| Subject | cytokine; francisella tularensis vaccine; gamma interferon; live vaccine; monocyte chemotactic protein 1; tumor necrosis factor alpha; unclassified drug; animal cell; animal experiment; animal model; animal tissue; antibody response; bacterial immunity; bacterial strain; drug mechanism; female; Francisella tularensis; gene deletion; immune response; immunization; mouse; nucleotide sequence; Administration, Cutaneous; Administration, Inhalation; Bacterial Vaccines; Female; Francisella tularensis; Gene Deletion; Immunity; Immunity, Innate; Mice; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Organisms, Genetically Modified; Tularemia; Vaccination; Virulence; Bacteria (microorganisms); Francisella; Francisella tularensis; Mus |
|---|
| Abstract | Francisella tularensis subspecies tularensis is an extremely virulent facultative intracellular bacterial pathogen capable of causing significant mortality in humans when inhaled. Consequently, subspecies tularensis was developed as a biological weapon more than 50 years ago. To counter this threat the US Army empirically developed a live vaccine strain, F. tularensis LVS, from the less virulent holarctica subspecies. In human experiments LVS afforded substantial protection against transdermal challenge with clinical subspecies tularensis strain, SCHU S4, but lesser protection against infection initiated by inhalation of the pathogen. Several regulatory and clinical issues remain unresolved for this vaccine, including the absence of a robust correlate of protection. To try to address this, we have developed several defined gene deletion mutants of SCHU S4 that elicit varying degrees of protection in a mouse dermal or respiratory challenge model. In the present study, we have examined whether host immune responses to immunization with such live vaccine candidates can serve as correlates of protection. Antibody responses were unable to distinguish between effective and ineffective vaccine strains. However, several cytokine responses to vaccination showed some promise. Especially, serum levels of TNFα, IFNγ, and MCP-1 between days 4 and 7 after vaccination appear to correlate with protection against respiratory challenge. © 2012. |
|---|
