300±14,400, of which 35% are located in M87 and M49 alone. For the first time, we compute a cluster-wide specific frequency SN,CL = 2.8±0.7, after correcting for Virgo's diffuse light. We also find a GC-to-baryonic mass fraction εb = 5.7 ± 1.1 × 10-4 and a GC-to-total cluster mass formation efficiency εt = 2.9 ± 0.5 × 10-5, the latter values slightly lower than but consistent with those derived for individual galactic halos. Taken as a whole, our results show that the production of the complex structures in the unrelaxed Virgo cluster core (including the production of the diffuse intracluster light) is an ongoing and continuing process. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes 2014 0004-637X 794 2 103 10.1088/0004-637X/794/2/103 National Science Infrastructure Infrastructure scientifique nationale National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21272719 5fe58b9d-7c8b-4c34-a06d-e412a262f824 Leila B. Mostaço-Guidolin aut NRC CNRC Chun-Te (Alex) Ko Ko, Alex C.-T. aut MD DM Fei Wang aut Hong Tian aut Mark D Hewko Hewko, Mark aut MD DM Masashi Shiomi aut Arkady Major aut Michael G (Mike) Sowa Sowa, Michael G. aut MD DM Multiphoton Microscopy in the Biomedical Sciences XIV, 2 February 2014 through 4 February 2014, San Francisco, CA text article eng In this study we present a novel image analysis methodology to quantify and to classify morphological details in tissue collagen fibril organization and lipid deposition. Co-localized collagen (second harmonic, SHG) and lipid (coherent Raman, CARS) images of atherosclerotic artery walls were acquired by a supercontinuum-powered multi-modal nonlinear microscope. Textural features based on the first-order statistics (FOS) and gray level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) parameters were extracted from the SHG and CARS images. Multi-group classifications based on support vector machine of SHG and CARS images were subsequently performed to investigate the potential of texture analysis in providing quantitative descriptors of structural and compositional changes during disease progression. Using a rabbit model, different collagen remodeling and lipid accumulation patterns in disease tissues can be successfully tracked using these image statistics, thus providing a robust foundation for classification. When the variation of the CARS image features were tracked against the age of the rabbit, it was noticed that older animals (advanced plaques) present a more complex necrotic core containing high-lipid extracellular structures with various shapes and distribution. With combined FOS and GLCM texture statistics, we achieved reliable classification of SHG and CARS images acquired from atherosclerotic arteries with >90% accuracy, sensitivity and specificity. The proposed image analysis methodology can also be applied in a wide range of applications to evaluate conditions involving collagen re-modeling and prominent lipid accumulation. yes yes Coherent scattering Collagen Deposition Image analysis Textures Tissue Compositional changes Disease progression Extracellular structure First-order statistics Gray level co occurrence matrix(GLCM) Lipid accumulations Multi-group classifications Sensitivity and specificity Image texture 2014-02-28 SPIE 1605-7422 9780819498618 8948 89482A 10.1117/12.2038232 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Medical Devices Dispositifs médicaux 21272723 3631f5f3-8f9c-4cf2-9d59-fae0c76f0686 Muhammad Naveed (Naveed) Khaliq Khaliq, M. N. aut OCRE GOCF L. Sushama aut A. Monette aut H. Wheater aut text article eng This study evaluates projected changes to characteristics of winter, spring, summer and fall seasonal precipitation and rain and snow dominated daily precipitation extremes for 47 watersheds, located mainly in the Alberta, Saskatchewan and Manitoba provinces of Canada, using a multi-Regional Climate Model (RCM) ensemble available through the North American Regional Climate Change Assessment Program. The set of simulations considered includes those performed with the six participating RCMs for the 1980-2004 period driven by National Centre for Environmental Prediction reanalysis II and those driven by four Atmosphere-Ocean General Circulation Models (AOGCMs) for the 1971-2000 and 2041-2070 periods. For precipitation extremes, regional frequency analysis is used to develop projected changes to selected 10-, 30- and 50-year return levels of rain and snow dominated extremes (i.e. RDEs and SDEs) separately. The uncertainties due to internal dynamics and physics of the RCMs and those due to the lateral boundary data from driving AOGCMs are studied at the watershed level and evaluated in terms of coefficient of variation on the basis of a multi-RCM ensemble. In general, the structural uncertainty appears to be larger than that associated with the choice of the driving AOGCM for most of the precipitation characteristics considered. Analyses of multi-RCM ensemble-averaged projected changes to mean seasonal precipitation and various return levels of RDEs and SDEs show an increase over nearly all the study domain. The changes to seasonal precipitation are not generally found statistically significant at 5 % significance level but those for RDEs and SDEs are found significant more often for return levels of smaller return period (10-year) compared to those of larger return period (50-year). It is expected that changes in seasonal and extreme precipitation characteristics will have important implications for managing regional water security-related issues in the Canadian Prairie Provinces. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes article in press Canadian Prairie Provinces; Climate change; Precipitation extremes; Regional climate models;Regional frequency analysis; Seasonal precipitation 2014-07-18 0930-7575 44 1 255 277 23 10.1007/s00382-014-2235-0 Ocean, Coastal and River Engineering Génie océanique, côtier et fluvial National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21272724 d7fdf8b8-cdea-41f9-a37b-b63ef6d81f25 Carlos Sanchez Sanchez, C. A. aut MSS SME Barry M Wood Wood, B. M. aut MSS SME Richard Green Green, R. G. aut MSS SME Jacques Liard Liard, J. O. aut MSS SME Dave Inglis Inglis, D. aut MSS SME text article eng We have measured Planck's constant and have obtained a value of 6.626 070 34(12) × 10-34 J s. To our knowledge this measurement of h has the lowest uncertainty reported to date. This result has been obtained from measurements of four masses of different material and nominal values varying from 1 kg to 250 g. The experimental procedures and the measurement uncertainties are described in detail. yes yes Engineering Metallurgical engineering Experimental procedure Measurement uncertainty Measurements of Nominal values Planck constants Planck's constants Watt balance Uncertainty analysis 2014-03-31 IOP Publishing 0026-1394 51 2 S5 S14 10.1088/0026-1394/51/2/S5 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Measurement Science and Standards Science des mesures et étalons 21272726 4c7504b2-a387-4d73-a551-c82db3bd6918 Noppawan (Noppawa) Chimsung Chimsung, Noppawan aut ACRD DCRA Chutima Tantikitti aut Joyce Milley Milley, Joyce E. aut ACRD DCRA Viviane Verlhac-Trichet aut Santosh Lall Lall, Santosh P. aut ACRD DCRA text article eng The experiment was designed to investigate the dietary factors that might enhance or interfere with astaxanthin (Ax) absorption in salmon including potentially interfering factors such as certain carotenoids (zeaxanthin and lutein), plant sterols, fibre and enhancing compounds such as cholesterol and vitamin E. Two hundred and eighty-eight salmon (778 ± 78 g) were reared in sea water under controlled conditions and fed practical experimental diets. The experimental diets were supplemented with 40 mg Ax kg-1, in addition to various dietary factors, including cholesterol (2%), vitamin E (450 IU kg-1), wheat bran (5%), lutein (40 mg kg-1), zeaxanthin (40 mg kg-1) and phytosterol (2%). After 26 days of feeding, blood was collected and plasma was separated to determine the plasma Ax concentration. Ax was not detected in the plasma of fish fed the non-pigmented diet. Fish fed diet containing 2% cholesterol significantly improved Ax absorption, which was reflected in the higher Ax concentration in plasma of Atlantic salmon. Other supplements including vitamin E, wheat bran, lutein, zeaxanthin and phytosterols in diet had no significant effect on plasma Ax concentration. Fish fed diet containing 2% cholesterol significantly increased cholesterol concentration in fish plasma. Phytosterol had no benefit to lower cholesterol plasma level in fish fed 2% phytosterol-supplemented diet. yes yes Absorption; Astaxanthin; Atlantic salmon; Carotenoid; Cholesterol; Fibre; Lutein; Phytosterol; Vitamin E; Zeaxanthin 2014-09 Wiley 1355-557X 45 10 1611 1620 10 10.1111/are.12108 NRC-ACRD-55462 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Aquatic and Crop Resource Development Développement des cultures et des ressources aquatiques 21272731 360ead43-3aa9-42e5-b8fb-942abeb42ee5 Stephanie Gerbrandt aut NSI ISN Tyler Foster Foster, Tyler J. aut NSI ISN Roland Kothes aut NSI ISN Jörn Geisbüsch aut NRC CNRC Kuo-I (Albert) Tung Tung, Albert aut NSI ISN text article eng Context. High resolution and sensitivity large-scale radio surveys of the Milky Way are critical in the discovery of very low surface brightness supernova remnants (SNRs), which may constitute a significant portion of the Galactic SNRs still unaccounted for (ostensibly the "missing SNR problem"). Aims. The overall purpose here is to present the results of a systematic, deep data-mining of the Canadian Galactic plane Survey (CGPS) for faint, extended non-thermal and polarized emission structures that are likely the shells of uncatalogued SNRs. Methods. We examine 5 × 5 degree mosaics from the entire 1420 MHz continuum and polarization dataset of the CGPS after removing unresolved "point" sources and subsequently smoothing them. Newly revealed extended emission objects are compared to similarly prepared CGPS 408 MHz continuum mosaics, as well as to source-removed mosaics from various existing radio surveys at 4.8 GHz, 2.7 GHz, and 327 MHz, to identify candidates with non-thermal emission characteristics. We integrate flux densities at each frequency to characterise the radio spectra behaviour of these candidates. We further look for mid- and high-frequency (1420 MHz, 4.8 GHz) ordered polarized emission from the limb brightened "shell"-like continuum features that the candidates sport. Finally, we use IR and optical maps to provide additional backing evidence. Results. Here we present evidence that five new objects, identified as filling all or some of the criteria above, are strong candidates for new SNRs. These five are designated by their Galactic coordinate names G108.5+11.0, G128.5+2.6, G149.5+3.2, G150.8+3.8, and G160.1-1.1. The radio spectrum of each is presented, highlighting their steepness, which is characteristic of synchrotron radiation. CGPS 1420 MHz polarization data and 4.8 GHz polarization data also provide evidence that these objects are newly discovered SNRs. These discoveries represent a significant increase in the number of SNRs known in the outer Galaxy second quadrant of longitude (90° < ℓ < 180°), and suggests that deep mining of other current and future Milky Way surveys will find even more objects and help to reconcile the difference between expected numbers of Galactic SNRs and the smaller number of currently known SNRs. yes yes Image processing Optical data processing Polarization Supernovae Surveys Canadian galactic plane surveys Galactic coordinates ISM: supernova remnants Nonthermal emission Polarized emissions Radio continuum: ISM Surface brightness Techniques: image processing Galaxies 2014-06-18 EDP Sciences 0004-6361 566 A76 10.1051/0004-6361/201423679 National Science Infrastructure Infrastructure scientifique nationale National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21272732 5c16917a-a198-4182-8679-d5e3a3d7b434 Chungong Gong aut Xinwin Wang aut Xuefeng F. Zhang Zhang, Xuefeng aut MD DM Xiaowei Zhao aut Hongjie Meng aut Yongshuai Jia aut Jingwei Zhang aut Zhijun Zhang aut text article eng Composition tunable Ni/SiO2 nanocomposites were synthesized via a facile one-step wet chemical process. The morphology and size of Ni as well as the magnetic and electromagnetic properties of the hybrid materials are all highly dependent on the SiO2 content. The electromagnetic wave absorption of the Ni/SiO2 nanocomposites with optimal composition is satisfactory. The enhanced microwave absorption might attribute to the enhanced interfacial polarization between Ni and SiO2 nanoparticles and the appropriate match of the hybrid nanocomposite. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes Ni/SiO2; Nanocomposites; Magnetic materials; Microwaveabsorption 2014-02-01 0167-577X 121 81 84 4 10.1016/j.matlet.2014.01.138 Medical Devices Dispositifs médicaux National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21272736 b84df8f0-0333-4c8f-a794-84bccda5c4dc T. A. van Kempen aut C. McCoey aut S. Tisi aut Douglas Johnstone Johnstone, D. aut NSI ISN M. Fich aut text article eng Context. The physical origin behind organic emission lines in embedded low-mass star formation has been fiercely debated over the last two decades. A multitude of scenarios have been proposed, from a hot corino to PDRs on cavity walls to shock excitation. Aims. The aim of this paper is to determine the location and the corresponding physical conditions of the gas responsible for organics emission lines. The outflows around the small protocluster NGC 2071 are an ideal testbed that can be used to differentiate between various scenarios. Methods. Using Herschel-HIFI and the Submillimeter Array, observations of CH3OH, H2CO, and CH3CN emission lines over a wide range of excitation energies were obtained. Comparisons to a grid of radiative transfer models provide constraints on the physical conditions. Comparison to H2O line shape is able to trace gas-phase synthesis versus a sputtered origin. Results. Emission of organics originates in three separate spots: the continuum sources IRS 1 ("B") and IRS 3 ("A") and a new outflow position ("F"). Densities are above 107cm-3and temperatures between 100 K and 200 K. CH3OH emission observed with HIFI originates in all three regions and cannot be associated with a single region. Very little organic emission originates outside of these regions. Conclusions. Although the three regions are small (<1500 AU), gas-phase organics likely originate from sputtering of ices as a result of outflow activity. The derived high densities (>107cm-3) are likely a requirement for organic molecules to survive from being immediately destroyed by shock products after evaporation. The lack of spatially extended emission confirms that organic molecules cannot (re-)form through gas-phase synthesis, as opposed to H2O, which shows strong line wing emission. The lack of CH3CN emission at "F" is evidence for a different history of ice processing because of the absence of a protostar at that location and recent ice mantle evaporation. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes Circumstellar matters Organic emissions Stars: formation Stars: protostars Submillimeter: isms 2014-09-23 0004-6361 569 A53 1 9 9 10.1051/0004-6361/201423821 National Science Infrastructure Infrastructure scientifique nationale National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21272737 fbd0ee48-8af8-4490-92a3-0f5d500faac6 Jens Moritz (Moritz) Meckel Meckel, M. aut SDT TSR André Staudte Staudte, A. aut SDT TSR Serguei Patchkovskii Patchkovskii, S. aut SDT TSR David M Villeneuve Villeneuve, D. M. aut SDT TSR Paul B Corkum Corkum, P. B. aut SDT TSR R. Dörner aut Michael (Mike) Spanner Spanner, M. aut SDT TSR text article eng Laser-driven electron recollision is at the heart of the rapidly growing field of attosecond science. The recollision wavepacket is qualitatively described within the strong-field approximation, which commonly assumes tunnelling ionization and plane-wave propagation of the liberated electron in the continuum. However, with increasing experimental sophistication, refinements to this simple model have become necessary. Through careful modelling and measurements of laser-induced recollision holography using aligned N 2 molecules, we demonstrate that the continuum electron wavepacket already carries a non-trivial spatial phase structure immediately following ionization. This effect is of rather general character: any molecule and any non-isotropic system that is ionized by a strong laser field will exhibit an offset in the phase of the continuum electron wavepacket. Specifically, this has important implications for any coherent scattering process in molecules, such as high-harmonic generation or laser-induced electron holography. yes yes 2014 Macmillan Publishers Limited 1745-2473 10 8 594 600 7 10.1038/nphys3010 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Security and Disruptive Technologies Technologies de sécurité et de rupture 21272742 8a45e9a3-95fa-4d9e-975b-c24330926653 Shadi Chitsazzadeh Chitsazzadeh, S. aut NSI ISN James Di Francesco Di Francesco, J. aut NSI ISN Scott Laurence Schnee Schnee, S. aut Rachel Katherine Friesen Friesen, R. K. aut Y. Shimajiri aut G. I. Langston aut Sarah Ilana Sadavoy Sadavoy, S. I. aut NSI ISN T. L. Bourke aut E. R. Keto aut J. E. Pineda aut S. Takakuwa aut K. Tatematsu aut text article eng 2014-07-15 We present single-dish observations of the L1689-SMM16 core in the Ophiuchus molecular cloud in NH3 (1, 1) and (2, 2) emission using the Green Bank Telescope, in N2H+ (1-0) emission using the Nobeyama Radio Observatory, and in NH2D (), HCN (1-0), HNC (1-0), H 13CO+ (1-0), and HCO+ (1-0) emission using the Mopra telescope. The morphologies of the integrated NH3 (1, 1) and N2H+ (1-0) emission well match that of 250 μm continuum emission. Line widths of NH3 (1, 1) and N2H+ (1-0) show the presence of transonic turbulence across the core. Jeans and virial analyses made using updated measurements of core mass and size confirm that L1689-SMM16 is prestellar, i.e., gravitationally bound. It also has accumulated more mass compared to its corresponding Jeans mass in the absence of magnetic fields and therefore is a "super-Jeans" core. The high levels of X(NH 3)/X(N2H+) and deuterium fractionation reinforce the idea that the core has not yet formed a protostar. Comparing the physical parameters of the core with those of a Bonnor-Ebert sphere reveals the advanced evolutionary stage of L1689-SMM16 and shows that it might be unstable to collapse. We do not detect any evidence of infall motions toward the core. Instead, red asymmetry in the line profiles of HCN (1-0) and HNC (1-0) indicates the expansion of the outer layers of the core at a speed of 0.2 km s -1 to 0.3 km s-1. For a gravitationally bound core, expansion in the outer layers might indicate that the core is experiencing oscillations. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes ISM: kinematics and dynamics; ISM: molecules; ISM: structure; radio lines: ISM; stars: formation 0004-637X 790 2 129 1 21 21 10.1088/0004-637X/790/2/129 National Science Infrastructure Infrastructure scientifique nationale National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21272720 112c4e5c-4693-42f1-86b1-f6f17c34aa26 Carmen Wängler aut Shafinaz Chowdhury aut Georg Höfner aut Petia Djurova aut Enrico Purisima Purisima, Enricho O. aut HHT TSH Peter Bartenstein aut Björn Wängler aut Gert Fricker aut Klaus T. Wanner aut Ralf Schirrmacher aut text article eng To determine if the conjugation of a small receptor ligand to a peptidic carrier to potentially facilitate transport across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) by "molecular Trojan horse" transcytosis is feasible, we synthesized several transport peptide-fallypride fusion molecules as model systems and determined their binding affinities to the hD2 receptor. Although they were affected by conjugation, the binding affinities were found to be still in the nanomolar range (between 1.5 and 64.2 nM). In addition, homology modeling of the receptor and docking studies for the most potent compounds were performed, elucidating the binding modes of the fusion molecules and the structure elements contributing to the observed high receptor binding. Furthermore, no interaction between the hybrid compounds and P-gp, the main excretory transporter of the BBB, was found. From these results, it can be inferred that the approach to deliver small neuroreceptor ligands across the BBB by transport peptide carriers is feasible. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes 3 [3 [(1 allylpyrrolidin 2 yl)methylcarbamoyl]4,5 dimethoxy phenyl] propyl thiol butaclamol carrier protein chlorpromazine cyclosporin A dopamine 2 receptor dopamine 2 receptor blocking agent dopamine 3 receptor dopamine 3 receptor blocking agent drug carrier fallypride fluorine 18 gallium 68 haloperidol ligand maleimide multidrug resistance protein raclopride transferrin receptor unclassified drug amino acid sequence article binding affinity binding site blood brain barrier conjugate conjugation derivatization drug synthesis environmental temperature freeze drying high performance liquid chromatography human in vitro study isotope labeling ligand binding membrane permeability molecular docking molecular model molecule nuclear localization signal peptide synthesis pH positron emission tomography reaction time receptor binding stereospecificity transcytosis Amino Acid Sequence Benzamides Biological Transport Blood-Brain Barrier Carrier Proteins Dopamine Antagonists Humans Ligands Models, Molecular Molecular Docking Simulation Molecular Sequence Data P-Glycoprotein Receptors, Dopamine D2 Receptors, Transferrin Transcytosis 2014-04-30 0022-2623 57 10 4368 4381 14 10.1021/jm5004123 Human Health Therapeutics Thérapeutiques en santé humaine National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21272728 7a4b49e4-755d-432e-be8b-7f3b45b51d2d Samira Farsinezhad aut Prashant R. Waghmare aut Benjamin D. Wiltshire aut Himani Sharma aut Saeid Amiri aut Sushanta K. Mitra aut Karthik Shankar aut NINT INNT text article eng Vertically-oriented, self-organized TiO2 nanotube arrays (TNAs) are a highly ordered n-type semiconducting nanoarchitecture with a wide range of potential applications. We generated low energy surfaces repellent to a broad spectrum of liquids by functionalizing TNAs using monolayers of two different fluorinated hydrocarbon molecules: perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) and 1H, 1H′, 2H, 2H′-perfluorodecyl phosphonic acid (PFDPA). Nanotubes of two different outer diameters (50 nm and 130 nm) were studied and their wetting behavior analyzed in liquids belonging to different solvent classes to infer the nature of the wetting states. We show that the wetting behavior of perfluorinated monolayer-functionalized TNAs in polar liquids is explained by fakir or Cassie-states whilst the wetting behavior of bare nanotubes in every liquid is explained by Wenzel-type states. On the other hand, a transition between the Cassie and Wenzel states due to closed pores in the TNA architecture dictates the wetting behavior of functionalized TNAs in apolar liquids. The wetting behavior of functionalized TNAs is understood considering the synergistic effect of geometric and chemical surface modification. PFDPA-functionalized TNAs were found to be resilient to 24 hours of exposure to water and ethylene glycol at a static fluid pressure of 0.105 MPa, and are one step closer towards the realization of a mechanically robust omniphobic surface. At the same time, an understanding of wetting behavior will be useful in the design and optimization of a wide range of interface-sensitive devices such as metal oxide nanotube/nanopore array based sensors, implants, flow-through membranes, photocatalysts and heterojunction solar cells. yes yes Ethylene glycol Heterojunctions Liquids Monolayers Nanotubes Chemical surface modification Design and optimization Fluorinated hydrocarbons Heterojunction solar cells Interface-sensitive Low energy surfaces Mechanically robust Perfluorononanoic acids Wetting 2014-07-31 Royal Society of Chemistry 2046-2069 4 63 33587 33598 12 10.1039/c4ra06402j National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) National Institute for Nanotechnology Institut national de nanotechnologie 21272729 1ec6b97b-1b37-4666-8dad-5759651ff4fa Francis J. Murphy aut Alexy O. Bak aut Mary Matthews aut Emmanuel Dupont aut ICT TIC Hemmel Amrania aut J Christopher (Chris) Phillips Phillips, Chris C. aut text article eng Absorption spectra of strongly coupled intersubband cavity polaritons have been measured, using a tunable midinfrared quantum cascade laser, with high angular and spectral resolution. Pronounced linewidth narrowing of the polaritons around the anticrossing was found, with polariton linewidths narrower (4.2 meV) than both the bare intersubband transition linewidth and empty cavity linewidth (6.2 and 6 meV, respectively), at room temperature. This is due to variations in the degree of spatial averaging of the in-plane quantum-well disorder as the polariton's extended coherence length is increased by the photonic coupling over the value corresponding to the bare intersubband transition coherence length. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes 2014-05-30 1098-0121 89 20 205319 1 5 5 10.1103/PhysRevB.89.205319 Information and Communication Technologies Technologies de l'information et des communications National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21272730 a9a31d6a-4332-4128-98d8-5f7610167cdd Neda Nasheri aut NRC CNRC Craig McKay McKay, Craig S. aut MD DM Kelly Fulton aut HHT TSH Susan (Sue) Twine Twine, Susan aut HHT TSH Megan Heather Powdrill Powdrill, Megan H. aut MD DM Allison Sherratt Sherratt, Allison R. aut MD DM John Paul Pezacki aut MD DM text article eng ABPP with β-lactams: We identified the eukaryotic targets of β-lactam-containing compounds by activity-based protein profiling. Using this method, we demonstrated that β-lactam-based activity probes can be applied to identify differentially active enzymes in different cell lines and during hepatitis C virus replication. yes yes beta lactam derivative enzyme eukaryote fluorescence gel electrophoresis host pathogen interaction hydrophobicity liquid chromatography molecular probe protein analysis tandem mass spectrometry 2014-10-13 Wiley 1439-4227 15 15 2195 2200 6 10.1002/cbic.201402097 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Medical Devices Dispositifs médicaux Human Health Therapeutics Thérapeutiques en santé humaine 21272734 5a84f256-3ea2-4d75-b07f-ba7a461ef57f Jieying Wang aut Phalguni Mukhopadhyaya aut CONST CONST Paul I. Morris aut text article eng 2014-04 SAGE Publications The major purpose of this study is to improve hygrothermal simulation of wood responses to environmental vapor and moisture conditions under high relative humidity conditions. The article first reviews moisture property-related wood microstructures, sorption behavior, the concept of fiber saturation point, the potential for vapor to condense in wood under high relative humidity conditions, the measurement of equilibrium moisture content using traditional sorption methods, and the use of pressure plate test method at relative humidities above 95%. It then summarizes the results of equilibrium moisture content measurements for red pine sapwood at high relative humidity conditions using both sorption and pressure plate methods, with capillary saturation as maximum moisture content. It also discusses a number of wood microstructure and end-use-related factors that could influence the moisture content in service and the measurement of equilibrium moisture content in laboratory. Inconsistencies were found with other equilibrium moisture content data using the pressure plate test method. yes yes Atmospheric humidity Digital storage Microstructure Moisture Sorption Testing Vapors Equilibrium moisture contents High relative humidities Hygrothermal Moisture storage Pressure plate methods Red pines Moisture determination Humidity Microstructure Moisture Content Wood Products 1744-2591 37 4 327 347 21 10.1177/1744259112453829 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Construction Construction National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 21272733 21bfa5c9-0527-42a9-ba6e-9ccd0a92d761 J. Y. Y. Lin aut A. A. Aczel aut D. L. Abernathy aut S. E. Nagler aut William J L (Bill) Buyers Buyers, W. J. L. aut SDT TSR G. E. Granroth aut text article eng Recently an extended series of equally spaced vibrational modes was observed in uranium nitride (UN) by performing neutron spectroscopy measurements using the ARCS and SEQUOIA time-of-flight chopper spectrometers [A. A. Aczel, Nat. Commun. 3, 1124 (2012)2041-172310.1038/ncomms2117]. These modes are well described by three-dimensional isotropic quantum harmonic oscillator (QHO) behavior of the nitrogen atoms, but there are additional contributions to the scattering that complicate the measured response. In an effort to better characterize the observed neutron scattering spectrum of UN, we have performed Monte Carlo ray tracing simulations of the ARCS and SEQUOIA experiments with various sample kernels, accounting for nitrogen QHO scattering, contributions that arise from the acoustic portion of the partial phonon density of states, and multiple scattering. These simulations demonstrate that the U and N motions can be treated independently, and show that multiple scattering contributes an approximate Q-independent background to the spectrum at the oscillator mode positions. Temperature-dependent studies of the lowest few oscillator modes have also been made with SEQUOIA, and our simulations indicate that the T dependence of the scattering from these modes is strongly influenced by the uranium lattice. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes 2014-04-07 1098-0121 89 14 144302 1 8 8 10.1103/PhysRevB.89.144302 Security and Disruptive Technologies Technologies de sécurité et de rupture National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21272715 92ab4201-9913-404c-9702-9e5c9e96b238 Á. Sódor aut A. -N. Chené aut P. De Cat aut Zs. Bognár aut D. J. Wright aut Christian Marois Marois, C. aut NSI ISN G. A. H. Walker aut J. M. Matthews aut T. Kallinger aut J. F. Rowe aut R. Kuschnig aut D. B. Guenther aut A. F. J. Moffat aut S. M. Rucinski aut D. Sasselov aut W. W. Weiss aut text article eng Context. The central star of the HR 8799 system is a γ Doradus-type pulsator. The system harbours four planetary-mass companions detected by direct imaging, and is a good solar system analogue. The masses of the companions are not accurately known because the estimation depends greatly on the age of the system, which is also not known with sufficient accuracy. Asteroseismic studies of the star might help to better constrain the age of HR 8799. We organized an extensive photometric and multi-site spectroscopic observing campaign to study the pulsations of the central star. Aims. The aim of the present study is to investigate the pulsation properties of HR 8799 in detail via the ultra-precise 47 d nearly continuous photometry obtained with the Microvariability and Oscillations in STars (MOST) space telescope, and to find as many independent pulsation modes as possible, which is the prerequisite for an asteroseismic age determination. Methods. We carried out Fourier analysis of the wide-band photometric time series. Results. We find that resonance and sudden amplitude changes characterize the pulsation of HR 8799. The dominant frequency is always at f1 = 1.978 d-1.Many multiples of one-ninth of the dominant frequency appear in the Fourier spectrum of the MOST data: n/9 f 1, where n = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,13,14,17,18}. Our analysis also reveals that many of these peaks show strong amplitude decrease and phase variations even on the 47 d time scale. The dependencies between the pulsation frequencies of HR 8799 make the planned subsequent asteroseismic analysis rather difficult. We point out some resemblance between the light curve of HR 8799 and the modulated pulsation light curves of Blazhko RR Lyrae stars. yes yes Fourier analysis Photometry Amplitude changes Amplitude variations Dominant frequency Micro-variability Pulsation frequency Stars: individual Stars: oscillation Techniques: photometric Stars 2014-08 EDP Sciences 0004-6361 568 A106 10.1051/0004-6361/201423976 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) National Science Infrastructure Infrastructure scientifique nationale 21272717 721c30d7-eb56-4ad8-ba01-993e9385c8e9 Guillaume Renaud Renaud, G. aut AERO AERO Min Liao Liao, M. aut AERO AERO Yan Bombardier Bombardier, Y. aut AERO AERO 55th AIAA/ASMe/ASCE/AHS/SC Structures, Structural Dynamics, and Materials Conference - SciTech Forum and Exposition 2014, 13 January 2014 through 17 January 2014, National Harbor, MD text article eng An optimization based methodology was developed to calculate equivalent initial flaw sizes (EIFS) consistent with multiple-site damage in-service findings. The new methodology is compared with a simplified single-crack engineering approach that was previously used for a structural risk analysis. Calculated EIFS, fatigue life, and risk results resulting from both approaches are compared for the Royal Canadian Air Force in-service damage and nil findings at the CC-130 CW-1 location. For the considered case, the results suggest that the simplified engineering approach overestimates the probability of failure. yes yes 2014-01 AIAA 10.2514/6.2014-1526 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Aerospace Aérospatiale 21272718 c936a6d2-7f77-45f2-946b-3b44d0a96ee9 Michael M. Dunham aut Hector G. Arce aut Diego Mardones aut Jeong-Eun Lee aut Brenda Matthews Matthews, Brenda C. aut NSI ISN Amelia M. Stutz aut Jonathan P. Williams aut text article eng We present a survey of 28 molecular outflows driven by low-mass protostars, all of which are sufficiently isolated spatially and/or kinematically to fully separate into individual outflows. Using a combination of new and archival data from several single-dish telescopes, 17 outflows are mapped in 12CO (2-1) and 17 are mapped in 12CO (3-2), with 6 mapped in both transitions. For each outflow, we calculate and tabulate the mass (M flow), momentum (P flow), kinetic energy (E flow), mechanical luminosity (L flow), and force (F flow) assuming optically thin emission in LTE at an excitation temperature, T ex, of 50 K. We show that all of the calculated properties are underestimated when calculated under these assumptions. Taken together, the effects of opacity, outflow emission at low velocities confused with ambient cloud emission, and emission below the sensitivities of the observations increase outflow masses and dynamical properties by an order of magnitude, on average, and factors of 50-90 in the most extreme cases. Different (and non-uniform) excitation temperatures, inclination effects, and dissociation of molecular gas will all work to further increase outflow properties. Molecular outflows are thus almost certainly more massive and energetic than commonly reported. Additionally, outflow properties are lower, on average, by almost an order of magnitude when calculated from the 12CO (3-2) maps compared to the 12CO (2-1) maps, even after accounting for different opacities, map sensitivities, and possible excitation temperature variations. It has recently been argued in the literature that the 12CO (3-2) line is subthermally excited in outflows, and our results support this finding. yes yes 2014-02-10 IOP Science 0004-637X 783 1 29 10.1088/0004-637X/783/1/29 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada National Science Infrastructure Infrastructure scientifique nationale 21272722 5098e8ad-1249-40ca-ad51-ec1371094641 K. A. Ross aut L. Harriger aut Zahra-Sadat (Zahra) Yamani Yamani, Z. aut SDT TSR William J L (Bill) Buyers Buyers, W. J. L. aut SDT TSR J. D. Garrett aut A. A. Menovsky aut J. A. Mydosh aut C. L. Broholm aut text article eng Neutron diffraction is used to examine the polarization of weak static antiferromagnetism in high quality single crystalline URu2Si2. As previously documented, elastic Bragg-like diffraction develops for temperature T<THO=17.5 K at q=(100) but not at wave vector transfer q=(001). The peak width indicates correlation lengths ξc=230(12) Å and ξa=240(15) Å. The integrated intensity of the T-dependent peaks corresponds to a sample averaged c-oriented staggered moment of μc=0.022(1)μB at T=1.7 K. The absence of T-dependent diffraction at q=(001) places a limit μ¥<0.0011μB on an f- or d-orbital-based in-plane staggered magnetic dipole moment, which is associated with multipolar orders proposed for URu2Si2. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes 2014-04-17 1098-0121 89 15 155122 1 8 8 10.1103/PhysRevB.89.155122 Security and Disruptive Technologies Technologies de sécurité et de rupture National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21272725 eb673c61-234b-4bb6-a946-59c85fd079a6 P. Papaconstadopoulos aut Frédéric Tessier Tessier, F. aut MSS SME Jan P F Seuntjens Seuntjens, J. aut text article eng The purpose of this study was to derive a complete set of correction and perturbation factors for output factors (OF) and dose profiles. Modern small field detectors were investigated including a plastic scintillator (Exradin W1, SI), a liquid ionization chamber (microLion 31018, PTW), an unshielded diode (Exradin D1V, SI) and a synthetic diamond (microDiamond 60019, PTW). A Monte Carlo (MC) beam model was commissioned for use in small fields following two commissioning procedures: (1) using intermediate and moderately small fields (down to 2 × 2 cm2) and (2) using only small fields (0.5 × 0.5 cm2-2 × 2 cm2). In the latter case the detectors were explicitly modelled in the dose calculation. The commissioned model was used to derive the correction and perturbation factors with respect to a small point in water as suggested by the Alfonso formalism. In MC calculations the design of two detectors was modified in order to minimize or eliminate the corrections needed. The results of this study indicate that a commissioning process using large fields does not lead to an accurate estimation of the source size, even if a 2 × 2 cm2 field is included. Furthermore, the detector should be explicitly modelled in the calculations. On the output factors, the scintillator W1 needed the smallest correction (+0.6%), followed by the microDiamond (+1.3%). Larger corrections were observed for the microLion (+2.4%) and diode D1V (-2.4%). On the profiles, significant corrections were observed out of the field on the gradient and tail regions. The scintillator needed the smallest corrections (-4%), followed by the microDiamond (-11%), diode D1V (+13%) and microLion (-15%). The major perturbations reported were due to volume averaging and high density materials that surround the active volumes. These effects presented opposite trends in both OF and profiles. By decreasing the radius of the microLion to 0.85 mm we could modify the volume averaging effect in order to achieve a discrepancy less than 1% for OF and 5% for profiles compared to water. Similar results were observed for the diode D1V if the radius was increased to 1 mm. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes Monte Carlo methods Alfonso formalism perturbation profile small field stereotactic Dosimetry 2014-09-12 0031-9155 59 19 5937 5937 5952 16 10.1088/0031-9155/59/19/5937 Measurement Science and Standards Science des mesures et étalons National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21272727 35fd2acc-d0a2-4fb7-a84d-9273ba15ecde Drew Higgins aut Md Ariful Hoque aut Min Ho. Seo aut Rongyue Wang aut Fathy Hassan aut Ja-Yeon Choi aut Mark Pritzker aut Aiping Yu aut Jiujun (JJ) Zhang Zhang, Jiujun aut EME EME Zhongwei Chen aut text article eng Sulfur-doped graphene (SG) is prepared by a thermal shock/quench anneal process and investigated as a unique Pt nanoparticle support (Pt/SG) for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). Particularly, SG is found to induce highly favorable catalyst-support interactions, resulting in excellent half-cell based ORR activity of 139 mA mgPt -1 at 0.9 V vs RHE, significant improvements over commercial Pt/C (121 mA mgPt -1) and Pt-graphene (Pt/G, 101 mA mgPt -1). Pt/SG also demonstrates unprecedented stability, maintaining 87% of its electrochemically active surface area following accelerated degradation testing. Furthermore, a majority of ORR activity is maintained, providing 108 mA mg Pt -1, a remarkable 171% improvement over Pt/C (39.8 mA mgPt -1) and an 89% improvement over Pt/G (57.0 mA mg Pt -1). Computational simulations highlight that the interactions between Pt and graphene are enhanced significantly by sulfur doping, leading to a tethering effect that can explain the outstanding electrochemical stability. Furthermore, sulfur dopants result in a downshift of the platinum d-band center, explaining the excellent ORR activity and rendering SG as a new and highly promising class of catalyst supports for electrochemical energy technologies such as fuel cells. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes graphene; catalyst; electrochemistry; fuel cell; oxygen reduction 2014-04-01 1616-301X 24 27 4325 4336 12 10.1002/adfm.201400161 Energy, Mining and Environment Énergie, mines et environnement National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21272707 dd561d5e-2b5c-45df-b800-41932f894403 M. Vezvaie aut Willem Peter (Peter) Kalisvaart Kalisvaart, P. aut NINT INNT H. Fritzsche aut Z. Tun aut David Mitlin Mitlin, D. aut NINT INNT text article eng An experiment designed to measure the thickness of an electrochemically active layer on the surface of a thin-film Co3O4 electrode shows that the entire thickness of the film, 40 nm in all, undergoes chemical changes. This was the case when the film was first exposed to pure water and later subjected to +1 VSCE in 0.01M KOH solution. Upon removal of the applied potential, the film reverted to a state that was nearly identical to the one it had before polarization. yes yes Electrodes Electrolytic capacitors Active Layer Applied potentials Chemical change Exposed to KOH solution Pure water Supercapacitor electrodes Thickness of the film Cobalt 2014-08-08 The Electrochemical Society 0013-4651 161 5 A798 A802 10.1149/2.081405jes National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) National Institute for Nanotechnology Institut national de nanotechnologie 21272709 7c4665ec-37a3-421d-8634-cc1af230b8df Yanwen Wang aut ACRD DCRA Xin Yi aut ACRD DCRA Khadija Ghanam aut ACRD DCRA Shuocheng Zhang Zhang, Shuocheng. aut ACRD DCRA Tiantian Zhao aut ACRD DCRA Xueming Zhu Zhu, Xuemei aut INH ISNS text article eng Objective The objective was to determine the mechanisms of action of berberine (BBR) on cholesterol homeostasis using in vivo and in vitro models. Methods Male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed the AIN-93G diet (normal control) or modified AIN-93G diet containing 28% fat, 2% cholesterol and 0.5% cholic acid with treatment of 0 (atherogenic control), 50, 100, and 150 mg/kg·d of BBR, respectively by gavaging in water for 8 weeks. Cholesterol absorption rate was measured with the dual stable isotope ratio method, and plasma lipids were determined using the enzymatic methods. Gene and protein expressions of Acyl-coenzyme A:cholesterol acyltransferase-2 were analyzed in vivo and in vitro. Cholesterol micellarization, uptake and permeability were determined in vitro. Results Rats on the atherogenic diet showed significantly hypercholesterolemic characteristics compared to normal control rats. Treatment with BBR in rats on the atherogenic diet reduced plasma total cholesterol and nonHDL cholesterol levels by 29%-33% and 31%-41%, respectively, with no significant differences being observed among the three doses. The fractional dietary cholesterol absorption rate was decreased by 40%-51%. Rats fed the atherogenic diet showed lower plasma triacylglycerol levels, and no changes were observed after the BBR treatment. BBR interfered with cholesterol micellarization, decreased cholesterol uptake by Caco-2 cells and permeability through Caco-2 monolayer. BBR also inhibited the gene and protein expressions of acyl-coenzyme A cholesterol acyltransferease-2 in the small intestine and Caco-2 cells. Conclusion BBR lowered blood cholesterol levels at least in part through inhibiting the intestinal absorption and further by interfering with intraluminal cholesterol micellarization and decreasing enterocyte cholesterol uptake and secretion. yes yes Acyl-coenzyme A:cholesterol acyltransferase-2 Berberine Cholesterol absorption Cholesterol micellarization Rat Anticholesteremic Agents Caco-2 Cells Cell Membrane Permeability Cholesterol Diet, Atherogenic Dietary Supplements Enterocytes Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic Hypercholesterolemia Intestinal Absorption Micelles Random Allocation Rats, Sprague-Dawley Sterol O-Acyltransferase 2014-09 Elsevier 0026-0495 63 9 1167 1177 11 10.1016/j.metabol.2014.05.013 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) Aquatic and Crop Resource Development Développement des cultures et des ressources aquatiques NRC Institute for Nutrisciences and Health Institut des sciences nutritionnelles et de la santé du CNRC 21272711 e96c423c-3e8b-42d2-bf28-8a44e14a732c Eric Paquet aut ICT TIC Dela De Youngster aut Herna Viktor aut Emil Petriu aut 2014 IEEE International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Virtual Environments for Measurement Systems and Applications, CIVEMSA 2014, 5 May 2014 through 7 May 2014, Ottawa, ON text article eng Non-rigid shapes are generally known as objects where the three dimensional geometry may deform by internal and/or external forces. Deformable shapes are all around us, ranging from macromolecules, to natural objects such as the trees in the forest or the fruits in our gardens, and even human bodies. The development of measurements to accurately describe such non-rigid shapes has wide application. It follows that, when aiming to perform measurement of non-rigid shapes, one need to ensure that the intrinsic geometries are preserved in the presence of deformations. This paper introduces physics-based techniques for the measurements of such deformable shapes. Our work is based on the idea of heat propagation through a surface. Specifically, we introduce so-called multi-measurements to measure the distance between two points on an object and reflective measurements that allows for the exploration of a region around a point. Further, we introduce two novel meta-measurements that extend the bag of features concept. We illustrate our methodology in the context of structural proteomics and molecular docking. yes yes Deformation Docking Macromolecules Molecular biology Virtual reality Bag of features Deformable object Geodesic distances Heat kernel isomorphism Laplace-Beltrami operator Medoids multi-measurements Physics-based Measurements 2014-05 IEEE 9781479926138 6841448 112 117 6 10.1109/CIVEMSA.2014.6841448 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Information and Communication Technologies Technologies de l'information et des communications 21272712 ec30e56c-c262-45f0-aa51-d7ba5178f6e4 Emanuela Pitzalis aut Massimo Onor aut Marco Carlo Mascherpa aut Giacomo Pacchi aut Zoltan Mester aut MSS SME Alessandro D'Ulivo aut text article eng The efficiency of chemical generation of arsanes from inorganic arsenic, monomethylarsonic acid (MMAA) and dimethylarsinic acid (DMAA), to arsane, AsH3, monomethylarsane, CH3AsH2 (MMA), and dimethylarsane, (CH3)2AsH (DMA), has been investigated in different reaction media with the aim to better elucidate the mechanisms controlling their generation process and to find the experimental conditions to implement a nonchromatographic arsenic speciation analytical method, which is based on the selective determination of some arsenic species. Studies were performed by continuous flow hydride generation coupled with atomic spectrometry (CF-HG-AS), using different reductants such as borane-ammonia (AB), borane-tert-butylamine (TBAB), and sodium tetrahydridoborate (THB) in HCl and HClO4 media, in the presence or absence of l-cysteine (Cys). The efficiency of HG processes for MMA and DMA is mainly controlled by the reactivity of the substrates with the borane, which could be strongly influenced by the formation of ion couples. The protonation of arsane did not play a significant role in the employed reaction system. By taking advantage of the different reactivity pattern of As species in selected generation conditions, DMAA and MMAA could be selectively determined in 0.5 and 10 M HClO4 solutions, respectively, in the presence of Cys, with AB as the reducing agent. The presence of Cys as a masking agent and the peculiar reducing properties of AB ensured a good control of interferences, as far as it has been observed for Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Fe(II), Fe(III). The overall time needed to complete the prereduction step has been verified for MMAA and DMAA at different acidities in order to achieve the best selectivity. The selective determination of DMAA with AB/Cys in HClO4 has been optimized and applied to certified reference materials (CRMs) of natural waters CASS-4, SLRS-4, and NASS-4 (NRCC). The estimation of DMAA concentration allows us to correct the concentration of As(III) for the interference of DMAA in the selective determination of As(III) according to a selective HG method recently reported. yes yes Atomic spectrometry Certified reference materials Dimethylarsinic acids Experimental conditions Generation process Hydride generations Monomethylarsonic acids Selective determination Amino acids Atomic spectroscopy Chemical analysis Chemical speciation Hydrides Process control amine arsenic arsine organoarsenic derivative water fractionation isolation and purification methodology Chemical Fractionation 2014-01-07 ACS Publications 0003-2700 86 3 1599 1607 9 10.1021/ac4032466 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Measurement Science and Standards Science des mesures et étalons 21272714 90aca75b-91c2-449d-84ad-c99f133c1c88 I. Yakunin aut G. Wade aut David A Bohlender Bohlender, D. aut NSI ISN O. Kochukhov aut V. Tsymbal aut International Astronomical Union Symposium 302: Magnetic fields throughout stellar evolution, August 25-30, 2013, Biarritz, France text article eng 2014-08-07 Cambridge University Press We have employed an extensive new timeseries of Stokes I and V spectra obtained with the ESPaDOnS spectropolarimeter at the 3.6-m Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope to investigate the physical parameters, chemical abundance distributions and magnetic field topology of the slowly-rotating He-strong star HD 184927. We infer a rotation period of 9d.53071 ± 0.00120 from Hα, Hβ, LSD magnetic measurements and EWs of helium lines. We used an extensive NLTE TLUSTY grid along with the SYNSPEC code to model the observed spectra and find a new value of luminosity. In this poster we present the derived physical parameters of the star and the results of Magnetic Doppler Imaging analysis of the Stokes I and V profiles. Wide wings of helium lines can be described only under the assumption of the presence of a large, very helium-rich spot. yes yes 9781107044982 306 308 3 9, issue S302 1743-9213 10.1017/S174392131400235X National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) National Science Infrastructure Infrastructure scientifique nationale National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 21272721 1dc2ab0f-895a-415f-a8bc-212c056ce68a J. Soler Penadés aut C. Alonso-Ramos aut A. Z. Khokhar aut M. Nedeljkovic aut L. A. Boodhoo aut A. Ortega-Moñux aut I. Molina-Fernández aut Pavel Cheben Cheben, P. aut IMS ISM G. Z. Mashanovich aut text article eng We present a new type of mid-infrared silicon-on-insulator (SOI) waveguide. The waveguide comprises a subwavelength lattice of holes acting as lateral cladding while at the same time allowing for the bottom oxide (BOX) removal by etching. The waveguide loss is determined at the wavelength of 3.8 μm for structures before and after being underetched using both vapor phase and liquid hydrofluoric acid (HF). A propagation loss of 3.4 dB/cm was measured for a design with a 300 nm grating period and 150 nm holes after partial removal (560 nm) of BOX by vapor phase HF etching. We also demonstrate an alternative design with 550 nm period and 450 nm holes, which allows a faster and complete removal of the BOX by liquid phase HF etching, yielding the waveguide propagation loss of 3.6 dB/cm. yes yes Midinfrared SOI waveguides Sub-wave length grating 2014-09-25 The Optical Society 0146-9592 39 19 5661 5664 4 10.1364/OL.39.005661 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Institute for Microstructural Sciences Institut des sciences des microstructures du CNRC 21272690 251328b4-88cd-478b-b5e5-f5db48c857d0 Masahiko Gotoh Gotoh, M. aut MSS SME Andrew DW Todd Todd, A. D. W. aut MSS SME text article eng A robust fixed point using pure nickel contained in an alumina crucible has been developed for thermocouple calibrations. It was observed that a deep supercool often caused the freezing plateau to be short and have a large slope. A procedure for realizing the pure nickel fixed points was developed that reserved a small amount of nickel in the solid state to act as a seed for nucleation of the freeze. This procedure was found to allow freezing plateaus that were suitably long and flat to make them useful for calibrating thermocouples. Using a calibrated Pt/Pd thermocouple, the freezing temperature of nickel was determined to be (Formula presented.) with a (Formula presented.) uncertainty of (Formula presented.). yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes article in press Thermocouples Fixed points Pure nickels Nickel 2014 0195-928X 35 6 1215 1222 8 10.1007/s10765-014-1727-9 Measurement Science and Standards Science des mesures et étalons National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21272692 8e95a51c-c838-4e74-a46a-4e63cff310a5 Han-Bin Lin aut Keshav Sharma aut Dariusz Bialy aut Magdalena Wawrzynska aut Randall (Randy) Purves Purves, Randy aut ACRD DCRA Francisco S. Cayabyab aut Mieczyslaw Wozniak aut Grzegorz Sawicki aut text article eng In this study we examined the effect of inhibition of MMP-2 expression, using siRNA, on the cardiomyocyte proteome. Isolated cardiomyocytes were transfected with MMP-2 siRNA and incubated for 24. h. Control cardiomyocytes from the same heart were transfected with scrambled siRNA following the same protocol. Comparison of control cardiomyocyte proteomes with proteomes from MMP-2 suppressed cardiomyocytes revealed 13 protein spots of interest (9 protein spots increased; 4 decreased). Seven protein spots were identified as mitochondrial enzymes involved in energy production and represent: ATP synthase beta subunit, dihydrolipoyllysine-residue succinyltransferase component of 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex, cytochrome c oxidase subunit 5A, electron transfer flavoprotein subunit beta, NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 5 and a fragment of mitochondrial precursor of long-chain specific acyl-CoA dehydrogenase. Furthermore, precursor of heat shock protein 60 and Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase were identified. Two protein spots corresponding to MLC1 were also detected. In addition, ATP synthase activity was measured and was increased by approximately 30%.Together, these results indicate that MMP-2 inhibition represents a novel cardioprotective therapy by promoting alterations in the levels of mitochondrial enzymes for improved energy metabolism and by preventing degradation of contractile proteins needed for normal excitation-contraction coupling. Biological significance: During ischemia and reperfusion of cardiomyocytes, abnormality in excitation-contraction coupling and decreased energy metabolism often lead to myocardial infarction, but the cellular mechanisms are not fully elucidated. We show for the first time that intracellular inhibition of MMP-2 in cardiomyocytes increases contractility of aerobically perfused myocytes, which was accompanied by increased expression of contractile proteins (e.g., MLC-1). We also showed that MMP-2 inhibition produced a cardiomyocyte proteome that is consistent with improved mitochondrial energy metabolism (e.g., increased expression and activity of mitochondrial beta ATP synthase). Thus, MMP-2 appears to be involved in homeostatic regulation of protein turnover. Our results are significant since they point to targeting MMP-2 activity as a novel therapeutic option to limit myocardial damage by decreasing proteolytic degradation of mitochondrial metabolic enzymes and myocardial contractile proteins during ischemia. In addition, the development of novel pharmacological agents that selectively targets cardiac MMP-2 represents a novel approach to treat and prevent other heart diseases. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes Matrix metalloproteinase-2 ATP synthase Cardiomyocytes siRNA Metabolic enzymes Contractility 2014-04-24 1874-3919 106 74 85 12 10.1016/j.jprot.2014.04.026 Aquatic and Crop Resource Development Développement des cultures et des ressources aquatiques National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21272694 eac95b62-d022-4535-a8f7-8ac6aadb7963 Mercedes Soriano aut Hui Li aut Cédric Jacquard aut Gerco C. Angenent aut Joan Krochko aut ACRD DCRA Remko Offringa aut Kim Boutilier aut text article eng In Arabidopsis thaliana, zygotic embryo divisions are highly regular, but it is not clear how embryo patterning is established in species or culture systems with irregular cell divisions. We investigated this using the Brassica napus microspore embryogenesis system, where the male gametophyte is reprogrammed in vitro to form haploid embryos in the absence of exogenous growth regulators. Microspore embryos are formed via two pathways: a zygotic-like pathway, characterized by initial suspensor formation followed by embryo proper formation from the distal cell of the suspensor, and a pathway characterized by initially unorganized embryos lacking a suspensor. Using embryo fate and auxin markers, we show that the zygotic-like pathway requires polar auxin transport for embryo proper specification from the suspensor, while the suspensorless pathway is polar auxin transport independent and marked by an initial auxin maximum, suggesting early embryo proper establishment in the absence of a basal suspensor. Polarity establishment in this suspensorless pathway was triggered and guided by rupture of the pollen exine. Irregular division patterns did not affect cell fate establishment in either pathway. These results confirm the importance of the suspensor and suspensor-driven auxin transport in patterning, but also uncover a mechanism where cell patterning is less regular and independent of auxin transport. yes yes 2014-06-20 American Society of Plant Biologists 1040-4651 26 6 2568 2581 14 10.1105/tpc.114.126300 NRC-ACRD-56075 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Aquatic and Crop Resource Development Développement des cultures et des ressources aquatiques 21272697 c02173fb-e819-4601-9384-4b6303eaeeca D. B. Newell aut Jacques Liard Liard, J. O. aut MSS SME L. S. Chao aut A. Cao aut F. Seifert aut D. Haddad aut J. R. Pratt aut S. Schlamminger aut 29th Conference on Precision Electromagnetic Measurements, CPEM 2014, 24 August 2014 through 29 August 2014 text article eng A new watt balance is being constructed at National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) in preparation for the redefinition of the International System of Units and the realization of mass through an exact value of the Planck constant. We describe the procedures used and give results for the measurements of the local acceleration of gravity in the new watt balance facility. yes yes Metric system Fundamental constants Planck constants Watt balance Gravitation 2014-08 IEEE 9781479952052 6898409 362 363 2 0589-1485 10.1109/CPEM.2014.6898409 Measurement Science and Standards Science des mesures et étalons National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21272703 97fabac5-9360-46f6-afb3-b1e0d3d117c0 Evgueni Bordatchev Bordatchev, Evguieni V. aut AST ATS Abdullah Mohammad Hafiz Hafiz, Abdullah M. K. aut text article eng Surface texture of a part or a product has significant effects on its functionality, physical-mechanical properties and visual appearance. In particular for miniature products, the implication of surface quality becomes critical owing to the presence of geometrical features with micro/nano-scale dimensions. Qualitative and quantitative assessments of surface texture are carried out predominantly by profile parameters, which are often insufficient to address the contribution of constituent spatial components with varied amplitudes and wavelengths. In this context, this article presents a novel approach for advanced measurement and analysis of profile average roughness (Ra) and its spatial distribution at different wavelength intervals. The applicability of the proposed approach was verified for three different surface topographies prepared by grinding, laser micro-polishing and micro-milling processes. From the measurement and analysis results, Ra(λ) spatial distribution was found to be an effective measure of revealing the contributions of various spatial components within specific wavelength intervals towards formation of the entire surface profile. In addition, the approach was extended to the measurement and analysis of areal average roughness Sa(λ) spatial distribution within different wavelength intervals. Besides, the proposed method was demonstrated to be a useful technique in developing a functional correlation between a manufacturing process and its corresponding surface profile. