| Abstract | We present experimental results from turbulent low-swirl lean H₂/CH₄ flames impinging on an inclined, cooled iso-thermal wall, based on simultaneous stereo-PIV and OH×CH₂O PLIF measurements. By increasing the H₂ fraction in the fuel while keeping Karlovitz number (Ka) fixed in a first series of flames, a fuel dependent near-wall flame structure is identified. Although Ka is constant, flames with high H₂ fraction exhibit significantly more broken reaction zones. In addition, these high H₂ fraction flames interact significantly more with the wall, stabilizing through the inner shear layer and well inside the near-wall swirling flow due to a higher resistance to mean strain rate. This flame-wall interaction is argued to increase the effective local Ka due to heat loss to the wall, as similar flames with a (near adiabatic) ceramic wall instead of a cooled wall exhibit significantly less flame brokenness. A second series of leaner flames were investigated near blow-off limit and showed complete quenching in the inner shear layer, where the mean strain rate matches the extinction strain rate extracted from 1D flames. For pure CH₄ flames (Ka ≈ 30), the reaction zone remains thin up to the quenching point, while conversely for the 70% H₂ flames (Ka ≈ 1100), the reaction zone is highly fragmented. Remarkably, in all near blow-off cases with CH₄ in the fuel, a large cloud of CH₂O persists downstream the quenching point, suggesting incomplete combustion. Finally, ultra lean pure hydrogen flames were also studied for equivalence ratios as low as 0.22, and through OH imaging, exhibit a clear transition from a cellular flame structure to a highly fragmented flame structure near blow-off. |
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