| Abstract | A high-fidelity finite element (FE) model based on integrated discrete and continuum damage modeling techniques was developed to predict damage modes, locations, sizes, and damage occurrence sequence in a composite laminate during a low-velocity impact event. Fiber breakage and transverse matrix cracking were captured using the three-dimensional Hashin’s criteria, and delamination was captured by inserting a layer of cohesive elements between every adjacent composite ply. Delamination progression from one layer to another was captured by embedding cohesive elements inside each composite ply aligned with the fiber orientation and with a 45° angle to the thickness direction. The refined mesh and intralaminar cohesive elements were only used in the predicted damage region based on an analytical solution. The FE model predicted impact response was validated by drop-weight tests, and the layer-by-layer damage areas were validated and characterized by X-Ray CT inspections on 254 mm by 304.8 mm IM7/977-3 laminates with a stacking sequence of [0/45/90/-45]₄ₛ. The absorbed energy, damage areas, maximum deflection, contact time, and peak load were predicted with less than 10% error. The detailed damage occurrence sequence during the impact event was predicted through histories of energies dissipated by different damage modes. The modeling methodology developed in this work highlights the effects of modeling parameters on convergence, solution accuracy and computational efficiency, and provides an effective approach for progressive damage modeling of composite laminates. |
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