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes profile and areal roughness power spectral density function spatial distribution wavelength intervals spatial components surface texture 2014-07-22 0957-0233 25 9 95601 1 13 13 10.1088/0957-0233/25/9/095601 Automotive and Surface Transportation Automobile et transport de surface National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21272708 0e916701-1bbc-410c-b20a-4bf8ba414323 Beatrice A. Frank-Fahle aut Etienne Yergeau aut NRC CNRC Charles Greer Greer, Charles W. aut EME EME Hugues Lantuit aut Dirk Wagner aut text article eng Permafrost-affected soils are among the most obvious ecosystems in which current microbial controls on organic matter decomposition are changing as a result of global warming. Warmer conditions in polygonal tundra will lead to a deepening of the seasonal active layer, provoking changes in microbial processes and possibly resulting in exacerbated carbon degradation under increasing anoxic conditions. To identify current microbial assemblages in carbon rich, water saturated permafrost environments, four polygonal tundra sites were investigated on Herschel Island and the Yukon Coast, Western Canadian Arctic. Ion Torrent sequencing of bacterial and archaeal 16S rRNA amplicons revealed the presence of all major microbial soil groups and indicated a local, vertical heterogeneity of the polygonal tundra soil community with increasing depth. Microbial diversity was found to be highest in the surface layers, decreasing towards the permafrost table. Quantitative PCR analysis of functional genes involved in carbon and nitrogen-cycling revealed a high functional potential in the surface layers, decreasing with increasing active layer depth. We observed that soil properties driving microbial diversity and functional potential varied in each study site. These results highlight the small-scale heterogeneity of geomorphologically comparable sites, greatly restricting generalizations about the fate of permafrost-affected environments in a warming Arctic. yes yes carbon nitrogen RNA 16S amplicon Archean arctic tundra bacterial gene Candida antarctica carbon cycling climate change controlled study environmental factor gene function gene identification genetic heterogeneity geographic distribution microbial community molecular dynamics nitrogen cycling permafrost polymerase chain reaction quantitative analysis sequence analysis soil analysis species composition species diversity species richness Arctic Regions Cold Temperature Polymerase Chain Reaction Soil Microbiology 2014-01-08 PLOS 1932-6203 9 1 e84761 10.1371/journal.pone.0084761 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Energy, Mining and Environment Énergie, mines et environnement 21272710 4075dadb-2699-44b2-a0c2-d2413a664cbc Yueyan Shan aut Yu Song Meng aut Piotr (Peter) Filipski Filipski, Piotr S. aut MSS SME 29th Conference on Precision Electromagnetic Measurements, CPEM 2014, 24 August 2014 through 29 August 2014 text article eng Linearity analysis of a calorimetric thermal voltage converter (CTVC) designed by the National Research Council of Canada for RF-DC transfer difference up to 1 GHz is presented in this paper. At higher frequencies, the CTVC is evaluated in terms of the calibration factor of a RF power sensor and the reflection coefficients at its Type-N connector. Good performance has been observed which indicates that CTVC could be a potential candidate for calibrating RF power sensors in terms of its RF-DC transfer difference. yes yes CTVC Linearity RF-DC transfer difference Thermal voltage converters Mathematical models 2014-08 IEEE 0589-1485 9781479952052 6898401 346 347 2 0589-1485 10.1109/CPEM.2014.6898401 Measurement Science and Standards Science des mesures et étalons National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21272713 23ab5e0f-4688-4571-a200-9eb15721b49d Robert Halir aut Alejandro Ortega-Moñux aut Pavel Cheben aut IMS ISM Alejandro Maese-Novo aut Diego Pérez-Galacho aut Carlos Alonso-Ramos aut Íñigo Molina-Fernández aut J. Gonzalo. Wangüemert-Pérez aut Jens Holger Schmid Schmid, Jens H. aut IMS ISM Dan-Xia Xu aut IMS ISM Siegfried Janz aut IMS ISM High Contrast Metastructures III, 4 February 2014 through 6 February 2014, San Francisco, CA text article eng High contrast structures with a sub-wavelength pitch, small enough to suppress diffraction, exhibit extraordinary optical properties: depending on the design they may behave as perfect mirrors, anti-reflective interfaces, homogenous materials with controllable refractive index, or strongly dispersive materials. Here we discuss on the design possibilities such structures offer in planar waveguide devices in silicon-on-insulator. We briefly review the application of sub-wavelength structures in a variety of waveguide devices. We then focus on some of the latest advances in the design ultra-compact and ultra-wideband multimode interference couplers based on dispersion engineered sub-wavelength structures. yes yes Directional couplers Dispersion (waves) Indium phosphide Interfaces (materials) Optical waveguides Planar waveguides Refractive index Silicon on insulator technology Waveguide components Wavelength Broadband device Dispersion engineering Multi-mode interference Passive waveguides Polarization splittings Sub-wave length grating 2014-02 SPIE 0277-786X 9780819499080 8995 89950U 10.1117/12.2045727 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Institute for Microstructural Sciences Institut des sciences des microstructures du CNRC 21272701 80b69dba-f3c0-4751-8728-0287323be451 Chunyong He aut Jiujun (JJ) Zhang Zhang, Jiu Jun aut EME EME Pei Kang Shen aut text article eng A new, simple and scalable synthesis methodology is invented for an N-self-doped graphene-based non-precious Fe catalyst (Fe-N-graphene) for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) both in acidic and alkaline media. The electrochemical characterization shows that this Fe-N-graphene catalyst possesses outstanding electrocatalytic ORR activity (similar to Pt/C catalyst in alkaline media and slightly lower in acidic media), and both superior stability and fuel (methanol and CO) tolerance to Pt/C catalysts. We believe that this is the first time for a non-precious metal catalyst to have superior ORR performance to Pt/C catalyst. In addition, our synthesis methodology can be scaled up for the mass production of N-self-doped graphene-based fuel cell non-noble metal catalysts and other nanomaterials. yes yes Electrocatalytic Electrochemical characterizations Mass production Non-noble metal catalysts Non-precious metal catalysts Oxygen reduction reaction Scalable synthesis Synthesis methodology Electrolytic reduction Graphene Platinum alloys Precious metals Synthesis (chemical) Catalysts 2014-01-23 Royal Society of Chemistry 2050-7488 2 9 3231 3236 6 10.1039/c3ta14070a National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Energy, Mining and Environment Énergie, mines et environnement 21272702 65c90b3d-5e49-4231-8d71-1440a8141a54 Jacques Liard Liard, J. O. aut MSS SME Carlos Sanchez Sanchez, C. A. aut MSS SME Barry M Wood Wood, B. M. aut MSS SME A. D. Inglis aut NRC CNRC R. J. Silliker aut text article eng In a watt balance (WB) the gravity on a known mass is used in the determination of the value of the Planck constant with a precision of <2 × 10-41 J s. To attain this precision the gravity value at the centre of a mass within the WB must be known with a relative uncertainty of <1 × 10-8. This necessitates laboratory gravity mapping in three dimensions, the establishment close to the WB of a gravity reference station, and modelling of the ties to the centre-of-mass location. The self-gravity of the WB must be accounted for, and since WB measurements run over several weeks, corrections for tidal, polar motion and atmospheric effects must be included. We describe the gravimetry carried out at the National Research Council of Canada WB laboratory, and include a discussion of past gravity variations in the vicinity of the WB, which suggest that seasonal variation may be of sufficient magnitude to affect results obtained with the balance. yes yes Gravimeters Gravimetric analysis Atmospheric effects Planck constants Reference stations Relative uncertainty Seasonal variation Three dimensions Watt balance Gravitation 2014-03-31 IOP Science 0026-1394 51 2 S32 S41 10.1088/0026-1394/51/2/S32 Measurement Science and Standards Science des mesures et étalons National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21272704 e363d7b3-0033-49ea-8b8a-483b6a0e2be9 Aina Palau aut Robert Estalella aut Josep M. Girart aut Asuncion Fuente aut Francesco Fontani aut Benoit Commerçon aut Gemma Busquet aut Sylvain Bontemps aut Álvaro Sánchez-Monge aut Luis A. Zapata aut Qizhou Zhang aut Patrick Hennebelle aut James Di Francesco aut NSI ISN text article eng In order to shed light on the main physical processes controlling fragmentation of massive dense cores, we present a uniform study of the density structure of 19 massive dense cores, selected to be at similar evolutionary stages, for which their relative fragmentation level was assessed in a previous work. We inferred the density structure of the 19 cores through a simultaneous fit of the radial intensity profiles at 450 and 850 μm (or 1.2 mm in two cases) and the spectral energy distribution, assuming spherical symmetry and that the density and temperature of the cores decrease with radius following power-laws. Even though the estimated fragmentation level is strictly speaking a lower limit, its relative value is significant and several trends could be explored with our data. We find a weak (inverse) trend of fragmentation level and density power-law index, with steeper density profiles tending to show lower fragmentation, and vice versa. In addition, we find a trend of fragmentation increasing with density within a given radius, which arises from a combination of flat density profile and high central density and is consistent with Jeans fragmentation. We considered the effects of rotational-to-gravitational energy ratio, non-thermal velocity dispersion, and turbulence mode on the density structure of the cores, and found that compressive turbulence seems to yield higher central densities. Finally, a possible explanation for the origin of cores with concentrated density profiles, which are the cores showing no fragmentation, could be related with a strong magnetic field, consistent with the outcome of radiation magnetohydrodynamic simulations. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes galaxies: star clusters: general; radio continuum: ISM; stars: formation; techniques: high angular resolution 2014-03-25 0004-637X 785 1 42 1 18 18 10.1088/0004-637X/785/1/42 National Science Infrastructure Infrastructure scientifique nationale National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21272705 ab951181-25c6-46fc-b215-04be891867b6 Zhanwei Xu aut SDT TSR Huanlei Wang aut SDT TSR Zhi Li aut SDT TSR Alireza Kohandehghan aut SDT TSR Jia Ding aut SDT TSR Jian Chen aut SDT TSR Kai Cui aut SDT TSR David Mitlin aut SDT TSR text article eng We employ a sulfur-assisted decomposition process to create agglomerates of large (200-500 nm) yet highly nanoporous three-dimensional MoO2 single crystals partially covered with a few atomic layers of MoS2 ("MoS2/MoO2 nanonetworks"). These materials are highly promising as lithium ion battery anodes. At a current density of 100 mA g-1, the MoS2/MoO2 nanonetworks exhibit a reversible discharge specific capacity of 1233 mAh g-1, with only 5% degradation after 80 full charge/discharge cycles. Moreover at the relatively fast discharging rates of 200 and 500 mA g-1, the capacities are 1158 and 826 mAh g-1, respectively. A comparison with literature shows that these are among the more promising reversible capacity, cycling capacity, and rate capability values reported for MoO2. The electrochemical properties are attributed to the material's nanoporous crystal morphology that allows for facile reversible transport of Li ions without either disintegration or agglomeration of the structure. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes Agglomeration Lithium batteries Sulfur Charge/discharge cycle Decomposition process Discharge specific capacity Lithium-ion battery Lithium-ion battery anodes Nanoporous crystals Rate capabilities Reversible capacity Molybdenum oxide 2014-07-18 1932-7447 118 32 18387 18396 10 10.1021/jp504721y Security and Disruptive Technologies Technologies de sécurité et de rupture National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21272706 1cefe959-afc0-4fcf-9ab7-e30d55cb6919 Jacques P Vallée Vallee, Jacques P. aut NSI ISN text article eng Although the average over time of the arm parameters (arm shape, pitch angle, number of arms, interarm separation) shows constant values, this work investigates why some arm parameters (number of arms, pitch angle) have large discrepancies that are not decreasing with time, despite more and better observational data.Using statistics, we find several instances of poor or no comparisons with a four-arm galactic structure.Using modelling, we confirm that a two-arm galactic structure and a small pitch angle predict too many unseen spiral arm tangents. yes yes 2014-08-21 Oxford University Press 0035-8711 442 4 stu1068 2993 2998 6 10.1093/mnras/stu1068 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) National Science Infrastructure Infrastructure scientifique nationale 21272698 211aadbb-6235-4c81-99c9-9778e1e2d673 T. J. A. Wolf aut T. S. Kuhlman aut Oliver Schalk Schalk, O. aut SDT TSR T. J. Martínez aut K. B. Møller aut Albert Stolow Stolow, A. aut SDT TSR A. -N. Unterreiner aut text article eng Progress in our understanding of ultrafast light-induced processes in molecules is best achieved through a close combination of experimental and theoretical approaches. Direct comparison is obtained if theory is able to directly reproduce experimental observables. Here, we present a joint approach comparing time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy (TRPES) with ab initio multiple spawning (AIMS) simulations on the MS-MR-CASPT2 level of theory. We disentangle the relationship between two phenomena that dominate the immediate molecular response upon light absorption: a spectrally dependent delay of the photoelectron signal and an induction time prior to excited state depopulation in dynamics simulations. As a benchmark molecule, we have chosen hexamethylcyclopentadiene, which shows an unprecedentedly large spectral delay of (310 ± 20) fs in TRPES experiments. For the dynamics simulations, methyl groups were replaced by "hydrogen atoms" having mass 15 and TRPES spectra were calculated. These showed an induction time of (108 ± 10) fs which could directly be assigned to progress along a torsional mode leading to the intersection seam with the molecular ground state. In a stepladder-type approach, the close connection between the two phenomena could be elucidated, allowing for a comparison with other polyenes and supporting the general validity of this finding for their excited state dynamics. Thus, the combination of TRPES and AIMS proves to be a powerful tool for a thorough understanding of ultrafast excited state dynamics in polyenes. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes 2014-04-30 1463-9076 16 23 11770 11779 10 10.1039/c4cp00977k Security and Disruptive Technologies Technologies de sécurité et de rupture National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21272699 e60b9553-3fa7-4f65-b3af-d971c96801f8 J. S. Greaves aut B. Sibthorpe aut B. Acke aut E. E. Pantin aut B. Vandenbussche aut G. Olofsson aut C. Dominik aut M. J. Barlow aut G. J. Bendo aut J. A. D. L. Blommaert aut A. Brandeker aut B. L. De Vries aut William (Bill) Dent Dent, W. R. F. aut James Di Francesco Di Francesco, J. aut NSI ISN M. Fridlund aut W. K. Gear aut P. M. Harvey aut M. R. Hogerheijde aut W. S. Holland aut R. J. Ivison aut R. Liseau aut Brenda Matthews Matthews, B. C. aut NSI ISN G. L. Pilbratt aut H. J. Walker aut C. Waelkens aut text article eng Far-infrared Herschel images of the ε Eridani system, seen at a fifth of the Sun's present age, resolve two belts of debris emission. Fits to the 160 μm PACS image yield radial spans for these belts of 12-16 and 54-68 AU. The south end of the outer belt is ≈10% brighter than the north end in the PACS+SPIRE images at 160, 250, and 350 μm, indicating a pericenter glow attributable to a planet "c." From this asymmetry and an upper bound on the offset of the belt center, this second planet should be mildly eccentric (ec ≈ 0.03-0.3). Compared to the asteroid and Kuiper Belts of the young Sun, the ε Eri belts are intermediate in brightness and more similar to each other, with up to 20 km sized collisional fragments in the inner belt totaling ≈5% of an Earth mass. This reservoir may feed the hot dust close to the star and could send many impactors through the Habitable Zone, especially if it is being perturbed by the suspected planet ε Eri b, at semi-major axis ≈3 AU. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes circumstellar matter: planet–disk interactions; stars: individual (ε Eridani) 2014-07-25 2041-8205 791 1 L11 1 5 5 10.1088/2041-8205/791/1/L11 National Science Infrastructure Infrastructure scientifique nationale National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21272700 19dd5a04-660f-430b-a95d-8c13b92cc800 S. Nomura aut M. Yamaguchi aut H. Tamura aut T. Akazaki aut Y. Hirayama aut Marek Korkusinski Korkusinski, M. aut SDT TSR Pawel Hawrylak Hawrylak, P. aut SDT TSR text article eng We investigate polarization-resolved fine structure in the photoluminescence (PL) in the fractional quantum Hall effect regime at B=4-6 T, where small Zeeman energy allows spin-depolarized ground states. We observe up to five distinct peaks with characteristic polarization and temperature dependence in the vicinity of =1/3 and quenching of the PL from triplet charged quasiexcitons at around =1/4. Those findings appear to be consistent with results of exact diagonalization on a Haldane sphere including all spin configurations and are understood to be PL from fractionally charged quasiexcitons. yes yes 2014-03-25 American Physical Society 1098-0121 89 11 115317 10.1103/PhysRevB.89.115317 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Security and Disruptive Technologies Technologies de sécurité et de rupture 21272686 919e0663-de66-4aab-888b-33f8af0700e6 Sanaz Mohajeri aut Omkar B. Ijare aut Tedros Bezabeh aut Scott King King, Scott B. aut MD DM M. Albert Thomas aut Gerald Minuk aut Jeremy Lipschitz aut Iain Kirkpatrick aut Michael J (Mike) Smith Smith, Mike aut MD DM Ian C. P. Smith aut text article eng In vitro 1H MRS of human bile has shown potential in the diagnosis of various hepatopancreatobiliary (HPB) diseases. Previously, in vivo 1H MRS of human bile in gallbladder using a 1.5 T scanner demonstrated the possibility of quantification of choline-containing phospholipids (chol-PLs). However, other lipid components such as bile acids play an important role in the pathophysiology of the HPB system. We have employed a higher magnetic field strength (3 T), and a custom-built receive array coil, to improve the quality of in vivo 1H MRS of human bile in the gallbladder. We obtained significant improvement in the quality of 1D spectra (17 healthy volunteers) using a respiratory-gated PRESS sequence with well distinguished signals for total bile acids (TBAs) plus cholesterol resonating at 0.66 ppm, taurine-conjugated bile acids (TCBAs) at 3.08 ppm, chol-PLs at 3.22 ppm, glycineconjugated bile acids (GCBAs) at 3.74 ppm, and the amide proton (-NH) arising from GCBAs and TCBAs in the region 7.76-8.05 ppm. The peak areas of these signals were measured by deconvolution, and subsequently the molar concentrations of metabolites were estimated with good accuracy, except for that of TBAs plus cholesterol. The concentration of TBAs plus cholesterol was overestimated in some cases, which could be due to lipid contamination. In addition, we report the first 2D L-COSY spectra of human gallbladder bile in vivo (obtained in 15 healthy volunteers). 2D L-COSY spectra will be helpful in differentiating various biliary chol-PLs in pathological conditions of the HPB system. yes yes Bile acid Detection and quantifications Human bile In-vivo L-COSY Two-dimension Presses (machine tools) bile acid bile acid conjugate cholesterol glycine lipid proton taurine taurine conjugated bile acid bile contamination gallbladder in vivo study magnetic field metabolite proton nuclear magnetic resonance respiratory gated imaging 2014-10 Wiley 0952-3480 27 10 1192 1202 11 10.1002/nbm.3173 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Medical Devices Dispositifs médicaux 21272689 dab61172-a37e-4892-91bb-997beeaf1937 Qin Zhou aut Fan Zhao aut Ze-ping Lv aut Chen-guang Zheng aut Wei-dong Zheng aut Liang Sun aut Na-na Wang aut Shenghang Pang aut Fabiana Michelsen De Andrade aut Mian Fu aut Xiang-hua He aut Juan Hui aut Wen-yu Jiang aut Chu-yu Yang aut Xiao-hong Shi aut Xiao-quan Zhu aut Guo-fang Pang aut Yi-ge Yang aut Hai-qun Xie aut Wandong Zhang Zhang, Wan-dong aut HHT TSH Cai-you Hu aut Ze Yang aut text article eng Background: Previous association studies examining the relationship between the APOC1 polymorphism and susceptibility to Alzheimer's disease (AD) have shown conflicting results, and it is not clear if an APOC1 variant acts as a genetic risk factor in AD etiology across multiple populations. Methods: To confirm the risk association between APOC1 and AD, we designed a case-control study and also performed a meta-analysis of previously published studies. Results: Seventy-nine patients with AD and one hundred fifty-six unrelated controls were included in case-control study. No association was found between the variation of APOC1 and AD in stage 1 of our study. However, our meta-analysis pooled a total of 2092 AD patients and 2685 controls. The APOC1 rs11568822 polymorphism was associated with increased AD risk in Caucasians, Asians and Caribbean Hispanics, but not in African Americans. APOE ε4 carriers harboring the APOC1 insertion allele, were more prevalent in AD patients than controls (χ2 = 119.46, OR = 2.79, 95% CI = 2.31-3.36, P<0.01). Conclusions: The APOC1 insertion allele, in combination with APOE ε4, likely serves as a potential risk factor for developing AD. yes yes apolipoprotein C1 apolipoprotein E4 African American aged allele Alzheimer disease APOC1 gene Asian Caribbean Hispanic Caucasian controlled study disease association disease classification disease course disease predisposition DNA polymorphism ethnic group gene insertion genetic risk genetic variability heterozygote pathogenesis protein function Asian Continental Ancestry Group Case-Control Studies European Continental Ancestry Group Gene Frequency Genetic Predisposition to Disease Genotype Hispanic Americans Linear Models Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide Risk Factors 2014-01-31 PLOS 1932-6203 9 1 e87017 10.1371/journal.pone.0087017 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Human Health Therapeutics Thérapeutiques en santé humaine 21272691 4a0cf255-374b-4ae6-aec3-9dd475103685 Ghislain Granger Granger, G. aut MSS SME Barry M Wood Wood, B. M. aut MSS SME 29th Conference on Precision Electromagnetic Measurements, CPEM 2014, August 24-29, 2014 text article eng A 10 V programmable Josephson voltage standard system has been installed at the National Research Council Canada. The current margins for the first Josephson step at either current polarity are greater than 1 mA. A preliminary direct comparison of this programmable system with a hysteretic Josephson voltage standard is performed at 10 V. yes yes DC voltage Josephson Josephson voltage standards Programmable Josephson voltage standard System comparisons Voltage measurement 2014-08 IEEE 9781479952052 6898493 530 531 2 0589-1485 10.1109/CPEM.2014.6898493 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Measurement Science and Standards Science des mesures et étalons 21272693 63ef0ff8-45f8-49a5-8e86-9c0c872f2126 Guo Hongyu Guo, Hongyu (Harry) aut ICT TIC Létourneau Sylvain Letourneau, Sylvain aut ICT TIC Yang Chunsheng aut ICT TIC 27th International Conference on Industrial, Engineering and Other Applications of Applied Intelligent Systems (IEA/AIE 2014), June 3-6, 2014, Kaohsiung, Taiwan text chapter eng 2014 Smart lighting for commercial buildings should consider both the overall energy usage and the occupants' individual lighting preferences. This paper describes a study of using data mining techniques to attain this goal. The lighting application embraces the concept of Office Hotelling, where employees are not assigned permanent office spaces, but instead a temporary workplace is selected for each check-in staff. Specifically, taking check-in workers' light requirements as inputs, a collective classification strategy was deployed, aiming at simultaneously predicting the dimming levels of the shared luminaries in an open office sharing light. This classification information, together with the energy usages for possible office plans, provides us with lighting scenarios that can both meet users' lighting comfort and save energy consumption. We compare our approach with four other commonly used lighting control strategies. Our experimental study shows that the developed learning model can generate lighting policies that not only maximize the occupants' lighting satisfaction, but also substantially improve energy savings. Importantly, our data driven method is able to create an optimal lighting scenario with execution time that is suitable for a real-time responding system. yes yes Energy utilization Intelligent systems Office buildings Classification informations Collective classifications Commercial building Data-driven approach Data-driven methods Light requirements Lighting applications Lighting policies Springer International Publishing 2 308 317 10 978-3-319-07466-5 978-3-319-07467-2 0302-9743 8482 10.1007/978-3-319-07467-2_33 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Information and Communication Technologies Technologies de l'information et des communications 21272695 e949bf25-fbfd-4e80-a875-551b2442a5c6 Michela Salamone aut Michela Milan aut Gino A DiLabio Dilabio, Gino A. aut NINT INNT Massimo Bietti aut text article eng A time-resolved kinetic study of the hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) reactions from a series of alkanamides to the cumyloxyl radical (CumO•) was carried out. With N,N-dialkylformamides HAT preferentially occurs from the formyl C-H bond, while in N-formylpyrrolidine HAT mostly occurs from the ring α-C-H bonds. With the acetamides and the alkanamides almost exclusive HAT from the C-H bonds that are α to nitrogen was observed. The results obtained show that alignment between the C-H bond being broken and the amide π-system can lead to significant increases in the HAT rate constant (k H). This finding points toward the important role of stereoelectronic effects on the HAT reactivity and selectivity. The highest kH values were measured for the reactions of CumO• with N-acylpyrrolidines. These substrates have ring α-C-H bonds that are held in a conformation that is optimally aligned with the amide π-system, thus allowing for the relatively facile HAT reaction. The lowest kH value was measured for the reaction of N,N-diisobutylacetamide, wherein the steric bulk associated with the N-isobutyl groups increases the energy barrier required to reach the most suitable conformation for HAT. The experimental results are well supported by the computed BDEs for the C-H bonds of the most representative substrates. yes yes Amides Atoms Hydrogen Rate constants C-H bond Hydrogen atom transfers (HAT) Hydrogen-atom transfer Steric bulk Tertiary amides Time-resolved kinetic study Free radical reactions acetamide derivative acetonitrile cumyloxyl radical nitrogen chemical bond chemical procedures chemical reaction chemical structure conformation reaction analysis stereochemistry stereoelectronic effect 2014-07-10 ACS Publications 0022-3263 79 15 7179 7184 6 10.1021/jo5013459 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) National Institute for Nanotechnology Institut national de nanotechnologie 21272696 3e63e15e-3fbf-4072-b6aa-9c0387f3b451 M. -L. David aut K. Alix aut F. Pailloux aut V. Mauchamp aut Martin Couillard Couillard, M. aut EME EME G. A. Botton aut L. Pizzagalli aut text article eng We demonstrate that the helium density and corresponding pressure can be modified in single nano-scale bubbles embedded in semiconductors by using the electron beam of a scanning transmission electron microscope as a multifunctional probe: the measurement probe for imaging and chemical analysis and the irradiation source to modify concomitantly the pressure in a controllable way by fine tuning of the electron beam parameters. The control of the detrapping rate is achieved by varying the experimental conditions. The underlying physical mechanisms are discussed; our experimental observations suggest that the helium detrapping from bubbles could be interpreted in terms of direct ballistic collisions, leading to the ejection of the helium atoms from the bubble. yes yes Electron beams Probes Transmission electron microscopy Ballistic collisions Controlled modification Electron-beam parameters Experimental conditions Irradiation sources Multifunctional probes Physical mechanism Scanning transmission electron microscopes Helium 2014-03-25 AIP Publishing 0021-8979 115 12 123508 10.1063/1.4869213 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Energy, Mining and Environment Énergie, mines et environnement 21272687 51105613-e76b-4296-9b56-8f78f54da01d Yang Chunsheng aut ICT TIC Létourneau Sylvain aut ICT TIC Guo Hongyu aut ICT TIC 27th International Conference on Industrial, Engineering and Other Applications of Applied Intelligent Systems (IEA/AIE 2014), June 3-6, 2014, Kaohsiung, Taiwan text chapter eng 2014 Energy consumption prediction for building energy management systems (BEMS) is one of the key factors in the success of energy saving measures in modern building operation, either residential buildings or commercial buildings. It provides a foundation for building owners to optimize not only the energy usage but also the operation to respond to the demand signals from smart grid. However, modeling energy consumption in traditional physic-modeling techniques remains a challenge. To address this issue, we present a data-mining-based methodology, as an alternative, for developing data-driven models to predict energy consumption for BEMSs. Following the methodology, we developed data-driven models for predicting energy consumption for a chiller in BEMS by using historic building operation data and weather forecast information. The models were evaluated with unseen data. The experimental results demonstrated that the data-driven models can predict energy consumption for chiller with promising accuracy. yes yes Cooling systems Electric load forecasting Intelligent systems Learning algorithms Learning systems Models Office buildings Weather forecasting Air handling units Building energy management systems Data-driven model Demand response Energy consumption prediction Energy-saving measures Forecast information Residential building Energy utilization Springer International Publishing 978-3-319-07454-2 978-3-319-07455-9 1 188 197 10 0302-9743 8481 10.1007/978-3-319-07455-9_20 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) Information and Communication Technologies Technologies de l'information et des communications 21272679 84fae62b-fdd8-4e41-9ed3-09c71557c297 Sioe T. Mak aut Eddy So aut MSS SME 29th Conference on Precision Electromagnetic Measurements, CPEM 2014, 24 August 2014 through 29 August 2014 text article eng Technologies of synchrophasor systems - PMUs, control systems - SCADA, and smart meter systems - AMI are core enabling technologies for Smart Grid. The integration of these advanced sensor technologies to accomplish expanded functional capabilities of smart grid are discussed and presented. yes yes Smart meters Advanced sensors Functional capabilities Smart grid Synchrophasors Integration 2014-08 IEEE 9781479952052 6898262 68 69 2 0589-1485 10.1109/CPEM.2014.6898262 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) Measurement Science and Standards Science des mesures et étalons 21272680 b8f4441a-479f-4150-8a27-b3d49b99cc3c Donglei Guo aut Zhaorong Chang aut Hongwei Tang aut Bao Li aut Xinhong Xu aut Xiao-Zi (Riny) Yuan Yuan, Xiao-Zi aut EME EME Haijiang Wang aut EME EME text article eng Solid sphere spinel LiMn2O4 materials are synthesized from porous spherical Mn3O4 particles with LiOH·H2O via a high temperature solid-phase reaction. Porous spherical Mn3O4 particles, composed of aggregated crystallites, can be obtained from as-prepared spherical β-MnOOH. The solid sphere spinel LiMn2O4 particles have a high tap-density of 2.67 g·cm-3 and are well-distributed with sizes ranging from 7-9 μm. The as-prepared β-MnOOH, Mn3O4 and LiMn2O4 are characterized by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. As cathode materials, solid sphere spinel LiMn2O4, exhibits excellent cycling performance and rate capability for lithium-ion batteries. The initial discharge capacities are 127.1, 118.1, 106.3 and 87 mAh·g-1 at 0.2, 1, 5 and 10 C, respectively. At 5 C the discharge capacity retention rate can be maintained at 95% after 200 cycles. Cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy confirm the excellent electrochemical performances of the synthesized solid sphere spinel LiMn2O4 materials. yes yes Beta-hydroxy-manganese High tap-density Lithium manganese oxide Solid spheres Cathodes Cyclic voltammetry Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy Lithium alloys Lithium batteries Lithium compounds Manganese Scanning electron microscopy X ray diffraction Spheres 2014-03-20 Elsevier 0013-4686 123 254 259 6 10.1016/j.electacta.2014.01.030 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Energy, Mining and Environment Énergie, mines et environnement 21272681 962a270a-413d-445d-a828-ac33924f2f54 K. L. J. Rygl aut S. Goedhart aut D. Polychroni aut F. Wyrowski aut F. Motte aut D. Elia aut Q. Nguyen-Luong aut P. Didelon aut M. Pestalozzi aut M. Benedettini aut S. Molinari aut P. André aut Cassandra Fallscheer Fallscheer, C. aut NSI ISN A. Gibb aut A. M. di Giorgio aut T. Hill aut V. Könyves aut A. Marston aut S. Pezzuto aut A. Rivera-Ingraham aut E. Schisano aut N. Schneider aut L. Spinoglio aut D. Ward-Thompson aut G. J. White aut text article eng We present the results of Herschel HOBYS (Herschel imaging survey of OB Young Stellar objects) photometricmapping combined with Berkeley Illinois Maryland Association (BIMA) observations and additional archival data, and perform an in-depth study of the evolutionary phases of the star-forming clumps in W 48A and their surroundings. Age estimates for the compact sources were derived from bolometric luminosities and envelope masses, which were obtained from the dust continuum emission, and agree within an order of magnitude with age estimates from molecular line and radio data. The clumps in W 48A are linearly aligned by age (east-old to west-young): we find a ultra-compact (UC) HII region, a young stellar object (YSO) with class II methanol maser emission, a YSO with a massive outflow and finally the NH2D prestellar cores from Pillai et al. This remarkable positioning reflects the (star) formation history of the region. We find that it is unlikely that the star formation in the W48A molecular cloud was triggered by the UC HII region and discuss the Aquila supershell expansion as a major influence on the evolution of W48A. We conclude that the combination of Herschel continuum data with interferometric molecular line and radio continuum data is important to derive trustworthy age estimates and interpret the origin of large-scale structures through kinematic information. yes yes star formation ISM clouds dust extinction Hii regions ISM individual objects W-48A ISM molecules 2014-03-11 Oxford University Press 0035-8711 440 1 427 447 21 10.1093/mnras/stu300 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada National Science Infrastructure Infrastructure scientifique nationale 21272683 f25d515f-1882-4141-80e8-23c9d7ffef66 Ralph Edward Sturgeon Sturgeon, R. E. aut MSS SME Brad A J Methven Methven, B. aut MSS SME Scott Willie Willie, S. N. aut MSS SME Patricia Grinberg Grinberg, P. aut MSS SME text article eng A measurement model based on the use of a pin-cell glow discharge source coupled to a VG 9000 sector field mass spectrometer (GD-MS) for the assignment of purity of high-purity metals, i.e., mass fraction of metal matrix, w(M), is presented. A mass balance approach to the calculation requires the determination and summation of impurity mass fractions of all extraneous elements present, including non-metals and gases. It is posited that a primary method of measurement can be devised to yield direct traceability of results to the SI. The major source of uncertainty in the traceability chain stems from the need to adjust the initially estimated quantity values of each impurity element by a relative sensitivity factor 'influence quantity' , derived from ab initio calculations, and validated through comparison with those derived through use of Certified Reference Materials. It is argued that the method is sufficiently well understood that a measurement equation can be formulated for which all parameters are measured in terms of SI units; that all contributions to uncertainty of measurement can be quantitatively evaluated, underpinning the metrological traceability; and that the performance of GD-MS in CCQM key and pilot comparisons of trace elements in complex metal matrices is in conformance with claimed capabilities. The applicability of the approach to metals in the 3N to 7N range of purity shows that fit-for-purpose relative expanded uncertainties of 0.5% to 0.000 05% can be conservatively achieved for w(M). Presentation of various instrument calibration scenarios vis-à-vis impact on SI traceability of results is also undertaken with a view to eliciting further discussion of this concept within the metrological community. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes glow discharge mass spectrometry; primary calibrants; high-purity metals; assignment of purity; traceability; primary method Calibrants Glow Discharge Mass Spectrometry 2014-06-25 0026-1394 51 5 410 422 13 10.1088/0026-1394/51/5/410 Measurement Science and Standards Science des mesures et étalons National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21272684 0333d7da-8a0d-4e37-a867-0cd134cebb9f Andrii Lopatynskyi aut Michael D Guiver Guiver, Michael aut EME EME Vladimir Chegel Chegel, Volodymyr aut text article eng It is shown that the response of a surface plasmon resonance nanosystem designed according to Kretschmann geometry on the application of an external electric potential to the gold-electrolyte interface is well described by the proposed mathematical model, which takes into account the geometric surface imperfection and dependence of optical constants of the surface layer of gold film and capacitance of the electrical double layer on applied voltage. This model allows the appropriate correction for results of electrochemical surface plasmon resonance measurements. The dependence of a value of biomolecules adsorption in a surface plasmon resonance nanosystem on applied electric potential is shown for the first time. It is found that a shift of surface plasmon resonance angular position (ΔθSPR) and a change of capacitance of electrical double layer on the surface of gold (Δ Cdl) for the adsorption of proteins under applied voltage are related to the nonlinear dependence ΔθSPR= (a+b ΔCdl)-1. This phenomenon can be exploited in biochemical analysis to monitor the interaction of biomolecules, enhance response of biosensors, block unwanted adsorption, etc. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes Surface plasmon resonance Biomolecular adsorption Biomolecular recognition Electrical double layers Electrical potential Biosensors 2014-09-01 1533-4880 14 9 6559 6564 6 10.1166/jnn.2014.9354 Energy, Mining and Environment Énergie, mines et environnement National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21272685 6cc5dab3-714e-4163-a189-5fa922fa6e19 C. A. Tulk aut S. Machida aut Dennis D Klug Klug, D. D. aut SDT TSR Hailong Lu Lu, H. aut SDT TSR M. Guthrie aut J. J. Molaison aut text article eng A deuterated sample of CO2 structure I (sI) clathrate hydrate (CO2 · 8.3 D2O) has been formed and neutron diffraction experiments up to 1.0 GPa at 240 K were performed. The sI CO2 hydrate transformed at 0.7 GPa into the high pressure phase that had been observed previously by Hirai et al. [J. Phys. Chem. 133, 124511 (2010)] and Bollengier et al. [Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 119, 322 (2013)], but which had not been structurally identified. The current neutron diffraction data were successfully fitted to a filled ice structure with CO2 molecules filling the water channels. This CO2+water system has also been investigated using classical molecular dynamics and density functional ab initio methods to provide additional characterization of the high pressure structure. Both models indicate the water network adapts a MH-III "like" filled ice structure with considerable disorder of the orientations of the CO2 molecule. Furthermore, the disorder appears to be a direct result of the level of proton disorder in the water network. In contrast to the conclusions of Bollengier et al., our neutron diffraction data show that the filled ice phase can be recovered to ambient pressure (0.1MPa) at 96 K, and recrystallization to sI hydrate occurs upon subsequent heating to 150 K, possibly by first forming low density amorphous ice. Unlike other clathrate hydrate systems, which transform from the sI or sII structure to the hexagonal structure (sH) then to the filled ice structure, CO2 hydrate transforms directly from the sI form to the filled ice structure. yes yes 2014-11-05 AIP Publishing 0021-9606 141 17 174503 10.1063/1.4899265 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Security and Disruptive Technologies Technologies de sécurité et de rupture 21272682 7588219c-8923-4afd-862a-4e994e3626d1 Wei Xing aut Geping Yin aut Jiujun (JJ) Zhang Zhang, Jiujun aut EME EME text chapter eng yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes 2014 9780444632784 xi xiii 10.1016/B978-0-444-63278-4.05001-1 Energy, Mining and Environment Énergie, mines et environnement National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21272673 8c380c79-43b3-444f-a5d0-f057bdb1f891 Chungyu Du aut Yongrong Sun aut Tiantian Shen aut Geping Yin aut Jiujun (JJ) Zhang Zhang, Jiujun aut EME EME text chapter eng This chapter reviews the applications of rotating disk electrode (RDE) and Rotating ring-disk electrode (RRDE) techniques in Oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) research and its associated catalyst evaluation. Some typical examples for RDE and RRDE analysis in obtaining the ORR kinetic information such as the overall electron-transfer number, electron-transfer coefficiency, and exchange current density are also given in this chapter. It demonstrates that both RDE and RRDE methods are the powerful tools in an ORR study, and using RDE and RRDE methods, ORR has been successfully studied on Pt electrode, carbon electrode, monolayer metal catalyst, Pt-based catalyst, and non-noble metal-based catalysts, respectively. yes yes ORR electrocatalysts Oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) Rotating disk electrode (RDE) Rotating ring-disk electrode (RRDE) 2014-03-31 Elsevier 9780444632784 231 277 47 10.1016/B978-0-444-63278-4.00007-0 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Energy, Mining and Environment Énergie, mines et environnement 21272675 845347f1-e62a-4a66-9ae0-4367eb7d3e54 Matthias Geissler aut MD DM Kebin Li aut MD DM Xuefeng F. Zhang Zhang, Xuefeng aut MD DM Liviu Clime aut MD DM Gregg P. Robideau aut Guillaume J. Bilodeau aut Teodor Veres aut MD DM text article eng This paper describes the design, functioning and use of an integrated mixer that relies on air flux to agitate microliter entities of fluid in an embedded microfluidic cavity. The system was fabricated from multiple layers of a thermoplastic elastomer and features circuits for both liquid and air supply along with pneumatic valves for process control. Internally-dyed polymer particles have been used to visualize flow within the fluid phase during agitation. Numerical modelling of the micromixer revealed an overall efficacy of 10-1 to 10-2 for momentum transfer at the air-water interface. Simulation of air vortex dynamics showed dependency of the flow pattern on the velocity of the flux entering the cavity. Three bioanalytical assays have been performed as proof-of-concept demonstrations. In a first assay, cells of Listeria monocytogenes were combined with magnetic nanoparticles (NPs), resulting in high-density coverage of the bacteria's surface with NPs after 1 min of agitation. This finding is contrasted by a control experiment without agitation for which interaction between bacteria and NPs remains low. In a second one, capture and release of genomic DNA from fungi through adsorption onto magnetic beads was tested and shown to be improved by agitation compared to non-agitated controls. A third assay finally involved fluorescently-labelled target oligonucleotide strands and polystyrene particles modified with DNA capture probes to perform detection of nucleic acids on beads. Excellent selectivity was obtained in a competitive hybridization process using a multiplexed micromixer chip design. yes yes elastomer genomic DNA magnetic nanoparticle plastic polystyrene adsorption air stream micromixer analytical equipment comparative study controlled study hybridization lab on a chip liquid Listeria monocytogenes microfluidics simulation surface property velocity vortex motion 2014-08-05 Royal Society of Chemistry 1473-0197 14 19 3750 3761 12 10.1039/c4lc00769g National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Medical Devices Dispositifs médicaux 21272677 c9237a89-65b8-478c-8372-83af3f0a0771 Shengyi Liu aut Yumei Liu aut Xinhua Yang aut Chaobo Tong aut David Edwards aut Isobel Parkin Parkin, Isobel A. P. aut Meixia Zhao aut Jianxin Ma aut Jingyin Yu aut Shunmou Huang aut Xiyin Wang aut Junyi Wang aut Kun Lu aut Zhiyuan Fang aut Ian Bancroft aut Tae-Jin Yang aut Qiong Hu aut Xinfa Wang aut Zhen Yue aut Haojie Li aut Linfeng Yang aut Jian Wu aut Qing Zhou aut Wanxin Wang aut Graham J. King aut J. Chris Pires aut Changxin Lu aut Zhangyan Wu aut Perumal Sampath aut Zhuo Wang aut Hui Guo aut Shengkai Pan aut Limei Yang aut Jiumeng Min aut Dong Zhang aut Dianchuan Jin aut Wanshun Li aut Harry Belcram aut Jinxing Tu aut Mei Guan aut Cunkou Qi aut Dezhi Du aut Jiana Li aut Liangcai Jiang aut Jacqueline Batley aut Andrew (Andy) Sharpe Sharpe, Andrew G. aut ACRD DCRA Beom-Seok Park aut Pradeep Ruperao aut Feng Cheng aut Nomar Espinosa Waminal aut Yin Huang aut Caihua Dong aut Li Wang aut Jingping Li aut Zhiyong Hu aut Mu Zhuang aut Yi Huang aut Junyan Huang aut Jiaqin Shi aut Desheng Mei aut Jing Liu aut Tae-Ho Lee aut Jinpeng Wang aut Huizhe Jin aut Zaiyun Li aut Xun Li aut Jiefu Zhang aut Lu Xiao aut Yongming Zhou aut Zhongsong Liu aut Xuequn Liu aut Rui Qin aut Xu Tang aut Wenbin Liu aut Yupeng Wang aut Yangyong Zhang aut Jonghoon Lee aut Hyun Hee Kim aut France Denoeud aut Xun Xu aut Xinming Liang aut Wei Hua aut Xiaowu Wang aut Jun Wang aut Boulos Chalhoub aut Andrew H. Paterson aut text article 2014-11-23 eng Polyploidization has provided much genetic variation for plant adaptive evolution, but the mechanisms by which the molecular evolution of polyploid genomes establishes genetic architecture underlying species differentiation are unclear. Brassica is an ideal model to increase knowledge of polyploid evolution. Here we describe a draft genome sequence of Brassica oleracea, comparing it with that of its sister species B. rapa to reveal numerous chromosome rearrangements and asymmetrical gene loss in duplicated genomic blocks, asymmetrical amplification of transposable elements, differential gene co-retention for specific pathways and variation in gene expression, including alternative splicing, among a large number of paralogous and orthologous genes. Genes related to the production of anticancer phytochemicals and morphological variations illustrate consequences of genome duplication and gene divergence, imparting biochemical and morphological variation to B. oleracea. This study provides insights into Brassica genome evolution and will underpin research into the many important crops in this genus. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes alternative RNA splicing; article; Brassica oleracea; broccoli; cabbage; cauliflower; chromosome rearrangement; comparative study; evolution; gene expression; gene loss; gene sequence; genetic variability; genome; genomics; nonhuman; polyploidy; transposon 2014-05-23 2041-1723 5 3930 1 11 21 10.1038/ncomms4930 NRC-ACRD-56002 Aquatic and Crop Resource Development Développement des cultures et des ressources aquatiques National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21272678 e9e56c8b-4a48-48ff-b5fe-257bb18c1ab0 L. Tomkins aut T. Benzeroual aut A. Milner aut J. E. Zacher aut M. Ballagh aut R. S. McAlpine aut Tim Doig Doig, T. aut IAR IRA Sion Jennings Jennings, S. aut AERO AERO Gregory (Greg) Craig Craig, G. aut AERO AERO R. S. Allison aut text article eng Night-time flight searches using night vision goggles have the potential to improve early aerial detection of forest fires, which could in turn improve suppression effectiveness and reduce costs. Two sets of flight trials explored this potential in an operational context. With a clear line of sight, fires could be seen from many kilometres away (on average 3584m for controlled point sources and 6678m for real fires). Observers needed to be nearer to identify a light as a potential source worthy of further investigation. The average discrimination distance, at which a source could be confidently determined to be a fire or other bright light source, was 1193m (95% CI: 944 to 1442m). The hit rate was 68% over the course of the controlled experiment, higher than expectations based on the use of small fire sources and novice observers. The hit rate showed improvement over time, likely because of observers becoming familiar with the task and terrain. Night vision goggles enable sensitive detection of small fires, including those that were very difficult to detect during daytime patrols. The results demonstrate that small fires can be detected and reliably discriminated at night using night vision goggles at distances comparable to those recorded for daytime aerial detection patrols. yes yes 2014-06-27 CSIRO Publishing 1049-8001 23 5 678 685 8 10.1071/WF13042 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Institute for Aerospace Research Institut de recherche aérospatiale du CNRC Aerospace Aérospatiale 21272663 5de3dcfb-be05-45aa-8d10-11d6815040f1 Graham E McLaurin McLaurin, Graham aut EXEC EXEC Kyuchul Shin aut Saman Alavi aut NRC CNRC John A Ripmeester Ripmeester, John A. aut SDT TSR text article eng Contrary to the thermodynamic inhibiting effect of methanol on methane hydrate formation from aqueous phases, hydrate forms quickly at high yield by exposing frozen water-methanol mixtures with methanol concentrations ranging from 0.6-10 wt% to methane gas at pressures from 125 bars at 253 K. Formation rates are some two orders of magnitude greater than those obtained for samples without methanol and conversion of ice is essentially complete. Ammonia has a similar catalytic effect when used in concentrations of 0.3-2.7 wt%. The structure I methane hydrate formed in this manner was characterized by powder X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy. Steps in the possible mechanism of action of methanol were studied with molecular dynamics simulations of the Ih (0001) basal plane exposed to methanol and methane gas. Simulations show that methanol from a surface aqueous layer slowly migrates into the ice lattice. Methane gas is preferentially adsorbed into the aqueous methanol surface layer. Possible consequences of the catalytic methane hydrate formation on hydrate plug formation in gas pipelines, on large scale energy-efficient gas hydrate formation, and in planetary science are discussed. yes yes Methanol Molecular dynamics Gas uptake Methane hydrates Powder X ray diffraction Hydrates 2014-09-24 Wiley 1433-7851 53 39 10429 10433 5 10.1002/anie.201403638 National Research Council - EXEC Conseil national de recherches Canada - EXEC National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Security and Disruptive Technologies Technologies de sécurité et de rupture 21272664 946fcd26-4c59-4998-b55d-0413c180e5d5 Ragunath Singaravelu aut MD DM Rodney S. Russell aut D. Lorne Tyrrell aut John Paul Pezacki aut MD DM text article eng It is well-established that the host microRNA (miRNA) milieu has a significant influence on the etiology of disease. In the context of viruses, such as hepatitis C virus (HCV), microRNAs have been shown to influence viral life cycles both directly, through interactions with the viral genome, and indirectly, through regulation of critical virus-associated host pathways. Several miRNA profiling studies have demonstrated that HCV infection aberrantly regulates a significant number of human miRNA. However, the biological relevance of these modulations remains poorly understood. In this review, we summarize recent research that has shed light on the pro-viral and anti-viral roles of HCV-induced changes in human miRNA expression and their significance in the development of HCV related sequelae and response to therapy. yes yes microRNA biogenesis disease association disease course hepatitis C Hepatitis C virus host pathogen interaction life cycle liver cell carcinoma liver fibrosis pathogenesis regulatory mechanism steatosis virus genome virus immunity 2014-08 Elsevier 1879-6257 7 1 1 10 10 10.1016/j.coviro.2014.03.004 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Medical Devices Dispositifs médicaux 21272668 4b9379a7-c00e-4e97-95ee-2fb4f0a0e8aa Aaron D. Slepkov aut Aaron Barlow Barlow, Aaron M. aut SDT TSR Andrew Ridsdale aut SDT TSR Patrick McGinn McGinn, Patrick J. aut ACRD DCRA Albert Stolow aut SDT TSR Multimodal Biomedical Imaging IX, 1 February 2014 through 2 February 2014, San Francisco, CA text article eng Coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) and four-wave-mixing (FWM) microscopy are a related pair of powerful nonlinear optical characterization tools. These techniques often yield strong signals from concentrated samples, but because of their quadratic dependence on concentration, they are not typically employed for imaging or identifying dilute cellular constituents. We report here that, depending on the excitation wavelengths employed, both CARS and degenerate-FWM signals from carotenoid accumulations in alga cysts can be exceptionally large, allowing for low-power imaging of astaxanthin (AXN) deposits in Haematococcus pluvialis microalga. By use of a broadband laser pulse scheme for CARS and FWM, we are able to simultaneously collect strong intrinsic two-photon-excitation fluorescence signals from cellular chlorophyll in vivo. We show that CARS signals from astaxanthin (AXN) samples in vitro strictly follow the expected quadratic dependence on concentration, and we demonstrate the collection of wellresolved CARS spectra in the fingerprint region with sensitivity below 2mM. We suggest that multimodal nonlinear optical microscopy is sufficiently sensitive to AXN and chlorophyll concentrations that it will allow for non-invasive monitoring of carotenogenesis in live H. pluvialis microalgae. yes yes Astaxanthin Carotenogenesis Coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering Haematococcus pluvialis Nonlinear optical microscopy Algae Chlorophyll Fluorescence Medical imaging Optical data storage Optical microscopy Pigments Raman scattering Raman spectroscopy Coherent scattering 2014-02-17 SPIE 1605-7422 9780819498502 8937 893709 10.1117/12.2038229 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Security and Disruptive Technologies Technologies de sécurité et de rupture Aquatic and Crop Resource Development Développement des cultures et des ressources aquatiques 21272669 d22efeba-5dbd-4c70-80a6-fe254c4f6b13 Donglei Guo aut Bao Li aut Zhaorong Chang aut Hongwei Tang aut Xinhong Xu aut Kun Chang aut Enbao Shangguan aut Xiao-Zi (Riny) Yuan Yuan, Xiao-Zi aut EME EME Haijiang Wang aut EME EME text article eng To improve the cycling performance of spinel LiMn2O4, Al-doped LiMn2O4, LiAl0.1Mn1.9O4, is synthesized using Mn1.9Al0.1O3 precursor and LiOH·H2O via a low temperature solid-phase reaction. The Mn1.9Al0.1O3 precursor, prepared from the electrolytic manganese dioxide (EMD) and Al(OH)3, is composed of spherical particles with an average diameter of 300 nm, and has a large interspace. Energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) indicates the Al element is well distributed in Mn1.9Al0.1O3 and LiAl0.1Mn1.9O4. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) images show that the LiAl0.1Mn1.9O4 sample has a high crystallinity with sizes ranging from 300 to 500 nm. Electrochemical properties of LiAl0.1Mn1.9O4 are studied by cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and galvanostatic charge-discharge. The results show that LiAl0.1Mn1.9O4 possesses better rate and cycling capabilities than LiMn2O4 at both 25 °C and 55 °C. At a rate of 5 C, the capacity retention ratio of the LiMn1.9Al0.1O4 electrode after 100 cycles is about 95% at 25 °C and about 90% at 55 °C. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes Lithium-ion batteries; Al-doped lithium manganate; Elevated temperature property; Solid-phase reaction; Cathode materials 2014-04-27 0013-4686 134 338 346 9 10.1016/j.electacta.2014.04.117 Energy, Mining and Environment Énergie, mines et environnement National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21272672 e694b5ae-46cf-42c9-960f-fae9304eb786 Yanjie Wang Wang, Yan-Jie aut EME EME David Wilkinson Wilkinson, David P. aut Vladimir Neburchilov aut EME EME Chaojie Song aut EME EME Alan Guest aut EME EME Jiujun (JJ) Zhang Zhang, Jiujun aut EME EME text article eng To explore possible substitutes for carbon supports in PEM fuel cell catalysts, both Ta and Nb co-doped TiO2 (TaNbTiO2) and carbon-TaNbTiO2 (C-TaNbTiO2) hybrid support materials are successfully synthesized by a modified thermal hydrolysis method. These materials are employed as support candidates for Pt-Pd alloy catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction. Among several supported catalysts, 20 wt% Pt 0.62Pd0.38/C75wt%-(Ta0.01Nb 0.03Ti0.96O2)25wt% is found to have an oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) mass activity of 260 mA mgPt -1 and an ORR loss of 30%, which are slightly better than those of the commercially available Pt/C baseline catalyst which has a mass activity of 110 mA mgPt -1 and an ORR loss of 40% probably because of a strong physicochemical interaction among the Pt-Pd alloy catalyst particle, carbon-TaNbTiO2 support and carbon, as well as the stability of oxide to protect carbon from corrosion by the distribution of oxide onto carbon, respectively. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes Alloys Carbon Electrocatalysts Electrolytic reduction Hybrid materials Niobium Platinum Proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) Tantalum Titanium dioxide Carbon support Co-doped tio Hybrid support Mass activity Oxygen reduction reaction PEM fuel cell Physico-chemical interactions Thermal hydrolysis Platinum alloys 2014-06-11 2050-7488 2 32 12681 12685 5 10.1039/c4ta02062f Energy, Mining and Environment Énergie, mines et environnement National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21272665 a728ffa3-cdb5-4610-b181-f33a783fa631 Doug Henke aut NSI ISN Stéphane Claude aut NSI ISN text article eng The turnstile junction exhibits very low cross-polarization leakage and is suitable for low-noise millimeter-wave receivers. For use in a cryogenic receiver, it is best if the orthomode transducer (OMT) is implemented in waveguide, contains no additional assembly features, and may be directly machined. However, machined OMTs are prone to sharp signal drop-outs that are costly to overall performance since they show up directly as spikes in receiver noise. We explore the various factors contributing to this degradation and discuss how the current design mitigates each cause. Final performance is demonstrated at cryogenic temperatures. yes yes Cryogenics Millimeter waves Polarization Radio astronomy Signal receivers Assembly features Cryogenic temperatures Low cross polarization Millimeter-wave receivers Ortho-mode transducers Polarization splitters Receiver noise Turnstile junctions Transducers 2014-04 IEEE 0018-9480 62 4 6762816 840 850 11 10.1109/TMTT.2014.2309551 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada National Science Infrastructure Infrastructure scientifique nationale 21272674 022d15ae-5ffe-4cc2-9b45-ee761918a48b Sylvie Sanschagrin aut EME EME Étienne Yergeau aut EME EME text article eng One of the major questions in microbial ecology is "who is there?" This question can be answered using various tools, but one of the long-lasting gold standards is to sequence 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene amplicons generated by domain-level PCR reactions amplifying from genomic DNA. Traditionally, this was performed by cloning and Sanger (capillary electrophoresis) sequencing of PCR amplicons. The advent of next-generation sequencing has tremendously simplified and increased the sequencing depth for 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The introduction of benchtop sequencers now allows small labs to perform their 16S rRNA sequencing in-house in a matter of days. Here, an approach for 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing using a benchtop next-generation sequencer is detailed. The environmental DNA is first amplified by PCR using primers that contain sequencing adapters and barcodes. They are then coupled to spherical particles via emulsion PCR. The particles are loaded on a disposable chip and the chip is inserted in the sequencing machine after which the sequencing is performed. The sequences are retrieved in fastq format, filtered and the barcodes are used to establish the sample membership of the reads. The filtered and binned reads are then further analyzed using publically available tools. An example analysis where the reads were classified with a taxonomy-finding algorithm within the software package Mothur is given. The method outlined here is simple, inexpensive and straightforward and should help smaller labs to take advantage from the ongoing genomic revolution. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes Molecular Biology; Issue 90; Metagenomics; Bacteria; 16S ribosomal RNA gene; Amplicon sequencing; Next-generation sequencing; benchtop sequencers 2014-08-29 1940-087X 90 e51709 10.3791/51709 Energy, Mining and Environment Énergie, mines et environnement National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21272676 6a3eed0c-f729-4a8c-800c-cf5765d6e276 Hye Min Kim aut Ji Young Jung aut Etienne Yergeau aut NRC CNRC Chung Yeon Hwang aut Larry Hinzman aut Sungjin Nam aut Soon Gyu Hong aut Ok-Sun Kim aut Jongsik Chun aut Yoo Kyung Lee aut text article eng The subarctic region is highly responsive and vulnerable to climate change. Understanding the structure of subarctic soil microbial communities is essential for predicting the response of the subarctic soil environment to climate change. To determine the composition of the bacterial community and its relationship with soil properties, we investigated the bacterial community structure and properties of surface soil from the moist acidic tussock tundra in Council, Alaska. We collected 70 soil samples with 25-m intervals between sampling points from 0-10 cm to 10-20 cm depths. The bacterial community was analyzed by pyrosequencing of 16S rRNA genes, and the following soil properties were analyzed: soil moisture content (MC), pH, total carbon (TC), total nitrogen (TN), and inorganic nitrogen (NH4+ and NO3-). The community compositions of the two different depths showed that Alphaproteobacteria decreased with soil depth. Among the soil properties measured, soil pH was the most significant factor correlating with bacterial community in both upper and lower-layer soils. Bacterial community similarity based on jackknifed unweighted unifrac distance showed greater similarity across horizontal layers than through the vertical depth. This study showed that soil depth and pH were the most important soil properties determining bacterial community structure of the subarctic tundra soil in Council, Alaska. yes yes bacterial RNA carbon nitrogen RNA 16S Actinobacteria biomass DNA sequence genetics microbiology molecular genetics molecular typing pH phylogeny pyrosequencing soil soil microflora tussock tundra Alaska soil bacteria soil depth Hydrogen-Ion Concentration Molecular Sequence Data Proteobacteria RNA, Bacterial Sequence Analysis, DNA Soil Microbiology 2014-08-01 Oxford University Press 0168-6496 89 2 465 475 11 10.1111/1574-6941.12362 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21272654 4679cfc4-2dea-4100-a3b9-2701b9a91344 Zachary Draper Draper, Zachary H. aut NSI ISN John P. Wisniewski aut Karen S. Bjorkman aut Marilyn R. Meade aut Xavier Haubois aut Bruno C. Mota aut Alex C. Carciofi aut Jon E. Bjorkman aut text article eng Recent observational and theoretical studies of classical Be stars have established the utility of polarization color diagrams (PCDs) in helping to constrain the time-dependent mass decretion rates of these systems. We expand on our pilot observational study of this phenomenon, and report the detailed analysis of a long-term (1989-2004) spectropolarimetric survey of nine additional classical Be stars, including systems exhibiting evidence of partial disk-loss/disk-growth episodes as well as systems exhibiting long-term stable disks. After carefully characterizing and removing the interstellar polarization along the line of sight to each of these targets, we analyze their intrinsic polarization behavior. We find that many steady-state Be disks pause at the top of the PCD, as predicted by theory. We also observe sharp declines in the Balmer jump polarization for later spectral type, near edge-on steady-state disks, again as recently predicted by theory, likely caused when the base density of the disk is very high, and the outer region of the edge-on disk starts to self absorb a significant number of Balmer jump photons. The intrinsic V-band polarization and polarization position angle of γ Cas exhibits variations that seem to phase with the orbital period of a known one-armed density structure in this disk, similar to the theoretical predictions of Halonen & Jones. We also observe stochastic jumps in the intrinsic polarization across the Balmer jump of several known Be+sdO systems, and speculate that the thermal inflation of part of the outer region of these disks could be responsible for producing this observational phenomenon. Finally, we estimate the base densities of this sample of stars to be between ≈8 × 10-11 and ≈4 × 10-12gcm-3 during quasi steady state periods given there maximum observed polarization. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes circumstellar matter; stars: individual (pi Aquarii, 60 Cygni, 48 Librae, psi Persei, phi Persei, 28 Cygni, 66 Ophiuchi, gamma Casseopia, omega Orionis, FY CMa, 59 Cyg) 2014-04-24 0004-637X 786 2 120 1 15 15 10.1088/0004-637X/786/2/120 National Science Infrastructure Infrastructure scientifique nationale National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21272656 65701775-4d89-48e2-9a4b-3875b9a2ca60 Akira Endo aut Kenneth (Ken) Nelson Nelson, Ken M. aut ACRD DCRA Ken Thoms aut Suzanne R (Sue) Abrams Abrams, Suzanne R. aut Eiji Nambara aut Yutaka Sato aut text article eng Abscisic acid (ABA) is a phytohormone that plays a key role in biotic and abiotic stress responses. ABA metabolic genes are promising targets for molecular breeding work to improve stress tolerance in crops. The accumulation of ABA does not always improve stress tolerance since stress-induced accumulation of ABA in pollen inhibits the normal course of gametogenesis, affecting grain yields in cereals. This effect highlights the importance of manipulating the ABA levels according to the type of tissues. The aim of this study was to assign an ABA biosynthetic enzyme, xanthoxin dehydrogenase (XanDH), as a functional marker to modulate ABA levels in rice. XanDH is a member of the short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase family that catalyzes the conversion of xanthoxin to abscisyl aldehyde (ABAld). Previously, this enzyme had only been identified in Arabidopsis, as AtABA2. In this study, a XanDH named OsABA2 was identified in rice. