| Download | - View final version: Preventing exposed water pipes from freezing (PDF, 1.2 MiB)
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| DOI | Resolve DOI: https://doi.org/10.4224/40000589 |
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| Author | Search for: Stephenson, D. G.1 |
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| Affiliation | - National Research Council Canada
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| Format | Text, Article |
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| Physical description | 7 p. |
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| Subject | Insulation; pipes; water; water flow; freezing; thermal resistance |
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| Abstract | A water pipe that is exposed to an environment at temperatures lower than the freezing point of water will not necessarily freeze even without insulation if there is a continuous flow through it, but when there is no flow it will freeze regardless of insulation. The required minimum flow rate depends on the temperature of the water entering the exposed section of pipe and the resistance to heat transfer from the water to the environment. This note presents a method of calculating the minimum water temperature required to prevent freezing in pipe-lines (with or without insulation) with a given flow rate under different weather conditions. The method can also be used to calculate the minimum flow rate for given water inlet temperatures under specified outside air temperatures and wind speeds. |
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| Publication date | 1977-04 |
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| Publisher | National Research Council Canada |
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| Series | |
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| Note | Aussi disponible en français: Prévention du gel des conduites d'alimentation en eau à découvert |
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| Language | English |
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| Peer reviewed | No |
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| NRC number | NRC-IRC-1682 |
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| NPARC number | 20377848 |
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| Export citation | Export as RIS |
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| Report a correction | Report a correction (opens in a new tab) |
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| Record identifier | 30d08916-3c24-45e9-be93-b713ecbc5e1c |
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| Record created | 2012-07-24 |
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| Record modified | 2025-12-17 |
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