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that a single gene encodes for OsABA2 in the rice genome. Its amino acid sequence contains two motifs that are essential for cofactor binding and catalytic activity. Expression analysis of OsABA2 mRNA showed that the transcript level did not change in response to treatment with ABA or dehydration. Recombinant OsABA2 protein expressed in Escherichia coli converted xanthoxin to ABAld in an NAD-dependent manner. Moreover, expression of OsABA2 in an Arabidopsis aba2 mutant rescued the aba2 mutant phenotypes, characterized by reduced growth, increased water loss, and germination in the presence of paclobutrazol, a gibberellin biosynthesis inhibitor or high concentration of glucose. These results indicate that OsABA2 is a rice XanDH that functions in ABA biosynthesis. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes Abscisic acid biosynthesis; Oryza sativa; Short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase; Xanthoxin dehydrogenase 2014-06-02 0176-1617 171 14 1231 1240 10 10.1016/j.jplph.2014.05.003 NRC-ACRD-56071 Aquatic and Crop Resource Development Développement des cultures et des ressources aquatiques National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21272660 d5f6aab9-d477-46d2-bb30-3aad80ee0f0d Markus Tilsch aut Detlev Ristau aut Li Li aut IBD IBD Angela Piegari aut text article eng This Applied Optics feature issue is dedicated to the 12th topical meeting on Optical Interference Coatings held on 16-21 June 2013 in Whistler, British Columbia, Canada. The conference, taking place in a three-year rotation with conferences in Europe and Asia, is a focal point for global technical interchange in the field of optical interference coatings and provides premier opportunities for people in the field to present their new advances in research and development. Papers presented at the conference cover a broad range of topics, from thin film deposition processes, designs and modeling, materials, and metrologies to a wide array of thin film applications. yes yes Optical interference coatings Optical Society of America 2014-01-27 Optical Society of America 1559-128X 53 4 OIC1 OIC3 10.1364/AO.53.00OIC1 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Institute for Biodiagnostics Institut du biodiagnostic du CNRC 21272661 7fd5c3d5-8b42-42c5-b051-7ea65ef583af J.B. Robbins aut R. Schneerson aut J. Kubler-Kielb aut J.M. Keith aut B. Trollfors aut E. Vinogradov aut NRC CNRC J. Shiloach aut text article eng To overcome the limitations of the current pertussis vaccines, those of limited duration of action and failure to induce direct killing of Bordetella pertussis, a synthetic scheme was devised for preparing a conjugate vaccine composed of the Bordetella bronchiseptica core oligosaccharide with one terminal trisaccharide to aminooxylated BSA via their terminal ketodeoxyoctanate residues. Conjugate-induced antibodies, by a fraction of an estimated human dose injected into young outbred mice as a saline solution, were bactericidal against B. pertussis, and their titers correlated with their ELISA values. The carrier protein is planned to be genetically altered pertussis toxoid. Such conjugates are easy to prepare, stable, and should add both to the level and duration of immunity induced by current vaccine-induced pertussis antibodies and reduce the circulation of B. pertussis. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes bacterium antibody carrier protein neutralizing antibody oligosaccharide pertussis vaccine trisaccharide antibacterial activity Bordetella bronchiseptica Bordetella parapertussis Bordetella pertussis conjugate human nonhuman pertussis priority journal review lipooligosaccharide conjugate new pertussis vaccine Animals Antibodies, Bacterial Bacterial Vaccines Bordetella bronchiseptica Bordetella pertussis Drug Design Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay Humans Mice Oligosaccharides Serum Albumin, Bovine Vaccines, Conjugate Whooping Cough lipooligosaccharide conjugate new pertussis vaccine 2014 0027-8424 111 9 3213 3216 4 10.1073/pnas.1324149111 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) 21272662 0c1c4f7d-50eb-4f1c-a10f-e57482181fe0 Ligang Feng aut Xiujuan Sun aut Shikui Yao aut Changpeng Liu aut Wei Xing aut Jiujun (JJ) Zhang Zhang, Jiujun aut EME EME text chapter eng In this chapter, to give some basic knowledge and concepts, some fundamentals about the catalyst activity and stability of oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) electrocatalysts, which are the targeted research systems by rotating electrode methods, are presented. A detailed description about the electrocatalysts and catalyst layers and their applications for ORR in terms of their types, structures, properties, catalytic activity/stability, as well as their research progress in the past several decades are also given. Furthermore, both the synthesis and characterization methods for ORR electrocatalysts, and the fabrication procedures for catalyst layers are also reviewed. yes yes Electrocatalytic theory Oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) ORR catalyst layer Rotating disk electrode (RDE) Rotating ring-disk electrode (RRDE) electrocatalysts> 2014-07-01 Elsevier 9780444632784 67 132 66 10.1016/B978-0-444-63278-4.00003-3 Energy, Mining and Environment Énergie, mines et environnement National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21272666 50775c7f-99bf-49de-a5aa-34d4d1c4ae91 Zhijiang Ye aut Alberto Otero de la Roza aut SDT TSR Erin Johnson Johnson, Erin R. aut SDT TSR Ashlie Martini aut text article eng A multi-scale theoretical model is presented that is the first to offer quantitative agreement with experimental measurements of self-retraction and oscillation of bilayer graphene. The model integrates density-functional theory calculations of the energetics driving flake retraction and molecular-dynamics simulations capturing the dynamic response of laterally-offset rough surfaces. We demonstrate that nanoscale roughness explains self-retraction motion and propose a recipe for tuning that motion by controlling friction. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes Graphene Bilayer Graphene Molecular dynamics simulations Oscillatory motion Density functional theory 2014-10-02 0957-4484 25 42 425703 1 6 6 10.1088/0957-4484/25/42/425703 Security and Disruptive Technologies Technologies de sécurité et de rupture National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21272667 b18c3195-0259-42d9-8d9c-b767ac93b91d Salima Alem aut ICT TIC Jianping Lu aut ICT TIC Raluca Movileanu aut ICT TIC Terho Kololuoma aut ICT TIC Afshin Dadvand aut ICT TIC Ye Tao aut ICT TIC text article eng We report the development and application of high-quality zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) processed in air for stable inverted bulk heterojunction solar cells as an electron extraction layer (EEL). The ZnO NPs (average size ∼11 nm) were dispersed in chloroform and stabilized by propylamine (PA). We demonstrated that the ZnO NP dispersion with 4 vol.% of PA as stabilizer can be used in air directly and remains clear up to one month after preparation. Our inverted solar cells consisted of a blade-coated poly(N-9′-heptadecanyl-2, 7-carbazole-alt-5,5-(4′,7′-di-2-thienyl-2′,1′, 3′-benzothiadiazole (PCDTBT) and [6,6]-phenyl C71-butyric acid methyl ester (PC71BM) (1: 4 by weight) active layer sandwiched between a ZnO electron extraction layer and a MoO3/Ag anode. All solar cells with ZnO films fabricated in air using PA-stabilized ZnO dispersions prepared within a time window of one month exhibited power conversion efficiencies (PCE) above 4%. In contrast, if the ZnO film was prepared in air using regular un-stabilized ZnO NP dispersion, the PCE would drop to 0.2% due to poor film quality. More interestingly, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance measurements indicated that the PA ligands were not covalently bonded to ZnO NPs and did not exist in the deposited ZnO films. The spin-cast ZnO thin films (without any thermal treatment) are insoluble in organic solvents and can be directly used as an EEL in solar cells. This feature is beneficial for fabricating organic solar cells on flexible polymer substrates. More importantly, our non-encapsulated inverted solar cells are highly stable with their PCEs remaining unchanged after being stored in air for 50 days. yes yes Convergence of numerical methods Extraction Heterojunctions Metallic films Molybdenum oxide Nanoparticles Photoelectrons X ray photoelectron spectroscopy Zinc oxide Bulk heterojunction Inverted solar cells Power conversion efficiencies Propylamines Zinc oxide nanoparticles Solar cells 2014-05 Elsevier 1566-1199 15 5 1035 1042 8 10.1016/j.orgel.2014.02.024 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Information and Communication Technologies Technologies de l'information et des communications 21272670 18ac3f26-2b15-4157-9d83-49f4338bf870 V. F. Bondici aut N. H. Khan aut G. D. W. Swerhone aut J. J. Dynes aut J. R. Lawrence aut E. Yergeau aut NRC CNRC G. M. Wolfaardt aut J. Warner aut D. R. Korber aut text article eng Aims: To describe microbial diversity, biofilm composition and biogeochemical potential within biofilms in the water overlying uranium tailings characterized by high pH, high metal concentration and low permeability. Methods and Results: To estimate microbial diversity in biofilms formed in water columns overlying uranium mine tailings, culture-dependent and culture-independent methods were employed. High-throughput sequencing revealed the presence of 11 phyla; however, the majority of the sequences were affiliated with four major lineages (Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria and Firmicutes) as confirmed by culture-based methods. Dominant phylotypes were closely related to methylotrophs (Methylobacterium) and bacterial groups able to utilize complex hydrocarbons (Aquabacterium and Dechloromonas). Microbial diversity in biofilms from the 13 m depth was significantly different that in biofilms from 1 to 41 m (P < 0·05). Phylotypes closely related to iron-reducing bacteria were identified at each depth; whereas sulphate-, thio-sulphate-, sulphite- and sulphur-reducing bacteria, at low abundance, were only detected at lower depths. Confocal scanning laser microscopy (CSLM) was used to investigate polymer quantity and composition of the biofilm components, and principal component analysis of the CLSM data revealed that the relative abundance of α-L-fucose and N-acetyl-glucosamine/lipopolysaccharide residues separated tailings-water interface biofilms from those from other depths. Reduced (ferrous) iron was detected within all the biofilm samples examined by scanning X-ray transmission microscopy. Conclusions: Microbial communities within the water column covering a highly alkaline uranium tailings body form biofilms with microenvironments where iron reduction takes place. Significance and Impact of the Study: This study demonstrates the biogeochemical potential of microbial biofilm communities in the water column covering an alkaline uranium tailings body; specifically, the nature of the bacterial groups detected (Aquabacterium, Dechloromonas) and the presence of reduced iron suggest that complex hydrocarbons are available for bacterial growth and geochemical change, such as iron reduction, can occur even though the system bulk phase is predominantly oxic. yes yes 2014-10 Wiley 1364-5072 117 4 1079 1094 16 10.1111/jam.12593 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21272671 5690eebb-b013-438d-8a1a-2c31669b2995 Maryam Kabiri aut Larry David Unsworth Unsworth, Larry D. aut SDT TSR text article eng The complex nature of macromolecular interactions usually makes it very hard to identify the molecular-level mechanisms that ultimately dictate the result of these interactions. This is especially evident in the case of biological systems, where the complex interaction of molecules in various situations may be responsible for driving biomolecular interactions themselves but also has a broader effect at the cell and/or tissue level. This review will endeavor to further the understanding of biomolecular interactions utilizing the isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) technique for thermodynamic characterization of two extremely important biomaterial systems, viz., peptide self-assembly and nonfouling polymer-modified surfaces. The advantages and shortcomings of this technique will be presented along with a thorough review of the recent application of ITC to these two areas. Furthermore, the controversies associated with the enthalpy-entropy compensation effect as well as thermodynamic equilibrium state for such interactions will be discussed. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes Biomolecular interactions Isothermal titration calorimetry Peptide self assemblies Protein adsorption Thermodynamic parameter peptide polymer protein adiabaticity adsorption Article case study enthalpy entropy equilibrium constant human isothermal titration calorimetry macromolecule molecular interaction protein analysis surface plasmon resonance theory thermodynamics 2014-08-18 1525-7797 15 10 3463 3473 11 10.1021/bm5004515 Security and Disruptive Technologies Technologies de sécurité et de rupture National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21272657 e55f80fd-9f1d-4686-9b90-407f8edc2cf8 J. George aut A Robert (Bob) McKellar McKellar, A. R. W. aut SDT TSR N. Moazzen-Ahmadi aut text article eng Spectra of He-, Ne- and Ar-C6D6 in the region of the ν12 fundamental of C6D6 are observed in a pulsed supersonic jet expansion using a tunable optical parametric oscillator laser source. These are the first reported infrared spectra of rare gas-benzene complexes and the first observation in any region for He- and Ne-C 6D6. Two bands are studied for each complex: the ν12 fundamental itself (≈2289 cm-1) and the ν2 + ν13 combination band (≈2276 cm-1) which are coupled by a Fermi resonance. Effective intermolecular separations of 3.593(1) and 3.455(1) Å are obtained for He- and Ne-C6D 6, respectively, consistent with previous ultraviolet and microwave results for the analogous C6H6 complexes. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes Optical parametric oscillators Spectroscopy Supersonic aerodynamics Combination bands Fermi resonances Infrared spectrum Intermolecular separations Laser sources Pulsed supersonic jet expansions Two bands Argon lasers 2014-06-08 0009-2614 610-611 121 124 4 10.1016/j.cplett.2014.06.059 Security and Disruptive Technologies Technologies de sécurité et de rupture National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21272659 13264acf-4705-460e-9864-17dd09163208 Bryan Richard Muir Muir, B. R. aut MSS SME Malcolm McEwen McEwen, M. R. aut MSS SME David W (Dave) Rogers Rogers, D. W. O. aut text article eng A method is presented to obtain ion chamber calibration coefficients relative to secondary standard reference chambers in electron beams using depth-ionization measurements. Results are obtained as a function of depth and average electron energy at depth in 4, 8, 12 and 18 MeV electron beams from the NRC Elekta Precise linac. The PTW Roos, Scanditronix NACP-02, PTW Advanced Markus and NE 2571 ion chambers are investigated. The challenges and limitations of the method are discussed. The proposed method produces useful data at shallow depths. At depths past the reference depth, small shifts in positioning or drifts in the incident beam energy affect the results, thereby providing a built-in test of incident electron energy drifts and/or chamber set-up. Polarity corrections for ion chambers as a function of average electron energy at depth agree with literature data. The proposed method produces results consistent with those obtained using the conventional calibration procedure while gaining much more information about the behavior of the ion chamber with similar data acquisition time. Measurement uncertainties in calibration coefficients obtained with this method are estimated to be less than 0.5%. These results open up the possibility of using depth-ionization measurements to yield chamber ratios which may be suitable for primary standards-level dissemination. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes Calibration coefficients Clinical electron beams Reference dosimetry Electron beams 2014-09-12 0031-9155 59 19 5953 5953 5969 17 10.1088/0031-9155/59/19/5953 Measurement Science and Standards Science des mesures et étalons National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21272646 2fd0383c-7ea9-4a5f-a34c-e2231684e08e Gabriele Bulgarini aut Michael Reimer Reimer, Michael E. aut Maaike Bouwes Bavinck aut Klaus D. Jöns aut Dan Dalacu aut ICT TIC Philip J Poole Poole, Philip J. aut ICT TIC Erik P. A. M. Bakkers aut Val Zwiller aut text article eng Quantum communication as well as integrated photonic circuits require single photons propagating in a well-defined Gaussian mode. However, tailoring the emission mode to a Gaussian remains an unsolved challenge for solid-state quantum emitters due to their random positioning in the host material or photonic structure. Here, we overcome these limitations by embedding a semiconductor quantum dot in a tapered nanowire waveguide. Owing to the deterministic positioning of the emitter in the waveguide, we demonstrate a Gaussian emission profile in the far field. Hence, we further couple the emission into a single-mode optical fiber with a record efficiency of 93%, thereby addressing a major hurdle for practical implementation of single photon sources in emerging photonic technologies. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes Quantum dot; nanowire; single photon emission; waveguide modes; Fourier microscopy 2014-06-13 1530-6984 14 7 4102 4106 5 10.1021/nl501648f Information and Communication Technologies Technologies de l'information et des communications National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21272649 b8bb4646-d6fd-43e7-aaa1-e72cec4ef898 Bao Li aut Xiurge Wei aut Zhaorong Chang aut Xenian Chen aut Xiao-Zi (Riny) Yuan Yuan, Xiao-Zi aut EME EME Haijiang Wang aut EME EME text article eng A facile and convenient method is proposed to fabricate the LiMn 2O4 microspheres from multi-shell MnO2. Comparing to the LiMn2O4 synthesized from commercial electrolytic MnO2 (EMD), the LiMn2O4 microspheres synthesized in this work exhibit a close-to-theory specific capacity of 145.9 mA h/g at 0.2 C, while the LiMn2O4 from commercial MnO2 only shows a value of 105.3 mA h/g under the same testing conditions. LiMn2O4 microspheres also exhibit an excellent rate performance: 131.8 and 113.3 mA h/g at 5 and 10 C, respectively. This facile and convenient method to prepare LiMn2O4 microspheres provides a new way to fabricate lithium manganate cathode materials with high specific capacity and rate performance. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes Energy storage and conversions LiMn2O4 Nanocomposites Multi-shell MnO2 Lithium-ion battery 2014-07-30 0167-577X 135 75 78 4 10.1016/j.matlet.2014.07.117 Energy, Mining and Environment Énergie, mines et environnement National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21272650 8c07fd03-0b80-4991-a30a-13cce801b531 Randall (Randy) Purves Purves, Randy W. aut ACRD DCRA Allison Rae Ozog Ozog, Allison R. aut ACRD DCRA Stephen J (Steve) Ambrose Ambrose, Stephen J. aut ACRD DCRA Satendra Prasad aut Michael Belford aut Jean-Jacques Dunyach aut text article eng (Graph Presented) Recent reports describing enhanced performance when using gas additives in a DMS device (planar electrodes) have indicated that comparable benefits are not attainable using FAIMS (cylindrical electrodes), owing to the non-homogeneous electric fields within the analyzer region. In this study, a FAIMS system (having cylindrical electrodes) was modified to allow for controlled delivery of gas additives. An experiment was carried out that illustrates the important distinction between gas modifiers present as unregulated contaminants and modifiers added in a controlled manner. The effect of contamination was simulated by adjusting the ESI needle position to promote incomplete desolvation, thereby permitting ESI solvent vapor into the FAIMS analyzer region, causing signal instability and irreproducible CV values. However, by actively controlling the delivery of the gas modifier, reproducible CV spectra were obtained. The effects of adding different gas modifiers were examined using 15 positive ions having mass-to-charge (m/z) values between 90 and 734. Significant improvements in peak capacity and increases in ion transmission were readily attained by adding acetonitrile vapor, even at trace levels (≤0.1%). Increases in signal intensity were greatest for the low m/z ions; for the six lowest molecular weight species, signal intensities increased by ∼10- to over 100-fold compared with using nitrogen without gas additives, resulting in equivalent or better signal intensities compared with ESI without FAIMS. These results confirm that analytical benefits derived from the addition of gas modifiers reported with a uniform electric field (DMS) also are observed using a non-homogenous electric field (FAIMS) in the analyser region. yes yes DMS; Electrospray; FAIMS; Gas additives; Gas-phase separation 2014-05-06 Springer International Publishing 1044-0305 25 7 1274 1284 11 10.1007/s13361-014-0878-z NRC-ACRD-55852 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Aquatic and Crop Resource Development Développement des cultures et des ressources aquatiques 21272653 88804470-0c8b-46ef-921c-8b66c5d47a82 Wei Ye aut Doyun Won aut CONST CONST Xu Zhang aut text article eng 2014 Indoor air pollutants in offices can be attributed to various sources, including building materials, consumer products, and exhalation from occupants. The required ventilation rate for offices can be determined by estimating the majority of emissions originated from building materials, as an additional determinant factor for ventilation rate, with the assumption of constant ventilation with 100% outdoor air, uniform indoor mixing, and no chemical reactions. In this paper, the validity of these assumptions was investigated by incorporating the effects of various physical and chemical factors in determining material emissions and ventilation rates. Three physical factors investigated were recirculation ventilation, intermittent ventilation and pollutant distribution. Simplified methods using correction factors were proposed to revise the ventilation rate and validated by emission modeling and CFD method. In addition, three chemical factors were discussed. First, 28 building materials were selected from the NRC database and each was subject to determining the ventilation rate. As a result, 28 leading pollutants that are likely to determine the ventilation rate were obtained. Because most of the leading pollutants are reactants rather than products of indoor air reactions, it was concluded that the current ventilation rate determining methods should still be applicable. Additionally, a correction method was proposed for a reaction product such as formaldehyde. Second, the methods to revise ventilation rate based on temperature variation and pollutant concentration in outdoor air were proposed. This study showed that ventilation rate for offices could be determined based on building material emissions in more realistic ventilation and environmental conditions. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes Volatile organic compounds Recirculation Intermittent Distribution Reaction Health-relevant pollutant 0360-1323 82 490 501 12 10.1016/j.buildenv.2014.09.017 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Construction Construction National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 21272648 9d31337b-8a0e-4cc2-9a85-87d9a7db01ea Wenjuan Huang Huang, WenJuan aut NINT INNT Gustave Kenne Dedzo aut Stanislav Stoyanov Stoyanov, Stanislav R. aut NINT INNT Olga Olegovna Lyubimova Lyubimova, Olga aut NINT INNT Sergey Gusarov aut NINT INNT Shashank Singh aut Hayes Lao aut Andriy Kovalenko aut NINT INNT Christian Detellier aut text article eng Molecular recognition interactions between kaolinite and a series of heterocyclic aromatic compounds (HAC) representative of the N- and S-containing moieties in petroleum asphaltene macromolecules are investigated using the three-dimensional reference interaction site model with the Kovalenko-Hirata closure approximation (3D-RISM-KH) theory of solvation and experimental techniques in toluene solvent. The statistical-mechanical 3D-RISM-KH molecular theory of solvation predicts the adsorption configuration and thermodynamics from the 3D site density distribution functions and total solvation free energy, respectively, for adsorption of HAC and toluene on kaolinite. Spectrophotometric measurements show that, among the HAC studied, only acridine and phenanthridine adsorb quantitatively on kaolinite. For these pyridinic HAC, the adsorption results fitted to the Langmuir isotherm in the monolayer domain suggest a uniform monolayer of HAC molecules. The 3D-RISM-KH studies predict that the aluminum hydroxide surface of kaolinite is preferred for HAC adsorption due to strong hydrogen bonding with the pyridinic N atoms, while the rest of the HAC adsorb weaker. Adsorption on the silicon oxide side is weak and delocalized, as evident from the 3D solvation free energy density. Toluene sites effectively compete with non-hydrogen bonding HAC, such as fused thiophenes, for the kaolinite surface. The adsorption enthalpy and phenanthridine-acridine loading ratio are calculated and correlated with the experimentally determined Langmuir constant and adsorption loading. This combined experimental and computational modeling approach is aimed to provide insight into the specific interactions among clays, bitumen, and solvents so as to help accelerate the development of environmentally friendly and efficient desorption systems for nonaqueous extraction of bitumen from Oil Sands, an important unconventional petroleum reserve. yes yes Heterocyclic aromatic compounds Kinetic experiment Molecular theory of solvation Molecule surface 2014-09-24 ACS Publications 1932-7447 118 41 23821 23834 14 10.1021/jp507393u National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) National Institute for Nanotechnology Institut national de nanotechnologie 21272647 7b90aae5-5f3a-4009-aa11-d27eb5d6926a C. Neiner aut Dmitry Monin Monin, D. aut NSI ISN B. Leroy aut S. Mathis aut David A Bohlender Bohlender, D. aut NSI ISN text article eng Context. The bright B pulsator γ Peg shows both p and g modes of β Cep and SPB types. It has also been claimed that it is a magnetic star, while others do not detect any magnetic field. Aims. We check for the presence of a magnetic field, with the aim to characterise it if it exists, or else provide a firm upper limit of its strength if it is not detected. If γ Peg is magnetic as claimed, it would make an ideal asteroseismic target for testing various theoretical scenarios. If it is very weakly magnetic, it would be the first observation of an extension of Vega-like fields to early B stars. Finally, if it is not magnetic and we can provide a very low upper limit on its non-detected field, it would make an important result for stellar evolution models. Methods. We acquired high resolution, high signal-to-noise spectropolarimetric Narval data at Telescope Bernard Lyot (TBL). We also gathered existing dimaPol spectropolarimetric data from the Dominion Astrophysical Observatory (DAO) and Musicos spectropolarimetric data from TBL. We analysed the Narval and Musicos observations using the least-squares deconvolution (LSD) technique to derive the longitudinal magnetic field and Zeeman signatures in lines. The longitudinal field strength was also extracted from the Hβ line observed with the DAO. With a Monte Carlo simulation we derived the maximum strength of the field possibly hosted by γ Peg. Results. We find that no magnetic signatures are visible in the very high quality spectropolarimetric data. The average longitudinal field measured in the Narval data is Bl = -0.1 ± 0.4 G. We derive a very strict upper limit of the dipolar field strength of Bpol ~ 40 G. Conclusions. We conclude that γ Peg is not magnetic: it hosts neither a strong stable fossil field as observed in a fraction of massive stars nor a very weak Vega-like field. There is therefore no evidence that Vega-like fields exist in B stars, contrary to the predictions by fossil field dichotomy scenarios. These scenarios should thus be revised. Our results also provide strong constraints for stellar evolution models. yes yes Astrophysical observatory Longitudinal fields Longitudinal magnetic fields Magnetic signatures Stars: early-type Stars: individual Stars: magnetic field Stellar evolutions Magnetic fields Monte Carlo methods Stars 2014-02 EDP Sciences 0004-6361 562 A59 10.1051/0004-6361/201323093 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada National Science Infrastructure Infrastructure scientifique nationale 21272655 849bc166-8cec-4693-8d9b-9d8864314e39 Helko E. van den Brom aut Gert Rietveld aut Eddy So aut MSS SME 29th Conference on Precision Electromagnetic Measurements, CPEM 2014, 24 August 2014 through 29 August 2014 text article eng A sampling current ratio bridge has been developed, tested and validated for the accurate complex ratio measurement of AC current transducers for primary currents up to 10 kA with expanded uncertainties of 5 · 10-6 in magnitude and 5 μrad in phase (k = 2). A unique property of the system is the use of digitizers for sampling of the secondary current signals and step-down transformers with a large number of current ratios. This allows for the accurate calibration of a large variety of different current transformers and other types of current transducers. yes yes Electric instrument transformers Sampling Current ratios Current transducer uncertainty Electric current measurement 2014-08 IEEE 9781479952052 6898232 8 9 2 0589-1485 10.1109/CPEM.2014.6898232 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) Measurement Science and Standards Science des mesures et étalons 21272619 d03e1b81-dc1d-4fd9-8b22-0b3d36d2b4db Paul Piva Piva, Paul G. aut Gino A DiLabio Dilabio, Gino A. aut SDT TSR Lucian Livadaru aut Robert A (Bob) Wolkow Wolkow, Robert A. aut SDT TSR text article eng The observation of reaction outcomes at the bulk scale provides an average view of chemical processes, obscuring potentially significant differences in the behavior of matter at the atom scale. Through a series of atom-resolved scanning tunneling microscopy experiments, the inhomogeneous reactivity of silicon surface dangling bond states is revealed. The differences in reactivity provide evidence for the coexistence of neutral and negative surface states on these surfaces. It is shown that reactivity can be modulated through the density of surface states and by the bulk dopant level. These findings demonstrate that site-specific surface reactivity at the atom scale can be modulated by nonlocal charge allocation and provide opportunities for controlling chemistry at this scale. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes 2014-10-13 1098-0121 90 15 155422 155422-1 155422-13 10.1103/PhysRevB.90.155422 Security and Disruptive Technologies Technologies de sécurité et de rupture National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21272629 38537676-9488-44e7-9b36-435e8210056d Stephen R. Leone aut C. William Mccurdy aut Joachim Burgdörfer aut Lorenz S. Cederbaum aut Zenghu Chang aut Nirit Dudovich aut Johannes Feist aut Chris H. Greene aut Misha Ivanov aut Reinhard Kienberger aut Ursula Keller aut Matthias F. Kling aut Zhi-Heng Loh aut Thomas Pfeifer aut Adrian N. Pfeiffer aut Robin Santra aut Kenneth Schafer aut Albert Stolow aut SDT TSR Uwe Thumm aut Marc J. J. Vrakking aut text article eng yes yes 2014-02-28 Macmillan Publishers Limited 1749-4885 8 3 162 166 5 10.1038/nphoton.2014.48 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Security and Disruptive Technologies Technologies de sécurité et de rupture 21272643 cc05e30f-3404-48a0-b674-73bbcd70a844 Juris Meija aut MSS SME text article eng yes yes 2014-09 MacMilliam Publishers Limited 1755-4330 6 9 749 750 2 10.1038/nchem.2047 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Measurement Science and Standards Science des mesures et étalons 21272644 a26eb96f-243c-43a8-a460-31f28aef3bdd Christine Martineau aut Yao Pan aut Levente Bodrossy aut Etienne Yergeau aut NRC CNRC Lyle G. Whyte aut Charles Greer Greer, Charles W. aut EME EME text article eng The melting of permafrost and the associated potential for methane emissions to the atmosphere are major concerns in the context of global warming. However, soils can also represent a significant sink for methane through the activity of methane-oxidizing bacteria (MOB). In this study, we looked at the activity, diversity, and community structure of MOB at two sampling depths within the active layer in three soils from the Canadian high Arctic. These soils had the capacity to oxidize methane at low (15 ppm) and high (1000 ppm) methane concentrations, but rates differed greatly depending on the sampling date, depth, and site. The pmoA gene sequences related to two genotypes of uncultured MOB involved in atmospheric methane oxidation, the 'upland soil cluster gamma' and the 'upland soil cluster alpha', were detected in soils with near neutral and acidic pH, respectively. Other groups of MOB, including Type I methanotrophs and the 'Cluster 1' genotype, were also detected, indicating a broader diversity of MOB than previously reported for Arctic soils. Overall, the results reported here showed that methane oxidation at both low and high methane concentrations occurs in high Arctic soils and revealed that different groups of atmospheric MOB inhabit these soils. Methane oxidation at both low and high methane concentrations occurs in high Arctic soils and different groups of methane-oxidizing bacteria inhabit these soils. yes yes Bacteria (microorganisms) Methylococcaceae bacterial protein methane methane monooxygenase oxygenase particulate methane monooxygenase RNA 16S bacterial gene DNA sequence enzymology genetic variability genetics metabolism microbiology molecular genetics nucleotide sequence oxidation reduction reaction phylogeny pmoA microarray uncultured methanotrophs High-affinity methane oxidation microbial ecology in cold environments Arctic Regions Genes, Bacterial Genetic Variation Molecular Sequence Data Oxidation-Reduction Sequence Analysis, DNA Soil Microbiology 2014-02-19 Oxford University Press 0168-6496 89 2 257 269 13 10.1111/1574-6941.12287 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Energy, Mining and Environment Énergie, mines et environnement 21272645 e17e75eb-c271-43dd-9604-8faabeeec3ec Enea Pagliano Pagliano, E. aut MSS SME Juris Meija Meija, J. aut MSS SME Zoltan Mester Mester, Z. aut MSS SME text article eng Quadruple isotope dilution mass spectrometry (ID4MS) has been applied for simultaneous determination of nitrite and nitrate in seawater. ID4MS allows high-precision measurements and entails the use of isotopic internal standards (18O-nitrite and 15N-nitrate). We include a tutorial on ID4MS outlining optimal experimental design which generates results with low uncertainties and obviates the need for direct (separate) evaluation of the procedural blank. Nitrite and nitrate detection was achieved using a headspace GCMS procedure based on single-step aqueous derivatization with triethyloxonium tetrafluoroborate at room temperature. In this paper the sample preparation was revised and fundamental aspects of this chemistry are presented. The proposed method has detection limits in the low parts-per-billion for both analytes, is reliable, precise, and has been validated using a seawater certified reference material (MOOS-2). Simplicity of the experimental design, low detection limits, and the use of quadruple isotope dilution makes the present method superior to the state-of-the-art for determination of nitrite and nitrate, and an ideal candidate for reference measurements of these analytes in seawater. © 2014. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes Quadruple isotope dilution; High-precision; Nitrite and nitrate; Seawater; Triethyloxonium tetrafluoroborate derivatization; GCMS 2014 0003-2670 824 36 41 6 10.1016/j.aca.2014.03.018 Measurement Science and Standards Science des mesures et étalons National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21272651 3b5c7676-ed16-441a-b6eb-e97f511965b4 Laura Chomiuk aut Justin D. Linford aut Jun Yang aut T. J. O'Brien aut Zsolt Paragi aut Amy J. Mioduszewski aut R. J. Beswick aut C. C. Cheung aut Koji Mukai aut Thomas Nelson aut Valerio A. R. M. Ribeiro aut Michael Perry Rupen Rupen, Michael P. aut NSI ISN J. L. Sokoloski aut Jennifer Weston aut Yong Zheng aut Michael F. Bode aut Stewart Eyres aut Nirupam Roy aut Gregory B. Taylor aut text article eng Classical novae are the most common astrophysical thermonuclear explosions, occurring on the surfaces of white dwarf stars accreting gas from companions in binary star systems. Novae typically expel about 10-4 solarmasses of material at velocities exceeding 1,000 kilometres per second. However, the mechanism of mass ejection innovae is poorly understood, and could be dominated by the impulsive flash of thermonuclear energy, prolonged optically thick winds or binary interaction with the nova envelope. Classical novae are now routinely detected at gigaelectronvolt γ-ray wavelengths, suggesting that relativistic particles are accelerated by strong shocks in the ejecta. Here we report high-resolution radio imaging of the γ-rayemitting nova V959 Mon. We find that its ejecta were shaped by the motion of the binary system: some gas was expelled rapidly along the poles as a wind from the white dwarf, while denser material drifted out along the equatorial plane, propelled by orbital motion. At the interface between the equatorial and polar regions, we observe synchrotron emission indicative of shocks and relativistic particle acceleration, thereby pinpointing the location of γ-ray production. Binary shaping of the nova ejecta and associated internal shocks are expected to be widespread among novae, explaining why many novae are γ-ray emitters. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes astrophysics explosion velocity wavelength X-ray spectroscopy acceleration Article gamma radiation image analysis motion optical resolution spectrum synchrotron radiation wind 2014-10-16 0028-0836 514 7522 339 342 4 10.1038/nature13773 National Science Infrastructure Infrastructure scientifique nationale National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21272652 4fe775af-eaf9-49da-9e4b-371435b2b14a Zorka (Zork) Smedarchina Smedarchina, Zorka aut SDT TSR Willem Siebrand aut SDT TSR Antonio Fernández-Ramos aut text article eng Zero-point and excited level splittings due to double-proton tunneling are calculated for porphycene and the results are compared with experiment. The calculation makes use of a multidimensional imaginary-mode Hamiltonian, diagonalized directly by an effective reduction of its dimensionality. Porphycene has a complex potential energy surface with nine stationary configurations that allow a variety of tunneling paths, many of which include classically accessible regions. A symmetry-based approach is used to show that the zero-point level, although located above the cis minimum, corresponds to concerted tunneling along a direct trans - trans path; a corresponding cis - cis path is predicted at higher energy. This supports the conclusion of a previous paper [Z. Smedarchina, W. Siebrand, and A. Fernández-Ramos, J. Chem. Phys. 127, 174513 (2007)] based on the instanton approach to a model Hamiltonian of correlated double-proton transfer. A multidimensional tunneling Hamiltonian is then generated, based on a double-minimum potential along the coordinate of concerted proton motion, which is newly evaluated at the RI-CC2/cc-pVTZ level of theory. To make it suitable for diagonalization, its dimensionality is reduced by treating fast weakly coupled modes in the adiabatic approximation. This results in a coordinate-dependent mass of tunneling, which is included in a unique Hermitian form into the kinetic energy operator. The reduced Hamiltonian contains three symmetric and one antisymmetric mode coupled to the tunneling mode and is diagonalized by a modified Jacobi-Davidson algorithm implemented in the Jadamilu software for sparse matrices. The results are in satisfactory agreement with the observed splitting of the zero-point level and several vibrational fundamentals after a partial reassignment, imposed by recently derived selection rules. They also agree well with instanton calculations based on the same Hamiltonian. yes yes Diagonalizations Porphycene Tunneling splittings 2014-11-05 AIP Publishing 0021-9606 141 17 174312 10.1063/1.4900717 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) Security and Disruptive Technologies Technologies de sécurité et de rupture 21272639 dd39d144-6b79-4785-8984-337bb4f37146 Isil Ozfidan aut SDT TSR Marek Korkusinski aut SDT TSR A. Devrim Güçlü aut John A. McGuire aut Pawel Hawrylak aut SDT TSR text article eng We present a microscopic theory of electronic and optical properties of colloidal graphene quantum dots (CGQDs). The single-particle properties are described in the tight-binding model based on the pz carbon orbitals. Electron-electron screened Coulomb direct, exchange, and scattering matrix elements are calculated using Slater pz orbitals. The many-body ground state and excited states are constructed as a linear combination of a finite number of excitations from the Hartree-Fock (HF) ground state (GS) by exact diagonalization techniques. HF ground states corresponding to semiconductor, Mott-insulator, and spin-polarized phases are obtained as a function of the strength of the screened interaction versus the tunneling matrix element. In the semiconducting phase of a triangular CGQD, the top of the valence band and the bottom of the conduction band are found to be degenerate due to rotational symmetry. The singlet and triplet exciton spectra from the HF GS are obtained by solving the Bethe-Salpeter equation. The low-energy exciton spectrum is predicted to consist of two bright-singlet exciton states corresponding to two circular polarizations of light and a lower-energy band of two dark singlets and 12 dark triplets. The robustness of the bright degenerate singlet pair against correlations in the many-body state is demonstrated as well as the breaking of the degeneracy by the lowering of symmetry of the CGQD. The band-gap renormalization, electron-hole attraction, fine structure, oscillator strength, and polarization of the exciton are analyzed as a function of the size, shape, screening, and symmetry of the CGQD. The theoretical results are compared with experimental absorption spectra. yes yes 2014-02-21 American Physical Society 1098-0121 89 8 85310 10.1103/PhysRevB.89.085310 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Security and Disruptive Technologies Technologies de sécurité et de rupture 21272627 fabc734d-e2fd-4fc8-814e-12c60e2a476e John Luong Luong, John H. T. aut Edmond Lam aut ACRD DCRA Keith Male Male, Keith B. aut ACRD DCRA text article eng Anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV) using noble electrodes is based on the reduction of As3+ to As0, followed by its stripping or oxidation to As3+ or As5+ species, the two predominant forms of arsenic in water. The rapid and convenient ASV method can detect As(iii) at the low ppb level, but it is susceptible to interferences from various endogenous metals or organic compounds in waters. Electrode surface modification with metallic nanoparticles (NPs), carbonaceous nanomaterials (carbon nanotubes and graphene) and even enzymes (arsenite oxidase) can improve detection sensitivity and selectivity, while circumventing such interferences. All electrochemical methods aim for a detection limit below the World Health Organization guideline value of 10 ppb (133.3 nM). Despite numerous publications in this field during the last ten years with respect to novel electrode materials and electrolytes, reproducibility of electrochemical detection is still problematic and the analysis of arsenic in real ground-water samples is far from certainty and triviality. Considerable efforts are still needed to develop electrode materials and analytical procedures for reliable detection of arsenic with sub-ppb levels in the presence of endogenous toxic metals and organics in water matrices. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes Electrodes; Groundwater; Voltammetry; Analytical procedure; Anodic stripping voltammetry; Detection sensitivity; ELectrochemical detection; ELectrochemical methods; Electrode surface modifications; Metallic nanoparticles; World Health Organization; Arsenic 2014-05-08 1759-9660 6 16 6157 6169 13 10.1039/c4ay00817k NRC-ACRD-56046 Aquatic and Crop Resource Development Développement des cultures et des ressources aquatiques National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21272637 556177ae-d88e-4790-a513-132219544262 B. Lopez aut Lewis B Knee Knee, L. B. G. aut NSI ISN H. Jager aut N. Whyborn aut J. McMullin aut Richard G (Rick) Murowinski Murowinski, R. aut NSI ISN A. Peck aut S. Corder aut Modeling, Systems Engineering, and Project Management for Astronomy VI, 22 June 2014 through 24 June 2014, Montreal, QC text article eng The Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) is a joint project between astronomical organizations in Europe, North America, and East Asia, in collaboration with the Republic of Chile. ALMA consists of 54 twelve-meter antennas and 12 seven-meter antennas operating as an aperture synthesis array in the (sub)millimeter wavelength range. Assembly, Integration, and Verification (AIV) of the antennas was completed at the end of the year 2013, while the final optimization and complete expansion to validate all planned observing modes will continue. This paper compares the actually obtained results of the period 2008-2013 with the baselines that had been laid out in the early project-planning phase (2005-2007). First plans made for ALMA AIV had already established a two-phased project life-cycle: phase 1 for setting up necessary infrastructure and common facilities, and taking the first three antennas to the start of commissioning; and phase 2 focused on the steady state processing of the remaining units. Throughout the execution of the project this lifecycle was refined and two additional phases were added, namely a transition phase between phases 1 and 2, and a closing phase to address the project ramp-down. A sub-project called Accelerated Commissioning and Science Verification (ACSV) was carried out during the year 2009 in order to provide focus to the whole ALMA organization, and to accomplish the start-of-commissioning milestone. Early phases of CSV focused on validating the basic performance and calibration. Over time additional observing modes have been validated as capabilities expanded both in hardware and software. This retrospective analysis describes the originally presented project staffing plans and schedules, the underlying assumptions, identified risks and operational models, among others. For comparison actual data on staffing levels, the resultant schedule, additional risks identified and those that actually materialized, are presented. The observed similarities and differences are then analyzed and explained, and corresponding lessons learned are presented. yes yes Antennas Astronomy Life cycle Personnel selection Plant shutdowns Project management Risk perception Systems engineering Aperture synthesis Atacama Large Millimeter/sub-millimeter Array (ALMA) Hardware and software Joint projects Millimeter wavelength Operational model Retrospective analysis Transition phase Risk assessment 2014-08-04 SPIE 0277-786X 9780819496188 9150 91500B 10.1117/12.2056310 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada National Science Infrastructure Infrastructure scientifique nationale 21272617 707a1202-daa9-4fe0-b88a-fa6912b44ba1 Juris Meija aut MSS SME Enea Pagliano aut MSS SME Zoltan Mester Mester, Zoltán aut MSS SME text article 2015-08-19 eng Uncertainty of the result from the method of standard addition is often underestimated due to neglect of the covariance between the intercept and the slope. In order to simplify the data analysis from standard addition experiments, we propose x-y coordinate swapping in conventional linear regression. Unlike the ratio of the intercept and slope, which is the result of the traditional method of standard addition, the result of the inverse standard addition is obtained directly from the intercept of the swapped calibration line. Consequently, the uncertainty evaluation becomes markedly simpler. The method is also applicable to nonlinear curves, such as the quadratic model, without incurring any additional complexity. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes Chemical analysis Calibration lines Nonlinear curves Quadratic modeling Standard addition Uncertainty calculations Uncertainty evaluation Chemistry 2014 0003-2700 86 17 8563 8567 5 10.1021/ac5014749 Measurement Science and Standards Science des mesures et étalons National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21272638 8464f428-2dd1-4c13-a23d-7f3ff3edb63d F. Gao aut Qi Yang Yang, Q. aut AERO AERO R. Liu aut X. Huang aut text article eng This article presents a study of the oxidation behaviour of two multilayer coatings, denoted as MC I and MC II, respectively, which are designed with a three-layer architecture: a Cr-Si barrier layer on the IN738 substrate, a NiCrAlY intermediate layer, and an aluminised top layer. The emphasis of this research is on the total amount of oxide scales formed and the residual oxide scales on the coatings with various combinations among the three layers to investigate the effects of each layer and the interactions between the layers on the oxidation resistance of the coatings. The difference between the two multilayer coatings is that the Al content in the top layer of MC II is twice as much as that in the top layer of MC I. The coatings are fabricated through a combination of plasma spray and pack cementation processes, and then experience oxidation test at 1050 °C for 1000 h. The average thicknesses of the oxide scales are around 15 and 45 μm for MC I and MC II, respectively. The experimental results are modelled using the analysis of variance. Two models for the volume of total oxide scales and the ratio of the volume of spalled oxide scales to the volume of total oxide scales, are proposed to study the effects of the coating layers on the formation and spallation of oxide scales, which directly affect the oxidation resistance of the coatings. The experimental and analytical results demonstrate that the Cr-Si layer and its interactions with the other coating layers affect the spallation of oxide scales the most among the three layers. It prevents Al and Cr from diffusing into the substrate. The interaction between the Cr-Si layer and the NiCrAlY layer, and the increase in Al/Ni ratio of the aluminide top layer, promote the formation of oxide scales and also minimise the spallation of oxide scales. yes yes Aluminised layer Cr-Si layer Multi-layer-coating Multi-layered coatings NiCrAlY Oxidation 2014-09 Maney Publications 0267-0844 30 9 624 635 12 10.1179/1743294414Y.0000000283 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) Aerospace Aérospatiale 21272641 e5196754-7b32-40bf-a4d8-e89e1b49b891 Rodney Lyn Lyn, Rodney K. aut MD DM Ragunath Singaravelu aut MD DM Stacia Kargman aut Shifawn O'Hara aut Helen Chan aut Renata Oballa aut Zheng Huang aut Daniel M. Jones aut Andrew Ridsdale aut SDT TSR Rodney S. Russell aut Anthony W. Partridge aut John Paul Pezacki Pezacki, John P. aut MD DM text article eng Hepatitis C virus (HCV) replication is dependent on the formation of specialized membrane structures; however, the host factor requirements for the formation of these HCV complexes remain unclear. Herein, we demonstrate that inhibition of stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (SCD-1) halts the biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids, such as oleic acid, and negatively modulates HCV replication. Unsaturated fatty acids play key roles in membrane curvature and fluidity. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that SCD-1 inhibition disrupts the integrity of membranous HCV replication complexes and renders HCV RNA susceptible to nuclease-mediated degradation. Our work establishes a novel function for unsaturated fatty acids in HCV replication. yes yes 2014-04-01 Nature Publishing Group 2045-2322 4 4549 10.1038/srep04549 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Medical Devices Dispositifs médicaux Security and Disruptive Technologies Technologies de sécurité et de rupture 21272642 9cdcf4c8-7f8d-4413-8b2c-bfcc0e220b6f Neil Rowlands aut Gerry Warner aut Loic Albert aut Tim Hardy aut NSI ISN Judith Pipher aut John B Hutchings Hutchings, John aut NSI ISN Rene Doyon aut High Energy, Optical, and Infrared Detectors for Astronomy VI, 22 June 2014 through 25 June 2014, Montreal, QC text article eng The James Webb Space Telescope Fine Guidance Sensor makes use of three 2048×2048 five micron cutoff H2RG HgCdTe detectors from Teledyne Imaging Systems. The FGS consists of two Guider channels and a Near-InfraRed Imager and Slitless Spectrograph (NIRISS) channel. We report here on detailed tests results from the Guider channels originating in both instrument level performance testing and from recent Guider performance testing with the FGS integrated into JWST's Integrated Science Instrument Module (ISIM). A key performance parameter is the noise equivalent angle (NEA) or centroiding precision. The JWST requirement flowed down to the Guiders is a NEA of 4 milli-arcseonds, equivalent to approximately 1/20th of a detector pixel. This performance has been achieved in the testing to date. We have noted a systematic asymmetry in the NEA depending on whether the NEA in the row or column direction is considered. This asymmetry depends on guide star brightness and reaches its maximum, where the row NEA is 15% to 20% larger than the column NEA, at the dim end of the Guide star brightness range. We evaluate the detector level characteristics of spatially correlated noise and asymmetric inter-pixel capacitance (IPC) as potential sources of this NEA asymmetry. Modelling is used to estimate the impact on NEA of these potential contributors. These model results are then compared to the Guider test results obtained to date in an effort to isolate the cause of this effect. While asymmetric IPC can induce asymmetric NEA, the required magnitude of IPC is far greater than observed in these detectors. Thus, spatially correlated noise was found to be the most likely cause of the asymmetric NEA. yes yes Infrared detectors Instrument testing Space telescopes Stars FGS Guidance sensors H2RG HgCdTe JWST SIDECAR Luminance 2014-07-23 SPIE 0277-786X 9780819496225 9154 91540L 10.1117/12.2057311 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada National Science Infrastructure Infrastructure scientifique nationale 21272633 f6c34fe8-ed45-4434-9fbc-d119d4090769 Griffin Ryan Hunter Griffin, R. H. aut Mozenson Olga Mozenson, O. aut SDT TSR Beking M. A. aut Derosa M. C. aut Lopinski Gregory Lopinski, Gregory (Greg) aut MSS SME Tarr N. G. aut text article eng For the first time, a CMOS imager has been used to detect the presence of radio-labeled target biomolecules captured on a functionalized surface. A CMOS image sensor from an SLR camera was used. Using aptamer functionalization the system successfully detected 32P labeled adenosine triphosphate (ATP) at concentrations well below those typically associated with fluorescence-based sensor architectures. The system has also demonstrated its amenability to multiplexed/spotted biomolecule detection. GEANT4, a Monte Carlo toolkit for simulating the passage of radiation through matter, was used to analyze the detector. Radiolabel detection offers the potential for direct quantitative measurement of bound biomolecules which is advantageous compared to the use of fluorescent tags. yes yes Adenosinetriphosphate CMOS integrated circuits Detectors Fluorescence Radioactive tracers Aptamers Biomolecule detection CMOS imagers Geant4 Radiolabel Biomolecules 2014-05-20 IEEE 0018-9499 61 3 6819065 1112 1117 6 10.1109/TNS.2014.2311588 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Security and Disruptive Technologies Technologies de sécurité et de rupture Measurement Science and Standards Science des mesures et étalons 21272640 6282f5a5-96c7-4217-a9bd-e86e90701027 Barry M Wood Wood, Barry M. aut MSS SME text article eng The primary objective of the CODATA Task Group on Fundamental Constants is 'to periodically provide the scientific and technological communities with a self-consistent set of internationally recommended values of the basic constants and conversion factors of physics and chemistry based on all of the relevant data available at a given point in time'. I discuss why the availability of these recommended values is important and how it simplifies and improves science. I outline the process of determining the recommended values and introduce the principles that are used to deal with discrepant results. In particular, I discuss the specific challenges posed by the present situation of gravitational constant experimental results and how these principles were applied to the most recent 2010 recommended value. Finally, I speculate about what may be expected for the next recommended value of the gravitational constant scheduled for evaluation in 2014. yes yes Fundamental constants Gravitational constant Least-squares adjustment Newtonians 2014-09-08 The Royal Society 1364-503X 372 2026 20140029 10.1098/rsta.2014.0029 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Measurement Science and Standards Science des mesures et étalons 21272620 cef4176e-ff76-4c22-a14a-27b9843fcc55 Yingnan Jiang aut Xudong Yang aut Cheng Ma aut Chuanxi Wang aut Yang Chen aut Fengxia Dong aut Bai Yang aut Kui Yu aut SDT TSR Quan Lin aut text article eng We report, for the first time, the design and synthesis of thermoresponsive (TR) photoluminescent (PL) hydrogel nanoparticles, with a core consisting of poly[styrene-co-(N-isopropylacrylamide)] (PS-co-PNIPAM) and a PNIPAM-co-PAA shell. PAA represents polyacrylic acid which interacts with our emitting molecule 1,2-bis[4-(2-triethylammonioethoxy)phenyl]-1,2-diphenylethene dibromide (d-TPE). The electrostatic interaction between each water-soluble d-TPE molecule and two AA repeat units activates these d-TPE molecules to exhibit strong PL. Our d-TPE doped PS-co-PNIPAM/PNIPAM-co-PAA particles in water display remarkable TR PL: the emission intensity decreased in the course of heating from 2 to 80 °C and recovered during cooling from 80 to 2 °C. Such linear, reversible, and sensitive TR PL is achieved by the use of both PAA and PNIPAM as the shell polymeric chain and by careful optimization of the d-TPE to AA feed molar ratio. Thus, the emission of the d-TPE molecule is affected sensitively by temperature. In addition to such an exceptionally temperature-dependent PL, the presence of CrO4 2- resulted in the decrease of the emission intensity, which was also temperature-dependent. The present study provides a unified conceptual methodology to engineer functional water-dispersible hydrogel nanoparticles that are stimuli-responsive with the potential to advance various PL-based applications. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes photoluminescent hydrogel nanoparticles reversible and linear thermoresponses temperature-dependent photoluminescence TPE derivatives 2014-03-04 1944-8244 6 7 4650 4657 8 10.1021/am501106x Security and Disruptive Technologies Technologies de sécurité et de rupture National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21272622 76d589d2-37eb-4f21-ba54-69a452eeed6f A. F. Marino aut A. P. Milone aut D. Yong aut A. Dotter aut G. Da Costa aut M. Asplund aut H. Jerjen aut D. Mackey aut J. Norris aut S. Cassisi aut L. Sbordone aut Peter B Stetson Stetson, P. B. aut NSI ISN A. Weiss aut A. Aparicio aut L. R. Bedin aut K. Lind aut M. Monelli aut G. Piotto aut R. Angeloni aut R. Buonanno aut text article eng NGC 1851 is surrounded by a stellar component that extends more than 10 times beyond the tidal radius. Although the nature of this stellar structure is not known, it has been suggested to be a sparse halo of stars or associated with a stellar stream. We analyse the nature of this intriguing stellar component surrounding NGC 1851 by investigating its radial velocities and chemical composition, in particular in comparison with those of the central cluster analysed in a homogeneous manner. In total we observed 23 stars in the halo with radial velocities consistent with NGC 1851, and for 15 of them we infer [Fe/H] abundances. Our results show that (i) stars dynamically linked to NGC 1851 are present at least up to ̃2.5 tidal radii, supporting the presence of a halo of stars surrounding the cluster; (ii) apart from the NGC 1851 radial velocity-like stars, our observed velocity distribution agrees with that expected from Galactic models, suggesting that no other substructure (such as a stream) at different radial velocities is present in our field; (iii) the chemical abundances for the s-process elements Sr and Ba are consistent with the s-normal stars observed in NGC 1851; (iv) all halo stars have metallicities, and abundances for the other studied elements Ca, Mg and Cr, consistent with those exhibited by the cluster. The complexity of the whole NGC 1851 cluster+halo system may agree with the scenario of a tidally disrupted dwarf galaxy in which NGC 1851 was originally embedded. yes yes 2014 Oxford University Press 0035-8711 442 4 stu1099 3044 3064 21 10.1093/mnras/stu1099 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) National Science Infrastructure Infrastructure scientifique nationale 21272630 75bff966-9c78-4555-8815-2884c2372b22 Xinchao Ruan aut Chun Yang aut Xiaohua Wu aut ICT TIC Kui Yu aut SDT TSR Yong-Lai Feng aut text article eng 2014-06 Springer International Publishing Engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) can be released to the environment during their lifecycles. The potential uptake by biological systems, along with uncertain distribution pathways, makes this class of materials important to study from a perspective of potential impacts to the environment and people. In this study, colloidal quantum dots (Q-dots), with diameter around 3 nm and passivated with C18H33 chains (oleic acid), were used, as a model system, to investigate the fate and the transformations of ENMs under UV irradiation in the presence of air. Before and after the UV light irradiation, the changes of the Q-dots on DNA interaction potency, and UV-Vis and fluorescence spectra are compared. When the Q-dots were exposed to UV light, the formation of water-soluble products was confirmed by UV-Vis and fluorescence spectra collected from aqueous dispersions and by the mass loss. Both the UV irradiation time and intensity were found to influence the amount of water-soluble products produced. However, before and after UV irradiation, the Q-dots exhibited little change of their DNA interaction potency. Therefore, it seems that the Q-dot surface chemical reactivity to DNA changed little, in conjunction with photooxidization of the surface passivation ligand. yes yes Colloidal quantum dots UV irradiation Water-soluble products DNA interaction potency Surface chemical reactivity Transformation of nanomaterials Environmental effects 1388-0764 16 6 2435 10.1007/s11051-014-2435-x National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Information and Communication Technologies Technologies de l'information et des communications Security and Disruptive Technologies Technologies de sécurité et de rupture 21272636 cdb7be45-da33-4f2f-bfec-f920250ace84 Krutika Vishwakarma Vishwakarma, K. R. aut Olanrewaju Ojo Ojo, O. A. aut Priti Wanjara Wanjara, P. aut AERO AERO Mahesh Chaturvedi Chaturvedi, M. C. aut text article eng The microstructure of Allvac 718 Plus (718 Plus; ATI, Pittsburgh, PA, USA) superalloy was examined after linear friction welding (LFW) and after standard postweld heat treatment (PWHT). The liquid phase reaction of second-phase precipitates, which are known to constitutionally liquate during conventional fusion welding, was observed in the thermomechanically affected zone (TMAZ) of the welded material. These phases included MC-type carbides, Ti-rich carbonitrides, and δ phase precipitates. This observation is contrary to the general assumption that LFW is a completely solid-state joining process. However, unlike conventional fusion welding processes that cause heat-affected zone liquation cracking in 718 Plus and many other superalloys, the LFW process did not cause cracking in 718 Plus superalloy despite the liquation of precipitates. This absence of cracking during joining is attributed to the applied compressive stress during the forging stage of the LFW process. Also, no cracking was observed after PWHT, although PWHT resulted in a microstructure that had a nonhomogeneous distribution of precipitates in the weld and the TMAZ. © 2014 Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada as represented by: NRC Canada. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes article in press 2014-04-04 1047-4838 66 12 2525 2534 10 10.1007/s11837-014-0938-7 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Aerospace Aérospatiale 21272632 f3ab6862-5228-4280-a3bb-b750c6fb63ce Nikolaos Michailidis aut Alexander Tsouknidas aut Louis-Philippe Lefebvre aut AST ATS Thomas Hipke aut Naoyuki Kanetake aut text article eng yes yes 2014-08-12 Hindawi Publishing Corp. 1687-8434 2014 263129 10.1155/2014/263129 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Automotive and Surface Transportation Automobile et transport de surface 21272634 b9a59d9e-023c-4af1-b953-44afaa76aff7 Fitnat Yildiz aut Jiunn Fong aut Irina Sadovskaya aut Thierry Grard aut Evguenii Vinogradov Vinogradov, Evgeny aut HHT TSH text article eng The ability to form biofilms is important for environmental survival, transmission, and infectivity of Vibrio cholerae, the causative agent of cholera in humans. To form biofilms, V. cholerae produces an extracellular matrix composed of proteins, nucleic acids and a glycoconjugate, termed Vibrio exopolysaccharide (VPS). Here, we present the data on isolation and characterization of the polysaccharide part of the VPS (VPS-PS), which has the following structure: -4)-α-GulpNAcAGly3OAc-(1-4)-β-D-Glcp-(1-4)- α-Glcp-(1-4)-α-D-Galp-(1- where α-D-Glc is partially (∼20%) replaced with α-D-GlcNAc. α-GulNAcAGly is an amide between 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-α-guluronic acid and glycine. Apparently, the polysaccharide is bound to a yet unidentified component, which gives it high viscosity and completely suppresses any NMR signals belonging to the sugar chains of the VPS. The only reliable method to remove this component at present is a treatment of the whole glycoconjugate with concentrated hydrochloric acid. yes yes exopolysaccharide glucosamine glycine glycoconjugate hydrochloric acid n acetylglucosamine biofilm carbohydrate analysis chemical binding chemical modification extracellular matrix isolation procedure proton nuclear magnetic resonance structure activity relation structure analysis Vibrio cholerae viscosity 2014-01-24 PLOS 1932-6203 9 1 e86751 10.1371/journal.pone.0086751 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Human Health Therapeutics Thérapeutiques en santé humaine 21272635 beb13b06-1d70-4430-9d37-4f2418909926 Jean-Claude Frigon aut EME EME Rekia Hamani Abdou aut Patrick McGinn McGinn, Patrick J. aut ACRD DCRA Stephen James Bernard O'Leary O'Leary, Stephen J. B. aut ACRD DCRA Serge Guiot Guiot, Serge R. aut EME EME text article eng The literature is showing an increasing trend in the use of microalgal biomass for the production of biofuel, with a recent keen interest for the conversion of microalgae into methane. The methane potential from Phaeodactylum tricornutum was similar for the whole algae, 362. ±. 5. L/kg total volatile solid (TVS), compared with a sample from which the lipids were extracted, at 358. ±. 6. L/kg TVS. The anaerobic digestion of long chain fatty acids (LCFAs) representative of the dominant acids found in P. tricornutum during 22. weeks of incubation demonstrated that the usual incubation time of typical anaerobic digesters (3-6. weeks) is insufficient to hydrolyze the lipids and maximize the energy yield contained in the microalgae. The results from methane potential assays targeting the LCFAs that were found in significant concentrations in P. tricornutum, namely palmitic, palmitoleic and eicosapentaenoic (EPA) acids), at concentration of 2.5 and 1.25. g/L, showed a slow but high yield with palmitic acid (802. ±. 16. L/kg), inhibition from palmitoleic acid and fair degradation of EPA (442. ±. 67. L/kg). There was a 27% increase in the methane yield from a reconstituted P. tricornutum containing 25% of LCFA compared to 10%, at 456. ±. 1 vs 363. ±. 5. mL. STP/g TVS. Increasing the free fatty acid fraction to 50% in the microalgal biomass resulted in the inhibition of the digestion after production of methane during the first 11. days of incubation. yes yes Anaerobic digestion; Biofuel; Fatty acids; Lipid; Methane; Microalgae; Phaeodactylum 2014-09-18 Elsevier 2211-9264 6 Part A 46 51 6 10.1016/j.algal.2014.08.011 NRC-ACRD-56103 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Energy, Mining and Environment Énergie, mines et environnement Aquatic and Crop Resource Development Développement des cultures et des ressources aquatiques 21272623 1e70bfa1-4d7f-444b-ae12-876fb524d15b V. Kumar aut Dimitry G Sediako Sediako, D. aut SDT TSR L. Bichler aut text article eng The demand for light weight vehicles continues to stimulate extensive research into the development of light weight casting alloys and optimization of their manufacturing processes. Of primary relevance are Aluminum (Al) and Magnesium (Mg) based alloys, which have successfully replaced selected iron based castings in automobiles. However, optimization of as-cast microstructure, processing and performance remains a challenge for some Al-based alloys. In this context, placement of chills in castings has been frequently used to locally manipulate the solidification conditions and microstructure of a casting. In this work, the effect of using an active copper chill on the residual strain profile of a sand-cast B319 aluminum alloy was investigated. Wedge-shaped castings were produced with three different cooling conditions: copper plate chill, copper pipe with cooling water and no chill (baseline). The effect of chill condition on the variation of residual strain in the casting was investigated using neutron diffraction approach. Diffraction from (111) and (311) reflections was studied and revealed that the (311) reflection did not exhibit appreciable strain variation at different chill conditions. In contrast, the (111) reflection exhibited a mix of tensile and compressive strains which varied with a distance from the copper chill. A copper plate chill introduced a fluctuating pattern of strain profile with tensile and compressive strain peaks, while faster cooling (copper pipe with water flow) had attenuated the residual strain profile, suggesting the need to control the chilling condition in order to achieve optimal casting performance. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes As cast microstructure Compressive strain Cooling conditions Manufacturing process Neutron diffraction studies Residual strains Solidification condition Strain variation Aluminum Copper Copper pipe Copper plating Light weight vehicles Magnesium castings Microstructure Neutron diffraction Optimization Strain Aluminum alloys 2014-04-01 1946-3979 7 2 411 414 4 10.4271/2014-01-0836 Security and Disruptive Technologies Technologies de sécurité et de rupture National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21272624 7f57fd68-6dc0-4f9c-b4c8-c7709ee54626 Harold Vokey Parks Parks, Harold V. aut MSS SME James E. Faller aut text article eng We present a detailed account of our 2004 experiment to measure the Newtonian constant of gravitation with a suspended laser interferometer. The apparatus consists of two simple pendulums hanging from a common support. Each pendulum has a length of 72 cm and their separation is 34 cm. A mirror is embedded in each pendulum bob, which then in combination form a Fabry-Perot cavity. A laser locked to the cavity measures the change in pendulum separation as the gravitational field is modulated due to the displacement of four 120 kg tungsten masses. yes yes Fabry-Perot Gravitational constant Laser interferometer Physical constants Precision measurement Simple pendulums 2014-09-08 Royal Society Publishing 1364-503X 372 2026 20140024 10.1098/rsta.2014.0024 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Measurement Science and Standards Science des mesures et étalons 21272625 e1dc56ef-6a55-4f5d-b757-00c7e3f2c457 A. Matthews aut C. Hutnik aut K. Hill aut T. Newson aut T. Chan aut Gordon (Gord) Campbell Campbell, G. aut MD DM text article eng PurposeCharacterization of the biomechanical properties of the human eye has a number of potential utilities. One novel purpose is to provide the basis for development of suitable tissue-mimicking material. The purpose of this study was to determine the indentation and needle insertion characteristics on human eye globes and tissue strips.MethodsAn indenter assessed the elastic response of human eye globes and tissue strips under increasing compressive loads. Needle insertion determined the force (N) needed to penetrate various areas of the eye wall.ResultsThe results demonstrated that globes underwent slightly greater indentation at the midline than at the central cornea, and corneal strips indented twofold more than scleral strips, although neither difference was significant (P=0.400 and P=0.100, respectively). Significant differences were observed among various areas of needle insertion (P<0.001). Needle insertion through the anterior sclera (adjacent to the limbus) and posterior sclera (adjacent to the optic nerve) required the greatest amount of force (0.954 and 1.005 N, respectively). The force required to penetrate the central cornea (0.518 N) was significantly lower than all other areas except the midline sclera (0.700 N)ConclusionThese data form the basis for further research into the development of a tissue-mimicking human eye construct with potential utility as a model for use in ophthalmology research and surgical teaching. yes yes adult aged biomechanics cornea cornea limbus corneal strip drug delivery system eye eye indentation force ophthalmic needle sclera 2014-05-09 Nature Publishing Group 0950-222X 28 7 880 887 8 10.1038/eye.2014.99 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) Medical Devices Dispositifs médicaux 21272631 9e102bdd-bdf1-4f17-b809-ffa78d7aa05a W. R. F. Dent aut M. C. Wyatt aut A. Roberge aut J.-C. Augereau aut S. Casassus aut S. Corder aut J. S. Greaves aut I. De Gregorio-Monsalvo aut A. Hales aut A. P. Jackson aut A. Meredith Hughes aut A.-M. Lagrange aut Brenda Matthews Matthews, B. aut NSI ISN D. Wilner aut text article eng Many stars are surrounded by disks of dusty debris formed in the collisions of asteroids, comets, and dwarf planets, but is gas also released in such events? Observations at submillimeter wavelengths of the archetypal debris disk around β Pictoris show that 0.3% of a Moon mass of carbon monoxide orbits in its debris belt. The gas distribution is highly asymmetric, with 30% found in a single clump 85 astronomical units from the star, in a plane closely aligned with the orbit of the inner planet, β Pictoris b. This gas clump delineates a region of enhanced collisions, either from a mean motion resonance with an unseen giant planet or from the remnants of a collision of Mars-mass planets. yes yes carbon monoxide asteroid carbon monoxide collision Mars molecular analysis resonance wavelength astronomy attenuation beta pictoris debris disk cosmological phenomena field emission icy body destruction moon planet collision steady state velocity 2014-03-28 AAAS 0036-8075 343 6178 1490 1492 3 10.1126/science.1248726 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada National Science Infrastructure Infrastructure scientifique nationale 21272621 1f68c87a-f466-4eb8-b729-1ba05a4e7490 Michael Bach aut Ali Asghar Merati Merati, Ali aut AERO AERO Michael Gharghouri aut 9th European Conference on Residual Stresses, ECRS 2014, 7 July 2014 through 10 July 2014, Troyes text article eng This research uses a non-destructive method of neutron diffraction to measure the tri-axial residual stresses in a friction stir welded aerospace fuselage component: a stringer-to-skin lap joint. Two different specimens were examined. Fatigue testing was performed on both specimens to determine their fatigue lives. Effects of the different components of residual stresses were examines and related to fatigue performance. A combination of fractography, hardness testing, and residual stress measurement was used to predict areas of high probability of structural failure in the friction stir welded lap joints. yes yes Fatigue of materials Fatigue testing Fracture mechanics Joints (structural components) Neutron diffraction Nondestructive examination Stringers Welding Crack nucleation Fatigue performance Friction stir Lap joint Structural failure Tri-axial Residual stresses 2014-08 Trans Tech Publications 1022-6680 9783038351535 996 794 800 7 10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.996.794 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Aerospace Aérospatiale 21272618 06eb4716-4c95-4046-97f6-7e05e2b9ba5e Svetlana Niketic aut EME EME Martin Couillard aut EME EME Dean MacNeil aut EME EME Yaser Abu-Lebdeh aut EME EME text article eng In this work, the high voltage LiMn1.5Ni0.5O 4 cathode material has been synthesized as octadecahedron crystals with a disordered spinel structure and has been coated with a carbon layer from two different precursors (sucrose and Xerogel carbon) to improve its performance in Li-ion batteries. The effect of carbon coating on the physical and electrochemical properties of the crystals has been evaluated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Infrared (IR) and Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), elemental and surface area (BET) analyses and battery cycling at different charge/discharge rates and temperatures. It was found that the amount of carbon, present as a thin layer (5-10 nm) and estimated at <1 w.t.%, causes an increase in electronic conductivity with no effect on crystal structure. Battery results of the cathode material in half cells show that carbon coating greatly improves the discharge capacity, rate capability at room temperature and 60 °C as well as cycling stability. Moreover, the material coated from Xerogel carbon shows the highest capacity at 10 C rate and 60 °C. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes High voltage Li-ion battery Spinel cathode Carbon coating 2014-08-11 0378-7753 271 285 290 6 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2014.08.015 Energy, Mining and Environment Énergie, mines et environnement National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21272614 f2f60e32-263a-4759-ad76-2c563642654f Aurélie Taguet aut Martin Bureau Bureau, Martin N. aut EME EME Michel Huneault Huneault, Michael A. aut EME EME Basil Favis Favis, Basil D. aut text article eng The mechanical behavior of polymer blends containing 80 wt% of HDPE and 20 wt% of TPS and compatibilized with HDPE-g-MA grafted copolymer was investigated. Unmodified HDPE/TPS blends exhibit high fracture resistance, however, the interfacial modification of those blends by addition of HDPE-g-MA leads to a dramatic drop in fracture resistance. The compatibilization of HDPE/TPS blends increases the surface area of TPS particles by decreasing their size. It was postulated that the addition of HDPE-g-MA induces a reaction between maleic anhydride and hydroxyl groups of the glycerol leading to a decrease of the glycerol content in the TPS phase. This phenomenon increases the stiffness of the modified TPS particles and stiffer TPS particles leading to an important reduction in toughness and plastic deformation, as measured by the EWF method. It is shown that the main toughening mechanism in HDPE/TPS blends is shear-yielding. This article demonstrates that stiff, low diameter TPS particles reduce shear band formation and consequently decrease the resistance to crack propagation. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes Starch Glycerol Toughness Blends Compatibilization 2014-08-13 0144-8617 114 222 229 8 10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.07.073 Energy, Mining and Environment Énergie, mines et environnement National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21272616 b56a434d-9b98-4964-95b8-d2b0a07bb99a Elmira Memarzadeh Lotfabad aut SDT TSR Willem Peter (Peter) Kalisvaart Kalisvaart, Peter aut SDT TSR Alireza Kohandehghan aut SDT TSR Dimitre Karpuzov aut David Mitlin aut SDT TSR text article eng Partially ordered but not graphitized carbons are widely employed for sodium and lithium ion battery (NIB and LIB) anodes, either in their pure form or as a secondary supporting phase for oxides, sulfides and insertion electrodes. These "pseudographitic" materials ubiquitously display a poor initial coulombic efficiency (CE), which has been historically attributed to solid electrolyte interface (SEI) formation on their large surface areas (up to ∼2500 m2 g-1). Here we identify the other sources CE loss by examining a pseudographitic carbon with a state-of-the-art capacity (>350 mA h g-1 for NIB, >800 mA h g-1 for LIB), but with a purposely designed low surface area (14.5 m2 g-1) that disqualifies SEI from having a substantial role. During the initial several (<5) cycles both Na and Li are irreversibly trapped in the bulk, with the associated CE loss occurring at higher desodiation/delithiation voltages. We measure a progressively increasing graphene interlayer spacing and a progressively increasing Raman G band intensity, indicating that the charge carriers become trapped not only at the graphene defects but also between the graphene planes hence causing them to both dilate and order. For the case of Li, we also unambiguously detected irreversible metal underpotential deposition ("nanoplating") within the nanopores at roughly below 0.2 V. It is expected that in conventional high surface area carbons these mechanisms will be a major contributor to CE loss in parallel to classic SEI formation. Key implications to emerge from these findings are that improvements in early cycling CE may be achieved by synthesizing pseudographitic carbons with lower levels of trapping defects, but that for LIBs the large cycle 1 CE loss may be unavoidable if highly porous structures are utilized. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes Coulombic efficiency 2014-10-14 2050-7488 2 46 19685 19695 11 10.1039/c4ta04995k Security and Disruptive Technologies Technologies de sécurité et de rupture National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21272613 17095b12-0fef-4556-b22f-48cff5b94b5e A. M. L. MacLeod aut P. J. Boyle aut D. S. Hanna aut Patrick Saull Saull, P. R. B. aut MSS SME L. E. Sinclair aut H. C. J. Seywerd aut text article eng We have developed a compact Compton gamma-ray imager with a large field of view and a low channel-count that is capable of quickly localizing gamma-ray sources in the few hundred keV - several MeV range. The two detector planes (scatter and absorber) employ bars of NaI(Tl) read out by photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) located at each end. The long-range imaging performance has been tested from 392 keV to 1274 keV. An angular resolution measure of 2.72±0.06° and an efficiency of (1.79±0.04)×10-³ at 662 keV is obtained. A ¹³⁷Cs (662 keV) source equivalent to a 10 mCi source 40 m away can be located in 60 s with an uncertainty of about a degree. No significant degradation in imaging performance is observed for source angles up to 40° off axis. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes Compton imaging Compton telescope Pulse-height sharing Radiation detection Security Scintillator 2014-08-21 0168-9002 767 397 406 10 10.1016/j.nima.2014.08.012 Measurement Science and Standards Science des mesures et étalons National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21272615 8a54282b-cc66-40fa-8214-a045cbe9bebd Ang Lu aut Yonghong Song Song, Yongbo aut Mehmet Yaman (Yaman) Boluk Boluk, Yaman aut SDT TSR text article eng The electrolyte (NaCl) influences on the sol-gel transition of the complex solution composed of oppositely charged nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) and polyelectrolyte (quaternized hydroxyethylcellulose ethoxylate, QHEC) were investigated by the rheological means in the present paper. Winter and Chambon theory was applicable to describe the sol-gel transition, and the critical gel points have been successfully determined. When increasing the NaCl concentration, more NCC were needed to form a critical gel due to the screening of the electrostatic interaction, and the larger loss tangent and relaxation exponent (n) values at the gel point demonstrated a less elastic nature of the complex solution with more NaCl. The results indicated the gel network was composed of entanglements and association of QHEC (as polymer network), as well as the electrostatic adsorption interaction between QHEC chains and NCC rods (as cross-linking). With the addition of NaCl, the screening effect led to the enhancement of the entanglements and weakening of the electrostatic adsorption, however, the gel strength decreased with increasing the NaCl amount, suggesting the electrostatic adsorption interaction played a more dominant role than the entanglements when the gel was formed. Moreover, the exponents of the scaling law η0 ∝-γ and Ge ∝z of the QHEC/NCC/NaCl solution revealed that the scaling law n = z/(z + γ) between n, γ, and z was only feasible at the highest NaCl concentration, as a result of that the intermolecular electrostatic interaction was completely screened, indicating the scaling law was only feasible when intermolecular interaction was small enough to be neglected. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes Nanocrystalline cellulose Gelation Opposite charge Electrolytes 2014-07-27 0144-8617 114 57 64 8 10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.07.040 Security and Disruptive Technologies Technologies de sécurité et de rupture National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21272610 0b768db5-3a4a-4c9b-aa0a-40611ea9bf57 Daniel Beach Beach, Daniel G. aut MSS SME Callee M. Walsh aut Pearse McCarron aut MSS SME text article eng Eliminating sample extraction or liquid chromatography steps from methods for analysis of the neurotoxin Domoic Acid (DA) in shellfish could greatly increase throughput in food safety testing laboratories worldwide. To this end, we have investigated the use of Laser Ablation Electrospray Ionization (LAESI) with tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) detection for DA analysis directly from mussel tissue homogenates without sample extraction, cleanup or separation. DA could be selectively detected directly from mussel tissue homogenates using MS/MS in selected reaction monitoring scan mode. The quantitative capabilities of LAESI-MS/MS for DA analysis from mussel tissue were evaluated by analysis of four mussel tissue reference materials using matrix-matched calibration. Linear response was observed from 1 mg/kg to 40 mg/kg and the method limit of detection was 1 mg/kg. Results for DA analysis in tissue within the linear range were in good agreement with two established methods, LC-UV and LC-MS/MS (recoveries from 103 to 125%). Beyond the linear range, extraction and clean-up were required to achieve good quantitation. Most notable is the extremely rapid analysis time of about 10 s per sample by LAESI-MS/MS, which corresponds to a significant increase in sample throughput compared with existing methodology for routine DA analysis. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes Ambient ionization; Direct analysis; Amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP); Algal toxin; Shellfish testing 2014-10-15 0041-0101 92 75 80 6 10.1016/j.toxicon.2014.10.009 Measurement Science and Standards Science des mesures et étalons National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21272611 1a74d54d-6773-4450-b406-1657267ebf4e Shuai Ban aut Xie Jing aut Hongjun Zhou aut Lei Zhang aut EME EME Jiujun (JJ) Zhang Zhang, Jiujun aut EME EME text article eng A symmetrical graphene-based supercapacitor is constructed for studying the charge-transfer mechanism within the graphene-based electrodes using both experiment measurements and molecular simulation. The in-house synthesized graphene is characterized by XRD, SEM and BET measurements for morphology and surface area. It is observed that the electric capacity of graphene electrode can be reduced by both high internal resistance and limited mass transfer. Computer modeling is conducted at the molecular level to characterize the diffusion behavior of electrolyte ions to the interior of electrode with emphasis on the unique 2D confinement imposed by graphene layers. Although graphene powder poses a moderate internal surface of 400 m2 g -1, the capacitance performance of graphene electrode can be as good as that of commercial activated carbon which has an overwhelming surface area of 1700 m2 g-1. An explanation to this abnormal correlation is that graphene material has an intrinsic capability of adaptively reorganizing its microporous structure in response to intercalation of ions and immergence of electrolyte solvent. The accessible surface of graphene is believed to be dramatically enlarged for ion adsorption during the charging process of capacitor. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes Graphene Aqueous electrolyte Electric double layer supercapacitor Mass transfer Ion adsorption Molecular simulation 2014 0378-7753 268 604 609 6 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2014.06.037 Energy, Mining and Environment Énergie, mines et environnement National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21272612 f4815558-5d4c-4055-978d-a9dc8cdcccda Graham W. Burton aut Janusz Daroszewski aut James G. Nickerson aut James Bernard (Jim) Johnston Johnston, James B. aut ACRD DCRA Trevor J. Mogg aut Grigory B. Nikiforov aut text article eng Carotenoids are reported to have immunological effects independent of vitamin A activity. Although antioxidant activity has been suggested as a basis of action, the ability of carotenoids to autoxidize to numerous non-vitamin A products with immunological activity is an alternative yet to be fully explored. We have undertaken a systematic study of β-carotene autoxidation and tested the product mixture for immunological activity. Autoxidation proceeds predominantly by oxygen copolymerization, leading to a defined, reproducible product corresponding to net uptake of almost 8 molar equivalents of oxygen. The product, termed OxC-beta, empirical formula C40H60O15 versus C40H56 for β-carotene, contains more than 30% oxygen (w/w) and 85% β-carotene oxygen copolymers (w/w) as well as minor amounts of many C8−C18 norisoprenoid compounds. No vitamin A or higher molecular weight norisoprenoids are present. The predominance of polymeric products has not been reported previously. The polymer appears to be a less polymerized form of sporopollenin, a biopolymer found in exines of spores and pollen. Autoxidations of lycopene and canthaxanthin show a similar predominance of polymeric products. OxC-beta exhibits immunological activity in a PCR gene expression array, indicating that carotenoid oxidation produces non-vitamin A products with immunomodulatory potential. yes yes β-carotene autoxidation oxygen copolymer non-vitamin A oxidation products immune function gene expression 2014-04 1480-3291 92 4 305 316 12 10.1139/cjc-2013-0494 NRC-ACRD-55952 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Aquatic and Crop Resource Development Développement des cultures et des ressources aquatiques 21272466 738c1765-9794-46e2-a997-073ebbefe652 Nutthaya Butwong aut Lin Zhou aut Wittaya Ng-eontae aut Rodjana Burakham aut Eric Moore aut Supalax Srijaranai aut John Luong Luong, John H.T. aut ACRD DCRA Jeremy D. Glennon aut text article 2016-01-08 eng A simple sensing scheme for hydrogen peroxide has been described by electrochemical deposition of cadmium oxide (CdO) nanoparticles with ∼50 nm in diameter on a glassy carbon (GC) electrode modified with multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNT). The CdO/MWCNT modified sensor, with a surface coverage of 1.13 × 10−8 mol/cm2, displayed high synergistic electrocatalytic activity for H2O2. The sensor was capable of reducing H2O2 at −1.2 V vs. Ag/AgCl (H2O2 + 2H+ + 2e− → 2H2O) in a broad pH range. At the optimal pH 7, the sensor exhibited a detection limit of 0.1 μM, broad linearity from 0.5 to 200 μM, good reproducibility (RSD of 5.9%), and long-term stability. Uric acid, ascorbic acid and dopamine up to 100 μM provoked no signal response, attesting selectivity of the CdO/MWCNT modified electrode for hydrogen peroxide. yes yes Cadmium oxide Multiwall carbon nanotube Glassy carbon electrode Hydrogen peroxide 2014-01-08 1572-6657 717-718 41 46 6 10.1016/j.jelechem.2013.12.028 NRC-ACRD-56028 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Aquatic and Crop Resource Development Développement des cultures et des ressources aquatiques 21272463 ed4397aa-140d-483e-a10a-635a8712313b Kaushik Ghose aut Kumarakurubaran Selvaraj aut Jason McCallum aut Chris W. Kirby aut Marva Sweeney-Nixon aut Sylvie J. Cloutier aut Michael Deyholos aut Raju Datla aut ACRD DCRA Bourlaye Fofana aut text article eng Background: Lignans are a class of diphenolic nonsteroidal phytoestrogens often found glycosylated in planta. Flax seeds are a rich source of secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG) lignans. Glycosylation is a process by which a glycosyl group is covalently attached to an aglycone substrate and is catalyzed by uridine diphosphate glycosyltransferases (UGTs). Until now, very little information was available on UGT genes that may play a role in flax SDG biosynthesis. Here we report on the identification, structural and functional characterization of 5 putative UGTs potentially involved in secoisolariciresinol (SECO) glucosylation in flax. Results: Five UGT genes belonging to the glycosyltransferases' family 1 (EC 2.4.x.y) were cloned and characterized. They fall under four UGT families corresponding to five sub-families referred to as UGT74S1, UGT74T1, UGT89B3, UGT94H1, UGT712B1 that all display the characteristic plant secondary product glycosyltransferase (PSPG) conserved motif. However, diversity was observed within this 44 amino acid sequence, especially in the two peptide sequences WAPQV and HCGWNS known to play a key role in the recognition and binding of diverse aglycone substrates and in the sugar donor specificity. In developing flax seeds, UGT74S1 and UGT94H1 showed a coordinated gene expression with that of pinoresinol-lariciresinol reductase (PLR) and their gene expression patterns correlated with SDG biosynthesis. Enzyme assays of the five heterologously expressed UGTs identified UGT74S1 as the only one using SECO as substrate, forming SECO monoglucoside (SMG) and then SDG in a sequential manner.Conclusion: We have cloned and characterized five flax UGTs and provided evidence that UGT74S1 uses SECO as substrate to form SDG in vitro. This study allowed us to propose a model for the missing step in SDG lignan biosynthesis. yes yes Flax Glucosylation Glycosyltranferases Lignan SDG Secoisolariciresinol UGTs 2014-03-28 1471-2229 14 1 82 10.1186/1471-2229-14-82 NRC-ACRD-56029 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Aquatic and Crop Resource Development Développement des cultures et des ressources aquatiques 21272462 a2c6b6bd-0869-4845-ba6e-bf6fcb01a9b4 Guangyue Li aut Jie Ren aut Peiyuan Yao aut Yitao Duan aut Hailing Zhang aut Qiaqing Wu aut Jinhui Feng aut Peter C K Lau Lau, Peter C. K. aut ACRD DCRA Dunming Zhu aut text article eng The current toolkit of biocatalysts for the production of enantiomerically pure chiral amines is largely restricted to amine transaminases, ammonia lyases, or the genetic variants of monoamine oxidase N(MAO-N) from Aspergillus niger. Flavin-dependent amine oxidases have the apparent advantage of using molecular oxygen as a stoichiometric oxidant and their reactions are irreversible. To expand the toolkit and increase the substrate spectrum of a bacterial and flavin-dependent cyclohexylamine oxidase (CHAO) to enable deracemization of secondary amines, saturation mutagenesis of 11 amino acid residues located around the cyclohexanone substrate within a distance of 5 Å, followed by iterative saturation mutagenesis of four beneficial mutants, were performed. Screening with 2-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline as the substrate generated two improved CHAO variants, T198FL199S and T198FL199SM226F, that exhibited up to 406 times higher catalytic efficiency than the wild-type CHAO. Besides, high stereoselectivity for 2-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline and other 2-substituted-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolines was demonstrated. In particular, deracemization of 2-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline by Escherichia coli whole cells expressing CHAO mutant T198FL199SM226F led to the production of (R)-2-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline with high yield (76%) and enantiomeric excess (ee, 98%). Tetrahydroquinolines are important building blocks of natural and synthetic products useful in the pharmaceutical and agrochemical industries. yes yes biocatalysis amine oxidase iterative saturation mutagenesis chiral amines deracemization 2014-02-14 2155-5435 4 3 903 908 6 10.1021/cs401065n NRC-ACRD-56031 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Aquatic and Crop Resource Development Développement des cultures et des ressources aquatiques 21272461 b2cf86a5-9099-43c8-971b-86b604091499 Matthew G. Links1 aut Tigst Demeke aut Tom Gräfenhan aut Janet E. Hill aut Sean M Hemmingsen Hemmingsen, Sean M. aut ACRD DCRA Tim J. Dumonceaux aut text article 2015-04 eng In order to address the hypothesis that seeds from ecologically and geographically diverse plants harbor characteristic epiphytic microbiota, we characterized the bacterial and fungal microbiota associated with Triticum and Brassica seed surfaces. The total microbial complement was determined by amplification and sequencing of a fragment of chaperonin 60 (cpn60). Specific microorganisms were quantified by qPCR. Bacteria and fungi corresponding to operational taxonomic units (OTU) that were identified in the sequencing study were isolated and their interactions examined. A total of 5477 OTU were observed from seed washes. Neither total epiphytic bacterial load nor community richness/evenness was significantly different between the seed types; 578 OTU were shared among all samples at a variety of abundances. Hierarchical clustering revealed that 203 were significantly different in abundance on Triticum seeds compared with Brassica. Microorganisms isolated from seeds showed 99-100% identity between the cpn60 sequences of the isolates and the OTU sequences from this shared microbiome. Bacterial strains identified as Pantoea agglomerans had antagonistic properties toward one of the fungal isolates (Alternaria sp.), providing a possible explanation for their reciprocal abundances on both Triticum and Brassica seeds. cpn60 enabled the simultaneous profiling of bacterial and fungal microbiota and revealed a core seed-associated microbiota shared between diverse plant genera. yes yes biocontrol core microbiome cpn60 universal target DNA barcode epiphytes seed microbiota 2014-04 0028-646X 1469-8137 202 2 542 553 12 10.1111/nph.12693 NRC-ACRD-55986 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Aquatic and Crop Resource Development Développement des cultures et des ressources aquatiques 21272460 e0c8bc36-41ff-4cb7-9b5a-43e5a421f97c Dauenpen Meesapyodsuk aut ACRD DCRA Xiao Qiu aut text article eng In contrast to soluble acyl-ACP desaturases from plants, little is known about the structure-guiding principle underlying substrate specificity and regioselectivity of membrane-bound acyl-CoA desaturases from animals, mainly due to lack of the three-dimensional structure information. Here we report identification of two homologous membrane-bound acyl-CoA Δ9 desaturases (ChDes9-1 and ChDes9-2) from the marine copepod Calanus hyperboreus that accumulates more than 90% of total storage lipids in the form of wax esters. ChDes9-2 is a common Δ9 desaturase with substrate specificity to long chain fatty acid 18:0, while ChDes9-1 is a new type of Δ9 desaturase introducing a Δ9 double bond into a wide range of very long chain fatty acids ranging from 20:0 to 26:0. Reciprocal domain swapping and site-directed mutagenesis guided by the membrane topology revealed that presence or absence of an amphipathic and bulky residue, tyrosine, in the middle of the second transmembrane domain was important in determining the substrate specificity of the two desaturases. To examine the mechanistic structure for the substrate specificity, tyrosine-scanning mutagenesis was employed to systematically substitute the residues in the transmembrane domain of the very long chain desaturase. The results showed that the transmembrane domain formed an α-helix structure probably involved in formation of the substrate-binding pocket and the corresponding residue of the tyrosine likely resided at the critical position within the pocket mediating the interaction with the substrates, thereby specifying the chain length of the substrates. yes yes 2014-04-18 1554-8929 9 4 922 934 13 10.1021/cb400675d NRC-ACRD-56050 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Aquatic and Crop Resource Development Développement des cultures et des ressources aquatiques 21272459 cdd0d360-444a-4c4a-8804-837b92ef05b4 Sateesh Kagale aut ACRD DCRA Chu Shin (Kevin) Koh Koh, Chushin aut ACRD DCRA John Nixon aut Venkatesh Bollina aut Wayne E. Clarke aut Reetu Tuteja aut Charles Spillane aut Stephen J. Robinson aut Matthew G. Links aut Carling Marie Clarke Clarke, Carling aut ACRD DCRA Erin E. Higgins aut Terry Huebert aut Andrew (Andy) Sharpe Sharpe, Andrew G. aut ACRD DCRA Isobel A. P. Parkin aut text article eng Camelina sativa is an oilseed with desirable agronomic and oil-quality attributes for a viable industrial oil platform crop. Here we generate the first chromosome-scale high-quality reference genome sequence for C. sativa and annotated 89,418 protein-coding genes, representing a whole-genome triplication event relative to the crucifer model Arabidopsis thaliana. C. sativa represents the first crop species to be sequenced from lineage I of the Brassicaceae. The well-preserved hexaploid genome structure of C. sativa surprisingly mirrors those of economically important amphidiploid Brassica crop species from lineage II as well as wheat and cotton. The three genomes of C. sativa show no evidence of fractionation bias and limited expression-level bias, both characteristics commonly associated with polyploid evolution. The highly undifferentiated polyploid genome of C. sativa presents significant consequences for breeding and genetic manipulation of this industrial oil crop. yes yes Biological sciences Biotechnology Genetics 2014-04 2041-1723 5 3706 10.1038/ncomms4706 NRC-ACRD-55995 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Aquatic and Crop Resource Development Développement des cultures et des ressources aquatiques 21272458 e0b33c4f-3343-4898-b17e-afca4f67dc50 Sandeep Kumar Vashist aut E. Marion Schneider aut Edmond Lam aut ACRD DCRA Sabahudin Hrapovic aut ACRD DCRA John H. T. Luong aut text article 2015-03-18 eng An improved enzyme-linked immunosorbent (ELISA) assay using one-step antibody immobilization has been developed for the detection of human fetuin A (HFA), a specific biomarker for atherosclerosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. The anti-HFA formed a stable complex with 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) by ionic and hydrophobic interactions. The complex adsorbed on microtiter plates exhibited a detection range of 4.9 pg mL-1 to 20 ng mL-1 HFA, with a limit of detection of 7 pg mL-1. Furthermore, an analytical sensitivity of 10 pg mL-1 was achieved, representing a 51-fold increase in sensitivity over the commercial sandwich ELISA kit. The results obtained for HFA spiked in diluted human whole blood and plasma showed the same precision as the commercial kit. When stored at 4°C in 0.1 M phosphate-buffered saline (PBS, pH 7.4), the anti-HFA bound microtiter plates displayed no significant decrease in their functional activity after two months. The new ELISA procedure was extended for the detection of C-reactive protein, human albumin and human lipocalin-2 with excellent analytical performance. yes yes Diagnostic markers Immunological techniques 2014-03-18 2045-2322 4 4407 10.1038/srep04407 NRC-ACRD-56045 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Aquatic and Crop Resource Development Développement des cultures et des ressources aquatiques 21272457 7a1fa7b8-6a1b-44a9-b4a2-866a218a2c38 Sylvie Brochu aut M. Brassard aut Sonia Thiboutot aut Guy Ampleman aut Patrick Brousseau aut Catalin Florin Petre aut F. Côté aut I. Poulin aut Emmanuela Diaz aut Geoffrey Sunahara Sunahara, Geoffrey I. aut ACRD DCRA Jalal Hawari aut ACRD DCRA Fanny Monteil-Rivera aut ACRD DCRA Sylvie Rocheleau aut ACRD DCRA Sebastien Côté aut Richard Martel aut text article eng The revolutionary insensitive, green, and healthier training technology with reduced adverse contamination (RIGHTTRAC) program is a 5-year technology demonstration program (TDP) aimed at showing that green and insensitive munitions have better properties than current munitions, and that it is feasible to implement safer weapon solutions that would ease the environmental pressure on ranges and training areas and decrease the health hazards for the users. The goals of this TDP are to reach a near-zero dud rate and to eliminate the potential for research development explosive (RDX) contamination as well as the use of toxic and carcinogenic compounds. This will be done by performing significant improvements to the fuzing system, the main explosive charge and the gun propellant. The vehicle used for this demonstration is a 105-mm army artillery munition (high-explosive Ml), currently filled with Composition B (a 60:40 RDX:TNT mix) and using a single-base gun propellant (Ml formulation). The aim of this communication is to provide an overview of the project and to describe the steps taken to evaluate the environmental properties of the chosen propellant and explosive formulations. At its completion, it is believed that this project will have provided the required data to assess the long-term effects of the munitions on the environment right at an early stage of the weapon development cycle, and that this can be cost effective in the long run. This will help sustain military training while preserving our resources, as well as shaping the future of weapon system development. yes yes RIGHTTRAC insensitive munition LOVA GIM ecotoxicology 2014 2150-766X 13 1 7 36 30 10.1615/IntJEnergeticMaterialsChemProp.2014005314 NRC-ACRD-56044 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Aquatic and Crop Resource Development Développement des cultures et des ressources aquatiques 21272456 df187e5c-7ffe-4f0b-80e8-8aae28623478 H. Rahman aut G. Peng aut F. Yu aut K.C. Falk aut M. Kulkarni aut ACRD DCRA Gopalan Selvaraj Selvaraj, G. aut ACRD DCRA text article eng Clubroot disease caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae Woronin is a concern to the canola (Brassica napus L.) growers in Canada. A crop management strategy that includes deployment of genetic resistance and appropriate cultural practices is needed for long-term management of this disease. Resistance to the P. brassicae pathotypes present in Canada has been found in the primary and secondary gene pools of spring B. napus canola. Some of these sources, such as winter canola Mendel, rutabaga and Pak Choi (Brassica rapa L.) Flower Nabana, were used in genetic studies and breeding for the development of clubroot-resistant canola cultivars. A dominant gene in Mendel and Flower Nabana was found to confer resistance to P. brassicae pathotype 3, while a simple or a complex genetic control of resistance was found in rutabaga. The clubroot resistance (CR) gene in Flower Nabana was mapped to chromosome A3, and molecular markers linked to the CR gene were identified for use in marker-assisted breeding (MAB). Using the CR genes from Mendel and rutabaga, several clubroot-resistant spring canola lines were developed. Often the CR genes of Mendel and rutabaga conferring resistance to pathotype 3 also conferred resistance to other pathotypes of P. brassicae found in Canada, including pathotypes 5, 6 and 8. The CR gene of Flower Nabana was introgressed into B. napus and B. rapa canola through MAB. Since single-gene controlled resistance can be eroded, other strategies such as pyramiding different CR genes into B. napus canola should be considered for durable resistance. yes yes Brassica napus breeding clubroot resistance gene introgression genetics mapping Plasmodiophora brassicae spring canola 2014-02-28 0008-4220 36 suppl. 1 122 134 13 10.1080/07060661.2013.862571 NRC-ACRD-54682 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Aquatic and Crop Resource Development Développement des cultures et des ressources aquatiques 21272455 002eab6b-2767-41eb-bfdf-6505e0436439 Asmae Mokrini aut AST ATS 2014 ECS and SMEQ Joint International Meeting, October 5-9, 2014, Cancun, Mexico article eng 2014-11 This work investigates the potential use of azoles as bifunctional additives for proton exchange membranes (PEM) manufacturing through direct melt-processing of acidic ionomers. The development of high-volume manufacturing processes to prototype PEM fuel cell components with a reduced number of steps is vital to reduce system cost and complexity, and to meet the demands of high volume production and durability requirements especially for automotive applications. The strong ionic associations in ionomers act generally as physical cross-links, increasing by several orders of magnitude both melt-viscosities and relaxation times, resulting in ionomeric materials that are very difficult to melt-process with high shear rate processes such as melt-casting or melt-blowing. The strength of the ionic interactions in ionomers, and hence their physical and mechanical properties, depends on the acidity of the pendent anion. Polymers modified with the stronger acid, such as sulfonic acid (pKa~1), exhibit more dramatic changes in thermal, viscoelastic, and rheological properties than those modified with the weaker carboxylic acid (pKa~4-5). However, most ionomers may be melt-processed in very low shear rate operations such as compression-molding, which reveals that these ionic associations are not permanent cross-links and can be reversibly disrupted under suitable conditions. The approach investigated is based on the use of selected bi-functional additives that act as a SO3H groups protec­tion and a melt-processing aid.[1] The additives selected are highly polar additives with relatively high boiling points that are expected to interact with the ion-rich aggregates that compose the nanophase separation in ionomers and act as plasticizers which expectantly improve the viscoelastic behavior during melt processing. Additives from the azole family, imidazole, 1,2,4-triazole and benzimidazole have been investigated as potential bifunctional additives. This presentation, will discuss the results obtained with four commercial PFSA ionomers Nafion® DE-2020 and NR-40 with long side chain (LSC), and Aquivion® D83-24B and D79-20BS with short side chain (SSC). yes yes 377 388 12 64(3) 1938-6737 1938-5862 10.1149/06403.0377ecst National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Automotive and Surface Transportation Automobile et transport de surface 21272407 b16b8942-c651-4991-92ff-6dad75bf5dbb Haixia Zhang aut ACRD DCRA Mark Andrew Smith Smith, Mark A. aut ACRD DCRA Randall (Randy) Purves Purves, Randy W. aut ACRD DCRA text article eng Acylglycerols containing more than three acyl groups (TAG-estolides) have been reported in plant seed oils and oil from ergot fungus. These TAG-estolides have considerable potential for industrial use, however, costs of producing synthetic TAG-estolides limits their use in large-scale applications. Identification and structural characterization of additional natural sources of TAG-estolides has been restricted by their complexity and limitations of current analytical techniques. In this work, detection and characterization of TAG-estolides was optimized for use with MALDI-TOF-MS. Eight commonly used matrices were compared; 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHB) and 2,4,6- trihydroxyacetophenone (THAP) gave good quality mass spectra. Matrix additives were examined and lithium was the most suitable, since MS/MS spectra of lithiated TAG-estolides provided the most informative fragmentation using an optimized method. The matrix solution pH was examined, and for THAP, replacing LiCl with 10-40 mM LiOH resulted in a slightly basic pH and significantly more intense TAG-estolide signals (up to eightfold higher). Since DHB is acidic, a larger amount of LiOH (>150 mM) was required for the matrix solution to become basic, leading to ion suppression and reduced signal intensities. Thus, for TAG-estolide analysis, THAP with ~20 to 30 mM LiOH gives the highest quality spectra and the most informative MS/MS fragmentation. yes yes DHB Ergot oil Estolide MALDI-MS THAP Triacylglycerol 2014-06 0003-021X 1558-9331 91 6 905 915 11 10.1007/s11746-014-2437-y NRC-ACRD-56025 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Aquatic and Crop Resource Development Développement des cultures et des ressources aquatiques 21272403 04503c7d-02c9-43df-972a-583d81b9a394 N.K. Nayidu aut Yifang Tan Tan, Y. aut ACRD DCRA A. Taheri aut X. Li aut T.C. Bjorndahl aut Jacek J Nowak Nowak, J. aut ACRD DCRA D.S. Wishart aut D. Hegedus aut M.Y. Gruber aut text article eng Brassica villosa is a wild Brassica C genome species with very dense trichome coverage and strong resistance to many insect pests of Brassica oilseeds and vegetables. Transcriptome analysis of hairy B. villosa leaves indicated higher expression of several important trichome initiation genes compared with glabrous B. napus leaves and consistent with the Arabidopsis model of trichome development. However, transcripts of the TRY inhibitory gene in hairy B. villosa were surprisingly high relative to B. napus and relative transcript levels of SAD2, EGL3, and several XIX genes were low, suggesting potential ancillary or less important trichome-related roles for these genes in Brassica species compared with Arabidopsis. Several antioxidant, calcium, non-calcium metal and secondary metabolite genes also showed differential expression between these two species. These coincided with accumulation of two alkaloid-like compounds, high levels of calcium, and other metals in B. villosa trichomes that are correlated with the known tolerance of B. villosa to high salt and the calcium-rich natural habitat of this wild species. This first time report on the isolation of large amounts of pure B. villosa trichomes, on trichome content, and on relative gene expression differences in an exceptionally hairy Brassica species compared with a glabrous species opens doors for the scientific community to understand trichome gene function in the Brassicas and highlights the potential of B. villosa as a trichome research platform. yes yes Brassica napus Brassica villosa Global gene expression Metals Secondary metabolites Trichome preparations 2014-07 0167-4412 1573-5028 85 4 519 539 21 10.1007/s11103-014-0201-1 NRC-ACRD-56060 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Aquatic and Crop Resource Development Développement des cultures et des ressources aquatiques 21272401 7ee2c5a9-3a4d-455d-ab4d-ee39b59323ed M. Borg aut N. Rutley aut S. Kagale aut ACRD DCRA Y. Hamamura aut M. Gherghinoiu aut S. Kumar aut U. Sari aut M.A. Esparza-Franco aut W. Sakamoto aut K. Rozwadowski aut T. Higashiyama aut D. Twell aut text article eng The production of the sperm cells in angiosperms requires coordination of cell division and cell differentiation. In Arabidopsis thaliana, the germline-specific MYB protein DUO1 integrates these processes, but the regulatory hierarchy in which DUO1 functions is unknown. Here, we identify an essential role for two germline-specific DUO1 target genes, DAZ1 and DAZ2, which encode EAR motif-containing C2H2-type zinc finger proteins. We show that DAZ1/DAZ2 are required for germ cell division and for the proper accumulation of mitotic cyclins. Importantly, DAZ1/DAZ2 are sufficient to promote G2- to M-phase transition and germ cell division in the absence of DUO1. DAZ1/DAZ2 are also required for DUO1-dependent cell differentiation and are essential for gamete fusion at fertilization. We demonstrate that the two EAR motifs in DAZ1/DAZ2 mediate their function in the male germline and are required for transcriptional repression and for physical interaction with the corepressor TOPLESS. Our findings uncover an essential module in a regulatory hierarchy that drives mitotic transition in male germ cells and implicates gene repression pathways in sperm cell formation and fertility. yes yes 2014-05 2098-2113 26 5 2098 2113 16 10.1105/tpc.114.124743 NRC-ACRD-56070 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Aquatic and Crop Resource Development Développement des cultures et des ressources aquatiques 21272400 82d28fab-facc-424a-b1b2-1c986cef320d Rogerio Lima Lima, R. S. aut AST ATS D. Nagy aut Basil Marple Marple, B. R. aut AST ATS 2014 International Thermal Spray Conference (ITSC), May 21-23, 2014, Barcelona, Spain text article 2014-11-14 2015-11-14 eng Different types of thermal spray systems, including HVOF (JP5000 and DJ2600-hybrid), APS (F4-MB and Axial III), and LPPS (Oerlikon Metco system) were employed to spray CoNiCrAlY bond coats (BCs) onto Inconel 625 substrates. The chemical composition of the BC powder was the same in all cases; however, the particle size distribution of the powder employed with each torch was that specifically recommended for the torch. For optimization purposes, these BCs were screened based on initial evaluations of roughness, porosity, residual stress, relative oxidation, and isothermal TGO growth. A single type of standard YSZ top coat was deposited via APS (F4MB) on all the optimized BCs. The TBCs were thermally cycled by employing a furnace cycle test (FCT) (1080 °C-1 h—followed by forced air cooling). Samples were submitted to 10, 100, 400, and 1400 cycles as well as being cycled to failure. The behavior of the microstructures, bond strength values (ASTM 633), and the TGO evolution of these TBCs, were investigated for the as-sprayed and thermally cycled samples. During FCT, the TBCs found to be both the best and poorest performing and had their BCs deposited via HVOF. The results showed that engineering low-oxidized BCs does not necessarily lead to an optimal TBC performance. Moreover, the bond strength values decrease significantly only when the TBC is about to fail (top coat spall off) and the as-sprayed bond strength values cannot be used as an indicator of TBC performance. yes yes bond coat bond strength CoNiCrAlY furnace cycle testing (FCT) TBC 1059-9630 1544-1016 1 8 8 10.1007/s11666-014-0181-3 NRC-AST-147063 Automotive and Surface Transportation Automobile et transport de surface National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 21272380 5cadbf6b-3a65-4887-be1c-41624d203123 Dominique Poirier aut AST ATS Jean-Michel Lamarre aut AST ATS Jean-Gabriel Legoux aut AST ATS 2014 International Thermal Spray Conference (ITSC), May 21-23, 2014, Barcelona, Spain text article 2014-11-20 2015-11-20 eng There is a strong interest from the transportation industry to achieve vehicle weight reduction through the replacement of steel components by aluminum parts. For some applications, aluminum requires protective coatings due to its limited wear and lower temperature resistance compared to steel. The objective of this study was to assess the potential of amorphous-type plasma-sprayed steel coatings and conventional arc-sprayed steel coatings as thermal barrier coatings, mainly through the evaluation of their spalling resistance under thermal cycling. The microstructures of the different coatings were first compared via SEM. The amorphicity of the coatings produced via plasma spraying of specialized alloyed steel and the crystalline phases of the conventional arc-sprayed steel coatings were confirmed through x-ray diffraction. The thermal diffusivity of all coatings produced was measured to be about a third of that of bulk stainless steel. Conventional arc-sprayed steel coatings typically offered better spalling resistance under thermal cycling than steel-based amorphous coatings due probably to their higher initial bond strength. However, the presence of vertical cracks in the steel-based amorphous coatings was found to have a beneficial effect on their thermal cycling resistance. The amorphous plasma-sprayed steel coatings presented indications of recrystallization after their exposure to high temperature. yes yes amorphous structure atmospheric plasma spray steel thermal barrier coatings thermal cycling wire arc spray 1059-9630 1544-1016 1 10 10 10.1007/s11666-014-0190-2 NRC-AST-147061 Automotive and Surface Transportation Automobile et transport de surface National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 21272371 1140e39f-658e-430f-92f4-164424dabca4 Jin-Yue Sun aut Joseph (Joe) Hammerlindl Hammerlindl, Joe aut ACRD DCRA Li (Lily) Forseille Forseille, Li aut ACRD DCRA Haixia Zhang aut ACRD DCRA Mark Andrew Smith Smith, Mark A. aut ACRD DCRA text article 2015-06 eng No temperate oilseeds crops are available that produce oil with a high saturated fatty acid content. To achieve such a profile, Brassica napus cv. DH12075 was engineered by simultaneous seed-specific over-expression of a native fatty acyl-ACP thioesterase B [BnFatB(2)] and artificial microRNA-mediated down-regulation of eight endogenous genes encoding putative stearoyl-ACP desaturases (BnSADs). Semi-quantitative RT-PCR analysis of transformed lines showed that the BnFatB(2) gene was highly over-expressed and the eight putative SAD genes were strongly down-regulated in developing seed demonstrating the successful application of microRNA as a tool for down-regulation of genes in the allotetraploid plant B. napus. Analysis of seed triacylglycerol (TAG) composition revealed that all lines contained high levels of palmitic acid (16:0) and moderately increased levels of stearic acid (18:0). Total saturated fatty acid content was increased from 7.4% in the control to 37.3-45.6% in the transformed lines, with FatB over-expression as the dominant trait. A twofold increase in 16:0 was observed in seed polar lipids. The melting point of oil from mature seeds was increased from -10 °C in DH12075 to 15 °C in the line with the highest saturated fatty acid content. TAG composition showed a shift from predominantly C54 TAG to C50 and C52 TAGs enriched in palmitic acid. Seedling establishment at low temperature was compromised in lines with high saturated fatty acid content. Results suggested that transcript encoding stearoyl-ACP desaturase in developing B. napus seeds is present in considerable excess of the level required for efficient desaturation of 18:0. yes yes Brassica napus saturated fatty acid FatB stearoyl-acyl carrier protein desaturase artificial microRNAs palmitic acid 2014-06 1467-7652 12 5 624 637 14 10.1111/pbi.12168 NRC-ACRD-55567 National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada Aquatic and Crop Resource Development Développement des cultures et des ressources aquatiques 21272367 3cbc7722-e250-42e2-bb3e-aafe33ba9b8e Jean-Michel Lamarre aut AST ATS Cristian Cojocaru Cojocaru, Cristian V. aut AST ATS Jean-Gabriel Legoux aut AST ATS National Research Council Canada aut Thermal Spray 2014, May 21-23, 2014, Barcelona, Spain text article 2014-05-21 2015-05-21 eng Atmospheric plasma spray (APS) is an efficient technique for depositing high performance dielectric coatings at a low cost, with high deposition rate and on complex-shaped parts. Due to its availability, low price, ease to spray and good dielectric properties, alumina (Al2O3) is a very common choice of material for insulating applications. However, the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of alumina does not represent the best match for the CTE of most metallic substrates hence alternative high CTE ceramic materials are of interest. We report on the microstructural and electrical properties of a dense high CTE forsterite (Mg2SiO4) coating deposited by APS. Annealed forsterite coatings' microstructure and dielectric properties are compared to that of annealed alumina coatings. The ceramics' electrical properties were evaluated by performing impedance measurements on as-sprayed coatings and coatings exposed to different annealing temperatures. We show that both materials exhibit important degradation after exposure to a threshold temperature. An equivalent electrical model is used to extract relevant coating properties such as resistivity and dielectric constant. The coating electrical degradation mechanisms are discussed. yes yes 184 189 6 NRC-AST-147059 Automotive and Surface Transportation Automobile et transport de surface National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada 21272357 c4c391bc-db6a-4986-bab8-eb744957550f Silvano Rech aut Andrea Trentin aut Simone Vezzù aut Enrico Vedelago aut Jean-Gabriel Legoux aut AST ATS Éric Irissou aut AST ATS 2011 International Thermal Spray Conference, September 27–29, 2011, Hamburg, Germany text article 2015-08-30 eng Cold spraying is increasingly being used for reconstruction or repair of damaged aluminium alloy components, especially in the aviation industry. Both thin (<0.5 mm) and thick (up to 1 cm) coatings are necessary to achieve dimensional recovery of such components. Thin and above all thick coatings can be deposited in a single pass (single layer) or in several passes (multi-pass), resulting in different thermal and stress effects in the component and the coating itself. The thermal input, the amount and type of residual stresses and the porosity affect various characteristics such as adhesion, crack propagation and mechanical properties of the coating. In this study, two sets (single- and multi-pass) of aluminium alloy (AA6061) coatings with different thicknesses (0.5 mm to 2 mm) were deposited onto AA6061 substrates and compared using metallographic and fractographic analyses, four-point bending testing, residual stress analysis and Vickers microhardness indentation. Finally, the coating adhesion and cohesion were measured using the standard ASTM-C633 adhesion test and tubular coating tensile test. This study demonstrates that the single-layer strategy results in greater adhesion and lower porosity, while multilayer coatings have higher elastic modulus. Independent of the strategy, the compressive residual stress decreases as a function of coating thickness. yes yes aircraft feedstock processing testing 2014-08-30 1059-9630 1544-1016 23 8 1237 1250 14 10.1007/s11666-014-0141-y NRC-AST-147062 NRC Industrial Materials Institute Institut des matériaux industriels du CNRC Automotive and Surface Transportation Automobile et transport de surface National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 21272354 1b689db4-1d37-439a-82ac-e7de4412d284 M.A. Markus aut J. Ferrier aut S.M. Luchsinger aut J. Yuk aut A. Cuerrier aut M.J. Balick aut J.M. Hicks aut K.B. Killday aut C.W. Kirby aut F. Berrue aut R.G. Kerr aut K. Knagge aut T. Gödecke aut B.E. Ramirez aut D.C. Lankin aut G.F. Pauli aut Ian Burton Burton, I. aut ACRD DCRA Tobias Karakach Karakach, T.K. aut ACRD DCRA J.T. Arnason aut K.L. Colson aut text article 2015-06 eng A method was developed to distinguish Vaccinium species based on leaf extracts using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Reference spectra were measured on leaf extracts from several species, including lowbush blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium), oval leaf huckleberry (Vaccinium ovalifolium), and cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon). Using principal component analysis, these leaf extracts were resolved in the scores plot. Analysis of variance statistical tests demonstrated that the three groups differ significantly on PC2, establishing that the three species can be distinguished by nuclear magnetic resonance. Soft independent modeling of class analogies models for each species also showed discrimination between species. To demonstrate the robustness of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy for botanical identification, spectra of a sample of lowbush blueberry leaf extract were measured at five different sites, with different field strengths (600 versus 700MHz), different probe types (cryogenic versus room temperature probes), different sample diameters (1.7mm versus 5mm), and different consoles (Avance I versus Avance III). Each laboratory independently demonstrated the linearity of their NMR measurements by acquiring a standard curve for chlorogenic acid (R2=0.9782 to 0.9998). Spectra acquired on different spectrometers at different sites classifed into the expected group for the Vaccinium spp., confirming the utility of the method to distinguish Vaccinium species and demonstrating nuclear magnetic resonance fingerprinting for material validation of a natural health product. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes caffeic acid chlorogenic acid quinic acid article cranberry magnetic field nonhuman nuclear magnetic resonance nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy principal component analysis species identification Vaccinium Vaccinium angustifolium Vaccinium ovalifolium 2014-06 1439-0221 80 8-Sep 732 739 8 10.1055/s-0034-1368569 NRC-ACRD-56068 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) Aquatic and Crop Resource Development Développement des cultures et des ressources aquatiques National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 21272318 c5998f14-faf9-41ce-a8cc-9488e48152a6 V. Sidorin aut Kevin Douglas Douglas, K.A. aut NSI ISN J. Palouš aut R. Wünsch aut S. Ehlerová aut text article eng yes yes H II regions ISM : clouds Ism: bubbles ISM: supernova remnants 2014 1432-0746 565 A6 10.1051/0004-6361/201322687 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) National Science Infrastructure Infrastructure scientifique nationale National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 21272312 d5e1915b-1d8e-40e6-9879-945f010344af Alireza Kohandehghan Kohandehghan, A. aut NINT INNT Kai Cui Cui, K. aut SDT TSR Martin Roman Kupsta Kupsta, M. aut SDT TSR E. Memarzadeh aut NINT INNT Willem Peter (Peter) Kalisvaart Kalisvaart, P. aut SDT TSR David Mitlin Mitlin, D. aut SDT TSR text article eng We demonstrate that a thin partially dewetted coating of Sn will improve the cycling performance of silicon nanowire (SiNWs) lithium ion battery (LIB) anodes. The optimum architecture 3Sn/SiNWs (i.e. a Sn layer with an average film thickness of a 3 nm covering the nanowire) maintained a reversible capacity of 1865 mA h g-1 after 100 cycles at a rate of 0.1 C. This is almost double of the baseline uncoated SiNWs, where the reversible capacity after 100 cycles was 1046 mA h g-1 (∼78% improvement). The 1Sn/SiNWs and 3Sn/SiNWs electrodes demonstrated much improved cycling coulombic efficiency, with >99% vs. 94-98% for the baseline. At a high current density of 5 C, these nanocomposite offered 2× the capacity retention of bare SiNWs (∼20 vs. ∼10% of 0.1 C capacity). It is demonstrated that the Sn coating both lithiates and delithiates at a higher voltage than Si and thus imparts a compressive stress around the nanowires. This confines their radial expansion in favor of longitudinal, and reduces the well-known failure mode by lithiation-induced nanowire stranding and fracture. TOF-SIMS analysis on the post-cycled delithiated specimens shows enhanced Li signal near the current collector due to accelerated SEI formation at the interface. FIB demonstrates concurrent en-masse delamination of SEI agglomerated sections of the nanowires from the current collector. Both of these deleterious effects are lessened by the presence of the Sn coatings. © 2014 the Partner Organisations. yes yes 2014-05-28 2050-7496 2 29 11261 11279 19 10.1039/c4ta00993b National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) National Institute for Nanotechnology Institut national de nanotechnologie Security and Disruptive Technologies Technologies de sécurité et de rupture National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 21272311 2614f7f3-7c67-4769-a71f-11712ed64bb4 C.M. Widdifield aut Igor Moudrakovski Moudrakovski, I. aut MSS SME D.L. Bryce aut text article eng Calcium is the 5th most abundant element on earth, and is found in numerous biological tissues, proteins, materials, and increasingly in catalysts. However, due to a number of unfavourable nuclear properties, such as a low magnetogyric ratio, very low natural abundance, and its nuclear electric quadrupole moment, development of solid-state 43Ca NMR has been constrained relative to similar nuclides. In this study, 12 commonly-available calcium compounds are analyzed via43Ca solid-state NMR and the information which may be obtained by the measurement of both the 43Ca electric field gradient (EFG) and chemical shift tensors (the latter of which are extremely rare with only a handful of literature examples) is discussed. Combined with density functional theory (DFT) computations, this 'tensor interplay' is, for the first time for 43Ca, illustrated to be diagnostic in distinguishing polymorphs (e.g., calcium formate), and the degree of hydration (e.g., CaCl2·2H2O and calcium tartrate tetrahydrate). For Ca(OH)2, we outline the first example of 1H to 43Ca cross-polarization on a sample at natural abundance in 43Ca. Using prior knowledge of the relationship between the isotropic calcium chemical shift and the calcium quadrupolar coupling constant (CQ) with coordination number, we postulate the coordination number in a sample of calcium levulinate dihydrate, which does not have a known crystal structure. Natural samples of CaCO3 (aragonite polymorph) are used to show that the synthetic structure is present in nature. Gauge-including projector augmented-wave (GIPAW) DFT computations using accepted crystal structures for many of these systems generally result in calculated NMR tensor parameters which are in very good agreement with the experimental observations. This combination of 43Ca NMR measurements with GIPAW DFT ultimately allows us to establish clear correlations between various solid-state 43Ca NMR observables and selected structural parameters, such as unit cell dimensions and average Ca-O bond distances. © 2014 The Owner Societies. yes yes 2014-05-15 1463-9076 16 26 13340 13359 20 10.1039/c4cp01180e National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) Measurement Science and Standards Science des mesures et étalons National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 21272310 4f2013c5-dd9f-4316-8b2e-2722a33cdcc4 Christina M. Gonzalez aut Muhammad Iqbal aut Mita Dasog aut Davin G. Piercey aut Ross Lockwood aut Thomas M. Klapötke aut Jonathan Veinot Veinot, Jonathan G.C. aut SDT TSR text article eng Luminescent silicon nanocrystals (Si-NCs) surface functionalized with dodecyl groups were exposed to solutions of nitroaromatic compounds including nitrobenzene, nitrotoluene, and dinitrotoluene. It was found that Si-NC luminescence was quenched upon exposure to nitroaromatics via an electron transfer mechanism as indicated by Stern-Volmer analysis. This quenching was exploited and a straightforward paper-based Si-NC sensor was developed. This paper motif was found to be sensitive to solution, vapor, and solid phase nitroaromatics, as well as solution borne RDX and PETN. © 2014 The Royal Society of Chemistry. yes yes 2014-01-14 2040-3364 6 5 2608 2612 5 10.1039/c3nr06271f National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) National Institute for Nanotechnology Institut national de nanotechnologie Security and Disruptive Technologies Technologies de sécurité et de rupture National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 21272309 5cda66ae-9bf7-45ca-afd3-9772ce151a30 Zhi Li Li, Z. aut SDT TSR Zhanwei Xu Xu, Z. aut SDT TSR Huanlei Wang Wang, H. aut SDT TSR Jia Ding Ding, J. aut SDT TSR B. Zahiri aut NINT INNT Christopher Michael Bjustrom Holt Holt, C.M.B. aut SDT TSR Xuehai Tan Tan, X. aut SDT TSR David Mitlin Mitlin, D. aut SDT TSR text article eng Here we demonstrate a facile template-free synthesis route to create macroscopically monolithic carbons that are both highly nitrogen rich (4.1-7.6 wt%) and highly microporous (SA up to 1405 m2 g-1, 88 vol% micropores). While such materials, which are derived from common chicken egg whites, are expected to be useful in a variety of applications, they are extremely promising for electrochemical capacitors based on aqueous electrolytes. The Highly Functionalized Activated Carbons (HFACs) demonstrate a specific capacitance of >550 F g-1 at 0.25 A g-1 and >350 F g-1 at 10 A g-1 in their optimized state. These are among the highest values reported in the literature for carbon-based electrodes, including for systems such as templated carbons and doped graphene. We show that HFACs serve as ideal negative electrodes in asymmetric supercapacitors, where historically the specific capacitance of the oxide-based positive electrode was mismatched with the much lower specific capacitance of the opposing AC. An asymmetric cell employing HFACs demonstrates a 2× higher specific energy and a 4× higher volumetric energy density as compared to the one employing a high surface area commercial AC. With 3.5 mg cm-2 of HFAC opposing 5.0 mg cm-2 of NiCo 2O4/graphene, specific energies (active mass normalized) of 48 W h kg-1 at 230 W kg-1 and 28 W h kg-1 at 1900 W kg-1 are achieved. The asymmetric cell performance is among the best in the literature for hybrid aqueous systems, and actually rivals cells operating with a much wider voltage window in organic electrolytes. This journal is © 2014 the Partner Organisations. yes yes 2014-02-14 1754-5706 7 5 1708 1718 11 10.1039/c3ee43979h National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) Security and Disruptive Technologies Technologies de sécurité et de rupture National Institute for Nanotechnology Institut national de nanotechnologie National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 21272308 265b900a-27ea-40d9-b4da-030cd2f693b4 X. Cui aut Jian Chen Chen, J. aut SDT TSR T. Wang aut W. Chen aut text article eng High performance rechargeable batteries are urgently demanded for future energy storage systems. Here, we adopted a lithium-carbon battery configuration. Instead of using carbon materials as the surface provider for lithium-ion adsorption and desorption, we realized induced fluorination of carbon nanotube array (CNTA) paper cathodes, with the source of fluoride ions from electrolytes, by an in-situ electrochemical induction process. The induced fluorination of CNTA papers activated the reversible fluorination/ defluorination reactions and lithium-ion storage/release at the CNTA paper cathodes, resulting in a dual-storage mechanism. The rechargeable battery with this dual-storage mechanism demonstrated ab maximum discharging capacity of 2174 mAh g carbon -1 and a specific energy of 4113 Wh kg carbon -1 with good cycling performance. yes yes 2014-06-16 2045-2322 4 5310 10.1038/srep05310 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) Security and Disruptive Technologies Technologies de sécurité et de rupture National Institute for Nanotechnology Institut national de nanotechnologie National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 21272307 d6d420ed-d6ec-45ff-8448-255b18744b99 Cong Jin Jin, C. aut SDT TSR Jeffrey Murphy Murphy, J.N. aut SDT TSR Ken David Harris Harris, K.D. aut SDT TSR Jillian Buriak Buriak, J.M. aut SDT TSR text article eng The self-assembly of block copolymer (BCP) thin films is a versatile method for producing periodic nanoscale patterns with a variety of shapes. The key to attaining a desired pattern or structure is the annealing step undertaken to facilitate the reorganization of nanoscale phase-segregated domains of the BCP on a surface. Annealing BCPs on silicon substrates using a microwave oven has been shown to be very fast (seconds to minutes), both with and without contributions from solvent vapor. The mechanism of the microwave annealing process remains, however, unclear. This work endeavors to uncover the key steps that take place during microwave annealing, which enable the self-assembly process to proceed. Through the use of in situ temperature monitoring with a fiber optic temperature probe in direct contact with the sample, we have demonstrated that the silicon substrate on which the BCP film is cast is the dominant source of heating if the doping of the silicon wafer is sufficiently low. Surface temperatures as high as 240°C are reached in under 1 min for lightly doped, high resistivity silicon wafers (n- or p-type). The influence of doping, sample size, and BCP composition was analyzed to rule out other possible mechanisms. In situ temperature monitoring of various polymer samples (PS, P2VP, PMMA, and the BCPs used here) showed that the polymers do not heat to any significant extent on their own with microwave irradiation of this frequency (2.45 GHz) and power (∼600 W). It was demonstrated that BCP annealing can be effectively carried out in 60 s on non-microwave-responsive substrates, such as highly doped silicon, indium tin oxide (ITO)-coated glass, glass, and Kapton, by placing a piece of high resistivity silicon wafer in contact with the sample-in this configuration, the silicon wafer is termed the heating element. Annealing and self-assembly of polystyrene-block-poly(2-vinylpyridine) (PS-b-P2VP) and polystyrene-block-poly(methyl methacrylate) (PS-b-PMMA) BCPs into horizontal cylinder structures were shown to take place in under 1 min, using a silicon wafer heating element, in a household microwave oven. Defect densities were calculated and were shown to decrease with higher maximum obtained temperatures. Conflicting results in the literature regarding BCP annealing with microwave are explained in light of the results obtained in this study. © Published 2014 by the American Chemical Society. yes yes Block copolymers Defect density Microwave irradiation Self assembly Thin films patterning Thermal-annealing 2014-03-21 1936-086X 8 4 3979 3991 13 10.1021/nn5009098 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) Security and Disruptive Technologies Technologies de sécurité et de rupture National Institute for Nanotechnology Institut national de nanotechnologie National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 21272306 98b5861c-6f57-4ce3-b18d-8f0629996d76 Behdokht Farbod Farbod, B. aut SDT TSR Kai Cui Cui, K. aut SDT TSR Willem Peter (Peter) Kalisvaart Kalisvaart, W.P. aut SDT TSR Martin Roman Kupsta Kupsta, M. aut SDT TSR B. Zahiri aut NINT INNT Alireza Kohandehghan Kohandehghan, A. aut NINT INNT E.M. Lotfabad aut NINT INNT Zhi Li Li, Z. aut SDT TSR Erik Jason Luber Luber, E.J. aut SDT TSR David Mitlin Mitlin, D. aut SDT TSR text article eng Here we provide the first report on several compositions of ternary Sn-Ge-Sb thin film alloys for application as sodium ion battery (aka NIB, NaB or SIB) anodes, employing Sn50Ge50, Sb50Ge50, and pure Sn, Ge, Sb as baselines. Sn33Ge33Sb33, Sn50Ge25Sb25, Sn60Ge20Sb20, and Sn50Ge50 all demonstrate promising electrochemical behavior, with Sn50Ge25Sb25 being the best overall. This alloy has an initial reversible specific capacity of 833 mAhg-1 (at 85 mAg-1) and 662 mAhg-1 after 50 charge-discharge cycles. Sn50Ge25Sb25 also shows excellent rate capability, displaying a stable capacity of 381 mAhg-1 at a current density of 8500 mAg-1 (~10C). A survey of published literature indicates that 833 mAhg-1 is among the highest reversible capacities reported for a Sn-based NIB anode, while 381 mAhg-1 represents the optimum fast charge value. HRTEM shows that Sn50Ge25Sb25 is a composite of 10-15 nm Sn and Sn-Alloyed Ge nanocrystallites that are densely dispersed within an amorphous matrix. Comparing the microstructures of alloys where the capacity significantly exceeds the rule of mixtures prediction to those where it does not leads us to hypothesize that this new phenomenon originates from the Ge(Sn) that is able to sodiate beyond the 1:1 Na:Ge ratio reported for the pure element. Combined TOF-SIMS, EELS TEM, and FIB analysis demonstrates substantial Na segregation within the film near the current collector interface that is present as early as the second discharge, followed by cycling-induced delamination from the current collector. © Published 2014 by the American Chemical Society. yes yes Anodes Sn Sb Ge Thin films LIB Lithium-ion battery NaB NIB SIB Sodium ion batteries 2014-03-26 1936-086X 8 5 4415 4429 15 10.1021/nn4063598 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) Security and Disruptive Technologies Technologies de sécurité et de rupture National Institute for Nanotechnology Institut national de nanotechnologie National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 21272305 10aae9f2-0d69-4480-afd6-328433e8a4ee A.L. Beaudry aut J.M. Laforge aut R.T. Tucker aut J.B. Sorge aut N.L. Adamski aut Peng Li Li, P. aut SDT TSR M.T. Taschuk aut Michael Julian Brett Brett, M.J. aut SDT TSR text article eng Branch growth is directed along two, three, or four in-plane directions in vertically aligned nanowire arrays using vapor-liquid-solid glancing angle deposition (VLS-GLAD) flux engineering. In this work, a dynamically controlled collimated vapor flux guides branch placement during the self-catalyzed epitaxial growth of branched indium tin oxide nanowire arrays. The flux is positioned to grow branches on select nanowire facets, enabling fabrication of aligned nanotree arrays with L-, T-, or X-branching. In addition, a flux motion algorithm is designed to selectively elongate branches along one in-plane axis. Nanotrees are found to be aligned across large areas by X-ray diffraction pole figure analysis and through branch length and orientation measurements collected over 140 μm2 from scanning electron microscopy images for each array. The pathway to guided assembly of nanowire architectures with controlled interconnectivity in three-dimensions using VLS-GLAD is discussed. © 2014 American Chemical Society. yes yes Branched nanowires Glancing Angle Deposition Indium tin oxide Nanotrees Vapor-liquid-solid Epitaxy 2014-03-14 1530-6992 14 4 1797 1803 7 10.1021/nl404377v National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) Security and Disruptive Technologies Technologies de sécurité et de rupture National Institute for Nanotechnology Institut national de nanotechnologie National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 21272304 8a0020da-25d7-41d5-b865-8ceb06ffd9cb Radovan Urban Urban, R. aut SDT TSR Robert A (Bob) Wolkow Wolkow, R.A. aut SDT TSR Jason Pitters Pitters, J.L. aut SDT TSR text article eng In this paper we investigate methods to characterize angular current density from atomically defined gas field ion sources. We show that the ion beam emitted from a single apex atom is described by a two-dimensional Gaussian profile. Owing to the Gaussian shape of the beam and the requirement to collect the majority of the ion current, fixed apertures have inhomogeneous illumination. Therefore, angular current density measurements through a fixed aperture record averaged angular current density. This makes comparison of data difficult as averaged angular current density depends on aperture size. For the same reasons, voltage normalization cannot be performed for fixed aperture measurements except for aperture sizes that are infinitely small. Consistent determination of angular current density and voltage normalization, however, can be achieved if the beam diameter as well as total ion current are known. In cases where beam profile cannot be directly imaged with a field ion microscope, the beam profile could be extracted from measurements taken at multiple acceleration voltages and/or with multiple aperture sizes. © Microscopy Society of America 2014. yes yes 2014-07-10 1431-9276 10.1017/S1431927614001627 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) Security and Disruptive Technologies Technologies de sécurité et de rupture National Institute for Nanotechnology Institut national de nanotechnologie National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 21272303 5df66f84-9a81-4d82-b204-02da570e9acb M. Hayashida aut Marek Malac Malac, M. aut SDT TSR Michael Eugene Bergen Bergen, M. aut SDT TSR Peng Li Li, P. aut SDT TSR text article eng A method allowing fabrication of nano-dot markers for electron tomography was developed using an electron beam-induced deposition in an ordinary dual beam instrument (FIB and SEM) or an SEM. The electron beam deposited nano-dot markers are suitable for automatic alignment of tomographic series. The accuracy of the alignment was evaluated and the method was demonstrated on agglomerated nanoparticle samples using a rod-shaped sample with no missing wedge effect. Simulations were used to assess the effect of marker size on alignment accuracy. © 2014. yes yes Electron tomography Nanoparticle agglomerate Electron beam induced deposition Fiducial marker Nano-dot marker FIB sample preparation 2014-04-26 1879-2723 144 50 57 8 10.1016/j.ultramic.2014.04.005 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) Security and Disruptive Technologies Technologies de sécurité et de rupture National Institute for Nanotechnology Institut national de nanotechnologie National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 21272302 b161c1ff-d2ca-45cc-af96-71a3461312e9 J.C. Usbeck aut C. Wilde aut BRI IRB D. Bertrand aut BRI IRB J. Behr aut R.F. Vogel aut text article eng For the production of wine, the most important industrially used yeast species is Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Years of experience have shown that wine quality and property are significantly affected by the employed strain conducting the fermentation. Consequently, the ability of a strain level differentiation became an important requirement of modern winemaking. In our study, we showed that the differentiation by time-consuming and laborious biochemical and DNA-based methods to enable a constant beverage quality and characteristics can be replaced by matrix-assisted-laser-desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS), accompanied by the additional benefit of an application prediction. Mass fingerprints of 33 Saccharomyces strains, which are commonly used for varying wine fermentations, were generated by MALDI-TOF MS upon optimized sample preparation and instrument settings and analyzed by a cluster analysis for strain or ecotype-level differentiation. As a reference method, delta-PCR was chosen to study the genetic diversity of the employed strains. Finally, the cluster analyses of both methods were compared. It could be shown that MALDI-TOF MS, acting at proteome level, provides valuable information about the relationship between yeast strains and their application potential according to their MALDI mass fingerprint. © 2014 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. yes yes Yeast MALDI TOF MS Time of flight mass spectrometry Wine fermentation Candida krusei Saccharomyces bayanus Saccharomyces cerevisiae Saccharomyces uvarum 2014 1432-0614 98 8 3737 3752 16 10.1007/s00253-014-5586-x National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) NRC Biotechnology Research Institute Institut de recherche en biotechnologie du CNRC National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 21272294 b392ffb0-7f66-4e1f-b86c-ebbaa066fbc7 R.F. Egerton aut Robert McLeod Mcleod, R.A. aut SDT TSR Marek Malac Malac, M. aut SDT TSR text article 2014-07-07 eng Nondipole effects in electron energy-loss spectroscopy are evaluated in terms of deviation of the inelastic scattering from a Lorentzian angular distribution, which is assumed in established procedures for plural-scattering deconvolution, thickness measurement, and Kramers-Kronig analysis. The deviation appears to be small and may be outweighed by the effect of plural (elastic+inelastic) scattering, which is not removed by conventional deconvolution methods. In the core-loss region of the spectrum, non-Lorentzian behaviour stems from a reduction of the generalized oscillator strength from its optical value and (for energies far above an ionization threshold) formation of a Bethe-ridge angular distribution. At incident energies above 200 keV, retardation effects further distort the angular dependence, even for core losses just above threshold. With an on-axis collection aperture, non-dipole effects are masked by the rapid falloff of intensity with scattering angle, but they may become important for off-axis measurements. Near-edge fine structure is sensitive to nondipole effects but these can be minimized by use of an angle-limiting collection aperture. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. yes yes EELS; nondipole; Lorentzian angular distribution 2014 1059-910X 10.1002/jemt.22398 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) Security and Disruptive Technologies Technologies de sécurité et de rupture National Institute for Nanotechnology Institut national de nanotechnologie National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 21272293 fa1079e1-cdbd-4127-af94-df9c2c4365e8 F. Ilinca aut AUTO AUTO J.-F. Hétu aut AUTO AUTO text article eng Numerical solutions are shown for the natural convection flow inside a cold square enclosure with a hot rosette-shaped cylinder inside. Solutions are obtained using an immersed-boundary finite element method. The study investigates the effect of the rosette-shape factor on the heat transfer and fluid flow for Rayleigh numbers between 103 and 107. Results indicate the formation of recirculation cells of number, size, and location depending strongly on the shape of the cylinder and on the Rayleigh number. All solutions reach a steady state, except when the rosette-shape factor is 0.6 at Ra = 106, for which a periodic transient solution is obtained. © 2014 Taylor and Francis Group, LLC. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes Natural convection Heat transfer and fluid flow Immersed boundary Natural convection flow Numerical solution Rayleigh number Recirculation cells Square enclosures Transient solutions Cylinders (shapes) 2014 1521-0634 65 12 1154 1175 22 10.1080/10407782.2013.857880 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) Automotive (AUTO-AUTO) Automobile (AUTO-AUTO) National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 21272272 abf2e016-ae71-46c1-845c-29325fa955df I. Znakovskaya aut Michael (Mike) Spanner Spanner, M. aut SDT TSR S. De aut H. Li aut D. Ray aut Paul B Corkum Corkum, P. aut SDT TSR I. V. Litvinyuk aut C. L. Cocke aut M. F. Kling aut text article eng The transition between two distinct mechanisms for the laser-induced field-free orientation of CO molecules is observed via measurements of orientation revival times and subsequent comparison to theoretical calculations. In the first mechanism, which we find responsible for the orientation of CO up to peak intensities of 8×1013 W/cm2, the molecules are impulsively oriented through the hyperpolarizability interaction. At higher intensities, asymmetric depletion through orientation-selective ionization is the dominant orienting mechanism. In addition to the clear identification of the two regimes of orientation, we propose that careful measurements of the onset of the orientation depletion mechanism as a function of the laser intensity will provide a relatively simple route to calibrating absolute rates of nonperturbative strong-field molecular ionization. © 2014 American Physical Society. yes yes Depletion mechanism Field-free orientation Hyper-polarizability Laser intensities Measurements of Molecular ionization Nonperturbative Theoretical calculations Ionization Molecules Molecular orientation 2014 0031-9007 112 11 113005 10.1103/PhysRevLett.112.113005 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) Security and Disruptive Technologies Technologies de sécurité et de rupture National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 21272275 ff2e08c1-30f7-4d2b-a901-d304334a4433 Sandhya Vijayam Gopalakrishnan Nair Nair, Sandhya V. G. aut ACRD DCRA Junzeng Zhang aut ACRD DCRA Yanwen Wang aut ACRD DCRA text article eng The current study investigated the effect and mechanisms of action of Liuwei Dihuang ethanol extract (LWDH-EE) on obesity and related metabolic phenotypes in male obese-prone CD rats. The rats were fed a high-fat diet and treated with 0 (obese control), 350 (EE350), or 700 (EE700) mg/kg/d of LWDH-EE in water once a day by gavage feeding for 10 weeks. The EE700 decreased body weight after 3 weeks of the treatment and the effect was maintained throughout the remaining study period. The EE700 also significantly reduced visceral fat and improved metabolic phenotypes by lowering the serum total cholesterol (T-C), non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triacylglycerol, free fatty acids (FFA), and leptin levels. The EE350 reduced epididymal fat, serum T-C, and FFA but did not significantly affect other parameters. LWDH-EE dose-dependently increased fat and carbohydrate oxidations, energy expenditure, and the relative efficiency of fat oxidation for energy expenditure. EE350 and EE700 reduced food intake only in week 5 and did not affect the accumulative food intake in every week and the entire treatment period. Taken together, the results suggest that LWDH-EE is a potential therapeutic agent for the prevention of obesity possibly through a primary action of increasing energy metabolism and expenditure, along with a possible effect of decreasing energy intake. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes blood lipids; energy expenditure; hormones; Liuwei Dihuang ethanol extract; obese rats; visceral fat; weight gain 2014-03-06 1535-3699 239 5 552 558 7 10.1177/1535370214525313 NRC-ACRD-55985 Aquatic and Crop Resource Development Développement des cultures et des ressources aquatiques National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 21272278 e029b96e-cf85-40e0-bf59-40091d0c8162 D.R. Weisz aut E.D. Skillman aut S.L. Hidalgo aut M. Monelli aut A.E. Dolphin aut A. McConnachie aut HIA IHA E.J. Bernard aut C. Gallart aut A. Aparicio aut M. Boylan-Kolchin aut S. Cassisi aut A.A. Cole aut H.C. Ferguson aut M. Irwin aut N.F. Martin aut L. Mayer aut K.B.W. McQuinn aut J.F. Navarro aut P.B. Stetson aut HIA IHA text article eng We present the first comparison between the lifetime star formation histories (SFHs) of M31 and Milky Way (MW) satellites. Using the Advanced Camera for Surveys on board the Hubble Space Telescope, we obtained deep optical imaging of Andromeda II (And II; MV = -12.0; log(M /M⊙) ∼ 6.7) and Andromeda XVI (And XVI; MV = -7.5; log(M /M⊙) ∼ 4.9) yielding color-magnitude diagrams that extend at least 1 mag below the oldest main-sequence turnoff, and are similar in quality to those available for the MW companions. And II and And XVI show strikingly similar SFHs: both formed 50%-70% of their total stellar mass between 12.5 and 5 Gyr ago (z ∼ 5-0.5) and both were abruptly quenched ∼5 Gyr ago (z ∼ 0.5). The predominance of intermediate age populations in And XVI makes it qualitatively different from faint companions of the MW and clearly not a pre-reionization fossil. Neither And II nor And XVI appears to have a clear analog among MW companions, and the degree of similarity in the SFHs of And II and And XVI is not seen among comparably faint-luminous pairs of MW satellites. These findings provide hints that satellite galaxy evolution may vary substantially among hosts of similar stellar mass. Although comparably deep observations of more M31 satellites are needed to further explore this hypothesis, our results underline the need for caution when interpreting satellite galaxies of an individual system in a broader cosmological context. © 2014. The American Astronomical Society. All rights reserved. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes 2014 1538-4357 789 1 24 10.1088/0004-637X/789/1/24 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) NRC Herzberg Institute of Astrophysics (HIA-IHA) Institut Herzberg d'astrophysique du CNRC (IHA-HIA) National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 21272282 387b6d5a-0837-4f95-8972-1ab0b82a78a6 D. Tulpan aut ICT TIC D.H. Smith aut R. Montemanni aut text article eng Stochastic, meta-heuristic and linear construction algorithms for the design of DNA strands satisfying Hamming distance and reverse-complement constraints often use a GC-content constraint to pre-process the DNA strands. Since GC-content is a poor predictor of DNA strand hybridization strength the strands can be filtered by post-processing using thermodynamic calculations. An alternative approach is considered here, where the algorithms are modified to remove consideration of GC-content and rely on post-processing alone to obtain large sets of DNA strands with satisfactory melting temperatures. The two approaches (pre-processing GC-content and post-processing melting temperatures) are compared and are shown to be complementary when large DNA sets are desired. In particular, the second approach can give significant improvements when linear constructions are used. © 2014 IEEE. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes Algorithms Bioinformatics DNA Hamming distance Melting point Stochastic systems Construction algorithms DNA design Linear codes Post processing Pre-processing reverse-complement Stochastic local searches Thermodynamic calculations Gene encoding 2014 1545-5963 11 2 6710171 441 452 12 10.1109/TCBB.2014.2299815 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) Information and Communication Technologies (ICT-TIC) Technologies de l'information et des communications (TIC-ICT) National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 21272283 08003509-3572-42ca-8174-2df1254282e1 A. Lu aut Y. Wang aut Y. Boluk aut NINT INNT text article eng The sol-gel transition in the mixture system of oppositely charged polyelectrolyte (quaternized hydroxyethylcellulose ethoxylate, QHEC) and nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) induced by electrostatic adsorption interaction was investigated by rheological means. Winter and Chambon theory was validated to be applicable for the critical gel point determination, and critical gel point have been successfully determined. With QHEC concentration increasing, more NCC were needed to form a critical gel, and smaller loss tangent and relaxation exponent (n) values at the gel point were observed, indicating the elastic nature of mixture was enhanced with QHEC increase. Gel strength behaved as a function of both QHEC and NCC concentrations, suggesting the gel network at the critical point was composed of entanglements and association of QHEC macromolecular chains, as well as the electrostatic adsorption interaction between QHEC chains and NCC rods. The calculated number of NCC rods per junction decreased from 0.30 to 0.01 when the QHEC concentration increased from 1.0 wt% to 3.0 wt%, indicating the electrostatic adsorption interaction between the NCC rods and QHEC chains was less significant to gel formation at higher QHEC concentrations. Therefore, the exponents of scaling law η0 ∝ ∈-γ and Ge ∝ ∈z for the QHEC/NCC mixtures revealed that the scaling law n = z/(z + γ) between n, γ, and z was only feasible at highest QHEC concentration, since the intermolecular interaction (electrostatic adsorption interaction in this article) was so weak that can be neglected and the critical gel network was dominated by QHEC chain entanglements and association. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes 2014 0144-8617 105 1 214 221 8 10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.01.077 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) National Institute for Nanotechnology (NINT-INNT) Institut national de nanotechnologie (INNT-NINT) National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 21272286 a0518578-c73c-49e8-84d5-4310b56ef0ff J.L. Consalvi aut F. Liu aut MSS SME text article eng Radiative heat transfer calculations are conducted in two laboratory-scale axisymmetric methane pool fires generated on a burner of 0.38 m diameter with heat release rates (HRR) of 34 and 176 kW by using the 'exact' Line-By-Line (LBL) method, the narrow band correlated-k (NBCK) model, the full-spectrum correlated-k (FSCK) model, the multi-scale full-spectrum k-distribution (MSFSK) model, and a grey wide-band model (WBM). For each radiative model the corresponding absorption coefficients for carbon dioxide, water vapor, carbon monoxide and methane are generated from the same high-resolution spectroscopic database. Model results show that the contribution of carbon monoxide can be neglected whereas that of methane increases with HRR. In addition, the grey approximation for soot holds for these weakly sooting flames. Comparisons with LBL solutions show that WBM fails to predict accurately the radiative heat transfer through the fuel rich core. The FSCK model presents the best compromise in terms of accuracy and computational efficiency for the 34 kW pool fire. However, significant discrepancies are observed for the 176 kW pool fire where the strong attenuation of radiation by methane invalidates the 'correlated' assumption of the absorption coefficient. MSFSK and NBCK models provide very accurate predictions, with the MSFSK model being more efficient when overlap parameters are tabulated as a function of temperature and composition. © 2014 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes Absorption spectroscopy Carbon dioxide Carbon monoxide Heat radiation Methane Plasma diagnostics Radiative transfer Absorption co-efficient Gas radiative properties Heat Release Rate (HRR) K distribution Pool fires Radiative heat transfer Radiative property models Spectroscopic database Fire protection 2014 1290-0729 84 104 117 14 10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2014.04.018 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) Measurement Science and Standards (MSS-SME) Science des mesures et étalons (SME-MSS) National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 21272289 71873bf4-f6bd-4e50-aa7f-5b6cd19f147b H. Hamaed aut K.E. Johnston aut B.F.T. Cooper aut V.V. Terskikh aut SIMS ISSM E. Ye aut C.L.B. Macdonald aut D.C. Arnold aut R.W. Schurko aut text article eng 115In solid-state NMR (SSNMR) spectroscopy is applied to characterise a variety of low oxidation-state indium(i) compounds. 115In static wideline SSNMR spectra of several In(i) complexes were acquired with moderate and ultra-high field NMR spectrometers (9.4 and 21.1 T, respectively). 115In MAS NMR spectra were obtained with moderate and ultra-fast (>60 kHz) spinning speeds at 21.1 T. In certain cases, variable-temperature (VT) 115In SSNMR experiments were performed to study dynamic behaviour and phase transitions. The indium electric field gradient (EFG) and chemical shift (CS) tensor parameters were determined from the experimental spectra. With the aid of first principles calculations, the tensor parameters and orientations are correlated to the structure and symmetry of the local indium environments. In addition, calculations aid in proposing structural models for samples where single crystal X-ray structures could not be obtained. The rapidity with which high quality 115In SSNMR spectra can be acquired at 21.1 T and the sensitivity of the 115In NMR parameters to the indium environment suggest that 115In SSNMR is a powerful probe of the local chemical environments of indium sites. This work demonstrates that 115In NMR can be applied to a wide range of important materials for the purpose of increasing our understanding of structures and dynamics at the molecular/atomic level, especially for the characterisation of disordered, microcrystalline and/or multi-valence solids for which crystal structures are unavailable. This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2014. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes Chemical environment Dynamic behaviours Electric field gradients Experimental spectra First-principles calculation Single crystal x-ray structures Structural models Variable temperature Electric fields Indium Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy Solid state physics Spectrometers Tensors Indium compounds 2014 2041-6520 5 3 982 995 14 10.1039/c3sc52809j National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) NRC Steacie Institute for Molecular Sciences (SIMS-ISSM) Institut Steacie des sciences moléculaires du CNRC (ISSM-SIMS) National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 21272290 17c8a023-0f9f-42e4-a140-704f7d655e28 Charles Fortier aut HHT TSH Yves Durocher aut HHT TSH Gregory De Crescenzo aut HHT TSH text article 2015-01-01 eng Biomedical nanotechnology has given a new lease of life to gene therapy with the ever-developing and ever-diversifying nonviral gene delivery nanocarriers. These are designed to pass a series of barriers in order to bring their nucleic acid cargo to the right subcellular location of particular cells. For a given application, each barrier has its dedicated strategy, which translates into a physicochemical, biological and temporal identity of the nanocarrier surface. Different strategies have thus been explored to implement adequate surface identities on nanocarriers over time for systemic delivery. In that context, this review will mainly focus on organic nanocarriers, for which these strategies will be described and discussed. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes biofunctionalization; lateral stabilization; nonviral gene delivery; polymeric coating; responsive teethering; shielding; surface modification 2014-01-01 1748-6963 9 1 135 151 17 NRC-HHT-53218 10.2217/nnm.13.194 Human Health Therapeutics Thérapeutiques en santé humaine National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 21272291 b2090f29-f135-4bef-a18b-096bec9ad146 E.D. Skillman aut S.L. Hidalgo aut D.R. Weisz aut M. Monelli aut C. Gallart aut A. Aparicio aut E.J. Bernard aut M. Boylan-Kolchin aut S. Cassisi aut A.A. Cole aut A.E. Dolphin aut H.C. Ferguson aut L. Mayer aut J.F. Navarro aut P.B. Stetson aut HIA IHA E. Tolstoy aut text article eng We present an analysis of the star formation history (SFH) of a field near the half-light radius in the Local Group dwarf irregular galaxy IC 1613 based on deep Hubble Space Telescope Advanced Camera for Surveys imaging. Our observations reach the oldest main sequence turn-off, allowing a time resolution at the oldest ages of ∼1 Gyr. Our analysis shows that the SFH of the observed field in IC 1613 is consistent with being constant over the entire lifetime of the galaxy. These observations rule out an early dominant episode of star formation in IC 1613. We compare the SFH of IC 1613 with expectations from cosmological models. Since most of the mass is in place at early times for low-mass halos, a naive expectation is that most of the star formation should have taken place at early times. Models in which star formation follows mass accretion result in too many stars formed early and gas mass fractions that are too low today (the "over-cooling problem"). The depth of the present photometry of IC 1613 shows that, at a resolution of ∼1 Gyr, the star formation rate is consistent with being constant, at even the earliest times, which is difficult to achieve in models where star formation follows mass assembly. © 2014. The American Astronomical Society. All rights reserved. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes 2014 1538-4357 786 1 44 10.1088/0004-637X/786/1/44 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) NRC Herzberg Institute of Astrophysics (HIA-IHA) Institut Herzberg d'astrophysique du CNRC (IHA-HIA) National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 21272292 001ac502-c8d1-4796-8edb-438476b473da D. Sinar aut G.K. Knopf aut S. Nikumb aut AUTO AUTO Micromachining and Microfabrication Process Technology XIX, 4 February 2014 through 6 February 2014, San Francisco, CA text article eng Flexible electronic circuitry is an emerging technology that will significantly impact the future of healthcare and medicine, food safety inspection, environmental monitoring, and public security. Recent advances in drop-on-demand printing technology and electrically conductive inks have enabled simple electronic circuits to be fabricated on mechanically flexible polymers, paper, and bioresorbable silk. Research has shown that graphene, and its derivative formulations, can be used to create low-cost electrically conductive inks. Graphene is a one atom thick two-dimensional layer composed of carbon atoms arranged in a hexagonal lattice forming a material with very high fracture strength, high Young's Modulus, and low electrical resistance. Non-conductive graphene-oxide (GO) inks can also be synthesized from inexpensive graphite powders. Once deposited on the flexible substrate the electrical conductivity of the printed GO microcircuit traces can be restored through thermal reduction. In this paper, a femtosecond laser with a wavelength of 775nm and pulse width of 120fs is used to transform the non-conductive printed GO film into electrically conductive oxygen reduced graphene-oxide (rGO) passive electronic components by the process of laser assisted thermal reduction. The heat affected zone produced during the process was minimized because of the femtosecond pulsed laser. The degree of conductivity exhibited by the microstructure is directly related to the laser power level and exposure time. Although rGO films have higher resistances than pristine graphene, the ability to inkjet print capacitive elements and modify local resistive properties provides for a new method of fabricating sensor microcircuits on a variety of substrate surfaces. © 2014 SPIE. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes Capacitive sensors Composite micromechanics Elastic moduli Flexible electronics Fracture toughness Ink Microanalysis Microelectrodes Microfabrication Micromachining Printing Technology Drop-on-demand printing Electrical conductivity Electrically conductive Electrically conductive inks Environmental Monitoring Femtosecond pulsed laser Passive electronic components Thermal reduction Graphene 2014 1996-756X 9780819498861 8973 89730H 10.1117/12.2038411 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) Automotive (AUTO-AUTO) Automobile (AUTO-AUTO) National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 21272284 65fc6547-99df-4980-8b34-0ab14d180757 A. Hussain aut EME EME V. Raghavan aut S.R. Guiot aut EME EME B. Tartakovsky aut EME EME text article eng BACKGROUND: Electricity production in single-anode/cathode MFCs fed with simulated synthesis gas (syngas) as the sole electron donor has recently been demonstrated. This study evaluated the ability of a multi-anode/cathode MFC fed with syngas to achieve improved volumetric efficiency at several operating temperatures and electrode arrangements. RESULTS: A maximum power density of 33 mW LR-1 (normalized to the anodic compartment volume) and a coulombic efficiency (CE) of 43% was achieved at an operating temperature of 37°C. MFC operation at 50°C resulted in a much lower power density of 10 mW LR-1 and a CE of 15%. The MFC power density was greatly impacted by the electrode arrangement and the highest power density was achieved in a three anode-two cathode (3A-2C) arrangement. CONCLUSION: The multi-electrode design enhanced the performance of a syngas-fed MFC, which could have major economic and operational implications for designing large-scale syngas-fed MFCs. The MFC performance at elevated temperatures was restricted by low microbial activity, implying that a thermophilic rather than a mesophilic inoculum might be required for successful operation under thermophilic conditions. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes Carbon monoxide Microbial fuel cells Temperature Electricity production Electrode arrangement Maximum power density Multi-electrode Operating temperature Synthesis gasses (syngas) Thermophilic conditions Volumetric efficiency Synthesis gas article economic aspect electricity electrode electron gas inoculation microbial activity microbial fuel cell temperature 2014 1097-4660 89 4 499 507 9 10.1002/jctb.4131 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) Energy, Mining and Environment (EME-EME) Énergie, mines et environnement (EME-EME) National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 21272273 f8ca8c8f-5e92-4bb4-964b-613276c4a64b M.T. Woodside aut NINT INNT S.M. Block aut text article eng Folding may be described conceptually in terms of trajectories over a landscape of free energies corresponding to different molecular configurations. In practice, energy landscapes can be difficult to measure. Single-molecule force spectroscopy (SMFS), whereby structural changes are monitored in molecules subjected to controlled forces, has emerged as a powerful tool for probing energy landscapes. We summarize methods for reconstructing landscapes from force spectroscopy measurements under both equilibrium and nonequilibrium conditions. Other complementary, but technically less demanding, methods provide a model-dependent characterization of key features of the landscape. Once reconstructed, energy landscapes can be used to study critical folding parameters, such as the characteristic transition times required for structural changes and the effective diffusion coefficient setting the timescale for motions over the landscape. We also discuss issues that complicate measurement and interpretation, including the possibility of multiple states or pathways and the effects of projecting multiple dimensions onto a single coordinate. Copyright © 2014 by Annual Reviews. All rights reserved. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes article conformation diffusion coefficient DNA hairpin energy equilibrium constant feedback system force measurement optical tweezers priority journal protein folding protein function protein structure signal transduction single molecule force spectroscopy spectroscopy structure activity relation 2014 1936-1238 43 1 19 39 21 10.1146/annurev-biophys-051013-022754 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) National Institute for Nanotechnology (NINT-INNT) Institut national de nanotechnologie (INNT-NINT) National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 21272274 ff9ceb6b-c6d3-4201-b3cd-a1466060de16 J. Collén aut M.L. Cornish aut J. Craigie aut ACRD DCRA E. Ficko-Blean aut C. Hervé aut S.A. Krueger-Hadfield aut C. Leblanc aut G. Michel aut P. Potin aut T. Tonon aut C. Boyen aut text article eng Chondrus crispus, or Irish moss, is a common edible red seaweed that can be found on rocky shores in the Northern Atlantic. The cell wall contains carrageenan and C. crispus is the original source of this commercially used thickener. Because of the ecological and economic importance of this red alga a relatively important research literature exists and one of the recent achievements in C. crispus research is the sequencing of its genome. In this chapter we review some of the literature with the aim to promote C. crispus as a model organism for florideophyte red seaweeds. We consider subjects like commercial and historical uses, ecology, genetics, population structure, mating systems, physiology, cell wall biology and genomics. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes 2014 0065-2296 71 53 89 37 10.1016/B978-0-12-408062-1.00003-2 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) Aquatic and Crop Resource Development (ACRD-DCRA) Développement des cultures et des ressources aquatiques (DCRA-ACRD) National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 21272276 cd9a38c2-2f49-4c72-8253-ba9df83fe038 M. Haddad aut EME EME H. Vali aut J. Paquette aut S.R. Guiot aut EME EME text article eng Two previously unknown modes of biomineralization observed in the presence of Carboxydothermus hydrogenoformans are presented. Following the addition of NaHCO3 and the formation of an amorphous calcium phosphate precipitate in a DSMZ medium inoculated with C. hydrogenoformans , two distinct crystalline solids were recovered after 15 and 30 days of incubation. The first of these solids occurred as micrometric clusters of blocky, angular crystals, which were associated with bacterial biofilm. The second solid occurred as 30-50 nm nanorods that were found scattered among the organic products of bacterial lysis. The biphasic mixture of solids was clearly dominated by the first phase. The X-ray diffractometry (XRD) peaks and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectrum of this biphasic material consistently showed features characteristic of Mg-whitlockite. No organic content or protein could be identified by dissolving the solids. In both cases, the mode of biomineralization appears to be biologically induced rather than biologically controlled. Since Mg is known to be a strong inhibitor of the nucleation and growth of CaP, C. hydrogenoformans may act by providing sites that chelate Mg or form complexes with it, thus decreasing its activity as nucleation and crystal growth inhibitor. The synthesis of whitlockite and nano-HAP-like material by C. hydrogenoformans demonstrates the versatility of this organism also known for its ability to perform the water-gas shift reaction, and may have applications in bacterially mediated synthesis of CaP materials, as an environmentally friendly alternative process. © 2014 Haddad et al. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes bicarbonate calcium phosphate hydroxyapatite magnesium nanocrystal nanorod article bacteriolysis biofilm biomineralization Carboxydothermus hydrogenoformans complex formation controlled study crystallization electron microscopy hyperthermophilic bacterium infrared spectroscopy nonhuman X ray diffraction 2014 1932-6203 9 2 e89480 10.1371/journal.pone.0089480 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) Energy, Mining and Environment (EME-EME) Énergie, mines et environnement (EME-EME) National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 21272277 a93d885d-d6dd-4038-870f-c0a48c4a2daf T.H. Bell aut S. Joly aut F.E. Pitre aut E. Yergeau aut EME EME text article eng Phytoremediation is a cost-effective green alternative to traditional soil remediation technologies, but has experienced varied success in practice. The recent omics revolution has led to leaps in our understanding of soil microbial communities and plant metabolism, and some of the conditions that promote predictable activity in contaminated soils and heterogeneous environments. Combinations of omics tools and new bioinformatics approaches will allow us to understand integrated activity patterns between plants and microbes, and determine how this metaorganism can be modified to maximize growth, appropriate assembly of microbial communities, and, ultimately, phytoremediation activity. Here we provide an overview of how new omics-mediated discoveries can potentially be translated into an effective and reliable environmental technology. © 2014 Etienne Yergeau. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes Bioinformatics Microorganisms Soil conservation Soil pollution Metagenomics Metaorganism Metatranscriptomics Next-generation sequencing Phytoremediation Bioremediation 2014 1879-3096 32 5 271 280 10 10.1016/j.tibtech.2014.02.008 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) Energy, Mining and Environment (EME-EME) Énergie, mines et environnement (EME-EME) National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 21272279 8a8ccf0e-647c-4f50-98a8-c9450d0044ff O. Stueker aut NINT INNT V.A. Ortega aut G.G. Goss aut NINT INNT M. Stepanova aut NINT INNT text article eng Nanomaterials in biological solutions are known to interact with proteins and have been documented to affect protein function, such as enzyme activity. Understanding the interactions of nanoparticles with biological components at the molecular level will allow for rational designs of nanomaterials for use in medical technologies. Here we present the first detailed molecular mechanics model of functionalized gold nanoparticle (NP) interacting with an enzyme (l-lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) enzyme). Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of the response of LDH to the NP binding demonstrate that although atomic motions (dynamics) of the main chain exhibit only a minor response to the binding, the dynamics of side chains are significantly constrained in all four active sites that predict alteration in kinetic properties of the enzyme. It is also demonstrated that the 5 nm gold NPs cause a decrease in the maximal velocity of the enzyme reaction (Vmax) and a trend towards a reduced affinity (increased Km) for the β-NAD binding site, while pyruvate enzyme kinetics (Km and Vmax) are not significantly altered in the presence of the gold NPs. These results demonstrate that modeling of NP:protein interactions can be used to understand alterations in protein function. Using molecular dynamic simulations for single, functionalized nanoparticles in solution and a newly developed method of analysis, Stueker and co-workers describe the effects of binding of a mercapto-undecanoic acid functionalized 4.2 nm gold nanoparticle on the structural and dynamic properties of the biological enzyme LDH. The predictions help to explain the experimentally determined alterations in measured LDH enzyme activity when exposed to these particles. © 2014 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes Biomedical engineering Chains Computer simulation Enzyme activity Enzyme kinetics Gold Medical nanotechnology Metal nanoparticles Molecular dynamics Nanostructured materials Reaction kinetics Enzyme functions Functionalized gold nanoparticles Functionalized nanoparticles Lactate dehydrogenase Molecular dynamics simulations Molecular simulations Structural and dynamic properties toxicology Proteins 2014 1613-6829 10 10 2006 2021 16 10.1002/smll.201303639 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) National Institute for Nanotechnology (NINT-INNT) Institut national de nanotechnologie (INNT-NINT) National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 21272281 17760257-7832-4c62-b448-36e7cd2d9522 Z.M. Khan aut Y. Liu aut U. Neu aut M. Gilbert aut HHT TSH B. Ehlers aut T. Feizi aut T. Stehle aut text article eng Human polyomavirus 9 (HPyV9) is a closely related homologue of simian B-lymphotropic polyomavirus (LPyV). In order to define the architecture and receptor binding properties of HPyV9, we solved high-resolution crystal structures of its major capsid protein, VP1, in complex with three putative oligosaccharide receptors identified by glycan microarray screening. Comparison of the properties of HPyV9 VP1 with the known structure and glycan-binding properties of LPyV VP1 revealed that both viruses engage short sialylated oligosaccharides, but small yet important differences in specificity were detected. Surprisingly, HPyV9 VP1 preferentially binds sialyllactosamine compounds terminating in 5-N-glycolyl neuraminic acid (Neu5Gc) over those terminating in 5-N-acetyl neuraminic acid (Neu5Ac), whereas LPyV does not exhibit such a preference. The structural analysis demonstrated that HPyV9 makes specific contacts, via hydrogen bonds, with the extra hydroxyl group present in Neu5Gc. An equivalent hydrogen bond cannot be formed by LPyV VP1. © 2014, American Society for Microbiology. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes glycan n glycoloylneuraminic acid oligosaccharide protein VP1 article binding site complex formation controlled study cross reaction crystal structure crystallography hydrogen bond microarray analysis molecular cloning nonhuman nucleotide sequence Polyoma virus Polyomavirus 9 VP1 priority journal protein expression receptor binding structure analysis viral tropism Capsid Proteins Cloning, Molecular Crystallography Humans Hydrogen Bonding Microarray Analysis Models, Molecular Neuraminic Acids Polyomavirus Polysaccharides Protein Conformation 2014 1098-5514 88 11 6100 6111 12 10.1128/JVI.03455-13 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) Human Health Therapeutics (HHT-TSH) Thérapeutiques en santé humaine (TSH-HHT) National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 21272287 4286a9e8-83e1-404b-93d2-3b15daef621e S. Kandasamy aut W. Khan aut F.D. Evans aut A.T. Critchley aut J. Zhang aut ACRD DCRA J.H. Fitton aut D.N. Stringer aut V.-A. Gardiner aut B. Prithiviraj aut text article eng The extracts of the brown alga, Ascophyllum nodosum, which contains several bioactive compounds, have been shown to impart biotic and abiotic stress tolerance properties when consumed by animals. However, the physiological, biochemical and molecular mechanism underlying such effects remain elusive. We investigated the effect of A. nodosum fucose-containing polymer (FCP) on tolerance to thermally induced stress using the invertebrate animal model, Caenorhabditis elegans. FCP at a concentration of 150 μg mL-1 significantly improved the life span and tolerance against thermally induced stress in C. elegans. The treatment increased the C. elegans survival by approximately 24%, when the animals were under severe thermally induced stress (i.e. 35 °C) and 27% under mild stress (i.e. 30 °C) conditions. The FCP induced differential expression of genes and proteins is associated with stress response pathways. Under thermal stress, FCP treatment significantly altered the expression of 65 proteins (54 up-regulated & 11 down-regulated). Putative functional analysis of FCP-induced differential proteins signified an association of altered proteins in stress-related molecular and biochemical pathways of the model worm. © 2014 The Royal Society of Chemistry. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes Bioactive compounds Biochemical pathway Biotic and abiotic stress Caenorhabditis elegans Differential effect Differential expressions Invertebrate animals Thermally induced stress Animals Gallium alloys Proteins Gene expression 2014 2042-6496 5 2 275 284 10 10.1039/c3fo60050e National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) Aquatic and Crop Resource Development (ACRD-DCRA) Développement des cultures et des ressources aquatiques (DCRA-ACRD) National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 21272266 775ea0e2-c6ce-4d42-b808-1e380ba24b70 Barbara Blasiak aut James Landry aut Randy Tyson aut Jonathan Sharp aut Umar Iqbal aut HHT TSH Abedelnasser Abulrob aut HHT TSH David Rushforth aut John Matyas aut Dragana Ponjevic aut Garnette R. Sutherland aut Stefan Wolfsberger aut Boguslaw Tomanek aut text article eng Background: Glioma is the most common and most difficult to treat brain cancer. Despite many efforts treatment, efficacy remains low. As neurosurgical removal is the standard procedure for glioma, a method, allowing for both early detection and exact determination of the location, size and extent of the tumor, could improve a patient's positive response to therapy. New method: We propose application of susceptibility weighted molecular magnetic resonance imaging using, targeted contrast agents, based on superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles, for imaging of the, glioma rim, namely brain-tumor interface. Iron oxide attached to the targeted cells increases, susceptibility differences at the boundary between tumor and normal tissue, providing the opportunity, to utilize susceptibility weighted imaging for improved tumor delineation. We investigated potential, enhancement of the tumor-brain contrast, including tumor core and rim when using susceptibility, weighted MRI for molecular imaging of glioma. Results: There were significant differences in contrast-to-noise ratio before, 12 and 120. min after contrast, agent injection between standard gradient echo pulse sequence and susceptibility weighted molecular, magnetic resonance imaging for the core-brain, tumor rim-core and tumor rim-brain areas. Comparison with existing methods: Currently, the most common MRI contrast agent used for glioma diagnosis is a non-specific, gadolinium-based agent providing T1-weighted enhancement. Susceptibility-weighted magnetic, resonance imaging is much less efficient when no targeted superparamagnetic contrast agents are, used. Conclusion: The improved determination of glioma extent provided by SWI offers an important new tool for, diagnosis and surgical planning. yes yes 2014-02-10 Elsevier 0165-0270 226 132 138 7 NRC-HHT-53274 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2014.01.034 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) Human Health Therapeutics (HHT-TSH) Thérapeutiques en santé humaine (TSH-HHT) National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 21272269 8fed9c31-8912-4654-8508-b878e667055f X. Qing aut J. Shi aut C. Ma aut M. Fan aut Z. Bai aut Z. Chen aut J. Qiao aut J. Zhang aut EME EME text article eng In this work, we report a spontaneous formation of copper (Cu-N-S/C) catalysts containing both nitrogen (N) and sulfur (S) elements using a one-step pyrolysis of carbon supported copper phthalocyanine tetrasulfonic acid tetrasodium salt (CuTSPc/C). The obtained catalysts exhibit high catalytic activities for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in alkaline media. Through electrochemical measurements and physical characterizations, several observations are reached as follows: (1) different pyrolysis temperatures can result in different catalyst structures and performances, and the optimum pyrolysis temperature is found to be 700 °C; (2) the electron transfer number of the ORR process catalyzed by the unpyrolyzed catalyst is about 2.5, after the pyrolysis, this number is increased to 3.5, indicating that the pyrolysis process can change the ORR pathway from a 2-electron transfer dominated process to a 4-electron transfer dominated one; (3) increasing catalyst loading from 40 μg cm-2 to 505 μg cm-2 can effectively improve the catalytic ORR activity, under which the percentage of H2O2 produced decreases sharply from 39.5% to 7.8%; and (4) the Cu ion can bond on pyridinic-N, graphite-N and C-Sn-C to form Cu-N-S/C catalyst active sites, which play the key role in the ORR activity. © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes Carbon Electrolytic reduction Electron transitions Loading Nitrogen Sulfur Transition metal compounds Active site Copper phthalocyanine Copper phthalocyanine tetrasulfonic acid Doped carbons Electrochemical measurements Oxygen reduction reaction Physical characterization Transition metal catalysts Catalyst activity 2014 0378-7753 266 88 98 11 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2014.04.136 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) Energy, Mining and Environment (EME-EME) Énergie, mines et environnement (EME-EME) National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 21272270 5b43be18-88b1-4c54-bf80-b74cbd3083de M. Korkusinski aut SDT TSR P. Hawrylak aut SDT TSR text article eng We present a theory of electronic properties of HgTe quantum dot and propose a strain sensor based on a strain-driven transition from a HgTe quantum dot with inverted bandstructure and robust topologically protected quantum edge states to a normal state without edge states in the energy gap. The presence or absence of edge states leads to large on/off ratio of conductivity across the quantum dot, tunable by adjusting the number of conduction channels in the source-drain voltage window. The electronic properties of a HgTe quantum dot as a function of size and applied strain are described using eight-band k·p Luttinger and Bir-Pikus Hamiltonians, with surface states identified with chirality of Luttinger spinors and obtained through extensive numerical diagonalization of the Hamiltonian. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes 2014 2045-2322 4 4903 10.1038/srep04903 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) Security and Disruptive Technologies (SDT-TSR) Technologies de sécurité et de rupture (TSR-SDT) National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 21272288 9cd8ccf3-02a0-407e-a53e-362bbe1227af A. Bwalya aut CONST CONST E. Gibbs aut CONST CONST G. Lougheed aut CONST CONST A. Kashef aut CONST CONST text article eng 2014-07-01 Results are presented from a number of fire experiments that were conducted in a room environment to study the fire characteristics of typical residential furnishings and assist in the design of a subsequent phase of a project involving fully furnished room fire experiments. The experiments were conducted in a 16-m2 test room (with dimensions 3.8m wide×4.2m long×2.4m high), which had a 1.5×1.5-m window opening. The furnishings tested included mattresses, bed clothes, bed assemblies, upholstered seating furniture, clothing arrangements, books, plastic audio/video media and storage cases, toys, shoes, and a computer workstation setup. The smoke (gaseous products of combustion) from the room was collected using a hood system in order to measure the heat release rate (HRR) and optical density of the smoke. The test room was instrumented with load cells, heat flux gauges, thermocouples and velocity probes in order to take the following measurements: mass loss, total heat flux on gauge-installed flush with the internal surfaces (floor, walls, and ceiling), temperatures at numerous locations, and gas velocities in the window opening. Twin-size mattresses produced peak HRRs of approximately 3800kW, and the maximum room temperature was approximately 980°C. The HRRs of bed assemblies of various sizes and configurations ranged from 1800kW for a twin-size bed to 6250kW for a bunk bed. The maximum temperature and heat flux recorded in the experiments were 1071°C and 221kW/m2, respectively. Upholstered chairs and sofas had HRRs ranging from 630kW for an ottoman to 3360kW for a two-seat sofa. In tests with clothing, toys, shoes, books, a computer workstation, and CD/DVD media, the peak HRRs ranged from 440kW for a bookcase to 2045kW for toys. Furnishings containing a large proportion of rigid thermoplastic plastics, such as shoes and media cases, produced very dense smoke even at low HRRs. The effect of parameters such as bed clothes, mattress type, foundation type, bed assembly and chair size, material composition, and fuel package arrangement was evident in the results. Because the room dimensions and wall lining materials remained constant, temperatures were linearly proportional to the peak HRR (and exposure time) until the ventilation limit (approximately 4100kW) was reached. © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes article in press 0308-0501 39 8 685 716 10.1002/fam.2259 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) Construction (CONST-CONST) Construction (CONST-CONST) National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 21272280 0b2c5503-4545-4460-b509-f954e62eb2a5 Jennifer A. Veitch aut CONST CONST Lorne A. Whitehead aut Michele Mossman aut Toby D. Pilditch aut CONST CONST text article eng 2014-06-01 As light-emitting diode (LED) light sources mature, lighting designers will be able to deliver white light with a variety of spectral power distributions and a variety of color rendering properties. This experiment examined the effects of three spectral power distributions (SPDs) that were matched in illuminance and chromaticity on three measures of color perception: one objective (performance on the Farnsworth-Munsell 100 hue test) and two subjective (judgments of the attractiveness of one's own skin, and preferences for the saturation of printed images). The three SPDs were a quartz-halogen (QH) lamp and two LED sources that were matched to the QH lamp in terms of both illuminance and chromaticity; the three light sources were nominally CCT = 3500 K, x = 0.40, y = 0.39 and ∼ 400 lx. LED A used three channels (red, green, blue), and had very poor color rendering (Ra = 18). LED B used four channels (red, amber, cyan, white) and had very good color rendering (R a = 96, whereas the QH had Ra = 98). Secondary hypotheses addressed the effects of age and skin and eye color on the dependent measures. As expected, LED A delivered very different color perceptions on all measures when compared to QH; LED B did not differ from QH. The results show that it is possible for LED sources to match the familiar incandescent sources. However, although it is possible to deliver what appear to be millions of colors with a three-chip (RGB) device, there is the risk of creating a very poor luminous environment. © 2013 National Research Council Canada and Wiley Periodicals, Inc. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes Color rendering properties Different lights illuminants Printed images Source effects Spectral power distribution Color image processing Color vision Light sources Quartz Light emitting diodes 0361-2317 39 3 263 274 12 10.1002/col.21811 NRC-CONST-55266 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) Construction (CONST-CONST) Construction (CONST-CONST) National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 21272271 e00d419b-a729-44f1-9b06-a28c3e43e332 X. Zhou aut P. Xu aut L. Xu aut Z. Bai aut Z. Chen aut J. Qiao aut J. Zhang aut EME EME text article eng A cost-effective chemical, N,N′-bis(salicylidene)ethylenediamine (salen), is used as a ligand to form a carbon-supported Co-salen complex (Co-salen/C) by a simple solid-sate reaction. The Co-salen/C is then pyrolyzed at 600, 700, 800, 900, and 1000 °C to form carbon-supported Co-N-S/C catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). XRD, EDX, TEM, and XPS are used to characterize the catalysts' composition, crystalline nature, morphology, and possible surface groups induced by heat-treatment. Investigation of the catalytic activity and the ORR mechanisms using rotating disk electrode and rotating ring-disk electrode techniques demonstrates that all of these Co-N-S/C catalysts are highly active for the ORR in an O2-saturated 0.1 M KOH solution, but the catalyst heat treated at 700°C gives the best ORR activity. The overall electron transfer number for the catalyzed ORR was determined to be 3.6-3.9, with 3.7-19.9% H2O2 production over the potential range of -0.05 to -0.60 V, suggesting that the ORR catalyzed by Co-N-S/C catalysts is dominated by a 4-electron transfer pathway from O 2 to H2O. In addition, these catalysts exhibit superior methanol tolerance to commercial 40% Pt/C catalyst, thus the Co-N-S/C catalysts are promising for use as electrocatalysts in alkaline polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells. © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes Active site Alkaline polymer electrolyte membrane Methanol tolerance Non-precious metal catalysts Oxygen reduction reaction Rotating disk electrodes Rotating ring-disk electrode techniques Solid-sate reactions Alkaline fuel cells Alkalinity Carbon Catalysis Electrocatalysts Electrolytes Electrolytic reduction Electron transitions Methanol Proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) Rotating disks Cobalt compounds 2014 0378-7753 260 349 356 8 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2014.03.017 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) Energy, Mining and Environment (EME-EME) Énergie, mines et environnement (EME-EME) National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 21272252 8d2048e6-95f0-49f8-9d0a-43d8e0f826c7 J.L. Consalvi aut F. Liu aut MSS SME text article eng Radiative heat transfer calculations are conducted along the axis of six axisymmetric pool fires by using the "exact" line-by-line (LBL) method, the narrow band correlated k (NBCK) model, the full-spectrum correlated k (FSCK) model, the multi-scale full-spectrum k-distribution (MSFSK) model, and the wide-band model implemented in the fire dynamic simulator (FDS). The two baseline cases correspond to 34 kW and 176 kW methane pool fires generated on a burner of 0.38 m diameter. For each heat release rate, two other moderately and heavily sooting pool fires were generated by considering higher soot volume fractions while keeping temperature and gaseous species concentrations unaltered. For each radiative model, the corresponding absorption coefficients for carbon dioxide, water vapor, carbon monoxide, and methane were generated from the same high-resolution spectroscopic databases. Model results show that the contribution of carbon monoxide to the radiative intensity can be neglected, whereas that of methane increases with the heat release rate (HRR) and decreases as the soot loading increases. It is also found that the gray approximation for soot holds for the 34 kW pool fires and the weakly and moderately sooting 176 kW pool fires but ceases to be valid for the heavily sooting 176 kW pool fire. Concerning the accuracy of the different approximate radiative models, comparisons with the LBL solutions show that the NBCK model can be used as a reference if LBL solutions are not available. On the other hand, the FDS wide-band model fails in predicting accurately the radiative intensity through the fuel-rich core of pool fires. Finally, the FSCK provide predictions within 10% of LBL solutions with the exception of the heavily sooting 176 kW pool fire where the strong attenuation of radiation by methane invalidates the "correlated" assumption of the absorption coefficient. In this case, the MSFSK model must be considered, improving substantially the predictions of the FSCK. Copyright © Taylor & Francis Group, LLC. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes Absorption spectroscopy Carbon dioxide Carbon monoxide Forecasting Fuels Loading Methane Plasma diagnostics Radiative transfer Soot Absorption co-efficient Fire dynamic simulators Fuel-rich core Gaseous species concentrations Heat Release Rate (HRR) Radiative heat transfer Soot volume fraction Spectroscopic database Fire protection 2014 1563-521X 186 4-May 475 489 15 10.1080/00102202.2014.883221 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) Measurement Science and Standards (MSS-SME) Science des mesures et étalons (SME-MSS) National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 21272253 538ec6c1-a91f-4f6b-97cf-0ebf84f497de Simon Larose Larose, S. aut AERO AERO Maxime R Guérin Guérin, M. aut AERO AERO Priti Wanjara Wanjara, P. aut AERO AERO 8th International Conference on Processing and Manufacturing of Advanced Materials, THERMEC 2013, Dec. 2-6, Las Vegas, NV text article eng Precipitation-hardenable 6xxx series aluminum alloys are incorporated in many structural components with due consideration of their good combination of properties including a relatively high strength, outstanding extrudability and excellent corrosion resistance. Accordingly, AA6061 has been identified as a very good candidate material for structural lightweighting of transportation vehicles. However, the weldability of aluminum alloy (AA) 6061 by means of conventional technologies such as GMAW and GTAW methods is limited by sensitivity to solidification cracking. In this respect, friction stir welding (FSW) presents a tremendous potential for assembly of aluminum structures for the transportation industry due to the low heat involved that can mitigate crack formation and, thus, translate into improved mechanical performance of the assembly. In this work, FSW of 3.18 mm thick AA6061-T6 sheets in the lap joint configuration was investigated. This configuration is considered to be more challenging for assembly by FSW than the butt joint type due to the orientation of the interface with respect to the welding tools and the necessity to break the oxide layer on two aluminium alloy planar surfaces. Weld trials were performed to examine the influence of the FSW tool geometry and process parameters on the welding defects, microstructure, hardness and bend performance. Unacceptable material expulsion and/or significant thinning in one of the two overlapped sheets were produced under most conditions. A set of FSW tool geometries leading to a viable process operational window under which the risk of defects could be mitigated and/or eliminated was identified in this study. © (2014) Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes Aluminum alloys Corrosion resistance Cracks Materials handling Welding AA6061-T6 Excellent corrosion resistances Friction stir lap welding Friction stir welding(FSW) Lap welding Process window Solidification cracking Transportation vehicles Friction stir welding 2014-05-01 1022-6680 9783038350736 783-786 2839 2844 6 10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.783-786.2839 Aerospace Aérospatiale National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 21272254 d8fc9032-2ae2-47c1-bddc-0bc7d1491b18 A. Ferrier aut T. Sato aut Y. De Repentigny aut S. Gibeault aut K. Bhanot aut R.W. O'Meara aut A. Lynch-Godrei aut S.F. Kornfeld aut K.G. Young aut HHT TSH R. Kothary aut text article eng A newly identified lethal form of hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy (HSAN), designated HSAN-VI, is caused by a homozygous mutation in the bullous pemphigoid antigen 1 (BPAG1)/dystonin gene (DST). The HSAN-VI mutation impacts all major neuronal BPAG1/dystonin protein isoforms: dystonin-a1, -a2 and -a3. Homozygous mutations in the murine Dst gene cause a severe sensory neuropathy termed dystonia musculorum (dt). Phenotypically, dt mice are similar to HSAN-VI patients, manifesting progressive limb contractures, dystonia, dysautonomia and early postnatal death. To obtain a better molecular understanding of disease pathogenesis in HSAN-VI patients and the dt disorder, we generated transgenic mice expressing a myc-tagged dystonin-a2 protein under the regulation of the neuronal prion protein promoter on the dtTg4/Tg4 background, which is devoid of endogenous dystonin-a1 and -a2, but does express dystonin-a3. Restoring dystonin-a2 expression in the nervous system, particularly within sensory neurons, prevented the disorganization of organelle membranes and microtubule networks, attenuated the degeneration of sensory neuron subtypes and ameliorated the phenotype and increased life span in these mice. Despite these improvements, complete rescue was not observed likely because of inadequate expression of the transgene. Taken together, this study provides needed insight into the molecular basis of the dt disorder and other peripheral neuropathies including HSAN-VI. © The Author 2013. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes 2014 1460-2083 23 10 ddt663 2694 2710 17 10.1093/hmg/ddt663 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) Human Health Therapeutics (HHT-TSH) Thérapeutiques en santé humaine (TSH-HHT) National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 21272256 386e8f34-d076-40a8-ad95-94ed8a3a4a7d E.O. Purisima aut HHT TSH T. Sulea aut HHT TSH text article eng Water plays an active role in many fundamental phenomena in cellular systems such as molecular recognition, folding and conformational equilibria, reaction kinetics and phase partitioning. Hence, our ability to account for the energetics of these processes is highly dependent on the models we use for calculating solvation effects. For example, theoretical prediction of protein-ligand binding modes (i.e., docking) and binding affinities (i.e., scoring) requires an accurate description of the change in hydration that accompanies solute binding. In this review, we discuss the challenges of constructing solvation models that capture these effects, with an emphasis on continuum models and on more recent developments in the field. In our discussion of methods, relatively greater attention will be given to boundary element solutions to the Poisson equation and to nonpolar solvation models, two areas that have become increasingly important but are likely to be less familiar to many readers. The other focus will be upon the trending efforts for evaluating solvation models in order to uncover limitations, biases, and potentially attractive directions for their improvement and applicability. The prospective and retrospective performance of a variety of solvation models in the SAMPL blind challenges will be discussed in detail. After just a few years, these benchmarking exercises have already had a tangible effect in guiding the improvement of solvation models. © 2014 Bentham Science Publishers. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes 2014 1873-4286 20 20 3266 3280 15 10.2174/13816128113199990599 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) Human Health Therapeutics (HHT-TSH) Thérapeutiques en santé humaine (TSH-HHT) National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 21272257 f1e642b4-b7f6-4b92-a79a-5f33bcf32f63 Wolkow Robert A Wolkow, Robert A. aut NINT INNT Livadaru Lucian aut Pitters Jason aut NINT INNT Taucer Marco Giuseppe Taucer, Marco aut Piva Paul aut Salomons Mark aut NINT INNT Cloutier Martin aut NINT INNT Martins Bruno Martins, Bruno V. C. aut 2013 Workshop on Field-Coupled Nanocomputing (FCN 2013), February 7-8, 2013, Tampa, Florida, USA text chapter eng 2014 We review our recent efforts in building atom-scale quantum-dot cellular automata circuits on a silicon surface. Our building block consists of silicon dangling bond on a H-Si(001) surface, which has been shown to act as a quantum dot. First the fabrication, experimental imaging, and charging character of the dangling bond are discussed. We then show how precise assemblies of such dots can be created to form artificial molecules. Such complex structures can be used as systems with custom optical properties, circuit elements for quantum-dot cellular automata, and quantum computing. Considerations on macro-to-atom connections are discussed. yes yes Atoms Dangling bonds Quantum computers Quantum optics Semiconductor quantum dots Silicon Artificial molecule Atomic quantum dots Complex structure Precise assembly Quantum Computing Quantum dot cellular automata Silicon dangling bond Silicon surfaces Automata theory Springer Berlin Heidelberg 978-3-662-43721-6 978-3-662-43722-3 33 58 26 0302-9743 8280 10.1007/978-3-662-43722-3_3 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) National Institute for Nanotechnology (NINT-INNT) Institut national de nanotechnologie (INNT-NINT) National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 21272259 daa84b5a-cff3-444c-acd4-21781b4ea831 S. Kandari aut Y.J. Choi aut HHT TSH B.H. Lee aut text article eng α-Galactosidase purified from Lactobacillus helveticus ATCC 10797 by fast performance liquid chromatography system using ion exchange and gel-filtration columns showed the Km of 3.83 mM and Vmax of 416.44 μmol/min/mg protein calculated from the substrate p-nitrophenyl-α-d-galactopyranoside. The molecular mass was 188 kDa by gel-filtration, but 90 kDa by SDS-PAGE, indicating a homodimer. The optimum temperature was 37 °C, and the optimum pH was at 6 with an acceptable stability between pH 4 and 8. This enzyme was activated by 10 mM monovalent ions such as K+, NH4 +, Li+, and CS+, while the activity was inhibited by divalent ions such as Cu2+, Zn2+, and Fe2+. Melibiose was hydrolyzed to glucose and galactose, raffinose to galactose and sucrose, while stachyose to galactose and sucrose. A novel source of α-galactosidase from L. helveticus possessing both hydrolytic activity to eliminate flatulence sugars and transgalactosylation activities to synthesize galacto-oligosaccharides is identified and characterized. © 2014 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes article in press 2014 1438-2377 10.1007/s00217-014-2284-y National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) Human Health Therapeutics (HHT-TSH) Thérapeutiques en santé humaine (TSH-HHT) National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 21272262 deb0cba9-3b39-4814-8729-fb47ebb63a13 C. Farenc aut S. Spinelli aut E. Vinogradov aut IBS ISB D. Tremblay aut S. Blangy aut I. Sadovskaya aut S. Moineau aut C. Cambillau aut text article eng The Gram-positive bacterium Lactococcus lactis is used for the production of cheeses and other fermented dairy products. Accidental infection of L. lactis cells by virulent lactococcal tailed phages is one of the major risks of fermentation failures in industrial dairy factories. Lactococcal phage 1358 possesses a host range limited to a few L. lactis strains and strong genomic similarities to Listeria phages. We report here the X-ray structures of phage 1358 receptor binding protein (RBP) in complex with monosaccharides. Each monomer of its trimeric RBP is formed of two domains: a "shoulder" domain linking the RBP to the rest of the phage and a jelly roll fold "head/host recognition" domain. This domain harbors a saccharide binding crevice located in the middle of a monomer. Crystal structures identified two sites at the RBP surface,̃8 Å from each other, one accommodating a GlcNAc monosaccharide and the other accommodating a GlcNAc or a glucose 1-phosphate (Glc1P) monosaccharide. GlcNAc and GlcNAc1P are components of the polysaccharide pellicle that we identified at the cell surface of L. lactis SMQ-388, the host of phage 1358. We therefore modeled a galactofuranose (Galf) sugar bridging the two GlcNAc saccharides, suggesting that the trisaccharidic motif GlcNAc-Galf-GlcNAc (or Glc1P) might be common to receptors of genetically distinct lactococcal phages p2, TP091-1, and 1358. Strain specificity might therefore be elicited by steric clashes induced by the remaining components of the pellicle hexasaccharide. Taken together, these results provide a first insight into the molecular mechanism of host receptor recognition by lactococcal phages. © 2014, American Society for Microbiology. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes binding protein glucose 1 phosphate monomer monosaccharide phage 1358 receptor binding protein unclassified drug article bacterial cell wall bacterial cell wall pellicle bacteriophage binding site cell surface controlled study crystal structure Lactococcus lactis nonhuman phage 1358 phage TP091 1 priority journal protein carbohydrate interaction protein domain protein motif protein structure 2014 1098-5514 88 12 7005 7015 11 10.1128/JVI.00739-14 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) NRC Institute for Biological Sciences (IBS-ISB) Institut des sciences biologiques du CNRC (ISB-IBS) National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 21272263 fcf3eeaa-bf53-49d3-95d9-91ecedb26857 C. Zhang aut X. Xiang aut MD DM M. Xu aut MD DM C. Fan aut M.G. Sowa aut MD DM K.-Z. Liu aut MD DM text article eng Background: We have recently developed a non-invasive periodontal diagnostic tool that was validated in periodontitis patients without systemic disorders like coronary artery disease (CAD). The purpose of present study is to verify whether this optical instrument can also be used in periodontitis patients with CAD.Methods: A total of 62 periodontitis patients with CAD were recruited along with a control group consisting of 59 age and gender matched periodontitis volunteers without systemic disorders. Using a portable optical near-infrared spectrometer, optical spectra were obtained, processed and evaluated from the two groups. A modified Beer-Lambert unmixing model that incorporates a nonparametric scattering loss function was used to determine the relative contribution of deoxygenated hemoglobin (Hb) and oxygenated hemoglobin (HbO2) to the overall spectrum. The balance between tissue oxygen delivery and utilization in periodontal tissues was then assessed.Results: Tissue oxygen saturation was significantly decreased in the periodontitis sites (p < 0.01), compared to the healthy sites in those individuals with CAD. There was a trend towards increased concentration of Hb and decreased concentration of HbO2 from healthy to diseased sites, without statistical significance (p > 0.05). No statistical differences were found in tissue oxygen saturation between the CAD and control groups either in periodontal healthy or inflammatory sites.Conclusion: This study supports the hypothesis that optical spectroscopy can determine the periodontal inflammation in patients with certain systemic disorders like CAD. And the overall periodontal oxygenation profiles in CAD patients resemble those in non-CAD individuals either in healthy or inflammatory sites. © 2014 Zhang et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes 2014 1472-6831 14 1 25 10.1186/1472-6831-14-25 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) Medical Devices (MD-DM) Dispositifs médicaux (DM-MD) National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 21272264 f7b75ca7-04d4-4cd8-b3e9-31b052484181 D. Fatehi aut IBS ISB T.N. Baral aut IBS ISB A. Abulrob aut IBS ISB text article eng Diagnosis of glioblastoma multiform (GBM) with MRI lacks molecular information and requires a biopsy for pathologic confirmation. The EGFRvIII, is a constitutively active mutant of the EGF receptor, identified in a high percentage of brain cancers and associated with increased invasiveness and resistance, making it a good target to improve imaging and diagnosis. The present study shows that conjugation of near-infrared quantum dot (Qd800) to an anti-EGFRvIII single domain antibody, made of the variable region with an extra cysteine for site-specific conjugation (EG2-Cys), increased its internalization in U87MG-EGFRvIII cells in vitro compared to Qd800 conjugated with the Fc region of the antibody (EG2-hFc) or unconjugated. EG2-Cys also improved the contrast in Near-Infrared Imaging of mice bearing orthotopic glioblastoma. The increased accumulation was confirmed by fluorescence microscopy of brain sections. The specificity of EG2-Cys in brain tumor expressing the EGFRvIII mutant receptor may provide an accurate less invasive diagnosis and determine the level of tumor aggressiveness and resistance. Copyright © 2014 American Scientific Publishers All rights reserved. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes EGFR protein, mouse epidermal growth factor receptor monoclonal antibody quantum dot animal article brain tumor fluorescence microscopy glioblastoma human infrared radiation metabolism methodology molecular imaging mouse nude mouse pathology reproducibility sensitivity and specificity tumor cell line Animals Antibodies, Monoclonal Brain Neoplasms Cell Line, Tumor Glioblastoma Humans Infrared Rays Mice Mice, Nude Microscopy, Fluorescence Molecular Imaging Quantum Dots Receptor, Epidermal Growth Factor Reproducibility of Results Sensitivity and Specificity 2014 1533-4899 14 7 5355 5362 8 10.1166/jnn.2014.9076 NRC-HHT-53273 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) NRC Institute for Biological Sciences (IBS-ISB) Institut des sciences biologiques du CNRC (ISB-IBS) National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 21272265 a5e45cec-5d76-4f0a-b0d3-a5823f1821ff H. Broekhoven-Fiene aut B. Matthews aut HIA IHA G. Duchêne aut J. Di Francesco aut HIA IHA A. Scholz aut A. Chrysostomou aut R. Jayawardhana aut text article eng We present submillimeter observations of the young brown dwarfs KPNO Tau 1, KPNO Tau 3, and KPNO Tau 6 at 450 μm and 850 μm taken with the Submillimetre Common-User Bolometer Array on the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope. KPNO Tau 3 and KPNO Tau 6 have been previously identified as Class II objects hosting accretion disks, whereas KPNO Tau 1 has been identified as a Class III object and shows no evidence of circumsubstellar material. Our 3σ detection of cold dust around KPNO Tau 3 implies a total disk mass of (4.0 ± 1.1) × 10-4 M ⊙ (assuming a gas to dust ratio of 100:1). We place tight constraints on any disks around KPNO Tau 1 or KPNO Tau 6 of <2.1 × 10-4 M ⊙ and <2.7 × 10-4 M ⊙, respectively. Modeling the spectral energy distribution of KPNO Tau 3 and its disk suggests the disk properties (geometry, dust mass, and grain size distribution) are consistent with observations of other brown dwarf disks and low-mass T-Tauri stars. In particular, the disk-to-host mass ratio for KPNO Tau 3 is congruent with the scenario that at least some brown dwarfs form via the same mechanism as low-mass stars. © 2014. The American Astronomical Society. All rights reserved.. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes 2014 1538-4357 789 2 155 10.1088/0004-637X/789/2/155 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) NRC Herzberg Institute of Astrophysics (HIA-IHA) Institut Herzberg d'astrophysique du CNRC (IHA-HIA) National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 21272267 d653620c-27f0-4a07-ab9f-1b012cd4ebb2 Rhonda Y Kuo Lee Kuo Lee, Rhonda aut HHT TSH Greg Harris Harris, Gregg aut HHT TSH Hongbin Yan aut HHT TSH H. Howard Xu aut Wayne Conlan Conlan, Wayne J. aut HHT TSH Girish B Patel Patel, Girishchandra B. aut HHT TSH Wangxue Chen aut HHT TSH text article 2015-03-31 eng Multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii has become an important causative agent of healthcare associated infections. Hospital- and community-acquired pneumonia is the most common clinical manifestation of A. baumannii infection worldwide and is often associated with high mortality. Most experimental vaccine studies to date have evaluated vaccines against systemic A. baumannii infections following systemic immunization. We recently demonstrated that a mouse model of respiratory A. baumannii infection using the strain LAC-4 results in disease progression that is similar to that observed in humans. Here we used this model in conjunction with an inactivated whole cell vaccine to evaluate the feasibility of developing protective mucosal vaccines against respiratory A. baumannii infection and to investigate the potential mechanism of protection of such vaccines. Our results showed that intranasal immunization with formalin-killed whole cells of the LAC-4 strain elicited mucosal and systemic antigen-specific immune responses, and protected mice against lethal intranasal or intraperitoneal challenges. Compared to naïve mice, immunized mice had significantly fewer bacteria in their lungs, and the pathogen was barely detectable in blood and spleens at 24 h post challenge, indicating the ability of immunized mice to control extrapulmonary dissemination of the pathogen. Mechanistic studies using gene-deficient mice, neutropenic mice, or passive immunization showed that B cells and neutrophils, but not FcRγ, played crucial roles in the protection against respiratory A. baumannii challenge of intranasally immunized mice whereas passive transfer of hyperimmune sera only prolonged the survival time of challenged mice by 48 h. These results provide immunological insights for the rational design of novel mucosal vaccines to protect against respiratory A. baumannii infection and demonstrate the feasibility to develop such vaccines. yes yes Acinetobacter baumannii; Pneumonia; Mucosal immunization; B cells; Neutrophils 2014-03-31 Elsevier 0264-410X NRC-HHT-53214 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.02.083 Human Health Therapeutics Thérapeutiques en santé humaine National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 21272268 9c576581-fef6-40f7-9457-3d632b91cf45 M. Bamji-Mirza aut HHT TSH D. Callaghan aut HHT TSH D. Najem aut HHT TSH S. Shen aut HHT TSH M.S. Hasim aut HHT TSH Z. Yang aut W. Zhang aut HHT TSH text article eng One of the hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the accumulation and deposition of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides in the brain and cerebral vasculature. Aβ evokes neuroinflammation and has been implicated in insulin signaling disruption and JNK-AP1 activation, contributing to AD neuropathologies including oxidative injury and vascular insufficiencies. In this study we aim to better understand the protective mechanisms of insulin signaling and JNK-AP1 inhibition on the adverse effects of Aβ. Four-hour treatment of hCMEC/D3, the immortalized human brain endothelial cells (iHBEC), with Aβ1-42 resulted in significant c-Jun phosphorylation, oxidative stress, and cell toxicity. Concurrent treatment with Aβ1-42 and insulin or Aβ1-42 and JNK inhibitor SP600125 significantly improved cell viability. Cytokine array on conditioned media showed that insulin and SP600125 strongly reduced all Aβ 1-42-induced cytokines. ELISA confirmed the protective effect of insulin and SP600125 on Aβ-induced expression of interleukin (IL)-8 and Growth related oncogene-α (Gro-α). qRT-PCR revealed that insulin and SP600125 protected iHBEC from Aβ1-42-induced inflammatory gene expression. Transcription factor profiling showed that treatment of iHBEC with Aβ1-42, insulin, or SP600125 alone or in combination resulted in profound changes in modulating the activities of multiple transcription factors and relevant pathways, some of which were validated by western blot. Insulin treatment and JNK inhibition in vitro synergistically reduced c-Jun phosphorylation and thus JNK-AP1 signaling activation. The study suggests that activation of insulin and blocking of JNK-AP1 signaling inhibits Aβ-induced dysregulation of insulin signaling and inflammatory response. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes actin amyloid beta protein amyloid beta protein[1-42] anthra[1,9 cd]pyrazol 6(2h) one early growth response factor 2 granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor insulin interleukin 2 interleukin 23 interleukin 23p19 interleukin 32 interleukin 6 interleukin 8 macrophage inflammatory protein 1beta monocyte chemotactic protein 1 protein c jun stress activated protein kinase transcription factor AP 1 transcription factor E2F1 tumor necrosis factor alpha tumor suppressor protein article cell growth cell viability controlled study cytokine release cytotoxicity densitometry gene expression human human cell immunoblotting in vitro study inflammation insulin treatment lipid oxidation negative feedback oxidative stress priority journal protein expression protein phosphorylation signal transduction transcription initiation Western blotting 2014 1875-8908 40 1 105 122 18 10.3233/JAD-131949 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) Human Health Therapeutics (HHT-TSH) Thérapeutiques en santé humaine (TSH-HHT) National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 21272247 57d5bd5a-b165-4aab-94e7-6b6c0dd83ed5 A. Otero-de-la-Roza aut NINT INNT B.H. Cao aut I.K. Price aut J.E. Hein aut E.R. Johnson aut text article eng Isolation of chiral molecules as pure enantiomers remains a fundamental challenge in chemical research. Enantioselective enrichment through preferential crystallization is an efficient method to achieve enantiopure compounds, but its applicability depends on the relative stability of the enantiopure and racemic crystal forms. Using a simple thermodynamic model and first-principles density-functional calculations, it is possible to predict the difference in solubility between the enantiopure and racemic solid phases. This approach uses dispersion-corrected density functionals and is capable of accurately predicting the solution-phase entantiomeric excess to within about 10% of experimental measurements on average. The accuracy of the exchange-hole dipole moment (XDM) model of dispersion enables the viability of the proposed method. © 2014 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes article in press 2014 1433-7851 10.1002/anie.201403541 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) National Institute for Nanotechnology (NINT-INNT) Institut national de nanotechnologie (INNT-NINT) National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 21272248 931d4d38-d037-4711-90e9-f1bd983e0315 M. Salomons aut NINT INNT B.V.C. Martins aut NINT INNT J. Zikovsky aut NINT INNT R.A. Wolkow aut NINT INNT text article eng We present an ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) three-probe scanning tunneling microscope in which each probe is capable of atomic resolution. A UHV JEOL scanning electron microscope aids in the placement of the probes on the sample. The machine also has a field ion microscope to clean, atomically image, and shape the probe tips. The machine uses bare conductive samples and tips with a homebuilt set of pliers for heating and loading. Automated feedback controlled tip-surface contacts allow for electrical stability and reproducibility while also greatly reducing tip and surface damage due to contact formation. The ability to register inter-tip position by imaging of a single surface feature by multiple tips is demonstrated. Four-probe material characterization is achieved by deploying two tips as fixed current probes and the third tip as a movable voltage probe. © 2014 AIP Publishing LLC. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes Loading Microscopes Scanning electron microscopy Surfaces Atomic resolution Automated feedback Contact formation Electrical stability Field ion microscope Four-probe measurement Material characterizations Reproducibilities Probes 2014 1089-7623 85 4 45126 10.1063/1.4872383 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) National Institute for Nanotechnology (NINT-INNT) Institut national de nanotechnologie (INNT-NINT) National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 21272249 aa3f04a5-1cb4-4436-b6d5-72d065d3051b L. Krishnan aut HHT TSH S. Twine aut HHT TSH V. Gerdts aut L. Barreto aut HHT TSH J.C. Richards aut HHT TSH text article eng Novel adjuvants hold the promise for developing effective modern subunit vaccines capable of appropriately modulating the immune response against challenging diseases such as those caused by chronic and/or intracellular pathogens and cancer. Over the past decade there has been intensive research into discovering new adjuvants, however, their translation into routine clinical use is lagging. To stimulate discussion and identify opportunities for networking and collaboration among various stakeholders, a Canadian Adjuvant Initiative Workshop was held in Ottawa. Sponsored by the National Research Council Canada, Canadian Institutes of Health Research and the Vaccine Industry Committee, a two day workshop was held that brought together key Canadian and international stakeholders in adjuvant research from industry, academia and government. To discover innovation gaps and unmet needs, the presentations covered a board range of topics in adjuvant development; criteria for selection of lead adjuvant candidates from an industry perspective, discovery research across Canada, bioprocessing needs and challenges, veterinary vaccines, Canadian vaccine trial capabilities, the Canadian regulatory framework and WHO formulation laboratory experience. The workshop concluded with a discussion on the opportunity to create a Canadian Adjuvant Development Network. This report details the key discussion points and steps forward identified for facilitating adjuvant development research in Canada. © 2014 Landes Bioscience. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes Wart virus vaccine bioprocess Canada CD8+ T lymphocyte commercial phenomena conference paper drug approval drug formulation drug industry drug legislation experimental model health care delivery health care policy human immune response immunogenicity nonhuman trend study vaccination vaccine production veterinary medicine 2014 2164-554X 10 2 519 526 8 10.4161/hv.26972 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) Human Health Therapeutics (HHT-TSH) Thérapeutiques en santé humaine (TSH-HHT) National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 21272251 fa885aa5-9207-45b1-8785-aca3b261fe65 L.B. Mostaço-Guidolin aut MD DM E.K. Kohlenberg aut MD DM M. Smith aut MD DM M. Hewko aut MD DM A. Major aut M.G. Sowa aut MD DM A.C.-T. Ko aut MD DM text article eng Quantification of atherosclerosis has been a challenging task owing to its complex pathology. In this study, we validated a quantitative approach for assessing atherosclerosis progression in a rabbit model using a numerical matrix, optical index for plaque burden, derived directly from the nonlinear optical microscopic images captured on the atherosclerosis-affected blood vessel. A positive correlation between this optical index and the severity of atherosclerotic lesions, represented by the age of the rabbits, was established based on data collected from 21 myocardial infarction-prone Watanabe heritable hyperlipidemic rabbits with age ranging between new-born and 27 months old. The same optical index also accurately identified high-risk locations for atherosclerotic plaque formation along the entire aorta, which was validated by immunohistochemical fluorescence imaging. © 2014 American Chemical Society. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes Blood vessels Optical correlation Atherosclerotic lesions Atherosclerotic plaque Fluorescence imaging Microscopic image Non-linear optical Numerical matrices Positive correlations Quantitative approach Diseases 2014 1520-6882 86 13 6346 6354 9 10.1021/ac5005635 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) Medical Devices (MD-DM) Dispositifs médicaux (DM-MD) National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 21272255 1439c653-f05f-41c4-aa7a-83b776fb6e16 Evgueni Bordatchev Bordatchev, E.V. aut AST ATS A.M.K. Hafiz aut O.R. Tutunea-Fatan aut text article eng Laser polishing is presently regarded as one of the enabling technologies hoped to eventually replace the need for time-consuming and error-prone manual polishing operations which are often required by metallic surfaces. During laser polishing, a thin layer of material is being melted as a result of laser irradiation. Since molten metal is characterized by increased relocation capabilities, laser polishing is generally accompanied by a more or less significant decrease in the surface roughness. The primary objective of this study is to present a comprehensive snapshot of the advancements made over more than one decade with respect to theoretical and experimental investigation of laser polishing technology. However, in addition to the usual review of the state-of-theart in the field, the study places an increased emphasis on the finishing performance of the process, defined through the perspective of pre- and postpolishing surface roughness. The implementation of this metric with strong practical implications has revealed that under appropriate process parameters, certain classes of metallic materials can reduce their average surface roughness by more than 80 %, possibly to Ra=5 nm. Nonetheless, a more rigorous and fundamental understanding of the intrinsic mechanisms underlying laser polishing remains one of the currently unfulfilled premises toward a wider industrial adoption of the process. © Springer-Verlag London 2014. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes Liquid metals Metallic compounds Surface roughness Laser polishing Metallic material Polishability Process parameters Surface finishes Surface measurement 2014 1433-3015 73 1-Apr 35 52 18 10.1007/s00170-014-5761-3 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) Automotive and Surface Transportation Automobile et transport de surface National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 21272258 0daa06a2-4f72-432b-b5b4-8db108ca5288 S. Pant aut J. Laliberte aut M. Martinez aut B. Rocha aut AERO AERO text article eng Lamb waves are ultrasonic guided waves that propagate between two parallel free surfaces and their use for damage detection has been widely explored and demonstrated. Damage in materials/structures can be detected by analyzing the difference between the phase/group velocity and the loss of amplitude of Lamb waves on damaged and un-damaged specimens. The propagation characteristics of Lamb waves are described in the form of dispersion curves, which are plots of phase/group velocities versus the product of frequency-thickness generated by solving the Lamb wave equations. Lamb waves' dispersion behaviors for isotropic materials are well established in the literature; however, such is not the case for the laminated composites. The most common methods for solving the Lamb wave equations in composites consist of using laminated plate theory or 3D linear elasticity by assuming an orthotropic and/or higher symmetry. This assumption may not be true, if the actuators and sensors in an orthotropic or transversely isotropic laminates are installed in a non-principle direction or the layup is symmetric but not balanced. This paper presents a full derivation of Lamb wave equations for n-layered monoclinic composite laminates based on linear 3D elasticity by considering the displacement fields in all three directions using the partial wave technique in combination with the Global Matrix (GM) approach. In the partial wave technique, the principle of superposition of three upward and three downward travelling plane waves are assumed in order to satisfy the associated boundary conditions. The bounded upper and lower surfaces reflect the waves and the combination of these reflections going towards the upper or lower interfaces results in the propagating guided waves. The GM approach is used to assemble all the equations from each layer to form a global, unified matrix that describes the displacement and stress fields along the entire laminate associated with the wave propagation. A robust method for numerically solving the Lamb wave equations is also presented. The presented method was verified experimentally by analyzing the propagation of Lamb waves in two different composite panels constructed out of unidirectional carbon-fiber epoxy prepreg and fiber-metal laminate (GLARE 3-3/4). The panels were instrumented with lead zirconate titanate (PZT) piezoelectric sensors, which were excited at different frequencies ranging from 20. kHz to 500. kHz to generate and acquire the waves. The waves were excited and gathered at three different propagation angles of 0°, 45°, and 90° for the carbon-fiber epoxy laminate panel and at six different angles of 0°, 20°, 45°, 70° and 90° for the fiber-metal laminates (GLARE). The phase and group velocities of the fundamental symmetric ( So) and anti-symmetric ( Ao) Lamb waves were extracted by tracking the peaks of each individual wave phase and the wave envelope respectively using an in-house code developed in MATLAB. It was found that the presented 3D linear elasticity model followed the experimental data closely for both symmetric and anti-symmetric Lamb modes. The analytical method presented in this paper was able to predict the Lamb wave dispersion for both the carbon-fiber epoxy laminate and the hybrid fiber-metal laminate proving the robustness and versatility of the solution method. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes Carbon Composite materials Crystallography Damage detection Dispersion (waves) Dispersions Elasticity Fibers Glare Guided electromagnetic wave propagation Matrix algebra Semiconducting lead compounds Surface waves Three dimensional Ultrasonic applications Ultrasonic waves Wave equations Wave propagation Acoustic-ultrasonic Dispersion curves Displacement and stress fields Experimental validations Fiber metal laminates Phase and group velocities Principle of superposition Propagation characteristics Laminated composites 2014 0263-8223 111 1 566 579 14 10.1016/j.compstruct.2014.01.034 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) Aerospace (AERO-AERO) Aérospatiale (AERO-AERO) National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 21272260 59c3f943-3828-4203-b444-d41462cf2f39 Z. Shi aut AERO AERO H. Attia aut AERO AERO text article eng This paper is concerned with an experimental study on the grinding of a titanium alloy using electroplated CBN wheels with water-based grinding fluid and wheel surface cleaning fluid applied at high pressures. The objective is to explore the approaches and conditions to grind titanium alloys with enhanced material removal rates. Straight surface grinding experiments were conducted on titanium alloy blocks in both shallow depth of cut and creep-feed modes. Grinding power, forces, surface roughness, and radial wheel wear were measured. Specific material removal rates of 8 mm2/s in shallow cut mode and 3 mm2/s at a depth of cut as high as 3 mm in creep-feed mode were achieved without burning and smearing of ground surfaces. An average G-ratio of about 155 was obtained with a shallow depth of cut grinding condition. It was showed that it is feasible to grind titanium alloys with electroplated CBN wheels at enhanced removal rates by applying grinding and wheel cleaning fluid at high pressures. Copyright © 2014 Inderscience Enterprises Ltd. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes Creep Surface roughness Titanium alloys Wheels G ratio Grinding conditions Grinding power High removal rates Material removal rate Removal rate Specific materials Wheel wears Grinding (machining) 2014 1752-265X 6 3 243 255 13 10.1504/IJAT.2014.060695 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) Aerospace (AERO-AERO) Aérospatiale (AERO-AERO) National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 21272261 c31a5857-21d5-459a-bbac-432ac0500ed7 Y. Bertin aut C. Deval aut A. De La Foye aut L. Masson aut BRI IRB V. Gannon aut J. Harel aut C. Martin aut M. Desvaux aut E. Forano aut text article eng Enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) are responsible for outbreaks of food- and water-borne illness. The bovine gastrointestinal tract (GIT) is thought to be the principle reservoir of EHEC. Knowledge of the nutrients essential for EHEC growth and survival in the bovine intestine may help in developing strategies to limit their shedding in bovine faeces thus reducing the risk of human illnesses. To identify specific metabolic pathways induced in the animal GIT, the transcriptome profiles of EHEC O157:H7 EDL933 during incubation in bovine small intestine contents (BSIC) and minimal medium supplemented with glucose were compared. The transcriptome analysis revealed that genes responsible for the assimilation of ethanolamine, urea, agmatine and amino acids (Asp, Thr, Gly, Ser and Trp) were strongly up-regulated suggesting that these compounds are the main nitrogen sources for EHEC in BSIC. A central role for the gluconeogenesis pathway and assimilation of gluconeogenic substrates was also pinpointed in EHEC incubated in BSIC. Our results suggested that three amino acids (Asp, Ser and Trp), glycerol, glycerol 3-phosphate, L-lactate and C4-dicarboxylates are important carbon sources for EHEC in BSIC. The ability to use gluconeogenic substrates as nitrogen sources (amino acids) and/or carbon sources (amino acids, glycerol and lactate) may provide a growth advantage to the bacteria in intestinal fluids. Accordingly, aspartate (2.4 mM), serine (1.9 mM), glycerol (5.8 mM) and lactate (3.6 mM) were present in BSIC and may represent the main gluconeogenic substrates potentially used by EHEC. A double mutant of E. coli EDL933 defective for phosphoenolpyruvate synthase (PpsA) and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PckA), unable to utilize tricarboxylic acid (TCA) intermediates was constructed. Growth competition experiments between EHEC EDL933 and the isogenic mutant strain in BSIC clearly showed a significant competitive growth advantage of the wild-type strain further illustrating the importance of the gluconeogenesis pathway in maintaining EHEC in the bovine GIT. © 2014 Bertin et al. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes agmatine amino acid asparagine aspartic acid complementary DNA dicarboxylic acid ethanolamine glycerol glycerophosphate glycine lactic acid nitrogen phosphoenolpyruvate phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (GTP) pyruvate water dikinase serine threonine transcriptome tricarboxylic acid tryptophan unclassified drug urea article bacterial strain carbon source cattle DNA microarray enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli gastrointestinal tract gene expression gluconeogenesis nonhuman nucleotide sequence RNA extraction small intestine upregulation wild type 2014 1932-6203 9 6 e98367 10.1371/journal.pone.0098367 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) NRC Biotechnology Research Institute (BRI-IRB) Institut de recherche en biotechnologie du CNRC (IRB-BRI) National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 21272230 a8896322-8fec-4106-aa9a-e87e4edfb9fa M.A. Ngo aut A. Müller aut Y. Li aut S. Neumann aut G. Tian aut IBD IBD I.M.C. Dixon aut R.C. Arora aut IBD IBD D.H. Freed aut IBD IBD text article eng Cardiac fibrosis accompanies a variety of myocardial disorders, and is induced by myofibroblasts. These cells may be composed of a heterogeneous population of parent cells, including interstitial fibroblasts and circulating progenitor cells. Direct comparison of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) and cardiac myofibroblasts (CMyfbs) has not been previously reported. We hypothesized that BM-MSCs readily adopt a myofibroblastic phenotype in culture. Human primary BM-MSCs and human CMyfbs were isolated from patients undergoing open heart surgery and expanded under standard culture conditions. We assessed and compared their phenotypic and functional characteristics by examining their gene expression profile, their ability to contract collagen gels and synthesize collagen type I. In addition, we examined the role of non-muscle myosin II (NMMII) in modulating MSC myogenic function using NMMII siRNA knockdown and blebbistatin, a specific small molecule inhibitor of NMMII. We report that, while human BM-MSCs retain pluripotency, they adopt a myofibroblastic phenotype in culture and stain positive for the myofibroblast markers α-SMA, vimentin, NMMIIB, ED-A fibronectin, and collagen type 1 at each passage. In addition, they contract collagen gels in response to TGF-β1 and synthesize collagen similar to human CMyfbs. Moreover, inhibition of NMMII activity with blebbistatin completely attenuates gel contractility without affecting cell viability. Thus, human BM-MSCs share and exhibit similar physiological and functional characteristics as human CMyfbs in vitro, and their propensity to adopt a myofibroblast phenotype in culture may contribute to cardiac fibrosis. © 2014 Springer Science+Business Media New York. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes article in press 2014 0300-8177 10.1007/s11010-014-2030-6 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) NRC Institute for Biodiagnostics (IBD-IBD) Institut du biodiagnostic du CNRC (IBD-IBD) National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 21272232 97385c79-9d69-4e49-bdc2-603cbd8a2f2a K.D. Hill aut MSS SME text article eng The estimation of the uncertainty component attributable to impurities remains a central and important topic of fixed-point research. Various methods are available for this estimation, depending on the extent of the available information. The sum of individual estimates method has considerable appeal where there is adequate knowledge of the sensitivity coefficients for each of the impurity elements and sufficiently low uncertainty regarding their concentrations. The overall maximum estimate (OME) forsakes the behavior of the individual elements by assuming that the cryoscopic constant adequately represents (or is an upper bound for) the sensitivity coefficients of the individual impurities. Validation of these methods using melting and/or freezing curves is recommended to provide confidence. Recent investigations of indium, tin, and zinc fixed points are reported. Glow discharge mass spectrometry was used to determine the impurity concentrations of the metals used to fill the cells. Melting curves were analyzed to derive an experimental overall impurity concentration (assuming that all impurities have a sensitivity coefficient equivalent to that of the cryoscopic constant). The two values (chemical and experimental) for the overall impurity concentrations were then compared. Based on the data obtained, the pragmatic approach of choosing the larger of the chemical and experimentally derived quantities as the best estimate of the influence of impurities on the temperature of the freezing point is suggested rather than relying solely on the chemical analysis and the OME method to derive the uncertainty component attributable to impurities. © 2014 Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes article in press 2014 0195-928X 10.1007/s10765-014-1638-9 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) Measurement Science and Standards (MSS-SME) Science des mesures et étalons (SME-MSS) National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 21272235 c1297584-1add-40ac-99e5-e9cad08e10c0 J.P. Vallée aut NSI ISN text article eng From the Sun's location in the Galactic disk, different arm tracers (CO, H I, hot dust, etc.) have been employed to locate a tangent to each spiral arm. Using all various and different observed spiral arm tracers (as published elsewhere), we embark on a new goal, namely the statistical analysis of these published data (data mining) to statistically compute the mean location of each spiral arm tracer. We show for a typical arm cross-cut, a separation of 400 pc between the mid-arm and the dust lane (at the inner edge of the arm, toward the Galactic center). Are some arms major and others minor? Separating arms into two sets, as suggested by some, we find the same arm widths between the two sets. Our interpretation is that we live in a multiple (four-arm) spiral (logarithmic) pattern (around a pitch angle of 12°) for the stars and gas in the Milky Way, with a sizable interarm separation (around 3 kpc) at the Sun's location and the same arm width for each arm (near 400 pc from mid-arm to dust lane). © 2014. The American Astronomical Society. All rights reserved. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes 2014 0004-6256 148 1 5 10.1088/0004-6256/148/1/5 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) National Science Infrastructure (NSI-ISN) Infrastructure scientifique nationale (ISN-NSI) National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 21272238 d2f7f55f-52d7-4aab-8452-b8249e4ff0d7 H. Wang aut NINT INNT Z. Xu aut NINT INNT Z. Li aut NINT INNT K. Cui aut NINT INNT J. Ding aut NINT INNT A. Kohandehghan aut NINT INNT X. Tan aut NINT INNT B. Zahiri aut NINT INNT B.C. Olsen aut NINT INNT C.M.B. Holt aut NINT INNT D. Mitlin aut NINT INNT text article eng It is a challenge to meld the energy of secondary batteries with the power of supercapacitors. Herein, we created electrodes finely tuned for this purpose, consisting of a monolayer of MnO nanocrystallites mechanically anchored by pore-surface terminations of 3D arrays of graphene-like carbon nanosheets ("3D-MnO/CNS"). The biomass-derived carbon nanosheets should offer a synthesis cost advantage over comparably performing designer nanocarbons, such as graphene or carbon nanotubes. High Li storage capacity is achieved by bulk conversion and intercalation reactions, while high rates are maintained through stable ∼20 nm scale diffusion distances. For example, 1332 mAh g -1 is reached at 0.1 A g-1, 567 mAh g-1 at 5 A g-1, and 285 mAh g-1 at 20 A g-1 with negligible degradation at 500 cycles. We employed 3D-MnO/CNS (anode) and carbon nanosheets (cathode) to create a hybrid capacitor displaying among the most promising performances reported: based on the active materials, it delivers 184 Wh kg-1 at 83 W kg-1 and 90 Wh kg-1 at 15-000 W kg-1 with 76% capacity retention after 5000 cycles. © 2014 American Chemical Society. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes Anodes Energy storage Graphene Lithium Manganese oxide Nanosheets Secondary batteries Three dimensional 3D arrays Capacity retention Carbon nanosheets Diffusion distance Hybrid devices Intercalation reaction Li-ion capacitors MnO Capacitors 2014 1530-6992 14 4 1987 1994 8 10.1021/nl500011d National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) National Institute for Nanotechnology (NINT-INNT) Institut national de nanotechnologie (INNT-NINT) National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 21272239 bda37358-1b1a-4a7b-93b9-f0bec5d4fac6 M.H. Mobarok aut NINT INNT E.J. Luber aut NINT INNT G.M. Bernard aut L. Peng aut NINT INNT R.E. Wasylishen aut J.M. Buriak aut NINT INNT text article eng Zinc phosphide may have potential for photovoltaic applications due to its high absorptivity of visible light and the earth abundance of its constituent elements. Two different solution-phase synthetic strategies for phase-pure and crystalline Zn3P2 nanoparticles (∼3-15 nm) are described here using dimethylzinc and vary with phosphorus source. Use of tri-n-octylphosphine (TOP) with ZnMe2 takes place at high temperatures (∼350 C) and appears to proceed via rapid in situ reduction to Zn(0), followed by subsequent reaction with TOP over a period of several hours to produce Zn3P2 nanoparticles. Some degree of control over size was obtained through variance of the TOP concentration in solution; the average size of the particles decreases with increasing TOP concentration. With the more reactive phosphine, P(SiMe3)3, lower temperatures, ∼150 C, and shorter reaction times (1 h) are required. When P(SiMe3)3 is used, the reaction mechanism most likely proceeds via phosphido-bridged dimeric Zn(II) intermediates, and not metallic zinc species, as is the case with TOP. In all cases, the nanoparticles were characterized by a combination of X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and solution and solid-state magic-angle spinning (MAS) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analyses. Surface investigation through a combination of MAS 31P NMR and XPS analyses suggests that the particles synthesized with TOP at 350 C possess a core-shell structure consisting of a crystalline Zn3P 2 core and an amorphous P(0)-rich shell. Conversely, the ligand and phosphorus sources are decoupled in the P(SiMe3)3 synthesis, resulting in significantly reduced P(0) formation. © 2014 American Chemical Society. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes Constituent elements Core shell structure Nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR) Photovoltaic applications Reaction mechanism Synthetic approach Synthetic strategies Tri-n-octylphosphine Chelation Crystalline materials Magic angle spinning Nanoparticles Phosphorus Phosphorus compounds Photoelectrons Reaction intermediates Synthesis (chemical) Transmission electron microscopy X ray diffraction X ray photoelectron spectroscopy Zinc compounds Zinc 2014 0897-4756 26 5 1925 1935 11 10.1021/cm500557f National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) National Institute for Nanotechnology (NINT-INNT) Institut national de nanotechnologie (INNT-NINT) National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 21272240 f3c815be-7732-4370-ab5d-a1de98ecfb88 M. Harper aut F. St. Michael aut HHT TSH M. John aut J. Steen aut L. Van Dorsten aut HHT TSH H. Parnas aut HHT TSH E. Vinogradov aut HHT TSH B. Adler aut A.D. Cox aut HHT TSH J.D. Boyce aut text article eng Pasteurella multocida is a Gram-negative bacterial pathogen classified into 16 serovars based on lipopolysaccharide (LPS) antigens. Previously, we have characterized the LPS outer core biosynthesis loci L1, L2, L3, L5 and L7, and have elucidated the full range of LPS structures associated with each. In this study, we have determined the LPS structures produced by the type strains representing the serovars 10, 11, 12 and 15 and characterized a new LPS outer core biosynthesis locus, L6, common to all. The L6 outer core biosynthesis locus shares significant synteny with the L3 locus but due to nucleotide divergence, gene duplication and gene redundancy, the L6 and L3 LPS outer cores are structurally distinct. Using LPS structural and genetic differences identified in each L6 strain, we have predicted a role for most of the L6 glycosyltransferases in LPS assembly. Importantly, we have identified two glycosyltransferases, GctD and GatB, that differ by one amino acid, A162T, but use different donor sugars [uridine diphosphate (UDP)-Glc and UDP-Gal, respectively]. The longest outer core oligosaccharide, produced by the serovar 12 type strain, contained a terminal region consisting of β-Gal-(1,4)- β-GlcNAc-(1,3)-β-Gal-(1,4)-β-Glc that was identical in structure to the vertebrate glycosphingolipid, paragloboside. Mimicry of host glycosphingolipids has been observed previously in P. multocida strains belonging to L3 LPS genotype, which produce LPS similar in structure to the globo-series of glycosphingolipids. The expression of a paragloboside-like oligosaccharide on the LPS produced by the serovar 12 type strain indicates that strains belonging to the L6 LPS genotype may also engage in molecular mimicry. © The Author 2014. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes bacterium lipopolysaccharide glycosyltransferase n acetylglucosamine oligosaccharide uridine diphosphate galactose uridine diphosphate glucose article bacterial genetics biosynthesis capillary electrophoresis carbohydrate analysis electrospray mass spectrometry gene duplication gene mutation genetic difference genotype heteronuclear single quantum coherence methylation nonhuman nuclear Overhauser effect Pasteurella multocida priority journal serotype synteny 2014 1460-2423 24 7 649 659 11 10.1093/glycob/cwu030 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) Human Health Therapeutics (HHT-TSH) Thérapeutiques en santé humaine (TSH-HHT) National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 21272250 2b7ae920-d544-4978-9f1d-9f0a232cfa60 H. Zhu aut M.Z. Hu aut L. Shao aut K. Yu aut SIMS ISSM R. Dabestani aut M.B. Zaman aut SIMS ISSM S. Liao aut text article eng The colloidal photoluminescent quantum dots (QDs) of CdSe (core) and CdSe/ZnS (core/shell) were synthesized at different temperatures with different growth periods. Optical properties (i.e., UV/Vis spectra and photoluminescent emission spectra) of the resulting QDs were investigated. The shell-protected CdSe/ZnS QDs exhibited higher photoluminescent (PL) efficiency and stability than their corresponding CdSe core QDs. Ligand exchange with various thiol molecules was performed to replace the initial surface passivation ligands, that is, trioctylphosphine oxide (TOPO) and trioctylphosphine (TOP), and the optical properties of the surface-modified QDs were studied. The thiol ligand molecules in this study included 1,4-benzenedimethanethiol, 1,16-hexadecanedithiol, 1,11-undecanedithiol, biphenyl-4,4′-dithiol, 11-mercapto-1-undecanol, and 1,8-octanedithiol. After the thiol functionalization, the CdSe/ZnS QDs exhibited significantly enhanced PL efficiency and storage stability. Besides surface passivation effect, such enhanced performance of thiol-functionalized QDs could be due to cross-linked assembly formation of dimer/trimer clusters, in which QDs are linked by dithiol molecules. Furthermore, effects of ligand concentration, type of ligand, and heating on the thiol stabilization of QDs were also discussed. © 2014 Huaping Zhu et al. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes Emission spectroscopy Ligands Molecules Semiconductor quantum dots 1 ,4-Benzenedimethanethiol Ligand concentration Photoluminescent efficiencies Photoluminescent emission Surface passivation Surface passivation effects Thiol-functionalization Trioctylphosphine oxide Optical properties 2014 1687-4129 2014 324972 10.1155/2014/324972 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) NRC Steacie Institute for Molecular Sciences (SIMS-ISSM) Institut Steacie des sciences moléculaires du CNRC (ISSM-SIMS) National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 21272231 e643c4ad-f9a4-4f11-9806-410b559365cd J. Choi aut A.D. Cox aut HHT TSH J. Li aut HHT TSH W. McCready aut M. Ulanova aut text article eng A Gram-negative pathogen Haemophilus influenzae has a truncated endotoxin known as lipooligosaccharide (LOS). Recent studies on H. influenzae LOS highlighted its structural and compositional implications for bacterial virulence; however, the role of LOS in the activation of innate and adaptive immunity is poorly understood. THP-1 monocytes were stimulated with either lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Escherichia coli or LOS compounds derived from H. influenzae Eagan, Rd, and Rd lic1 lpsA strains. Cell surface expression of key antigen-presenting, costimulatory, and adhesion molecules, as well as gene expression of some cytokines and pattern recognition receptors, were studied. Eagan and Rd LOS had a lower capacity to induce the expression of ICAM-1, CD40, CD58, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) compared to LPS. In contrast, antigen-presenting (HLA-ABC or HLA-DR) and costimulatory (CD86) molecules and NOD2 were similarly upregulated in response to LOS and LPS. LOS from a mutant Rd strain (Rd lic1 lpsA) consistently induced higher expression of innate immune molecules than the wild-type LOS, suggesting the importance of phosphorylcholine and/or oligosaccharide extension in cellular responses to LOS. An LOS compound with a strong ability to upregulate antigen-presenting and costimulatory molecules combined with a low proinflammatory activity may be considered a vaccine candidate to immunize against H. influenzae. Copyright © 2014, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes caspase recruitment domain protein 15 caspase recruitment domain protein 4 CD40 antigen CD86 antigen HLA A antigen HLA B antigen HLA C antigen HLA DR antigen intercellular adhesion molecule 1 interleukin 10 interleukin 1beta lipid A lipooligosaccharide lymphocyte function associated antigen 3 pattern recognition receptor toll like receptor 4 tumor necrosis factor alpha adaptive immunity antigen presentation article bacterial strain controlled study cytokine response Escherichia coli gene expression Haemophilus influenzae human human cell immunostimulation innate immunity matrix assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight mass spectrometry monocyte nonhuman priority journal protein expression upregulation 2014 1556-679X 21 5 769 776 8 10.1128/CVI.00063-14 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) Human Health Therapeutics (HHT-TSH) Thérapeutiques en santé humaine (TSH-HHT) National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 21272233 ed589c44-df9a-45be-81e0-9fec669540b0 R.S.W. Tsang aut M.G. Bruce aut M. Lem aut L. Barreto aut HHT TSH M. Ulanova aut text article eng Historically, the highest incidence rates of invasive Haemophilus influenzae disease in the world were found in North American and Australian Indigenous children. Although immunization against H. influenzae type b (Hib) led to a marked decrease in invasive Hib disease in countries where it was implemented, this disease has not been eliminated and its rates in Indigenous communities remain higher than in the general North American population. In this literature review, we examined the epidemiology of invasive H. influenzae disease in the pre-Hib vaccine era, effect of carriage on disease epidemiology, immune response to H. influenzae infection and Hib vaccination in Indigenous and Caucasian children, and the changing epidemiology after Hib conjugate vaccine has been in use for more than two decades in North America. We also explored reasons behind the continued high rates of invasive H. influenzae disease in Indigenous populations in North America. H. influenzae type a (Hia) has emerged as a significant cause of severe disease in North American Indigenous communities. More research is needed to define the genotypic diversity of Hia and the disease burden that it causes in order to determine if a Hia vaccine is required to protect the vulnerable populations. Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2014. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes ampicillin antibody cefotaxime cephalosporin derivative Haemophilus influenzae vaccine immunoglobulin G rifampicin antibiotic therapy antibody response bacterial virulence chemoprophylaxis disease predisposition disease transmission Haemophilus infection Haemophilus influenzae health care need human immune response immunization incidence indigenous people infection rate invasive species North America post exposure prophylaxis review risk factor socioeconomics 2014 1469-4409 142 7 1344 1354 11 10.1017/S0950268814000405 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) Human Health Therapeutics (HHT-TSH) Thérapeutiques en santé humaine (TSH-HHT) National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 21272236 2e361e25-98b8-401e-8295-4ad02e941e93 M. Sikorska aut HHT TSH P. Lanthier aut HHT TSH H. Miller aut HHT TSH M. Beyers aut HHT TSH C. Sodja aut HHT TSH B. Zurakowski aut HHT TSH S. Gangaraju aut HHT TSH S. Pandey aut J.K. Sandhu aut HHT TSH text article eng Although the support for the use of antioxidants, such as coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10), to treat Parkinson's disease (PD) comes from the extensive scientific evidence, the results of conducted thus far clinical trials are inconclusive. It is assumed that the efficacy of CoQ10 is hindered by insolubility, poor bioavailability, and lack of brain penetration. We have developed a nanomicellar formulation of CoQ10 (Ubisol-Q10) with improved properties, including the brain penetration, and tested its effectiveness in mouse MPTP (1-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine) model with the objectives to assess its potential use as an adjuvant therapy for PD. We used a subchronic MPTP model (5-daily MPTP injections), characterized by 50% loss of dopamine neurons over a period of 28days. Ubisol-Q10 was delivered in drinking water. Prophylactic application of Ubisol-Q10, started 2weeks before the MPTP exposure, significantly offset the neurotoxicity (approximately 50% neurons died in MPTP group vs. 17% in MPTP+ Ubisol-Q10 group by day 28). Therapeutic application of Ubisol-Q10, given after the last MPTP injection, was equally effective. At the time of intervention on day 5 nearly 25% of dopamine neurons were already lost, but the treatment saved the remaining 25% of cells, which otherwise would have died by day 28. This was confirmed by cell counts, analyses of striatal dopamine levels, and improved animals' motor skill on a beam walk test. Similar levels of neuroprotection were obtained with 3 different Ubisol-Q10 concentrations tested, that is, 30mg, 6mg, or 3mg CoQ10/kg body weight/day, showing clearly that high doses of CoQ10 were not required to deliver these effects. Furthermore, the Ubisol-Q10 treatments brought about a robust astrocytic activation in the brain parenchyma, indicating that astroglia played an active role in this neuroprotection. Thus, we have shown for the first time that Ubisol-Q10 was capable of halting the neurodegeneration already in progress; however, to maintain it a continuous supplementation of Ubisol-Q10 was required. The pathologic processes initiated by MPTP resumed if supplementation was withdrawn. We suggest that in addition to brain delivery of powerful antioxidants, Ubisol-Q10 might have also supported subcellular oxidoreductase systems allowing them to maintain a favorable cellular redox status, especially in astroglia, facilitating their role in neuroprotection. Based on this data further clinical testing of this formulation in PD patients might be justifiable. © 2014 Elsevier Inc. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes 2014 1558-1497 35 10 2329 2346 18 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2014.03.032 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) Human Health Therapeutics (HHT-TSH) Thérapeutiques en santé humaine (TSH-HHT) National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 21272237 a65884df-622a-4772-a2a8-10218c73c0f3 Arjun Hari Banskota Banskota, A.H. aut ACRD DCRA Roumiana Stefanova Stefanova, R. aut ACRD DCRA Sandra Ann Sperker Sperker, S. aut ACRD DCRA Santosh Lall Lall, S. aut ACRD DCRA J.S. Craigie aut J.T. Hafting aut text article eng A MeOH extract of cultivated Chondrus crispus showed dose-dependent nitric oxide (NO) inhibition of lipopolysaccharide-induced NO production in macrophage RAW264.7 cells. NO inhibition-guided fractionation of the extract led to identification of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 1), arachidonic acid (AA, 2), lutein (3), and eight galactolipids as active components. Based on spectral analysis, the isolated galactolipids were identified as (2S)-1,2-bis-O-eicosapentaenoyl-3-O-β-d-galactopyranosylglycerol (4), (2S)-1-O-eicosapentaenoyl-2-O-arachidonoyl-3-O-β-d-galactopyranosylglycerol (5), (2S)-1-O-(6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z-octadecatetranoyl)-2-O-palmitoyl-3-O-β-d-galactopyranosylglycerol (6), (2S)-1-O-eicosapentaenoyl-2-O-palmitoyl-3-O-β-d-galactopyranosylglycerol (7), (2S)-1,2-bis-O-arachidonoyl-3-O-β-d-galactopyranosylglycerol (8), (2S)-1-O-arachidonoyl-2-O-palmitoyl-3-O-β-d-galactopyranosylglycerol (9), (2S)-1-O-eicosapentaenoyl-2-O-palmitoyl-3-O-(β-d-galactopyranosyl-6-1α-d-galactopyranosyl)-glycerol (10), and (2S)-1-O-arachidonoyl-2-O-palmitoyl-3-O-(β-d-galactopyranosyl-6-1α-d-galactopyranosyl)-glycerol (11). All the isolated compounds showed significant NO inhibitory activity. This is the first report of the isolation and identification of individual galactolipids from C. crispus. Moreover, (2S)-1,2-bis-O-arachidonoyl -3-O-β-d-galactopyranosylglycerol (8) is a novel compound. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes Cultivated Chondrus crispus Nitric oxide icosapentaenoic acid Arachidonic acid Lutein Galactolipid Monogalactosyldiacylglycerol Digalactosyldiacylglycerol 2014 0921-8971 26 3 1565 1571 7 10.1007/s10811-013-0174-5 NRC-ACRD-55477 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) Aquatic and Crop Resource Development Développement des cultures et des ressources aquatiques National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 21272241 d6cce568-39f3-47de-8ba4-9b29d61113a5 B. Chakravarthy aut HHT TSH S. Ito aut HHT TSH T. Atkinson aut HHT TSH C. Gaudet aut HHT TSH M. Ménard aut HHT TSH L. Brown aut HHT TSH J. Whitfield aut HHT TSH text article eng The synthetic ~5kDa ABP (amyloid-ß binding peptide) consists of a region of the 228kDa human pericentrioloar material-1 (PCM-1) protein that selectively and avidly binds in vitro Aβ1-42 oligomers, believed to be key co-drivers of Alzheimer's disease (AD), but not monomers (Chakravarthy et al., (2013) [3]). ABP also prevents Aß1-42 from triggering the apoptotic death of cultured human SHSY5Y neuroblasts, likely by sequestering Aß oligomers, suggesting that it might be a potential AD therapeutic. Here we support this possibility by showing that ABP also recognizes and binds Aβ1-42 aggregates in sections of cortices and hippocampi from brains of AD transgenic mice and human AD patients. More importantly, ABP targets Aβ1-42 aggregates when microinjected into the hippocampi of the brains of live AD transgenic mice. © 2014. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes amyloid beta protein amyloid beta protein[1-42] amyloid beta protein[25-35] oligomer synthetic peptide Alzheimer disease animal experiment animal model animal tissue apoptosis article brain brain cortex brain tissue controlled study hippocampus human human tissue immunohistology microinjection mouse neuroblast nonhuman nucleotide sequence priority journal protein aggregation protein targeting transgenic mouse Mus musculus AD transgenic mice Alzheimer's disease Amyloid binding peptide Aβ(1-42) oligomers Human AD brains PCM-1 protein Aged Aged, 80 and over Alzheimer Disease Amino Acid Sequence Amyloid beta-Peptides Animals Autoantigens Brain Cell Cycle Proteins Cell Line Humans Male Mice Mice, Transgenic Middle Aged Molecular Sequence Data Peptide Fragments Peptides Protein Binding 2014 1090-2104 445 3 656 660 5 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.02.064 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) Human Health Therapeutics (HHT-TSH) Thérapeutiques en santé humaine (TSH-HHT) National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 21272242 99784d6c-3fd9-4e99-9772-3d13f62a4021 L. Liu aut N. Bartke aut H. Van Daele aut P. Lawrence aut X. Qin aut H.G. Park aut K. Kothapalli aut A. Windust aut MSS SME J. Bindels aut Z. Wang aut J.T. Brenna aut text article eng Long-chain PUFAs (LCPUFAs) occur in foods primarily in the natural lipid classes, triacylglycerols (TAGs) or phospholipids (PLs). We studied the relative efficacy of the neural omega-3 DHA provided in formula to growing piglets as a dose of 13C-DHA bound to either TAG or phosphatidylcholine (PC). Piglets were assigned to identical formula-based diets from early life and provided with TAG-13C-DHA or PC-13C-DHA orally at 16 days. Days later, piglet organs were analyzed for 13C-DHA and other FA metabolites. PC-13C-DHA was 1.9-fold more efficacious for brain gray matter DHA accretion than TAG-13C-DHA, and was similarly more efficacious in gray matter synaptosomes, retina, liver, and red blood cells (RBCs). Liver labeling was greatest, implying initial processing in that organ followed by export to other organs, and suggesting that transfer from gut to bloodstream to liver in part drove the difference in relative efficacy for tissue accretion. Apparent retroconversion to 22:5n-3 was more than double for PC-13C-DHA and was more prominent in neural tissue than in liver or RBCs. These data directly support greater efficacy for PC as a carrier for LCPUFAs compared with TAG, consistent with previous studies of arachidonic acid and DHA measured in other species. Copyright © 2014 by the American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Inc. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes docosahexaenoic acid phosphatidylcholine phospholipid triacylglycerol animal experiment animal tissue article body weight brain cortex controlled study diet supplementation erythrocyte female gray matter liver male newborn nonhuman piglet priority journal retina synaptosome tissue distribution 2014 1539-7262 55 3 531 539 9 10.1194/jlr.M045930 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) Measurement Science and Standards (MSS-SME) Science des mesures et étalons (SME-MSS) National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 21272243 a6ffc6cf-9fe4-49d9-89d5-c6f093c57448 Y. Xie aut B. Yan aut H. Xu aut J. Chen aut NINT INNT Q. Liu aut Y. Deng aut H. Zeng aut text article eng We report a facile method to synthesize Fe3O 4@polydopamine (PDA)-Ag core-shell microspheres. Ag nanoparticles (NPs) are deposited on PDA surfaces via in situ reduction by mussel-inspired PDA layers. High catalytic activity and fast adsorption of a model dye methylene blue (MB) at different pH values are achieved mainly due to the presence of monodisperse Ag NPs and electrostatic interactions between PDA and MB. The as-prepared Fe3O4@PDA-Ag microspheres also show high cyclic stability (>27 cycles), good acid stability, and fast regeneration ability, which can be achieved efficiently within several minutes by using NaBH4 as the desorption agent, showing great potentials in a wide range of applications. © 2014 American Chemical Society. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes Adsorption Aromatic compounds Microspheres Molluscs Water treatment Cyclic stability Dye removal Polydopamine regeneration ability Situ reduction Silver 2014 1944-8252 6 11 8845 8852 8 10.1021/am501632f National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) National Institute for Nanotechnology (NINT-INNT) Institut national de nanotechnologie (INNT-NINT) National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 21272244 9fd7ef8b-3383-4fd9-a759-56740e7373db R.J. Alsop aut M.A. Barrett aut S. Zheng aut H. Dies aut M.C. Rheinstädter aut CNBC CCFN text article eng Cholesterol has been well established as a mediator of cell membrane fluidity. By interacting with lipid tails, cholesterol causes the membrane tails to be constrained thereby reducing membrane fluidity, well known as the condensation effect. Acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), the main ingredient in aspirin, has recently been shown to increase fluidity in lipid bilayers by primarily interacting with lipid head groups. We used high-resolution X-ray diffraction to study both ASA and cholesterol coexisting in model membranes of dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC). While a high cholesterol concentration of 40 mol% cholesterol leads to the formation of immiscible cholesterol bilayers, as was reported previously, increasing the amount of ASA in the membranes between 0 to 12.5 mol% was found to significantly increase the fluidity of the bilayers and dissolve the cholesterol plaques. We, therefore, present experimental evidence for an interaction between cholesterol and ASA on the level of the cell membrane at elevated levels of cholesterol and ASA. © 2014 the Partner Organisations. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes Cell membranes Cytology Fluidity Lipid bilayers X ray diffraction Acetylsalicylic acids Condensation effects Dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine Experimental evidence High cholesterols High resolution X ray diffraction Lipid membranes Membrane fluidity Cholesterol 2014 1744-6848 10 24 4275 4286 12 10.1039/c4sm00372a National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) NRC Canadian Neutron Beam Centre (CNBC-CCFN) Centre canadien de faisceaux de neutrons du CNRC (CCFN-CNBC) National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 21272245 090e044c-f85d-45fe-8146-a9107f38ef8e Y.-T. Cho aut M.-Z. Huang aut S.-Y. Wu aut M.-F. Hou aut J. Li aut IBS ISB J. Shiea aut text article eng Electrospray laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry (ELDI/MS) allows the rapid desorption and ionization of proteins from solutions under ambient conditions. In this study, we have demonstrated the use of ELDI/MS to efficiently examine the integrity of the proteins stored in various solutions before they were further used for other biochemical tests. The protein standards were prepared in the solutions containing buffers, organic salts, inorganic salts, strong acid, strong base, and organic solvents, respectively, to simulate those collected from solvent extraction, filtration, dialysis, or chromatographic separation. Other than the deposit of a drop of the sample solution on the metallic sample plate in an ELDI source, no additional sample pretreatment is needed. The sample drop was then irradiated with a pulsed laser; this led to desorption of the analyte molecules, which subsequently entered the ESI plume to undergo postionization. Because adjustment of the composition of the sample solution is unnecessary, this technique appears to be useful for rapidly evaluating the integrity of proteins after storage or prior to further biochemical treatment. In addition, when using acid-free and low-organic-solvent ESI solutions for ELDI/MS analysis, the native conformations of the proteins in solution could be detected. © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2013. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes Conformations Desorption Drops Filtration Ionization Liquid chromatography Mass spectrometry Proteins Solvent extraction Additional samples Ambient conditions Biochemical treatments Chromatographic separations ELDI Laser desorption Laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry Native conformation Electrospray ionization 2014 1618-2650 406 2 577 586 10 10.1007/s00216-013-7491-z National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) NRC Institute for Biological Sciences (IBS-ISB) Institut des sciences biologiques du CNRC (ISB-IBS) National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 21272246 eeea4a6c-15df-4557-b3dc-293811386ed6 X.Z. Zhang aut R. Liu aut K.Y. Chen aut AERO AERO M.X. Yao aut text article eng This article presents a study of the corrosion behavior of two wrought Stellite alloys, Stellite 6B, and Stellite 6K, in Green Death solution, utilizing the extreme value analysis (EVA) model, which is a statistics tool developed based on the Gumbel distribution. Green Death solution a typical oxidized testing solution used in industry for assessing the corrosion resistance of materials. The data of maximum pit depths are obtained from the immersion tests on these alloys for various exposure periods. The top ten maximum pit depths in each specimen surface after the immersion test are measured using a surface texture and contour measuring instrument. These data are the input parameters of the EVA model and the outcomes of the model are the extreme values (minimum thickness) required for the alloys under a given service condition. It is shown that Stellite 6K, which contains higher carbon content but smaller-size carbides, exhibits better corrosion resistance in regard to the extreme value. The results and mechanisms of Stellite 6B and Stellite 6K in Green Death solution corrosion are discussed. © 2014 ASM International. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes Carbides Corrosion resistance Pitting Solid solutions Stellite Value engineering Corrosion behavior Corrosion characterization Extreme value analysis Gumbel distribution Measuring instruments Pit depths Service conditions Stellite alloy Alloys 2014 1544-1024 23 5 1718 1725 8 10.1007/s11665-014-0952-5 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) Aerospace (AERO-AERO) Aérospatiale (AERO-AERO) National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 21272228 ff99ea32-485c-4ad8-8276-9532c7b81659 J. Dorion-Thibaudeau aut HHT TSH C. Raymond aut HHT TSH E. Lattová aut H. Perreault aut Y. Durocher aut HHT TSH G. De Crescenzo aut text article eng We here report the production and purification of the extracellular domains of two Fcγ receptors, namely CD16a and CD64, by transient transfection in mammalian cells. The use of these two receptor ectodomains for the development of quantitative assays aiming at controlling the quality of monoclonal antibody production lots is then discussed. More specifically, the development of surface plasmon resonance-based biosensor assays for the evaluation of the glycosylation pattern and the aggregation state of monoclonal antibodies is presented. Our biosensor approach allows discriminating between antibodies harboring different galactosylation profiles as well as to detect low levels (i.e., less than 2%) of monoclonal antibody aggregates. © 2014 Elsevier B.V. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes CD16a antigen CD64 antigen Fc receptor glycan immunoglobulin G monoclonal antibody unclassified drug animal cell antibody production article binding kinetics biosensor controlled study gel permeation chromatography glycosylation human human cell in vitro study mammal cell matrix assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight mass spectrometry nonhuman priority journal protein purification quantitative assay surface plasmon resonance transient transfection Mammalia 2014 1872-7905 408 24 34 11 10.1016/j.jim.2014.04.010 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) Human Health Therapeutics (HHT-TSH) Thérapeutiques en santé humaine (TSH-HHT) National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 21272229 851280c3-aeab-4339-ab92-f0a545bc43bb C. Demaria aut P. Paźsdzior aut A. Johnston aut AERO AERO D. Djokic aut AERO AERO P. Hubert aut text article eng In order to further advance the state of the art in the electron beam processing of polymers and composites, it is necessary to better understand the development of cure-induced residual stresses. In situ measurement of electron beam cure-induced stress development is challenging due to the bombardment of specimens with intense beams of very high-voltage electrons. In this study, a custom fixture was designed to measure the deformation of an electron beam-cured specimen during processing and thereby to assess specimen stress state during the curing process. The unbalanced composite specimen consisted of two cured unidirectional carbon-epoxy laminates separated by a thin woven fibreglass carrier, which was infused by a layer of electron beam curable epoxy resin systems (Tactix 123 and CAT B). The out-of-plane specimen deformations were monitored during various electron beam irradiation schedules and subsequent thermal post-cure. The preliminary results confirmed that the apparatus was not affected by the irradiation and was capable of accurately measuring the specimen warpage during the cure. It was also shown that the electron beam-cured specimens exhibit a reduced residual stress state compared to equivalent thermally cured specimens. It was observed that the irradiation dose rate applied to a specimen is the main factor in the difference in the way residual stresses develop during electron beam curing. Furthermore, the results suggest that there is a direct relation between the stress-free temperature (TSF) and the temperature of the specimen at gelation (TGEL). © IMechE 2014. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes Composite materials Deformation Electron beams Epoxy resins Gelation Irradiation Residual stresses Carbon-epoxy laminates Composite specimens Electron beam curing Electron beam irradiation Electron beam processing In-situ measurement Residual stress state Stress-free temperature Curing 2014 2041-3130 49 3 179 189 11 10.1177/0309324713515467 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) Aerospace (AERO-AERO) Aérospatiale (AERO-AERO) National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 21272225 d1c21ea2-b42d-4be3-8491-4f0e1789483a C. Dhital aut T. Hogan aut Z. Yamani aut CNBC CCFN R.J. Birgeneau aut W. Tian aut M. Matsuda aut A.S. Sefat aut Z. Wang aut S.D. Wilson aut text article eng Neutron diffraction measurements are presented measuring the responses of both magnetic and structural order parameters of parent and lightly Co-doped Ba(Fe1 xCox)2As2 under the application of uniaxial pressure. We find that the uniaxial pressure induces a thermal shift in the onset of antiferromagnetic order that grows as a percentage of TN as Co doping is increased and the superconducting phase is approached. Additionally, as uniaxial pressure is increased within parent and lightly doped Ba(Fe1 xCox)2As2 on the first-order side of the tricritical point, we observe a decoupling between the onsets of the orthorhombic structural distortion and antiferromagnetism. Our findings place needed constraints on models exploring the nematic susceptibility of the bilayer pnictides in the tetragonal, paramagnetic regime. © 2014 American Physical Society. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes 2014 1550-235X 89 21 214404 10.1103/PhysRevB.89.214404 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) NRC Canadian Neutron Beam Centre (CNBC-CCFN) Centre canadien de faisceaux de neutrons du CNRC (CCFN-CNBC) National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 21272208 4cfb7355-9f82-4f0e-958c-5f684a13e627 T.C. Yang aut ACRD DCRA J. Kumaran aut HHT TSH S. Amartey aut M. Maki aut X. Li aut ACRD DCRA F. Lu aut W. Qin aut text chapter eng Lignocellulose is a complex polymer composed of intertwined cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin substances. Research on conversion of lignocellulosic biomass into biofuels and other bioproducts is on the increase recently. Significant advances have been made toward the development of various technologies for pretreatment of the lignocellulosic biomass. The conversion of lignocellulose, therefore, could offer the advantage of cheaper fermentable sugars for the production of biofuels and chemicals. However, due to the complex structure of lignocellulose biomass, development of an efficient and cost-effective pretreatment process is necessary. Also, efficient enzyme hydrolysis of carbohydrates into simple sugars allows higher reaction rates and increased yields of accessible sugars (hexoses and pentoses). Furthermore, an efficient microorganism, capable of degrading biomass efficiently and in high yields, is necessary to facilitate a sustainable and economically viable manufacturing of biofuels and bioproducts from lignocellulosic raw materials. Currently, a number of pretreatment methods have been developed, with only a few being optimized on an industrial scale. This review provides practical examples and gives a broad overview of the current status of biofuels and bioproducts produced through microbial conversion of lignocellulosic biomass. Both biological and nonbiological pretreatments of biomass, prior to hydrolysis, and different processes of microbial-mediated biomass conversion have been discussed. Furthermore, the development of novel microorganism strains, through genetic engineering, for biomass conversion and the pros and cons of commonly used microorganisms in biomass conversion have also been discussed. © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes 2014 9780444595614 71 93 23 10.1016/B978-0-444-59561-4.00005-X National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) Aquatic and Crop Resource Development (ACRD-DCRA) Développement des cultures et des ressources aquatiques (DCRA-ACRD) Human Health Therapeutics (HHT-TSH) Thérapeutiques en santé humaine (TSH-HHT) National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 21272209 b1f8af67-452d-47d3-95d1-1a85725e905f M. Benlamri aut K.M. Bothe aut A.M. Ma aut G. Shoute aut A. Afshar aut H. Sharma aut A. Mohammadpour aut M. Gupta aut K.C. Cadien aut Y.Y. Tsui aut K. Shankar aut NINT INNT D.W. Barlage aut text article eng A high effective electron mobility of 33 cm2 V-1 s-1 was achieved in solution-processed undoped zinc oxide (ZnO) thin films. The introduction of silicon nitride (Si3N4) as growth substrate resulted in a mobility improvement by a factor of 2.5 with respect to the commonly used silicon oxide (SiO2). The solution-processed ZnO thin films grown on Si3N4, prepared by low-pressure chemical vapor deposition, revealed bigger grain sizes, lower strain and better crystalline quality in comparison to the films grown on thermal SiO2. These results show that the nucleation and growth mechanisms of solution-processed films are substrate dependent and affect the final film structure accordingly. The substantial difference in electron mobilities suggests that, in addition to the grain morphology and crystalline structure effects, defect chemistry is a contributing factor that also depends on the particular substrate. In this respect, interface trap densities measured in high-κ HfO2/ZnO MOSCAPs were about ten times lower in those fabricated on Si3N4 substrates. © 2014 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes article in press 2014 1862-6254 10.1002/pssr.201409155 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) National Institute for Nanotechnology (NINT-INNT) Institut national de nanotechnologie (INNT-NINT) National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 21272213 33dcc3fc-b371-4aa8-aa15-934bd0eb5556 U.C. Mendes aut SDT TSR M. Korkusinski aut SDT TSR P. Hawrylak aut SDT TSR text article eng We show here the existence of the indirect coupling of electron and magnetic or nuclear ion spins in self-assembled quantum dots mediated by electron-electron interactions. With a single localized spin placed in the center of the dot, only the spins of electrons occupying the zero angular momentum states couple directly to the localized spin. We show that when the electron-electron interactions are included, the electrons occupying finite angular momentum orbitals interact with the localized spin. This effective interaction is obtained using exact diagonalization of the microscopic Hamiltonian as a function of the number of electronic shells, shell spacing, and anisotropy of the electron-Mn exchange interaction. The effective interaction can be engineered to be either ferromagnetic or antiferromagnetic by tuning the parameters of the quantum dot. © 2014 American Physical Society. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes 2014 1550-235X 89 19 195308 10.1103/PhysRevB.89.195308 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) Security and Disruptive Technologies (SDT-TSR) Technologies de sécurité et de rupture (TSR-SDT) National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 21272214 b335f35e-7a25-4380-a36d-333f7260f1bd H. Sharifi aut V.K. Walker aut J. Ripmeester aut SIMS ISSM P. Englezos aut text article eng For practical purposes, kinetic hydrate inhibitors must perform predictably in the presence of oil as well as saline and high driving forces, but such deterministic behavior is rarely achieved. Here, we evaluated two biological inhibitors, type I and type III antifreeze proteins (AFPs I and III), under these exacting conditions using a double high-pressure crystallizer apparatus and additionally assayed using high-pressure micro-differential scanning calorimetry. The two AFP types behaved somewhat differently under these environmental conditions. The addition of AFP I reduced natural gas hydrate induction time, whereas AFP III had no impact on hydrate crystal nucleation. Nonetheless, for both AFPs, gas hydrate growth was significantly inhibited to ∼50% of that found in control experiments. Once hydrate had formed, decomposition was slower and started later. Thus, gas hydrates formed in the presence of APF I and III appeared to remain stable outside the hydrate stable zone, an observation that has also been noted for other inhibitors. Our observations have potential implications for the use of biological inhibitors under subsea pipeline conditions. © 2014 American Chemical Society. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes Differential scanning calorimetry Hydration Natural gas Antifreeze protein Crystal nucleation Deterministic behavior Environmental conditions Inhibition activity Kinetic hydrate inhibitors Scanning calorimetry Sub-sea pipelines Gas hydrates 2014 1520-5029 28 6 3712 3717 6 10.1021/ef500524m National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) NRC Steacie Institute for Molecular Sciences (SIMS-ISSM) Institut Steacie des sciences moléculaires du CNRC (ISSM-SIMS) National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 21272215 fa6c95cb-6c70-4bae-8204-d7c7eb016d38 X. Zhou aut J. Qiao aut L. Yang aut J. Zhang aut EME EME text article eng A comprehensive overview and description of graphene-based nanomaterials explored in recent years for catalyst supports and metal-free catalysts for polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cell oxygen reduction reactions (ORR) is presented. The catalyst material structures/morphologies, material selection, and design for synthesis, catalytic performance, catalytic mechanisms, and theoretical approaches for catalyst down-selection and catalyzed ORR mechanisms are emphasized with respect to the performance of ORR catalysts in terms of both activity and stability. When graphene-based materials, including graphene and doped graphene, are used as the supporting materials for both Pt/Pt alloy catalysts and non-precious metal catalyst, the resulting ORR catalysts can give superior catalyst activity and stability compared to those of conventional carbon-supported catalysts; when they are used as metal-free ORR catalysts, significant catalytic activity and stability are observed. The nitrogen-doped graphene materials even show superior performance compared to supported metal catalysts. Challenges including the lack of material mass production, unoptimized catalyst structure/morphology, insufficient fundamental understanding, and testing tools/protocols for performance optimization and validation are identified, and approaches to address these challenges are suggested. A comprehensive overview and description of graphene-based nanomaterials for catalyst supports and metal-free catalysts for polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cell oxygen reduction reactions (ORR) is presented. The catalyst material selection, design, synthesis, and characterization, as well as a theoretical understanding of the catalysis process and mechanisms are discussed. The challenges and their corresponding approaches, in addition to directions for future perspectives and research are suggested. © 2014 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes Catalysis Catalyst supports Characterization Electrocatalysts Electrolytic reduction Fuel cells Graphene Materials Metals Nanostructured materials Polyelectrolytes Proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) Carbon-supported catalysts Nanostructural materials Nitrogen-doped graphene Non-precious metal catalysts Oxygen reduction reaction Performance optimizations Polymer electrolyte membranes Supported-metal catalysts Catalyst activity 2014 1614-6840 4 8 1301523 10.1002/aenm.201301523 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) Energy, Mining and Environment (EME-EME) Énergie, mines et environnement (EME-EME) National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 21272216 cc279753-f330-489b-984a-1af38db6beed K.D. Hill aut MSS SME text article eng Contamination of triple-point-of-water (TPW) cells by the chemical components of the borosilicate glass that contains the water is now widely recognized as the principal contributor to long-term drift of the cell temperature. To add to the available experimental data, a comparison of 24 TPW cells of various ages (from 10 years to 59 years), manufacturers (NRC, Jarrett, Isotech), and materials (borosilicate glass and fused quartz) was undertaken in 2013. Twelve cells from this group were compared to one another in 1997. By comparing the current inter-cell temperature differences to those determined 16 years earlier, it was found that some cells have remained stable, others have become colder (as might be expected from ongoing dissolution of the glass), and one or two show an apparent increase in temperature that seems anomalous. Also included among the 24 cells are five cells of borosilicate glass and five of fused quartz that were purchased 10 years ago. By comparing the relative temperature differences among this group of borosilcate and fused-quartz-encapsulated cells to the values obtained when they were last compared 6 years ago, it was found that the average temperature of the borosilcate group of cells decreases by (Formula presented.), in reasonable agreement with an average drift of (Formula presented.) suggested 12 years ago. It was concluded that fused quartz is the superior container for TPW cells. © 2014 Her Majesty the Queen in Rights of Canada. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes article in press 2014 0195-928X 10.1007/s10765-014-1629-x National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) Measurement Science and Standards (MSS-SME) Science des mesures et étalons (SME-MSS) National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 21272217 c754f171-df51-44d8-aafe-490aa47af924 Z. Shaterzadeh-Yazdi aut L. Livadaru aut NINT INNT M. Taucer aut NINT INNT J. Mutus aut NINT INNT J. Pitters aut NINT INNT R.A. Wolkow aut NINT INNT B.C. Sanders aut text article eng We devise a scheme to characterize tunneling of an excess electron shared by a pair of tunnel-coupled dangling bonds on a silicon surface - effectively a two-level system. Theoretical estimates show that the tunneling should be highly coherent but too fast to be measured by any conventional techniques. Our approach is instead to measure the time-averaged charge distribution of our dangling-bond pair by a capacitively coupled atomic-force-microscope tip in the presence of both a surface-parallel electrostatic potential bias between the two dangling bonds and a tunable midinfrared laser capable of inducing Rabi oscillations in the system. With a nonresonant laser, the time-averaged charge distribution in the dangling-bond pair is asymmetric as imposed by the bias. However, as the laser becomes resonant with the coherent electron tunneling in the biased pair the theory predicts that the time-averaged charge distribution becomes symmetric. This resonant symmetry effect should not only reveal the tunneling rate, but also the nature and rate of decoherence of single-electron dynamics in our system. © 2014 American Physical Society. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes 2014 1098-0121 89 3 35315 10.1103/PhysRevB.89.035315 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) National Institute for Nanotechnology (NINT-INNT) Institut national de nanotechnologie (INNT-NINT) National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 21272219 09ea74c3-5efd-4f30-be97-996278b4d3ec Philippa Carey Rose Strong Strong, Philippa C. R. aut HHT TSH Kelly Fulton Fulton, Kelly M. aut HHT TSH Annie Aubry aut HHT TSH Simon Foote aut HHT TSH Susan (Sue) Twine Twine, Susan M. aut HHT TSH Susan Logan Logan, Susan M. aut HHT TSH text article 2015-07-09 eng In this study, we identify a major spore surface protein, BclA, and provide evidence that this protein is glycosylated. Following extraction of the spore surface, solubilized proteins were separated by one-dimensional PAGE and stained with glycostain to reveal a reactive high-molecular-mass region of approximately 600 kDa. Tandem mass spectrometry analysis of in-gel digests showed this band to contain peptides corresponding to a putative exosporangial glycoprotein (BclA3) and identified a number of glycopeptides modified with multiple N-acetyl hexosamine moieties and, in some cases, capped with novel glycans. In addition, we demonstrate that the glycosyltransferase gene sgtA (gene CD3350 in strain 630 and CDR3194 in strain R20291), which is located immediately upstream of the bclA3 homolog, is involved in the glycosylation of the spore surface, and is cotranscribed with bclA3. The presence of anti-β-O-GlcNAc-reactive material was demonstrated on the surface of spores by immunofluorescence and in surface extracts by Western blotting, although each strain produced a distinct pattern of reactivity. Reactivity of the spore surface with the anti-β-O-GlcNAc antibody was abolished in the 630 and R20291 glycosyltransferase mutant strains, while complementation with a wild-type copy of the gene restored the β-O-GlcNAc reactivity. Phenotypic testing of R20291 glycosyltransferase mutant spores revealed no significant change in sensitivity to ethanol or lysozyme. However, a change in the resistance to heat of R20291 glycosyltransferase mutant spores compared to R20291 spores was observed, as was the ability to adhere to and be internalized by macrophages. yes yes Clostridium difficile; spores; glycoprotein; glycosyltransferase 2014-05-09 American Society for Microbiology 1098-5530 196 14 2627 2637 11 NRC-HHT-53223 10.1128/JB.01469-14 Human Health Therapeutics Thérapeutiques en santé humaine National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 21272223 c3f0e32c-fa33-4703-bcd8-93d1cf8c7bff D.B. Ritchie aut J. Soong aut W.K.A. Sikkema aut NINT INNT M.T. Woodside aut NINT INNT text article eng Programmed -1 ribosomal frameshifting (-1 PRF) stimulated by mRNA pseudoknots regulates gene expression in many viruses, making pseudoknots potential targets for anti-viral drugs. The mechanism by which pseudoknots trigger -1 PRF, however, remains controversial, with several competing models. Recent work showed that high -1 PRF efficiency was linked to high pseudoknot conformational plasticity via the formation of alternate conformers. We tested whether pseudoknots bound with an anti-frameshifting ligand exhibited a similar correlation between conformational plasticity and -1 PRF efficiency by measuring the effects of a ligand that was found to inhibit -1 PRF in the SARS coronavirus on the conformational dynamics of the SARS pseudoknot. Using single-molecule force spectroscopy to unfold pseudoknots mechanically, we found that the ligand binding effectively abolished the formation of alternate conformers. This result extends the connection between -1 PRF and conformational dynamics and, moreover, suggests that targeting the conformational dynamics of pseudoknots may be an effective strategy for anti-viral drug design. © 2014 American Chemical Society. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes 2014 0002-7863 136 6 2196 2199 4 10.1021/ja410344b National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) National Institute for Nanotechnology (NINT-INNT) Institut national de nanotechnologie (INNT-NINT) National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 21272224 a92c3708-2240-4b0f-89e9-573ecb2a0b6c P. Dubé aut MSS SME A.A. Madej aut MSS SME M. Tibbo aut MSS SME J.E. Bernard aut MSS SME text article eng We report a high-accuracy measurement of the differential static scalar polarizability Δα0 of the 5sS1/22-4dD5/22 transition of the Sr+88 ion. The high accuracy is obtained by comparing the micromotion-induced positive scalar Stark shift to the negative time-dilation shift. Measurement of the trap drive frequency where these shifts cancel is used to determine Δα0 without the need to determine the electric field. Δα0 is a critical parameter for the operation of frequency standards as it determines the blackbody radiation frequency shift coefficient, the largest source of uncertainty in the Sr+88 ion clock. The measured value of Δα0 is -4.7938(71)×10-40Jm2/V2. Taking into account the dynamic correction, the blackbody shift at 300 K is 0.24799(37) Hz. The contribution of the blackbody shift coefficient to the uncertainty of the ion standard has been reduced by a factor of 24, from 2×10-17 to 8.3×10-19. The revised total uncertainty of our reference standard is 1.2×10-17, limited by the blackbody field evaluation. An additional benefit of the low uncertainty of Δα0 is the ability to suppress, by a factor of about 200, the net micromotion frequency shifts. © 2014 Published by the American Physical Society. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes Antenna radiation Electric fields Frequency shift keying Frequency standards Polarization Black body radiation Dynamic correction Field evaluation High-accuracy measurements Reference standard Scalar polarizability Shift coefficients Total uncertainties Ions 2014 1079-7114 112 17 173002 10.1103/PhysRevLett.112.173002 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) Measurement Science and Standards (MSS-SME) Science des mesures et étalons (SME-MSS) National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 21272226 2bc131ab-7cb8-4b94-85df-9cec7333bd8b C. Bamber aut MSS SME J.S. Lundeen aut text article eng In 1945, Dirac attempted to develop a "formal probability" distribution to describe quantum operators in terms of two noncommuting variables, such as position x and momentum p [Rev. Mod. Phys. 17, 195 (1945)]. The resulting quasiprobability distribution is a complete representation of the quantum state and can be observed directly in experiments. We measure Dirac's distribution for the quantum state of the transverse degree of freedom of a photon by weakly measuring transverse x so as to not randomize the subsequent p measurement. Furthermore, we show that the distribution has the classical-like feature that it transforms (e.g., propagates) according to Bayes' law. © 2014 American Physical Society. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes 2014 0031-9007 112 7 70405 10.1103/PhysRevLett.112.070405 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) Measurement Science and Standards (MSS-SME) Science des mesures et étalons (SME-MSS) National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 21272227 a3630459-5f21-42e7-9202-c164bdd11e49 Gregory (Greg) Hussack Hussack, Greg aut HHT TSH Ali Riazi aut Shannon Ryan aut HHT TSH Hendrik (Henk) van Faassen van Faassen, Henk aut HHT TSH Colin Roger (Roger) MacKenzie Mackenzie, Roger aut HHT TSH Jamshid Tanha aut HHT TSH Mehdi Ghahroudi Arbabi Arbabi-Ghahroudi, Mehdri aut HHT TSH text article eng Camelid heavy-chain antibody variable domains (VHHs) are emerging as potential antimicrobial reagents. We have engineered a previously isolated VHH (FlagV1M), which binds Campylobacter jejuni flagella, for greater thermal and proteolytic stability. Mutants of FlagV1M were obtained from an error-prone polymerase chain reaction library that was panned in the presence of gastrointestinal (GI) proteases. Additional FlagV1M mutants were obtained through disulfide-bond engineering. Each approach produced V HHs with enhanced thermal stability and protease resistance. When the beneficial mutations from both approaches were combined, a hyperstabilized VHH was created with superior stability. The hyperstabilized V HH bound C. jejuni flagella with wild-type affinity and was capable of potently inhibiting C. jejuni motility in assays performed after sequential digestion with three major GI proteases, demonstrating the remarkable stability imparted to the VHH by combining our engineering approaches. yes yes C. jejuni; motility; protease resistance; protein stability; VHH 2014-04-16 Oxford University Press 1741-0134 27 6 191 198 8 NRC-HHT-53217 10.1093/protein/gzu011 Human Health Therapeutics Thérapeutiques en santé humaine National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 21272210 8c8f81ab-1aab-424c-8d30-13add7ed0b72 T.A. Germer aut J.C. Zwinkels aut MSS SME B.K. Tsai aut text article eng This chapter is an introduction to Spectrophotometry: Accurate Measurements of the Optical Properties of Materials. It presents a short history of spectrophotometry. A very brief description of the principles of uncertainty analysis is given. Finally, an overview of the rest of the book is given. © 2014 Elsevier Inc. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes 2014 1079-4042 46 1 9 9 10.1016/B978-0-12-386022-4.00001-7 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) Measurement Science and Standards (MSS-SME) Science des mesures et étalons (SME-MSS) National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 21272211 f67c0083-7efc-4c08-bee2-52450ef052c4 M.R. Khazaei aut S. Montcalm aut HHT TSH A. Di Polo aut A.E. Fournier aut Y. Durocher aut HHT TSH S.O. Tone aut text article eng Neurons fail to re-extend their processes within the central nervous system environment in vivo, and this is partly because of inhibitory proteins expressed within myelin debris and reactive astrocytes that actively signal to the injured nerve cells to limit their growth. The ability of the trans-acting activator of transcription (TAT) protein transduction domain (PTD) to transport macromolecules across biological membranes raises the possibility of developing it as a therapeutic delivery tool for nerve regeneration. Most studies have produced TAT PTD fusion protein in bacteria, which can result in problems such as protein solubility, the formation of inclusion bodies and the lack of eukaryotic posttranslational modifications. While some groups have investigated the production of TAT PTD fusion protein in mammalian cells, these strategies are focused on generating TAT PTD fusions that are targeted to the secretory pathway, where furin protease as well as other proteases can cleave the TAT PTD. As an alternative to mutating the furin cleavage site in the TAT PTD, we describe a novel method to generate cytosolic TAT PTD fusion proteins and purify them from cell lysates. Here, we use this method to generate TAT-C4RIP, a cell permeable competitive antagonist of binding between the small GTPase RhoA and the cytosolic phosphoprotein Collapsin response mediator protein 4 (CRMP4). We demonstrate that TAT-C4RIP transduces cells in vitro and in vivo and retains its biological activity to attenuate myelin inhibition in an in vitro neurite outgrowth assay. © 2014 Springer Science+Business Media New York. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes article in press 2014 0895-8696 10.1007/s12031-014-0350-3 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) Human Health Therapeutics (HHT-TSH) Thérapeutiques en santé humaine (TSH-HHT) National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 21272220 2981162e-5b98-4286-8907-addaa9b9f5bf L. Jiang aut AERO AERO X. Wu aut AERO AERO Z. Zhang aut AERO AERO text article eng In order to assess the life of gas turbine critical components, it is essential to adequately specify their aerothermodynamic working environments. Steady-state analyses of the flow field and conjugate heat transfer of an internally air-cooled nozzle guide vane (NGV) and shrouds of a gas turbine engine at baseline operating conditions are numerically investigated. A high-fidelity CFD model is generated and the simulations are carried out with properly defined boundary conditions. The features of the complicated flow and temperature fields are revealed. In general, the Mach number is lower and the temperature is higher on the NGV pressure side than those on the suction side. There are two high temperature regions on the pressure side, and the temperature across the middle section is relatively low. These findings are closely related to the locations of the holes and outlets of the cooling flow passage, and consistent with the field observations of damaged NGVs. As a technology demonstration, the results provide required information for the life analysis of the NGV/shrouds assembly and improvement of the cooling flow arrangement. © 2014 Leiyong Jiang et al. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes 2014 1687-8140 2014 146523 10.1155/2014/146523 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) Aerospace (AERO-AERO) Aérospatiale (AERO-AERO) National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 21272222 ab4a5fd5-d6ce-4c48-8e11-016c00e1c2d5 William Cruz-Muñoz aut Teresa Di Desidero aut Shan Man aut Ping Xu aut Maria Jaramillo Jaramillo, Maria Luz aut HHT TSH Kae Hashimoto aut Catherine Collins aut HHT TSH Myriam Banville aut HHT TSH Maureen O'Connor-McCourt O'Connor-Mccourt, Maureen D. aut HHT TSH Robert S. Kerbel aut text article 2016-02-26 eng 2014-02-26 Springer An alternative or follow-up adjunct to conventional maximum tolerated dose (MTD) chemotherapy now in advanced phase III clinical trial assessment is metronomic chemotherapy - the close regular administration of low doses of drug with no prolonged breaks. A number of preclinical studies have shown metronomic chemotherapy can cause long term survival of mice with advanced cancer, including metastatic disease, in the absence of overt toxicity, especially when combined with targeted antiangiogenic drugs. However, similar to MTD chemotherapy acquired resistance eventually develops, the basis of which is unknown. Using a preclinical model of advanced human ovarian (SKOV-3-13) cancer in SCID mice, we show that acquired resistance can develop after terminating prolonged (over 3 months) successful therapy utilizing daily oral metronomic topotecan plus pazopanib, an oral antiangiogenic tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI). Two resistant sublines were isolated from a single mouse, one from a solid tumor (called KH092-7SD, referred to as 7SD) and another from ascites tumor cells (called KH092-7AS, referred to as 7AS). Using these sublines we show acquired resistance to the combination treatment is due to tumor cell alterations that confer relative refractoriness to topotecan. The resistant phenotype is heritable, associated with reduced cellular uptake of topotecan and could not be reversed by switching to MTD topotecan or to another topoisomerase-1 inhibitor, CPT-11, given either in a metronomic or MTD manner nor switching to another antiangiogenic drug, e.g. The anti-VEGFR-2 antibody, DC101, or another TKI, sunitinib. Thus, in this case cross resistance seems to exist between MTD and metronomic topotecan, the basis of which is unknown. However, gene expression profiling revealed several potential genes that are stably upregulated in the resistant lines, that previously have been implicated in resistance to various chemotherapy drugs, and which, therefore, may contribute to the drug resistant phenotype. yes yes Metastasis; Ovarian cancer; Chemotherapy; Topotecan; Pazopanib; Resistance 1573-7209 17 3 661 673 13 NRC-HHT-53224 10.1007/s10456-014-9422-9 Human Health Therapeutics Thérapeutiques en santé humaine National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 21272221 e9c33470-e6a7-45fc-a21f-9ef68583114f C. Dhital aut T. Hogan aut W. Zhou aut X. Chen aut Z. Ren aut M. Pokharel aut Y. Okada aut M. Heine aut W. Tian aut CNBC CCFN Z. Yamani aut C. Opeil aut J.S. Helton aut J.W. Lynn aut Z. Wang aut V. Madhavan aut S.D. Wilson aut text article eng Interest in many strongly spin-orbit-coupled 5d-transition metal oxide insulators stems from mapping their electronic structures to a J eff=1/2 Mott phase. One of the hopes is to establish their Mott parent states and explore these systems' potential of realizing novel electronic states upon carrier doping. However, once doped, little is understood regarding the role of their reduced Coulomb interaction U relative to their strongly correlated 3d-electron cousins. Here we show that, upon hole-doping a candidate Jeff=1/2 Mott insulator, carriers remain localized within a nanoscale phase-separated ground state. A percolative metal-insulator transition occurs with interplay between localized and itinerant regions, stabilizing an antiferromagnetic metallic phase beyond the critical region. Our results demonstrate a surprising parallel between doped 5d- and 3d-electron Mott systems and suggest either through the near-degeneracy of nearby electronic phases or direct carrier localization that U is essential to the carrier response of this doped spin-orbit Mott insulator. © 2014 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes iridium ruthenium strontium correlation Coulomb criterion nanotechnology phase transition article controlled study crystal structure electronics high temperature low temperature mott phase neutron diffraction neutron scattering phase separation phase transition roentgen spectroscopy transition temperature X ray powder diffraction 2014 2041-1723 5 3377 10.1038/ncomms4377 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) NRC Canadian Neutron Beam Centre (CNBC-CCFN) Centre canadien de faisceaux de neutrons du CNRC (CCFN-CNBC) National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 21272212 274ca0ce-8251-4235-a4d0-5aa4157e56bb T.H. Puzia aut HIA IHA M. Paolillo aut P. Goudfrooij aut T.J. Maccarone aut G. Fabbiano aut L. Angelini aut text article eng We present a comprehensive high spatial resolution imaging study of globular clusters (GCs) in NGC 1399, the central giant elliptical cD galaxy in the Fornax galaxy cluster, conducted with the Advanced Camera for Surveys (ACS) aboard the Hubble Space Telescope (HST). Using a novel technique to construct drizzled point-spread function libraries for HST/ACS data, we accurately determine the fidelity of GC structural parameter measurements from detailed artificial star cluster experiments and show the superior robustness of the GC half-light radius, rh, compared with other GC structural parameters, such as King core and tidal radius. The measurement of rh for the major fraction of the NGC 1399 GC system reveals a trend of increasing r h versus galactocentric distance, R gal, out to about 10 kpc and a flat relation beyond. This trend is very similar for blue and red GCs, which are found to have a mean size ratio of r h, red/r h, blue = 0.82 ± 0.11 at all galactocentric radii from the core regions of the galaxy out to ∼40 kpc. This suggests that the size difference between blue and red GCs is due to internal mechanisms related to the evolution of their constituent stellar populations. Modeling the mass density profile of NGC 1399 shows that additional external dynamical mechanisms are required to limit the GC size in the galaxy halo regions to rh ≈ 2 pc. We suggest that this may be realized by an exotic GC orbit distribution function, an extended dark matter halo, and/or tidal stress induced by the increased stochasticity in the dwarf halo substructure at larger galactocentric distances. We compare our results with the GC rh distribution functions in various galaxies and find that the fraction of extended GCs with rh ≥ 5 pc is systematically larger in late-type galaxies compared with GC systems in early-type galaxies. This is likely due to the dynamically more violent evolution of early-type galaxies. We match our GC rh measurements with radial velocity data from the literature and split the resulting sample at the median rh value into compact and extended GCs. We find that compact GCs show a significantly smaller line-of-sight velocity dispersion, 〈σcmp〉 = 225 ± 25 km s-1, than their extended counterparts, 〈σ ext〉 = 317 ± 21 km s-1. Considering the weaker statistical correlation in the GC rh color and the GC r h-R gal relations, the more significant GC size-dynamics relation appears to be astrophysically more relevant and hints at the dominant influence of the GC orbit distribution function on the evolution of GC structural parameters. © 2014. The American Astronomical Society. All rights reserved. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes 2014 1538-4357 786 2 78 10.1088/0004-637X/786/2/78 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) NRC Herzberg Institute of Astrophysics (HIA-IHA) Institut Herzberg d'astrophysique du CNRC (IHA-HIA) National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 21272218 8b77475e-5329-4f20-8314-1d13f0c2fc1b T. Kadyka aut EME EME M. Eikerling aut EME EME text article eng A model of a supercapacitor with pseudocapacitance focusing on effects along the thickness of the electrode was developed. Fast charging, i.e. high power density operation, was analyzed. The occurrence of moving reaction fronts under these conditions is found and discussed. Indicators of the occurrence of moving reaction fronts were defined by analyzing the reaction front velocity and deriving the reaction penetration depth. Effects of the moving reaction fronts on cyclic voltammograms were simulated and an asymmetric broadening of the oxidation peak was found. The influence of the moving reaction fronts on the performance of the supercapacitor was investigated by means of charging energy analysis. Losses were found mainly at the end of the oxidation phase. Partial charging under fast charging conditions reduces the losses. The scale-up of the electrode mass loading and thus the influence of the thickness was analyzed. Simulation results could be used as an "operation map" to avoid conditions with significant losses. © 2013 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes Asymmetric broadening Charging energies Charging mechanism Cyclic voltammograms High power density Moving reaction fronts Pseudocapacitance Super capacitor Charging (batteries) Electric charge Electrolytic capacitors Loading 2014 0013-4651 161 3 A239 A246 10.1149/2.018403jes National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) Energy, Mining and Environment (EME-EME) Énergie, mines et environnement (EME-EME) National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 21272203 eab2dc2a-8d9f-4dc2-ae21-cc96e87d66e0 P. Heftberger aut B. Kollmitzer aut F.A. Heberle aut J. Pan aut M. Rappolt aut H. Amenitsch aut N. Kučerka aut CNBC CCFN J. Katsaras aut G. Pabst aut text article eng The highly successful scattering density profile (SDP) model, used to jointly analyze small-angle X-ray and neutron scattering data from unilamellar vesicles, has been adapted for use with data from fully hydrated, liquid crystalline multilamellar vesicles (MLVs). Using a genetic algorithm, this new method is capable of providing high-resolution structural information, as well as determining bilayer elastic bending fluctuations from standalone X-ray data. Structural parameters such as bilayer thickness and area per lipid were determined for a series of saturated and unsaturated lipids, as well as binary mixtures with cholesterol. The results are in good agreement with previously reported SDP data, which used both neutron and X-ray data. The inclusion of deuterated and non-deuterated MLV neutron data in the analysis improved the lipid backbone information but did not improve, within experimental error, the structural data regarding bilayer thickness and area per lipid. © 2014 International Union of Crystallography. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes Experimental errors Multi-lamellar vesicles Scattering density Small angle X-ray scattering Small-angle x-rays Structural information Structural parameter Unilamellar vesicle Binary mixtures Crystalline materials Deuterium Genetic algorithms Scattering X ray scattering X rays 2014 0021-8898 47 1 173 180 8 10.1107/S1600576713029798 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) NRC Canadian Neutron Beam Centre (CNBC-CCFN) Centre canadien de faisceaux de neutrons du CNRC (CCFN-CNBC) National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 21272205 353cf9f6-14f1-42c5-a8c6-8d8186d79347 A.G. Schultz aut D. Boyle aut D. Chamot aut K.J. Ong aut K.J. Wilkinson aut J.C. McGeer aut G. Sunahara aut ACRD DCRA G.G. Goss aut text article eng Environmental context The increased use of nanomaterials in industrial and consumer products requires robust strategies to identify risks when they are released into the environment. Aquatic toxicologists are beginning to possess a clearer understanding of the chemical and physical properties of nanomaterials in solution, and which of the properties potentially affect the health of aquatic organisms. This review highlights the main challenges encountered in aquatic nanotoxicity testing, provides recommendations for overcoming these challenges, and discusses recent studies that have advanced our understanding of the toxicity of three important OECD nanomaterials, titanium dioxide, zinc oxide and silver nanomaterials. Abstract Aquatic nanotoxicologists and ecotoxicologists have begun to identify the unique properties of the nanomaterials (NMs) that potentially affect the health of wildlife. In this review the scientific aims are to discuss the main challenges nanotoxicologists currently face in aquatic toxicity testing, including the transformations of NMs in aquatic test media (dissolution, aggregation and small molecule interactions), and modes of NM interference (optical interference, adsorption to assay components and generation of reactive oxygen species) on common toxicity assays. Three of the major OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) priority materials, titanium dioxide (TiO2), zinc oxide (ZnO) and silver (Ag) NMs, studied recently by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC), National Research Council of Canada (NRC) and the Business Development Bank of Canada (BDC) Nanotechnology Initiative (NNBNI), a Canadian consortium, have been identified to cause both bulk effect, dissolution-based (i.e. free metal), or NM-specific toxicity in aquatic organisms. TiO2 NMs are most toxic to algae, with toxicity being NM size-dependent and principally associated with binding of the materials to the organism. Conversely, dissolution of Zn and Ag NMs and the subsequent release of their ionic metal counterparts appear to represent the primary mode of toxicity to aquatic organisms for these NMs. In recent years, our understanding of the toxicological properties of these specific OECD relevant materials has increased significantly. Specifically, researchers have begun to alter their experimental design to identify the different behaviour of these materials as colloids and, by introducing appropriate controls and NM characterisation, aquatic nanotoxicologists are now beginning to possess a clearer understanding of the chemical and physical properties of these materials in solution, and how these materials may interact with organisms. Arming nanotoxicologists with this understanding, combined with knowledge of the physics, chemistry and biology of these materials is essential for maintaining the accuracy of all future toxicological assessments. © CSIRO 2014. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes 2014 1448-2517 11 3 207 226 20 10.1071/EN13221 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) Aquatic and Crop Resource Development (ACRD-DCRA) Développement des cultures et des ressources aquatiques (DCRA-ACRD) National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 21272206 da611c0c-7f61-4478-9c78-b2f4b1c2a5fb P. Tremblin aut N. Schneider aut V. Minier aut P. Didelon aut T. Hill aut L.D. Anderson aut F. Motte aut A. Zavagno aut P. Andre aut D. Arzoumanian aut E. Audit aut M. Benedettini aut S. Bontemps aut T. Csengeri aut J. Di Francesco aut HIA IHA T. Giannini aut M. Hennemann aut Q. Nguyen Luong aut A.P. Marston aut N. Peretto aut A. Rivera-Ingraham aut D. Russeil aut K.L.J. Rygl aut L. Spinoglio aut G.J. White aut text article eng Aims. Ionization feedback should impact the probability distribution function (PDF) of the column density of cold dust around the ionized gas. We aim to quantify this effect and discuss its potential link to the core and initial mass function (CMF/IMF). Methods. We used Herschel column density maps of several regions observed within the HOBYS key program in a systematic way: M 16, the Rosette and Vela C molecular clouds, and the RCW 120 Hâ ‰ ii region. We computed the PDFs in concentric disks around the main ionizing sources, determined their properties, and discuss the effect of ionization pressure on the distribution of the column density. Results. We fitted the column density PDFs of all clouds with two lognormal distributions, since they present a "double-peak" or an enlarged shape in the PDF. Our interpretation is that the lowest part of the column density distribution describes the turbulent molecular gas, while the second peak corresponds to a compression zone induced by the expansion of the ionized gas into the turbulent molecular cloud. Such a double peak is not visible for all clouds associated with ionization fronts, but it depends on the relative importance of ionization pressure and turbulent ram pressure. A power-law tail is present for higher column densities, which are generally ascribed to the effect of gravity. The condensations at the edge of the ionized gas have a steep compressed radial profile, sometimes recognizable in the flattening of the power-law tail. This could lead to an unambiguous criterion that is able to disentangle triggered star formation from pre-existing star formation. Conclusions. In the context of the gravo-turbulent scenario for the origin of the CMF/IMF, the double-peaked or enlarged shape of the PDF may affect the formation of objects at both the low-mass and the high-mass ends of the CMF/IMF. In particular, a broader PDF is required by the gravo-turbulent scenario to fit the IMF properly with a reasonable initial Mach number for the molecular cloud. Since other physical processes (e.g., the equation of state and the variations among the core properties) have already been said to broaden the PDF, the relative importance of the different effects remains an open question. © 2014 ESO. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes C (programming language) Clouds Distribution functions Equations of state Gases Impact ionization Ionization of gases Probability distributions Stars Compression zones Different effects Equation of state H II regions ISM: structure Log-normal distribution Methods:observational Stars: formation Probability density function 2014 1432-0746 564 A106 10.1051/0004-6361/201322700 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) NRC Herzberg Institute of Astrophysics (HIA-IHA) Institut Herzberg d'astrophysique du CNRC (IHA-HIA) National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 21272187 51efedfe-091c-49ed-86c2-174fb1bc96b5 D. Kim aut D. Seo aut AERO AERO X. Huang aut T. Sawatzky aut H. Saari aut J. Hong aut Y.-W. Kim aut text article eng The γ-TiAl alloys are promising high temperature materials for aeroengines due to their low density, high specific strength and low material cost compared with Nickel based superalloys. However, the insufficient ductility at room temperature and the limited oxidation resistance at temperatures above approximately 750°C have limited their applications. Oxidation resistance in the application temperature range of 800 and 1000°C is of particular importance. Remarkable improvement to the environmental resistance by adding ternary and quaternary elements to the γ-TiAl alloys has been reported; however, alloying additions frequently deteriorate their mechanical properties. Surface modifications or coatings, which promote the formation of highly protective alumina scales, are also viable ways to improve the environmental resistance of TiAl alloys. In this article, the research work from the last 30 years on the oxidation behaviour of bare and coated TiAl alloys will be reviewed, with special focus on the γ-TiAl alloys. The review will begin with the oxidation behaviour of TiAl substrate alloys and the oxidation behaviour of γ-TiAl alloys with high temperature coatings such as aluminide, MCrAlY, Ti-Al-X and thermal barrier coating (TBC) system will be followed. © 2014 Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining and ASM International Published by Maney for the Institute and ASM International. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes 2014 1743-2804 59 6 297 325 29 10.1179/1743280414Y.0000000034 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) Aerospace (AERO-AERO) Aérospatiale (AERO-AERO) National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 21272188 aab1c02d-b009-4bc2-a01d-786ea112a226 M. Mazzonna aut M. Bietti aut G.A. Dilabio aut NINT INNT O. Lanzalunga aut M. Salamone aut text article eng A kinetic study of the hydrogen atom transfer from activated phenols (2,6-dimethyl- and 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-substituted phenols, 2,2,5,7,8- pentamethylchroman-6-ol, caffeic acid, and (+)-cathechin) to a series of N-oxyl radical (4-substituted phthalimide-N-oxyl radicals (4-X-PINO), 6-substituted benzotriazole-N-oxyl radicals (6-Y-BTNO), 3-quinazolin-4-one-N-oxyl radical (QONO), and 3-benzotriazin-4-one-N-oxyl radical (BONO)), was carried out by laser flash photolysis in CH3CN. A significant effect of the N-oxyl radical structure on the hydrogen transfer rate constants (kH) was observed with kH values that monotonically increase with increasing NO-H bond dissociation energy (BDENO-H) of the N-hydroxylamines. The analysis of the kinetic data coupled to the results of theoretical calculations indicates that these reactions proceed by a hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) mechanism where the N-oxyl radical and the phenolic aromatic rings adopt a π-stacked arrangement. Theoretical calculations also showed pronounced structural effects of the N-oxyl radicals on the charge transfer occurring in the π-stacked conformation. Comparison of the kH values measured in this study with those previously reported for hydrogen atom transfer to the cumylperoxyl radical indicates that 6-CH3-BTNO is the best N-oxyl radical to be used as a model for evaluating the radical scavenging ability of phenolic antioxidants. © 2014 American Chemical Society. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes Atoms Bond strength (chemical) Hydrogen Isomers Phenols Rate constants Bond dissociation energies Hydrogen atom transfers (HAT) Hydrogen-atom transfer Laser flash photolysis Phenolic antioxidant Phenolic aromatic rings Stacking interaction Theoretical calculations Free radical reactions 6 hydroxy 2,2,5,7,8 pentamethylchroman acetonitrile antioxidant caffeic acid catechin hydrogen hydroxylamine n oxyl radical phenol derivative phthalimide quinazoline derivative radical triazine derivative unclassified drug article chemical binding density functional theory dissociation energy enthalpy gas hydrogen bond proton transport solvent effect time 2014 1520-6904 79 11 5209 5218 10 10.1021/jo500789v National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) National Institute for Nanotechnology (NINT-INNT) Institut national de nanotechnologie (INNT-NINT) National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 21272189 fd4989d0-0d76-4db8-8a09-943addb918f7 R. Henríquez aut R. Demarco aut J.L. Consalvi aut F. Liu aut MSS SME A. Fuentes aut text article eng An experimental study of the effect of oxygen index (OI) on soot formation in laminar coflow propane diffusion flames is presented. The OI was defined as the oxygen volumetric concentration in the oxidizer flow, O2/(O 2+N2), which was varied from 21% to 37%. The influence of the OI was quantified by means of three variables: the flame height, the soot volume fraction, and the vertical distribution of radiative heat flux. The flame height was based on CH* spontaneous emission and found to vary inversely with the OI, following the classical theory of Roper. As the OI increases, the rates of soot growth and soot oxidation are enhanced, and the maximum soot volume fraction and the peak of integrated soot volume fraction also increase. Moreover, the evolution of the peak of radiative heat flux and the maximum soot volume fraction are found to follow the same evolution with the OI. Copyright © Taylor & Francis Group, LLC. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes Diffusion Heat flux Oxygen Propane Soot Volume fraction Classical theory Diffusion Flame Effect of oxygen Radiative heat fluxes Soot formations Soot volume fraction Vertical distributions Volumetric concentrations Dust 2014 1563-521X 186 4-May 504 517 14 10.1080/00102202.2014.883226 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) Measurement Science and Standards (MSS-SME) Science des mesures et étalons (SME-MSS) National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 21272192 2ed648f5-1336-49c6-bb75-c9eaf3b721f2 H. Sharifi aut V.K. Walker aut J. Ripmeester aut SIMS ISSM P. Englezos aut text article eng The performance of two antifreeze proteins (AFPs), type I and III (AFP I and III), as kinetic natural gas hydrate inhibitors in saline solutions was evaluated using a high pressure micro differential scanning calorimeter and a high pressure apparatus consisting of two crystallizers. Although AFP I and III were found to prolong crystallization time and reduce initial gas hydrate growth in saline solutions, the growth rate increased when hydrate started to form in the gas phase. Circular dichroism experiments suggested that the saline solution did not perturb AFP I and III structures. However, in the presence of saline, the inhibitory activity of AFP I to prolong induction time decreased while AFP III was more active. As a consequence, we propose that a decrease in hydrophobic forces and the neutralization of ion charges could explain AFP adsorption to the surface of hydrate crystals. Once the hydrate formed, melting was delayed, and consequently hydrate decomposition took longer in the presence of AFPs. We suggest conditions whereby the properties of AFPs could be harnessed for petrochemical recovery and transport. © 2014 American Chemical Society. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes Differential scanning calorimetry Hydration Antifreeze protein Clathrate hydrate Crystallization time Differential scanning calorimeters High pressure apparatus Hydrate decomposition Hydrophobic forces Inhibitory activity Gas hydrates 2014 1528-7505 14 6 2923 2930 8 10.1021/cg500218q National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) NRC Steacie Institute for Molecular Sciences (SIMS-ISSM) Institut Steacie des sciences moléculaires du CNRC (ISSM-SIMS) National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 21272198 14ae2eac-92cc-40d8-8d61-8c5d263d210b David Scott Hall Hall, David S. aut EME EME David J Lockwood Lockwood, David J. aut MSS SME Shawn Poirier aut MSS SME Christina Bock aut EME EME Barry R MacDougall MacDougall, Barry R. aut EME EME text article eng The applications of in situ vibrational spectroscopy for identifying bulk and surface Ni(OH)2 are discussed. Raman spectra from α- and β-Ni(OH)2 samples immersed in water are generally similar to those collected from comparable dry samples. However, the Raman scattering intensities vary, and dry β-Ni(OH)2 additionally exhibits a surface O-H stretching mode at 3690 cm-1. Using in situ Raman spectroscopy, the spontaneous transformation of α-Ni(OH)2 to β-Ni(OH)2 in room-temperature water was monitored. Such transformations are conventionally performed in high-temperature alkaline media. An intralayer OH-diffusion model is proposed. Internal stresses at the α/β-phase boundary caused shifted peaks, higher order vibrational modes, and a new water peak at 3520 cm-1. We conclude that Raman spectroscopy may be applied to observe Ni(OH)2 materials in situ during chemical and electrochemical treatments. Such measurements provide information on the proportions of α- and β-Ni(OH)2 and their fine structural details with high sensitivity. © Published 2014 by the American Chemical Society. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes Alkalinity Raman scattering Raman spectroscopy Surfaces Vibrational spectroscopy Electrochemical treatments In-situ Raman spectroscopy Nickel hydroxides Raman scattering intensity Spontaneous transformation Stretching modes Structural details Vibrational modes Nickel 2014 1944-8252 6 5 3141 3149 9 10.1021/am405419k Energy, Mining and Environment Énergie, mines et environnement Measurement Science and Standards Science des mesures et étalons National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 21272202 dec76743-71cd-4b8c-a7ed-7405278e3854 W. Ye aut D. Won aut CONST CONST X. Zhang aut text article eng 2014 Ventilation is commonly used as a basic means to supply outdoor air to indoor environment to achieve better indoor air quality. To reduce harmful effect due to indoor pollutants such as formaldehyde and VOCs emitted from building materials, proper ventilation should be maintained to meet a minimum ventilation rate at least. Two new methods, i.e., characteristic and two-stage ventilation rate method, were proposed to predict ventilation rate based on building material emissions. Scenarios involving four standard rooms and different material loadings were analyzed to study adequate ventilation rates for residential buildings and offices. The study followed the IAQ procedure recommended by ASHRAE. The emission source data were from the National Research Council Canada (NRC) database. The building material emissions and consequent VOC concentrations were predicted by using two approaches called the characteristic emission rate method and the two-stage emission rate method. The ventilation rates were calculated for ten scenarios to meet the thresholds given by seven indoor air quality references. The results showed that the ventilation rate depended on the selection of reference standard, material and emission area. The dominating chemical substance in determining ventilation rate in various cases was not unique. The time to take for the emission to complete was 2.5-5 years for all cases. Due to the inherent nature of the characteristic emission rate method for over-estimating long-term emissions, replacing the characteristic ventilation rate with steady-state ventilation rate could lead to the ventilation rate requirement reduced by approximately half. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes Building codes Building materials Buildings Indoor air pollution ACH Characteristic emission Determination methods Indoor environment LCI Material emissions National Research Council Residential building Ventilation air quality building construction material emission indoor air ventilation volatile organic compound 0360-1323 79 168 180 13 10.1016/j.buildenv.2014.05.009 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) Construction (CONST-CONST) Construction (CONST-CONST) National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 21272193 6bfedaf5-5560-4c06-86ad-4c1f48402b07 A.T. Trueba aut SIMS ISSM M.C. Kroon aut C.J. Peters aut I.L. Moudrakovski aut SIMS ISSM C.I. Ratcliffe aut SIMS ISSM S. Alavi aut SIMS ISSM J.A. Ripmeester aut SIMS ISSM text article eng Prospective industrial applications of clathrate hydrates as materials for gas separation require further knowledge of cavity distortion, cavity selectivity, and defects induction by guest-host interactions. The results presented in this contribution show that under certain temperature conditions the guest combination of CH3F and a large polar molecule induces defects on the clathrate hydrate framework that allow intercage guest dynamics. 13C NMR chemical shifts of a CH3F/CH4/TBME sH hydrate and a temperature analysis of the 2H NMR powder lineshapes of a CD3F/THF sII and CD3F/TBME sH hydrate, displayed evidence that the populations of CH4 and CH3F in the D and D′ cages were in a state of rapid exchange. A hydrogen bonding analysis using molecular dynamics simulations on the TBME/CH3F and TBME/CH4 sH hydrates showed that the presence of CH3F enhances the hydrogen bonding probability of the TBME molecule with the water molecules of the cavity. Similar results were obtained for THF/CH3F and THF/CH4 sII hydrates. The enhanced hydrogen bond formation leads to the formation of defects in the water hydrogen bonding lattice and this can enhance the migration of CH3F molecules between adjacent small cages. © 2014 AIP Publishing LLC. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes Defects Hydration Hydrogen bonds Industrial applications Molecular dynamics Molecules Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy Clathrate hydrate Gas separations Guest-host interactions Hydrogen-bond formation Molecular dynamics simulations NMR chemical shifts Temperature analysis Temperature conditions Gas hydrates 2014 0021-9606 140 21 214703 10.1063/1.4874636 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) NRC Steacie Institute for Molecular Sciences (SIMS-ISSM) Institut Steacie des sciences moléculaires du CNRC (ISSM-SIMS) National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 21272190 a690e2b4-888e-40c2-a04f-ac9b024d4473 L. Moreira Da Costa aut NINT INNT S.R. Stoyanov aut NINT INNT S. Gusarov aut NINT INNT P.R. Seidl aut J. Walkimar De M. Carneiro aut A. Kovalenko aut NINT INNT text article eng Density functional theory (DFT), Møller-Plesset second-order perturbation theory (MP2), and semiempirical methods are employed for the geometry optimization and thermochemistry analysis of π-π stacked di-, tri-, tetra-, and pentamer aggregates of the fused polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) naphthalene, anthracene, phenanthrene, tetracene, pyrene, and coronene as well as benzene. These aggregates (stabilized by dispersion interactions) are highly relevant to the intermolecular aggregation of asphaltenes, major components of heavy petroleum. The strength of π-π stacking interaction is evaluated with respect to the π-stacking distance and thermochemistry results, such as aggregation enthalpies, entropies, and Gibbs free energies (ΔG298). For both π-stacking interplanar distances and thermochemistry, the ωB97X-D functional with an augmented damped R-6 dispersion correction term and MP2 are in the closest agreement with the highly accurate spin-component scaled MP2 (SCS-MP2) method that we selected as a reference. The ΔG298 values indicate that the aggregation of coronene is spontaneous at 298 K and the formation of pyrene dimers occurs spontaneously at temperature lower than 250 K. Aggregates of smaller PAHs would be stable at even lower temperature. These findings are supported by X-ray crystallographic determination results showing that among the PAHs studied only coronene forms continuous stacked aggregates in single crystals, pyrene forms dimers, and smaller PAHs do not form π-π stacked aggregates. Thermochemistry analysis results show that PAHs containing more than four fused benzene rings would spontaneously form aggregates at 298 K. Also, round-shaped PAHs, such as phenanthrene and pyrene, form more stable aggregates than linear PAHs, such as anthracene and tetracene, due to decreased entropic penalty. These results are intended to help guide the synthesis of model asphaltene compounds for spectroscopic studies so as to help understand the aggregation behavior of heavy petroleum. © 2014 American Chemical Society. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes Computational studies Dispersion interaction Intermolecular aggregation Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHS) Second order perturbation theory Semi-empirical methods Spectroscopic studies Thermochemistry analysis Anthracene Asphaltenes Benzene Electromagnetic dispersion Naphthalene Pyrene Spectroscopic analysis Thermochemistry X ray crystallography Aggregates 2014 1089-5639 118 5 896 908 13 10.1021/jp408005h National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) National Institute for Nanotechnology (NINT-INNT) Institut national de nanotechnologie (INNT-NINT) National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 21272199 37848c7e-7993-4edc-978a-5c83cf24ee4f G.M. Marshall aut EME EME B. Patarachao aut EME EME K. Moran aut P.H.J. Mercier aut EME EME text article eng Zircon mineral solids concentrated from Athabasca oil sands froth treatment tailings were compared by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, and collector-assisted froth flotation before and after surface cleaning in a low temperature, radio-frequency oxygen plasma. Plasma cleaning was effective at removing a surface bound layer of organic matter having chemical markers consistent with bituminous fractions. Specifically, the observation of long-chain aliphatics, ester and ether linkages, aromatic indicators, and hydroxyls in the absence of carboxylic acid groups, suggested the surface organic layer was representative of asphaltene or resin. Supporting this interpretation was the identification of pyrrolic and thiophenic chemical states. Plasma degradation of the hydrocarbon component transformed the zircon particles from hydrophobic to hydrophilic as evidenced by their recovery in water/ethanol froth flotation tests. The cleaned zircon particles were subsequently collected in the froth using dodecylamine. This work explains the surface conditions responsible for the reporting of zircon to the froth treatment tailings and demonstrates the efficacy of plasma cleaning as a means to condition zircon for coupling with collector agents. A physical model of surface adsorption is discussed and process implications are considered. © 2014 Published by Elsevier Ltd. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes Chemical cleaning Infrared spectroscopy Oil sands Plasma applications Plasmas Surface chemistry X ray photoelectron spectroscopy Zircon Athabasca oil sands Carboxylic acid groups Hydrocarbon components Plasma degradation Plasma treatment Surface adsorption Surface conditions Surface organic layers Froth flotation 2014 0892-6875 65 79 87 9 10.1016/j.mineng.2014.05.016 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) Energy, Mining and Environment (EME-EME) Énergie, mines et environnement (EME-EME) National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 21272191 06026fc1-01b5-41ea-b35f-0ece7f15fe05 A.M. Mahmoud aut T. Tang aut D. Jed Harrison aut NINT INNT W.E. Lee aut A.B. Jemere aut NINT INNT text article eng We report on the development of an electrochemical reductive desorption protocol for repeated regeneration of gold electrodes modified with multi-layers of self-assembled surfaces for use in electrochemical sensing. The gold electrodes were first modified with 1,6-hexanedithiol to which gold nanoparticles were attached in a subsequent modification step. Attachment of thiolated single-stranded nucleic acid oligomers to the gold nanoparticles completed the electrochemical sensor. The changes of electrode behavior after each assembly and desorption processes were investigated by cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy techniques. The self-assembled sensor showed a wide dynamic range (0.1-100. nM), a low detection limit (20. pM) and high reproducibility (4.4% RSD) for complementary nucleic acid target molecules, along with reusability. On a single gold electrode, the complete sensor-target structure could be assembled and disassembled at least four times with 90% of its original signal intact. © 2014 Elsevier B.V. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes 2014 0956-5663 56 328 333 6 10.1016/j.bios.2014.01.019 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) National Institute for Nanotechnology (NINT-INNT) Institut national de nanotechnologie (INNT-NINT) National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 21272194 91a7b659-19f1-406b-86f5-d19bcf93667e J. Ding aut SDT TSR Z. Li aut SDT TSR J. Lefebvre aut SDT TSR F. Cheng aut SDT TSR G. Dubey aut SDT TSR S. Zou aut P. Finnie aut SDT TSR A. Hrdina aut SDT TSR L. Scoles aut NRC CNRC G.P. Lopinski aut C.T. Kingston aut SDT TSR B. Simard aut SDT TSR P.R.L. Malenfant aut SDT TSR text article eng A systematic study on the use of 9,9-dialkylfluorene homopolymers (PFs) for large-diameter semiconducting (sc-) single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) enrichment is the focus of this report. The enrichment is based on a simple three-step extraction process: (1) dispersion of as-produced SWCNTs in a PF solution; (2) centrifugation at a low speed to separate the enriched sc-tubes; (3) filtration to collect the enriched sc-SWCNTs and remove excess polymer. The effect of the extraction conditions on the purity and yield including molecular weight and alkyl side-chain length of the polymers, SWCNT concentration, and polymer/SWCNT ratio have been examined. It was observed that PFs with alkyl chain lengths of C10, C12, C14, and C18, all have an excellent capability to enrich laser-ablation sc-SWCNTs when their molecular weight is larger than ∼10 000 Da. More detailed studies were therefore carried out with the C12 polymer, poly(9,9-di-n-dodecylfluorene), PFDD. It was found that a high polymer/SWCNT ratio leads to an enhanced yield but a reduced sc-purity. A ratio of 0.5-1.0 gives an excellent sc-purity and a yield of 5-10% in a single extraction as assessed by UV-vis-NIR absorption spectra. The yield can also be promoted by multiple extractions while maintaining high sc-purity. Mechanistic experiments involving time-lapse dispersion studies reveal that m-SWCNTs have a lower propensity to be dispersed, yielding a sc-SWCNT enriched material in the supernatant. Dispersion stability studies with partially enriched sc-SWCNT material further reveal that m-SWCNTs : PFDD complexes will re-aggregate faster than sc-SWCNTs : PFDD complexes, providing further sc-SWCNT enrichment. This result confirms that the enrichment was due to the much tighter bundles in raw materials and the more rapid bundling in dispersion of the m-SWCNTs. The sc-purity is also confirmed by Raman spectroscopy and photoluminescence excitation (PLE) mapping. The latter shows that the enriched sc-SWCNT sample has a narrow chirality and diameter distribution dominated by the (10,9) species with d = 1.29 nm. The enriched sc-SWCNTs allow a simple drop-casting method to form a dense nanotube network on SiO2/Si substrates, leading to thin film transistors (TFTs) with an average mobility of 27 cm2 V -1 s-1 and an average on/off current ratio of 1.8 × 106 when considering all 25 devices having 25 μm channel length prepared on a single chip. The results presented herein demonstrate how an easily scalable technique provides large-diameter sc-SWCNTs with high purity, further enabling the best TFT performance reported to date for conjugated polymer enriched sc-SWCNTs. © 2014 The Royal Society of Chemistry. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes Alkyl side-chain lengths Diameter distributions Extraction conditions Photoluminescence excitation Semiconducting-SWCNTs Singlewalled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) Thin-film transistor (TFTs) UV-Vis-NIR absorption Chain length Complex networks Extraction Molecular weight Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCN) Thin film transistors Thin films Dispersions 2014 2040-3364 6 4 2328 2339 12 10.1039/c3nr05511f National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) Security and Disruptive Technologies (SDT-TSR) Technologies de sécurité et de rupture (TSR-SDT) National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 21272195 da7d2ec5-ace9-4e88-9e58-cb1b9c24675e K. Mehta aut A. Parker aut F. Tessier aut MSS SME text article eng Recent developments have produced low energy X ray systems capable of providing a radiation dose to adequate volumes suitable for sterile inset programmes. To support the adoption of these new systems, the performance of the Gafchromic® HD-810 dosimetry system previously used for gamma irradiation needed to be better understood at the lower photon energies. For low energy photons, the optical density of the irradiated Gafchromic HD-810 film dosimeters significantly depends on the material surrounding them. For example, if paper, Mylar® or PVC is used to house the dosimeter during irradiation, the optical density can vary by as much as a factor of three or more for the same dose. This paper is an attempt to elucidate the performance of the Gafchromic HD-810 film dosimeters for such low energy X radiation (∼150 keV). Our data show that this behaviour can be explained by the fact that these materials have significantly different photon mass attenuation coefficient. This conclusion was reinforced with mathematical simulation using Monte Carlo modelling. We also show that with the different structure of another Gafchromic film dosimeter (MD-V2-55) this effect is virtually non-existent. An understanding of the behaviour of thin film dosimeters like Gafchromic HD-810 under radiation is crucial for reliable dosimetry. We hope that this work can also provide guidance in the use of other thin film dosimeters at similar low photon energies. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes Density (optical) Density measurement (optical) Dosimetry Photons Polyvinyl chlorides Thin films Different structure Electron equilibrium Low energy photons Mass attenuation coefficients Mathematical simulations Monte Carlo modelling RS-2400 Thin film dosimeters Dosimeters 2014 1350-4487 67 48 54 7 10.1016/j.radmeas.2014.05.018 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) Measurement Science and Standards (MSS-SME) Science des mesures et étalons (SME-MSS) National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 21272196 7051d8b4-e8aa-45d2-88f2-273b695c0978 Y. Iskandar aut A. Tendolkar aut AERO AERO M.H. Attia aut AERO AERO P. Hendrick aut A. Damir aut AERO AERO C. Diakodimitris aut text article eng Limited information is available on the effect of Minimum Quantity Lubrication (MQL) parameters (oil flow rate OFR, air flow rate AFR, nozzle orientation and distance from the cutting zone) on flow characteristics. 'Particle Image Velocimetry' and 'Phase Doppler Anemometry' flow visualization methods were used to define the optimal MQL jet for better penetration and cooling/lubrication; coherent, small magnitude/number of vorticities, and small droplets of high velocity. Effect of flow characteristics on cutting forces, temperature, tool wear and geometric errors was examined in CFRP milling. Optimum AFR, OFR and nozzle distance from the cutting zone were established and compared to flood, pressurized air, and dry machining. © 2014 CIRP. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes Composite materials Cutting Drop formation Flow rate Nozzles Flow charac-teristics Geometric errors Limited information Minimum quantity lubrication Nozzle orientations Particle image velocimetries Phase Doppler anemometry Visualization method Flow visualization 2014 1726-0604 63 1 77 80 4 10.1016/j.cirp.2014.03.078 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) Aerospace (AERO-AERO) Aérospatiale (AERO-AERO) National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 21272197 0861ee26-5857-4214-b36d-841a97d213ad M.J. Parker aut K. Gomery aut G. Richard aut HHT TSH C.R. Mackenzie aut HHT TSH A.D. Cox aut HHT TSH J.C. Richards aut HHT TSH S.V. Evans aut text article eng The structure of a antigen-binding fragment (Fab) from the bactericidal monoclonal antibody LPT3-1 specific to lipooligosaccharide (LOS) inner cores from Neisseria meningitidis has been solved in complex with an eight-sugar inner core fragment NmL3 galE lpt3 KOH to 2.69 Å resolution. The epitope is centered about an inner core N-acetylglucosamine residue unique to N. meningitidis and does not include the lipid A moiety, which is disordered in the structure, but is positioned to allow the binding of free and membrane-anchored full-length LOS. All the amino acid residues that contact antigen are of germline origin but, remarkably, two consecutive somatic mutations of serine to glycine in the heavy chain at residues 52 and 52a are positioned to deprive the antibody of advantageous interactions and so weaken binding. However, these mutations are key to allowing selective cross-reactivity with the HepII-3-PEtn inner core variant expressed by 70% of strains. Neisseria meningitidis is a leading cause of disease in the developed world and is especially dangerous to children, who lack the necessary protective antibodies. The structure of Fab LPT3-1 in complex with LOS provides insight into the antibody's selective ability to recognize multiple clinically relevant variations of the LOS inner core from N. meningitidis. © The Author 2014. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes amino acid bacterium antibody glycine lipid A lipooligosaccharide monoclonal antibody monoclonal antibody LPT3 1 n acetylglucosamine serine unclassified drug antigen recognition article bacterial strain controlled study cross reaction drug structure heavy chain Neisseria meningitidis nonhuman priority journal somatic mutation structure analysis X ray crystallography 2014 1460-2423 24 5 442 449 8 10.1093/glycob/cwu009 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) Human Health Therapeutics (HHT-TSH) Thérapeutiques en santé humaine (TSH-HHT) National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 21272200 7d9c07a5-0b5a-43e3-91b8-0169f9b70608 Y. Chen aut AERO AERO F.D. Ulker aut AERO AERO V. Wickramasinghe aut AERO AERO D.G. Zimcik aut AERO AERO text article eng Aerodynamic buffeting load can lead to premature fatigue damage of aircraft vertical fin structures. This article presents a robust control law development strategy for active buffeting load alleviation of a smart fin structure. The impact of aerodynamic loads on the modeling uncertainties of the smart fin was investigated through extensive wind tunnel tests. Test results revealed that the airflow introduced higher damping ratio and caused frequency shift to the vibration modes. These aerodynamic effects may adversely affect the performance and robustness of active control laws. Based on the observations, the structured singular value synthesis technique was used to develop a robust control law for the smart fin using a truncated baseline dynamic model. A parametric uncertainty block was introduced to account for the changes in the modal parameters of the baseline dynamic model due to the aerodynamic effects. An additive uncertainty block was included to account for the unmodeled higher-order vibration modes as well as the modeling errors in the low frequency range. The robust performance of the control law was demonstrated through simulations as well as extensive closed-loop control experiments in the wind tunnel using various free airstreams and vortical airflows. This provided a verified control law design strategy for active buffeting alleviation applications. © The Author(s) 2013. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes 2014 1530-8138 25 7 818 831 14 10.1177/1045389X13491639 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) Aerospace (AERO-AERO) Aérospatiale (AERO-AERO) National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 21272201 c7690cf0-2e75-4df2-b8f5-be9c2d0b0386 K.S. Kim aut SDT TSR C.T. Kingston aut SDT TSR D. Ruth aut SDT TSR M. Barnes aut SDT TSR B. Simard aut SDT TSR text article eng As usage of carbon nanotubes continues to increase in both scientific research and practical applications, there has been a growing interest in the large-scale synthesis of those materials with high quality and high purity. Here we report a new plasma process developed for the large-scale synthesis of high quality single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs). An induction thermal plasma with a liquid precursor spraying technique was employed for an effective synthesis of SWCNTs from a mixture of toluene and ferrocene. It has been successfully demonstrated in this new process that high quality SWCNTs can be synthesized continuously with a reasonably high-purity, the structural quality of the materials produced being comparable to those of SWCNTs produced from the laser vaporization process. The high temperature of the plasma, over 4000. K, seems to be responsible for the production of high quality SWCNTs and the rapid treatment of a large amount of feedstock, whereas the hydrogen plasma contributes to the purity enhancement by selective etching of amorphous carbon. It is also found that the diameter distribution of SWCNTs can be controlled effectively by varying the sulfur content in the feedstock mixture, which is very promising for many advanced applications of SWCNTs such as SWCNT-based electronics. © 2014. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes Amorphous carbon Feedstocks Liquids Mixtures Organometallics Plasma spraying Plasmas Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCN) Thermal spraying Diameter control Diameter distributions Induction plasma Induction thermal plasma Large scale synthesis Liquid precursors Scientific researches Single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNTs) Process control 2014 1385-8947 250 331 341 11 10.1016/j.cej.2014.03.117 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) Security and Disruptive Technologies (SDT-TSR) Technologies de sécurité et de rupture (TSR-SDT) National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 21272204 ae3d88c9-9186-4284-8baa-c4118689e7d0 A.V. Shindyapina aut G.V. Mkrtchyan aut T. Gneteeva aut S. Buiucli aut B. Tancowny aut NINT INNT M. Kulka aut NINT INNT A. Aliper aut A. Zhavoronkov aut text article eng Age-related metastatic mineralization of soft tissues has been considered a passive and spontaneous process. Recent data have demonstrated that calcium salt deposition in soft tissues could be a highly regulated process. Although calcification occurs in any tissue type, vascular calcification has been of particular interest due to association with atherosclerosis, chronic kidney disease (CKD), and osteoporosis. Different mechanisms underlying calcium apatite accumulation are explored with these age-related disorders. In the case of atherosclerotic plaques, oxy-lipids trigger release of the pro-inflammatory cytokines and inflammation that activate calcification processes in aorta intimae. In CKD patients, renal failure alters the balance between calcium and phosphate levels usually regulated by fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF23), Klotho, and vitamin D, and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) begin to explore an osteoblastosteoblast-like phenotype. Calcification could affect extracellular matrix along with VSMCs. Collagen is a major component of extracellular matrix and its modifications accumulate with age. The formation of cross-links between collagen fibers is regulated by the action of lysine hydroxylases and lysyl oxidase and could occur spontaneously. Oxidation-induced advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are a major type of spontaneous cross-links that accelerate with age and may result in tissue stiffness, problems with recycling, and potential accumulation of calcium apatite. Applying strategies for clearing the AGEs proposed by de Grey may be more difficult in the highly mineralized extracellular matrix. We performed bioinformatic analysis of the molecular pathways underlying calcification in atherosclerotic and CKD patients, signaling pathways of collagen cross-links formation, and bone mineralization, and we propose new potential targets and review drugs for calcification treatment. © Copyright 2014, Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. 2014. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes advanced glycation end product bone morphogenetic protein collagen fibroblast growth factor fresolimumab hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitor matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor metelimumab pioglitazone procollagen lysine 2 oxoglutarate 5 dioxygenase protein lysine 6 oxidase age aging article atherosclerosis bioinformatics blood vessel calcification bone disease bone mineralization chronic kidney disease connective tissue craniofacial synostosis cross linking hormone substitution human kidney polycystic disease nonhuman nuclear magnetic resonance imaging optical coherence tomography ossification priority journal protein cross linking pseudoxanthoma elasticum rigidity soft tissue calcification tissue degeneration tissue mineralization 2014 1557-8577 17 2 116 133 18 10.1089/rej.2013.1475 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) National Institute for Nanotechnology (NINT-INNT) Institut national de nanotechnologie (INNT-NINT) National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 21272148 54d36233-210a-4ac6-898c-301359f9de82 J. Kilcoyne aut P. McCarron aut MSS SME M.J. Twiner aut C. Nulty aut S. Crain aut MSS SME M.A. Quilliam aut MSS SME F. Rise aut A.L. Wilkins aut C.O. Miles aut text article eng Since azaspiracid-1 (AZA1) was identified in 1998, the number of AZA analogues has increased to over 30. The development of an LC-MS method using a neutral mobile phase led to the discovery of isomers of AZA1, AZA2, and AZA3, present at ∼2-16% of the parent analogues in phytoplankton and shellfish samples. Under acidic mobile phase conditions, isomers and their parents are not separated. Stability studies showed that these isomers were spontaneous epimerization products whose formation is accelerated with the application of heat. The AZA1 isomer was isolated from contaminated shellfish and identified as 37-epi-AZA1 by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and chemical analyses. Similar analysis indicated that the isomers of AZA2 and AZA3 corresponded to 37-epi-AZA2 and 37-epi-AZA3, respectively. The 37-epimers were found to exist in equilibrium with the parent compounds in solution. 37-epi-AZA1 was quantitated by NMR, and relative molar response studies were performed to determine the potential differences in LC-MS response of AZA1 and 37-epi-AZA1. Toxicological effects were determined using Jurkat T lymphocyte cells as an in vitro cell model. Cytotoxicity experiments employing a metabolically based dye (i.e., MTS) indicated that 37-epi-AZA1 elicited a lethal response that was both concentration- and time-dependent, with EC50 values in the subnanomolar range. On the basis of EC50 comparisons, 37-epi-AZA1 was 5.1-fold more potent than AZA1. This data suggests that the presence of these epimers in seafood products should be considered in the analysis of AZAs for regulatory purposes. © 2014 American Chemical Society. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes 37 epiazaspiracid 1 acetonitrile azaspiracid dye unclassified drug aqueous solution article carbon nuclear magnetic resonance concentration response consumer controlled study cytotoxicity cytotoxicity assay decarboxylation epimer epimerization experimental model food contamination half life time in vitro study leukemia cell line liquid chromatography mass spectrometry mussel phytoplankton proton nuclear magnetic resonance reaction analysis sea food shellfish structure analysis tandem mass spectrometry time toxicity testing toxin analysis 2014 1520-5010 27 4 587 600 14 10.1021/tx400434b National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) Measurement Science and Standards (MSS-SME) Science des mesures et étalons (SME-MSS) National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 21272151 d6bab772-25d4-4827-829e-95349dde21c8 P.M. LeBlanc aut T.A. Doggett aut J. Choi aut M.A. Hancock aut Y. Durocher aut BRI IRB F. Frank aut B. Nagar aut T.A. Ferguson aut M. Saleh aut text article eng Apoptotic cells trigger immune tolerance in engulfing phagocytes. This poorly understood process is believed to contribute to the severe immunosuppression and increased susceptibility to nosocomial infections observed in critically ill sepsis patients. Extracellular high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is an important mediator of both sepsis lethality and the induction of immune tolerance by apoptotic cells. We have found that HMGB1 is sensitive to processing by caspase-1, resulting in the production of a fragment within its N-terminal DNA-binding domain (the A-box) that signals through the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) to reverse apoptosis-induced tolerance. In a two-hit mouse model of sepsis, we show that tolerance to a secondary infection and its associated mortality were effectively reversed by active immunization with dendritic cells treated with HMGB1 or the Abox fragment, but not a noncleavable form of HMGB1. These findings represent a novel link between caspase-1 and HMGB1, with potential therapeutic implications in infectious and inflammatory diseases. © 2014 by The American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Inc. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes Biochemistry Biology Advanced glycation end products Apoptotic cells Critically ills DNA-binding domain High-mobility groups Immune tolerances Inflammatory disease Nosocomial infection Cell death advanced glycation end product advanced glycation end product receptor aspartic acid cryopyrin dendritic cell vaccine high mobility group B1 protein inflammasome interleukin 1beta converting enzyme recombinant enzyme A box active immunization amino terminal sequence animal cell animal experiment animal model animal tissue apoptosis article candidemia cell therapy delayed hypersensitivity dendritic cell DNA binding motif embryo immunogenicity immunological tolerance immunomodulation in vitro study mortality mouse nonhuman priority journal protein domain protein protein interaction secondary infection sepsis Apoptosis Caspase Inflammation Innate Immunity Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products (RAGE) Sepsis Tolerance Animals Apoptosis Candida Candidiasis Caspase 1 Dendritic Cells Fibroblasts HMGB1 Protein Immune Tolerance Immunity, Innate Inflammation Mice Mice, Inbred C57BL Mice, Knockout Peptides Receptors, Immunologic Recombinant Proteins Sepsis Surface Plasmon Resonance 2014 1083-351X 289 11 7777 7786 10 10.1074/jbc.M113.541474 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) NRC Biotechnology Research Institute (BRI-IRB) Institut de recherche en biotechnologie du CNRC (IRB-BRI) National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 21272159 415c280e-d4c6-455f-9b20-e33489d951f2 L. Zhu aut P. Shi aut J. Xue aut Y. Wang aut Q. Chen aut J. Ding aut SDT TSR Q. Wang aut text article eng The surfaces of nanotube arrays were coated with poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) using an imprinting method with an anodized alumina membrane as the template. The prepared nanotube array surfaces then either remained untreated or were coated with NH2(CH2)3Si(OCH 3)3(PDNS) or CF3(CF2) 7CH2CH2Si(OC2H5) 3 (PFO). Thus, nanotube arrays with three different surfaces, PDNS, PMMA (without coating), and PFO, were obtained. All three surfaces (PDNS, PMMA, and PFO) exhibited superhydrophobic properties with contact angles (CA) of 155, 166, and 168°, respectively, and their intrinsic water contact angles were 30, 79, and 118°, respectively. The superhydrophobic stabilities of these three surfaces were examined under dynamic impact and static pressures in terms of the transition from the Cassie-Baxter mode to the Wenzel mode. This transition was determined by the maximum pressure (pmax), which is dependent on the intrinsic contact angle and the nanotube density of the surface. A pmax greater than 10 kPa, which is sufficiently large to maintain stable superhydrophobicity under extreme weather conditions, such as in heavy rain, was expected from the PFO surface. Interestingly, the PDNS surface, with an intrinsic CA of only 30°, also displayed superhydrophobicity, with a CA of 155°. This property was partially maintained under the dynamic impact and static pressure tests. However, under an extremely high pressure (0.5 MPa), all three surfaces transitioned from the Cassie-Baxter mode to the Wenzel mode. Furthermore, the lost superhydrophobicity could not be recovered by simply relieving the pressure. This result indicates that the best way to maintain superhydrophobicity is to increase the pmax of the surface to a value higher than the applied external pressure by using low surface energy materials and having high-density binary nano-/microstructures on the surface. © 2014 American Chemical Society. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes Alumina Contact angle Energy barriers Esters Nanotubes Silicon Anodized alumina membranes External pressures Extreme weather conditions Low surface energy materials Nanotube arrays Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) State transitions Superhydrophobic Hydrophobicity 2014 1944-8252 6 11 8073 8079 7 10.1021/am500261c National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) Security and Disruptive Technologies (SDT-TSR) Technologies de sécurité et de rupture (TSR-SDT) National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 21272171 b7512250-192f-45f2-a3ec-1bc4ec35794b Y. Liang aut K. Yu aut SIMS ISSM J. Wang aut J. Chen aut B. Sun aut L. Shao aut text article eng The effect of erythorbic acid (EA) on the aqueous formation of CdS quantum dots (QDs) at room temperature was explored in this work. Without N2 protection, CdS QDs were synthesized in water by a one-pot non-hot-injection approach at room temperature. The Cd and S sources were CdCl2 and Na2S, respectively, together with 3-mercapto-propionic acid (MPA) as the passivating ligand. The experimental results indicate that the use of the oxygen scavenger, i.e., EA, was critical for the formation of the CdS QDs with reasonably good optical properties, and it is also important to tune experimental parameters such as MPA-to-Cd molar ratios, pH, and reactant concentrations. The mechanism about the EA promoted formation of CdS QDs was discussed in terms of NMR, IR, in situ absorption, and photoemission studies. The very reason for the EA promoted formation of CdS QDs is due to its reducibility and passivation on the QD surface (particularly in alkaline environment). The present study suggests that the use of EA could be a practical means to enable the room-temperature formation of QDs in water. © 2014 Elsevier B.V. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes Alkalinity Cadmium chloride Optical properties Passivation Scavenging Semiconductor quantum dots Water injection Acid-promoted synthesis Cds quantum dots(QDs) Environment friendly Experimental parameters Oxygen scavengers QDs Reactant concentrations Water-soluble Cadmium sulfide 3 mercaptopropionic acid cadmium sulfate isoascorbic acid quantum dot absorption aqueous solution article chemical structure infrared spectrometry nuclear magnetic resonance priority journal room temperature synthesis 2014 1873-4359 455 1 129 135 7 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2014.04.049 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) NRC Steacie Institute for Molecular Sciences (SIMS-ISSM) Institut Steacie des sciences moléculaires du CNRC (ISSM-SIMS) National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 21272172 22ce0d5d-28b0-4206-98ac-310c8d6cc4da R.P. Reolon aut C.M. Halmenschlager aut IFCI IIPC R. Neagu aut IFCI IIPC C. De Fraga Malfatti aut C.P. Bergmann aut text article eng Solid Oxide Fuel Cell is an attractive, efficient, alternative source of power generation. However several challenges remained for this technology to be viable. These challenges include high power density, degradation rate, and cost. One way to decrease the SOFC cost is to use stainless steel interconnector. To be able to use a stainless steel interconnector one of the challenges is to find a way to produce an electrolyte, which does not need sintering at high temperature. This work presents the results of the process applied to gadolinia-doped ceria thin films deposited in cycles by spray pyrolysis. The aim of this work was to obtain thin, dense, and continuous CGO coatings, which has electrochemical performance suitable to be used as electrolyte for SOFC. The results obtained show that the air flow rate influenced the droplets size and hence the film quality. X-ray diffraction analysis showed that the films were crystalline after the deposition. Electrochemical tests showed maximum power density of 510 mW cm-2 at 650 °C with a thickness average of 3.30 μm when the film was deposited in 12 cycles showing that the film has a potential to be used as an electrolyte for ITSOFC on metal support. © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes Degradation Sintering Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) Spray pyrolysis Thin films X ray diffraction analysis Alternative source Electrochemical performance Electrochemical test Electrolyte thin film Gadolinia doped ceria Gadolinium doped ceria High power density Maximum power density Electrolytes 2014 0378-7753 261 348 355 8 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2014.03.106 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) NRC Institute for Fuel Cell Innovation (IFCI-IIPC) Institut d'innovation en piles à combustible du CNRC (IIPC-IFCI) National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 21272175 0fa530ac-d2e7-4146-9025-41f286376134 E. Vinogradov aut HHT TSH L. Maclean aut HHT TSH H.H. Xu aut W. Chen aut HHT TSH text article eng The structure of the surface polysaccharide from a hypervirulent for mice Acinetobacter baumannii strain LAC-4 was studied. The polysaccharide was built of trisaccharide repeating units containing α-l-fucosamine, α-d-glucosamine, and α-8-epi-legionaminic acid. The structure interpretation was based mostly on NMR data. Polysaccharide was obtained using a procedure of LPS O-chain preparation, although whether it is an LPS O-chain or capsular polysaccharide remained unclear. © 2014 Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes Nuclear magnetic resonance Organic compounds Structure (composition) Synthesis (chemical) Acinetobacters Baumannii Capsular polysaccharides D-glucosamine LPS NMR data O-polysaccharide Repeating unit Chains lipopolysaccharide polysaccharide trisaccharide Acinetobacter baumannii anion exchange chromatography article bacterial strain carbohydrate analysis gel chromatography nonhuman nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy priority journal 2014 1873-426X 390 1 42 45 4 10.1016/j.carres.2014.03.001 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) Human Health Therapeutics (HHT-TSH) Thérapeutiques en santé humaine (TSH-HHT) National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 21272176 599c2468-d1ff-4575-b45f-4187d46ea826 B.V.C. Martins aut NINT INNT M. Smeu aut L. Livadaru aut H. Guo aut R.A. Wolkow aut NINT INNT text article eng While it is known that the Si-(7×7) is a conducting surface, measured conductivity values differ by 7 orders of magnitude. Here we report a combined STM and transport method capable of surface conductivity measurement of step-free or single-step containing surface regions and having minimal interaction with the sample, and by which we quantitatively determine the intrinsic conductivity of the Si-(7×7) surface. We found that a single step has a conductivity per unit length about 50 times smaller than the flat surface. Our first principles quantum transport calculations confirm and lend insight into the experimental observation. © 2014 American Physical Society. yes This record was machine loaded using metadata from Scopus yes Quantum electronics Conducting surfaces First-principles quantum transports Intrinsic conductivity Minimal interactions Orders of magnitude Per unit length Surface conductivity Transport method Silicon 2014 1079-7114 112 24 246802 10.1103/PhysRevLett.112.246802 National Research Council Canada (NRC-CNRC) Conseil national de recherches Canada (CNRC-NRC) National Institute for Nanotechnology (NINT-INNT) Institut national de nanotechnologie (INNT-NINT) National Research Council Canada Conseil national de recherches Canada NRC Publications Archive (NPArC) Archives des publications du CNRC (NPArC) 21272177 a3f76804-3dbc-409f-8f76-1273efacdbb0 K. Muthukumaran aut S. Leahy aut K. Harrison aut M. Sikorska aut HHT TSH J.K. Sandhu aut HHT TSH J. Cohen aut C. Keshan aut D. Lopatin aut H. Miller aut HHT TSH H. Borowy-Borowski aut HHT TSH P. Lanthier aut HHT TSH S. Weinstock aut S. Pandey aut text article eng Background: Paraquat, still used as an herbicide in some parts of the world, is now regarded as a dangerous environmental neurotoxin and is linked to the development Parkinson's disease (PD). Paraquat interacts with cellular redox systems and causes mitochondrial dysfunction and the formation of reactive oxygen species, which in turn, plays a crucial role in the pathophysiology of PD. Various antioxidant therapies have been explored with the expectations that they deliver health benefits to the PD patients, however, no such therapies were effective. Here we have tested the neuroprotective efficacy of a novel water-soluble CoQ10 (Ubisol-Q10), in a rat model of paraquat-induced neurodegeneration in order to evaluate its potential application in the management of PD.Results: We have developed a rat model of progressive nigrostriatal degeneration by giving rats five intraperitoneal injections of paraquat (10 mg/kg/injection), once every five days. Neuronal death occurred over a period of 8 weeks with close to 50% reduction in the number of tyrosine hydroxylase-positive cells. Ubisol-Q10, at 6 mg CoQ10/kg body weight/day, was delivered as a supplement in drinking water. The intervention begun after the completion of paraquat injections when the neurodegenerative process had already began and about 20% of TH-positive neurons were lost. Ubisol-Q10 treatment halted the progression of neurodegeneration and remaining neurons were protected. The outcomes were evaluated based on the number of surviving tyrosine hydroxylase-positive neurons in the substantia nigra region and improved motor skills in response to the Ubisol-Q10 intervention. To maintain this neuroprotection, however, continuous Ubisol- Q10 supplementation was required, if withdrawn, the neuronal death pathway resumed, s